【摘要】:奈达运用交际学理论,把翻译视为是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动,其功能对等理论思想产生了世界性的深远影响,在对文学翻译、科技翻译等领域里都有重要的指导作用。这种以"读者反映论"为核心的翻译理论为儿童文学翻译批评提供了一个崭新的思路。作者就以《夏洛的网》汉译本为例,辅以奈达的功能对等理论指导,来探讨儿童文学的翻译,并通过功能对等理论中的意义、风格和文化三个方面的分析比较,从实践个案上来证明功能对等理论在指导儿童文学翻译上的实用性和适用性。【作者单位】: 浙江工贸职业技术学院基础部; 【关键词】: 功能对等 儿童文学 翻译 【分类号】:H059【正文快照】: 从晚清起,我国就开始大量翻译儿童文学作品,这对我国儿童文学的发展产生了深远的影响。但是至今在国内,儿童文学翻译的研究还没有得到应有的重视,儿童文学翻译仍一直处于研究的边缘地位。实际上,儿童文学翻译绝非易事,译者不仅需要熟练使用两种语言,还要熟悉儿童文学
就在生意绵绵而又万念俱灰的一刹那间,从猪圈的黑暗中传来了一个清朗的声音: "你不会死的"。 我真的记不得我有多少次看《夏洛的网》了,我熟知那里的每一个细节。可是,每次当我再听到这个黑暗中的坚定的声音的时候,还是忍不住头皮发麻,热泪盈眶。这是(发生在猪圈里的)伟大的一瞬间,就像上帝在说: "要有光"。 但是这里却并没有什么上帝,而是一只叫作夏洛特的蜘蛛。夏洛特答应威尔伯,她一定会想办法拯救他的生命。夏洛特说了一句我们每个都应该记住的话: "我会做你的朋友,你醒过来,睁开眼睛,就会看见我。" 夏洛特,一只平凡的小蜘蛛,可是它对友情的真心,对朋友的信任,是我们任何一个人都比不上的,人越是长大,就会越失去朋友。!当我听到它说:“我会做你的朋友,你醒过来,睁开眼睛,就会看见我。”我真的感到震撼。我宁愿做夏洛特,永远信任朋友 而小猪威尔伯,它的心灵也是那样的纯洁,如果他不救起夏洛特它也许也不会获得如此珍贵的友谊,威尔伯对夏洛特也很真诚,在夏洛特死后,它还是很珍惜夏洛特的孩子,因为夏洛特的网在织那些字时用掉太多了,威尔伯就在寒冷的冬天帮这些孩子挡风。。。 夏洛特和威尔伯的友谊是很多人所向往的,我也向往,因为在这个社会,已经没有什么知心朋友存在了。有的朋友因为爱情,金钱,势力,一个个都最终成为了两个陌生人,甚至是。。仇人。 在最后夏洛特的孩子一代接着一代,繁衍不息,它们都会飞去别的地方,而有一两只,会留下来,和威尔伯做伴。 在夕阳下,威尔伯常常会想起夏洛特,和夏洛特在一起美好的时光。。。。。当然,这是书里的结局。结局很美好,或许会让人读起来有点淡淡的伤感,可是,这也是最美好的结局!On the business at one of continuous and momentary despair, from the darkness of pigsties heard the voice of a cool and bright: "You will not die of." I really do not remember how many times I watch "Charlotte's Web", and I know where every detail. However, whenever I hear the darkness in a firm voice when, or the scalp can not help numb, tears. This is (at pigsties's happened) great moment, just as God said: "Let there be light." But there is no God, but a spider called Charlotte. Charlotte Wilbur agree, she will be to find ways to save his life. Charlotte said, each of us should remember the words: "I will make you friends, you wake up, open your eyes, you can see me." Charlotte, an extraordinary small spiders, but it's really Friendship of a friend's trust, any one of us are none of the people, the more people grow up, they will lose more friends. ! When I heard it said: "I will make you friends, you wake up, open your eyes, you can see me." I am really shocked. I prefer to do Charlotte, trust Forever Friend Wilbur the pig, its soul is as pure, if he does not also may be picked up by Charlotte, it will not be such a precious friendship, Wilbur of Charlotte is also very sincere and die at Charlotte later, it still cherish the Child Charlotte, because Charlotte, the Nets at weaving those words when used too much, Wilbur in the cold winter wind to help these children. . . Charlotte and Wilbur's friendship is a lot of people aspire to, I also yearn for, because in this society has no existence of intimate friends. Some friends because of love, money, forces, one by one all will eventually become two strangers, and even yes. . Enemy. Children of Charlotte in the final generation after generation, long life, they will fly to other places, and there is 12, will stay, and Wilbur keep company. At sunset, the Wilbur would usually think of Charlotte, and Charlotte, wonderful time together. . . . . Of course, this is the book ending. Outcome is better, people might read a little hint of sadness, but this is the best outcome!
古今中外的 散文 名家以不同寻常的观察力和力透纸背的表现力创作了许多脍炙人口、魅力永存的艺术美文。下面是我带来的高中经典英语晨读美文,欢迎阅读!高中经典英语晨读美文篇一 Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 Can it really be sixty-two years ago that I first saw you? It is truly a lifetime, I know. But as I gaze into your eyes now, it seems like only yesterday that I first saw you, in that small café in Hanover Square. From the moment I saw you smile, as you opened the door for that young mother and her newborn baby. I knew. I knew that I wanted to share the rest of my life with you. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 I still think of how foolish I must have looked, as I gazed at you, that first time. I remember watching you intently, as you took off your hat and loosely shook your short dark hair with your fingers. I felt myself becoming immersed in your every detail, as you placed your hat on the table and cupped your hands around the hot cup of tea, gently blowing the steam away with your pouted lips. From that moment, everything seemed to make perfect sense to me. The people in the café and the busy street outside all disappeared into a hazy blur. All I could see was you. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 All through my life I have relived that very first day. Many, many times I have sat and thought about that the first day, and how for a few fleeting moments I am there, feeling again what is like to know true love for the very first time. It pleases me that I can still have those feelings now after all those years, and I know I will always have them to comfort me. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 Not even as I shook and trembled uncontrollably in the trenches, did I forget your face. I would sit huddled into the wet mud, terrified, as the hails of bullets and mortars crashed down around me. I would clutch my rifle tightly to my heart, and think again of that very first day we met. I would cry out in fear, as the noise of war beat down around me. But, as I thought of you and saw you smiling back at me, everything around me would be become silent, and I would be with you again for a few precious moments, far from the death and destruction. It would not be until I opened my eyes once again, that I would see and hear the carnage of the war around me. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 I cannot tell you how strong my love for you was back then, when I returned to you on leave in the September, feeling battered, bruised and fragile. We held each other so tight I thought we would burst. I asked you to marry me the very same day and I whooped with joy when you looked deep into my eyes and said "yes" to being my bride. I'm looking at our wedding photo now, the one on our dressing table, next to your jewelry box. I think of how young and innocent we were back then. I remember being on the church steps grinning like a Cheshire cat, when you said how dashing and handsome I looked in my uniform. The photo is old and faded now, but when I look at it, I only see the bright vibrant colors of our youth. I can still remember every detail of the pretty wedding dress your mother made for you, with its fine delicate lace and pretty pearls. If I concentrate hard enough, I can smell the sweetness of your wedding bouquet as you held it so proudly for everyone to see. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 I remember being so over enjoyed, when a year later, you gently held my hand to your waist and whispered in my ear that we were going to be a family. I know both our children love you dearly; they are outside the door now, waiting. Do you remember how I panicked like a mad man when Jonathon was born? I can still picture you laughing and smiling at me now, as I clumsily held him for the very first time in my arms. I watched as your laughter faded into tears, as I stared at him and cried my own tears of joy. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 Sarah and Tom arrived this morning with little Tessie. Can you remember how we both hugged each other tightly when we saw our tiny granddaughter for the first time? I can't believe she will be eight next month. I am trying not to cry, my love, as I tell you how beautiful she looks today in her pretty dress and red shiny shoes, she reminds me so much of you that first day we met. She has her hair cut short now, just like yours was all those years ago. When I met her at the door her smile wrapped around me like a warm glove, just like yours used to do, my darling. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 I know you are tired, my dear, and I must let you go. But I love you so much it hurts to do so. As we grew old together, I would tease you that you had not changed since we first met. But it is true, my darling. I do not see the wrinkles and grey hair that other people see. When I look at you now, I only see your sweet tender lips and youthful sparkling eyes as we sat and had our first picnic next to that small stream, and chased each other around that big old oak tree. I remember wishing those first few days together would last forever. Do you remember how exciting and wonderful those days were? Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 I must go now, my darling. Our children are waiting outside. They want to say goodbye to you. I wipe the tears away from my eyes and bend my frail old legs down to the floor, so that I can kneel beside you. I lean close to you and take hold of your hand and kiss your tender lips for the very last time. Sleep peacefully my dear. Hanover Square 追忆似水年华 I am sad that you had to leave me, but please don't worry. I am content, knowing I will be with you soon. I am too old and too empty now to live much longer without you. I know it won't be long before we meet again in that small café in Hanover Square. Goodbye, my darling wife. 高中经典英语晨读美文篇二 《夏洛的网》,傲居“美国最伟大的十部 儿童 文学名著”之首。 Charlotte's Web 夏洛的网 片段 1 The barn was very large. It was very old. It smelled of hay and it smelled of manure. It smelled of the perspiration of tired horses and the wonderful sweet breath of patient cows. It often had a sort of peaceful smell -- as though nothing bad could happen ever again in the world. It smelled of grain and of harness dressing and of axle grease and of rubber boots and of new rope. And whenever the cat was given a fish-head to eat, the barn would smell of fish. But mostly it smelled of hay, for there was always hay in the great loft up overhead. And there was always hay being pitched down to the cows and the horses and the sheep. The barn was pleasantly warm in winter when the animals spent most of their time indoors, and it was pleasantly cool in summer when the big doors stood wide open to the breeze. Charlotte's Web 夏洛的网 片段 2 "Salutations!" said the voice. Wilbur jumped to his feet. "Salu-what?" he cried. "Salutations!" said the voice. "What are they, and where are you?" screamed Wilbur. "Please, please, tell me where you are. And what are salutations?" "Salutations are greetings," said the voice. "When I say 'salutations,' it's just my fancy way of saying hello or good morning. Actually, it's a silly expression, and I am surprised that I used it at all. As for my whereabouts, that's easy. Look up here in the corner of the doorway! Here I am. Look, I'm waving!" At last Wilbur saw the creature that had spoken to him in such a kindly way. Stretched across the upper part of the doorway was a big spider web, and hanging from the top of the web, head down, was a gray large spider. She was about the size of a gumdrop. She had eight legs, and she was waving one of them at Wilbur in friendly greeting. "See me now?" she asked. Charlotte's Web 夏洛的网 "Oh, yes indeed," said Wilbur. "Yes indeed! How are you? Good morning! Salutations! Very pleased to meet you. What is your name, please? May I have your name?" "My name," said the spider," is Charlotte." "Charlotte what?" asked Wilbur, eagerly. "Charlotte A. Cavatica. But just call me Charlotte." "I think you're beautiful," said Wilbur. Charlotte's Web 夏洛的网 片段 3 Wilbur was now the center of attraction on the farm. Good food and regular hours were showing results: Wilbur was a pig any man would be proud of. One day more than a hundred people came to stand at his yard and admire him. Charlotte had written the word RADIANT, and Wilbur really looked radiant as he stood in the golden sunlight. Ever since the spider had befriended him, he had done his best to live up to his reputation. When Charlotte's web said SOME PIG, Wilbur had tried hard to look like some pig. When Charlotte's web said TERRIFIC, Wilbur had tried to look terrific. And now that the web said RADIANT, he did everything possible to make himself glow. It is not easy to look radiant, but Wilbur threw himself into it with a will. He would turn his head slightly and blink his long eyelashes. Then he would breathe deeply. And when his audience grew bored, he would spring into the air and do a back flip with a half twist. At this the crowd would yell and cheer. "How's that for a pig?" Mr. Zuckerman would ask, well pleased with himself. "That pig is radiant." Charlotte's Web 夏洛的网 片段4 Your future is assured. You will live, secure and safe, Wilbur. Nothing can harm you now. These autumn days will shorten and grow cold. The leaves will shake loose from the trees and fall. Christmas will come, then the snows of winter. You will live to enjoy the beauty of the frozen world. Winter will pass, the days will lengthen, the ice will melt in the pasture pond. Then song sparrow will return and sing, the frogs will awake, the warm wind will blow again. All these sights and sounds and smells will be yours to enjoy, Wilbur--this lovely world, these precious days..." Charlotte stopped. a moment later a tear came to Wilbur's eyes. "Oh, Charlotte," he said. "Why did you do all this for me?" he asked. "I don't deserve it. I've never done anything for you." "You have been my friend," replied Charlotte. "That in itself is a tremendous thing. I wove my webs for you because I liked you. After all, what's a life, anyway? We're born, we live a little while, we die. A spider's life can't help being something of a mess, with all this trapping and eating flies. By helping you, perhaps I was trying to lift up my life a trifle. Heaven knows anyone's life can stand a little of that." Charlotte's Web 夏洛的网 片段 5 "Salutations!" it said. "I'm up here." "So am I," said another tiny voice. "So am I,"said a third voice. "Three of us are staying. We like this place, and we like you." Wilbur looked up. At the top of the doorway three small webs were being constructed. On each web, working busily was one of Charlotte's daughters. "Can I take this to mean," asked Wilbur, "that you have definitely decided to live here in the barn cellar, and that I am going to have three friends?" "You can indeed," said the spiders. "What are your names, please?" asked Wilbur, trembling with joy. "I'll tell you my name," replied the first little spider,if you'll tell me why you are trembling." "I'm trembling with joy," said Wilbur "Then my name is Joy," said the first spider. "What was my mother's middle initial?" asked the second spider. "A," said Wilbur. "Then my name is Aranea," said the spider. "What about me? "asked the third spider. "Will you just pick out a nice sensible name for me--something not too long, not too fancy, and not too dumb?" Wilbur thought hard. "Nellie?" he suggested. "Fine, I like it," said the third spider."You may call me Nellie." 高中经典英语晨读美文篇三 Birch Wood 白桦林 Snow flows over a quiet village; 静静的村庄飘着白的雪 Doves fly across a gloomy sky. 阴霾的天空下鸽子飞翔 Two names are carved deep on a birch; 白桦树刻着那两个名字 白桦林 Birch Wood They promised to stay in love all their life. 他们发誓相爱用尽这一生 One day war broke out in their homeland. 有一天战火烧到了家乡 The lad picked up a gun to go to the front. 小伙子拿起枪奔赴边疆 "Don't worry for me,sweetheart." 心上人你不要为我担心 "Wait for me in the birch wood." he said. 等着我回来在那片白桦林 白桦林 Birch Wood Doves are still flying across the same gloomy sky. 天空依然阴霾依然有鸽子在飞翔 Who would prove those graveless love and lives? 谁来证明那些没有墓碑的爱情和生命 Snow kept falling over the village,quiet as ever. 雪依然在下那村庄依然安详 And the young hid themselves behind the birch wood. 年轻的人们消逝在白桦林 The bad news came at the other afternoon. 噩耗声传来在那个午后 白桦林 Birch Wood Her love laid down his life on the battlefield. 心上人战死在远方沙场 Quietly she came to the birch wood, 她默默来到那片白桦林 waiting there each day on tiptoe. 望眼欲穿地每天守在那里 She said he'd just lost his way in the land far away. 她说他只是迷失在远方 Surely he would come to the birch wood someday. 他一定会来来这片白桦林 白桦林 Birch Wood Doves are still flying across the same gloomy sky. 天空依然阴霾依然有鸽子在飞翔 Who would prove those graveless love and lives? 谁来证明那些没有墓碑的爱情和生命 Snow kept falling over the village,quiet as ever. 雪依然在下那村庄依然安详 And the young hid themselves behind the birch wood. 年轻的人们消逝在白桦林 白桦林 Birch Wood The long road is coming to its close. 长长的路呀就要到尽头 Snow-white hair flew over the once young face. 那姑娘已经是白发苍苍 She often heard his whisper over her pillow, 她时常听他在枕边呼唤 "Come,sweetheart,come to the birch wood" “来吧亲爱的来这片白桦林” 白桦林 Birch Wood Over her deathbed she murmured, 在死的时候她喃喃地说 "I am coming,wait for me in the birch wood." “我来了等着我在那片白桦林”
This is a story about friendship and suffering. It mainly talks about the friendship between a pig named Wilbur and a spider named Charlotte. When Wilbur knew that all the pigs could not escape the fate of being killed ,Charlotte decided to save his friend. It uses its own method to turn Wilbur into a "special pig". Finally , Wilbur was saved.
这个是书的简介(建议背这个)Charlotte's Web is an award-winning children's novel by acclaimed American author E. B. White, about a pig named Wilbur who is saved from being slaughtered by an intelligent spider named Charlotte. First published in 1952, it tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte, in which Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur (such as "Some Pig") in her web in order to persuade the farmer not to slaughter him. The book was illustrated by Garth the novel, Wilbur is the pet piglet of a young girl named Fern Arable. Unfortunately, when he grows into an adult pig, Fern is forced to take him to the Zuckerman farm, where he will be prepared as dinner in due time.这个是故事梗概(有点长,但可以多删些)The book begins when John Arable's sow gives birth to a litter of piglets, and Mr. Arable discovers one of them is a runt and decides to kill it. However, his eight year old daughter Fern begs him to let it live. Therefore her father gives it to Fern as a pet, and she names the piglet Wilbur. Wilbur is hyperactive and always exploring new things. He lives with Fern for a few weeks and then is sold to her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. Although Fern visits him at the Zuckermans' farm as often as she can, Wilbur gets lonelier day after day. Eventually, a warm and soothing voice tells him that she is going to be his friend. The next day, he wakes up and meets his new friend, Charlotte: the grey spider. Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealing her as a barn spider, an orb-weaver with the scientific name Araneus soon becomes a member of the community of animals who live in the cellar of Zuckerman's barn. When the old sheep in the barn cellar tells Wilbur that he is going to be killed and eaten at Christmas, he turns to Charlotte for help. Charlotte has the idea of writing words in her web extolling Wilbur's excellence ("some pig", "terrific", "radiant", and eventally "humble"), reasoning that if she can make Wilbur sufficiently famous, he will not be killed. Thanks to Charlotte's efforts, Wilbur not only lives, but goes to the county fair with Charlotte and wins a prize. Due to the short lifespan of spiders, Charlotte dies at the fair. Wilbur repays Charlotte by bringing home with him the sac of eggs (her "magnum opus") she had laid at the fair before dying. When Charlotte's eggs hatch at Zuckerman's farm, most of them leave to make their own lives elsewhere, except for three: Joy, Aranea, Nellie, who remain there as friends to Wilbur.
"但是这是不公平的"fern哭诉到。这是猪也无法改变生下来就这么小的事实,它真的不能。如果我刚出生时候也这么小,你要杀了我吗?ifihadbeenverysmallatbirth是虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反的情况if主语+had+done
当认真看完一部影视作品后,这次观看让你有什么体会呢?为此需要好好认真地写观后感。但是观后感有什么要求呢?下面是我为大家收集的夏洛特的网英语观后感范文,希望对大家有所帮助。
Impressions after reading Charlottes WebCharlottes Web is a wonderful and entertaining book, which written by E . It mainly talks about the friendship between a spring pig and a spider.
A spring pig, just a simple pig wants to see the winter snow. But it should be killed at the Christmas dinner. The pig lived in the farm, where also lived many other kinds of animals, such as horses, cows, geese, a rat and a spider. And who is Charlotte ? It is the spider.
At first, when the little pig came into the house, other animals didn’t like him, except a spider. She asked him be quiet so that she could work hard at night, and she would like to make friends with the pig. It made the pig so happy that he had a nice sleep. And then they became good friends. The pig told the spider that his dream, then the spider promised that she would help him to make his dream come true.
In the way she made some miracles to make people know the pig cannot be killed. At last, the pig saw the winter snow but the spider died. However, the pig knew the spider was always living nearby him. The spider said that she wasn’t the maker of those miracles but the pig was, because of the friendship, the great friendship. It is so moving.
Elwyn Brooks "E. B." White (July 11, 1899 - October 1, 1985) was an American writer, best known as the author of childrens books Charlottes Web and Stuart Little, and as the co-author of the widely used language guide The Elements of Style . E. B. White graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921. He picked up the nickname "Andy" at Cornell, where tradition confers that moniker on any male student surnamed White, after Cornell co-founder Andrew Dickson White. While at Cornell, he worked as editor of The Cornell Daily Sun with classmate Allison Danzig who later became a sportswriter for The New York Times. White was also a member of the Quill and Dagger society and Phi Gamma Delta (FIJI). He wrote for The Seattle Times and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, and worked for an advertising agency before returning to New York City in 1924. He published his first article in The New Yorker magazine in 1925, then joined the staff in 1927 and continued to contribute for six decades. In the late 1930s, White turned his hand to childrens fiction on behalf of a niece, Janice Hart White. His first childs book, Stuart Little, was published in 1945, and Charlottes Web appeared in 1952. White married Katharine Sergeant Angell in 1929. Angell was also an editor at The New Yorker, and the author (as Katharine White) of Onward and Upward in the Garden. They had a son, Joel White, a naval architect and boat builder, who owned Brooklin Boatyard in Brooklin, Maine. White died on October 1, 1985, at his farm home in North Brooklin, Maine. He was buried beside his wife at the Brooklin Cemetery.
This book is about a little girl, called Fern "The Pig Saver" Arable, who is an ordinary farm girl. One day, her father’s sow gave birth to some piglets, Ferns father discovered one of them was a runt and decided to kill it. However, Fern wanted to let it live. Therefore her father had no choice but to give it to Fern as a pet, and she named the runt Wilbur.
He is hyperactive and always exploring new things. At first, he lived with Fern until he was about 5 weeks old. Then he was sold to the Zuckermans for 6 dollars. He was reasonably happy on the Zuckermans farm. However, day after day, he was getting lonelier, and wept as he missed the times he had with Fern. Immediately after, a warm and soothing voice told him that she was going to be his friend. So the next day, he woke up and saw his new friend dangling in front of him: Charlotte the grey spider. Thereafter, they talked to each other and commented on each oth er’s personality to pass time.
After an old sheep told him that he was going to be killed and eaten, he cried again. He did not want to die and Charlotte thought of an idea to save Wilbur from his fate. She spun some words on her web, so Wilbur would be famous, a famous pig would not be killed. Thanks to Charlotte’s great idea, Wilbur was not killed. However, in the end, Charlotte died at the carnival alone. Before that, Wilbur repaid Charlotte by bringing the sack of eggs she had laid before dying back from the carnival with him.
Charlottes Web is a wonderful and entertaining book. It mainly talks about the friendship between a spring pig and a spider. How to make friends with others? What should we do about it? I think the spider, Charlotte, has given us a good example. In order to stop the pig, who named Wilbur, from being killed at Christmas dinner, Charlotte has the idea of writing words in her web extolling Wilburs excellence, such as “some pig”. Thanks to Charlottes efforts, Wilbur not only lives, but also goes to the county fair with Charlotte and wins a prize. Charlotte’s action holds the point of view that it is widely accepted that helping others and doing others good should be encouraged. That means it is a great pleasure to do others a favor when they are in trouble. I can’t agree more with the spider’s action, because I felt pleased and satisfied at heart every time when I managed to help others. Sometimes anyone in society may get stuck and need assistance, and at this time people around shouldn’t be mean to do them a favor. As a consequence, to construct a harmonious society, the demand of the spirit of helping others is restless. As long as we put our heart to help others, we will make more friends with others. Only in this way can we make a harmonious society.
harlottes Web is a wonderful and entertaining book, which written by E . It mainly talks about the friendship between a spring pig and a spider.
A spring pig, just a simple pig wants to see the winter snow. But it should be killed at the Christmas dinner. The pig lived in the farm, where also lived many other kinds of animals, such as horses, cows, geese, a rat and a spider. And who is Charlotte ? It is the spider. At first, when the little pig came into the house, other animals didn’t like him, except a spider. She asked him be quiet so that she could work hard at night, and she would like to make friends with the pig. It made the pig so happy that he had a nice sleep. And then they became good friends. The pig told the spider that his dream, then the spider promised that she would help him to make his dream come true. In the way she made some miracles to make people know the pig cannot be killed. At last, the pig saw the winter snow but the spider died. However, the pig knew the spider was always living nearby him.
The spider said that she wasn’t the maker of those miracles but the pig was, because of the friendship, the great friendship. It is so moving.
夏洛克他是一个残忍贪婪而且高利贷者典型的代表,他有着一定的社会地位,但是却受着基督教徒一再的侮辱和欺凌,在这样的情况下他也在努力的去生存,莎士比亚成功的去塑造了夏洛克这一个非常复杂的人物形象,通过了莎士比亚在被称为民族和宗族骑士,犹太人鸣不平体现了资产阶级人道主义,夏洛克报仇的欲望和他所受到的屈辱都是分不开的。
在莎士比亚的喜剧《威尼斯商人》中,犹太人夏洛克无疑是最光彩夺目的形象。他究竟是一个喜剧人物呢?还是一个悲剧人物呢?作者对他是采用讽刺批判的笔调呢?还是寄予了相当的同情?各人自有说法。但是可以肯定,作为一名高利贷者,夏洛克贪财吝啬,并为钱而丧失仁爱和理智;而作为一名犹太人,他却不得不对来自安东尼奥的打击和辱骂采取忍气吞声的态度;同时,作为一名旁观者,他又在不择手段的斗争中对统治阶层的黑暗进行了真实的揭露。所有的这一切,无意构成了夏洛克丰富性格的多重因素,使之成为世界文学史上颇具特色的典型人物形象。 作为一个跨越时空的艺术大师,莎士比亚留给后人的财富是不可估量的。几个世纪以来,人们对他的作品进行了一次又一次的分析,而其中,有关《威尼斯商人》的评述更是屡见不鲜,以至于今天的人再想有一点自己的看法都觉得艰难,在此,本文只是想通过对夏洛克这一典型形象的分析,对莎士比亚进行再次的解读,并力争作出有限的探索。 提及莎士比亚笔下的人物,就不得不借用恩格斯对拉萨尔说过的话:“古代的性格描绘在今天是不再够用了,而在这里,我认为您原可以毫无害处地稍微多注意莎士比亚在戏剧发展史上的意义。”显而易见,恩格斯对莎士比亚在人物塑造上的才华是大加赞赏的,事实也是如此,在他的戏剧中,汇集了各个阶层、三教九流的人物,在这里,王孙公子、贵族仕女和商人、木匠、村姑、恶棍等摩肩接踵,熙来攘往,而且,不同的人物有着各自不同的特色,每个人的性格往往既多样又单一,同时还不断地发展变化,他们在舞台上的一举一动无疑是一本生活的地图,是一种人类经验的缩影,所有的这一切,反映在他早期的喜剧创作上,又以《威尼斯商人》剧中的夏洛克最具代表意义,在这部喜剧中,作者运用生花的妙笔,塑造出了这一世界文学史上颇具特征、永不褪色的艺术形象。 一、对金钱的“不懈”追求 在文中,夏洛克是一个犹太人高利贷者,他同时也是戏剧矛盾冲突的中心人物,是全剧中个性最突出、性格最鲜明、最光彩夺目的艺术形象。随着剧情的发展和矛盾的深入,他的本来面目渐渐地凸现于我们眼前:一个吝啬鬼,靠放高利贷生钱,视钱如命,把钱作为一切行动的指南,从而拜倒在这个“世俗的上帝”(马克思语)脚下。他整天为钱痴迷,为了节钱、积钱,甚至到了不给仆人郎斯洛特吃饱肚皮的地步,不但如此,他还嫌他“做起事来,慢腾腾的像条蜗牛一般”,称他为懒惰的黄蜂,并最终导致郎斯洛特另投新主。同时,他对自己的女儿也是一种赤裸裸的金钱关系和利己主义原则。他认为“缚得牢,跑不了”,所以整天把女儿关在家中看守钱财而不许出去玩乐,甚至要她把门锁上,听到外面音乐的声音也不许张望,以至于让杰西卡觉得家里如同“一座地狱”,终于在一个漆黑的深夜携巨款和情人私奔。这对夏洛克而言,简直痛不欲生,他叫道:“我希望我的女儿死在我的脚下,那些珠宝都挂在她的耳朵上,我希望她就在我的脚下入土安葬,那些银钱都放在她的棺材里!” 当然,在剧中,夏洛克除了对金钱的热爱之外,还有着对以安东尼奥为代表的新兴资产阶级的仇恨,以至于到了非割肉不可的程度,至此,他的丑恶嘴脸开始跃然纸上,他拒绝其他一切条件而只求安东尼奥快死,即使对方给出二十倍乃至更多的赔偿也在所不惜。是什么促使夏洛克的复仇之火如此的占据上风呢?说到底,还是为了钱。首先,安东尼奥借钱给人而不收利息,这无疑对他的行当是一个沉重的打击;其次,如能置安东尼奥于死地,那整个威尼斯此后将成为他夏洛克的天下,生钱的机会多得很,所以夏洛克孤注一掷,敢犯众怒,为他心中的“上帝”而做出“不懈”努力。 二、对自身处境的不满与无奈 综观《威》剧,从夏洛克一出场时的旁白就可以看出他在当时社会所处的不利地位。身为犹太人的他因为干上了放高利贷这一行而遭到基督徒安东尼奥的憎恶和辱骂,甚至当众把口水吐在他的犹太长袍上,所以当安东尼奥来借钱时,他觉得必须利用手中的金币来寻求一个可以和基督徒大商人并肩说话的立足点。于是他拿腔作势,说出一番令人“心酸”的话:“您,您曾经把唾沫吐在我的胡子上,曾经用脚踢我,像踢开您门口的一条野狗。现在,您开口要借钱了。我该怎么回答您?好不好这么说‘一条狗也会有钱吗?一条恶狗也能借给人三千辆银子?’”谁知安东尼奥并不买帐,即使在他万不得已、有求于夏洛克的时候,他仍然是盛气凌人,似乎与对方不共戴天。这无疑令夏洛克感到不满,所以,他借机提出“一磅肉”契约,试图与安东尼奥较量一番。 然而事实再次证明,他最终还是失败。在剧中,夏洛克坚持要求“法律的裁判”,应该说这种要求是无情的,他试图以法律的公正来达到自己的目的,但法律并未能保护他,他忽略了这样一点,一个犹太异教徒,想利用基督教的法律来惩罚基督徒自己,成功的机会有多少。所以在法庭上,鲍西亚利用她对法律的最终解释权,以退为进,引夏洛克上当,按照法律规定,割肉是不能流血的,而法律又允许夏洛克割一磅肉,但既然割肉,怎能不流血?可见威尼斯法律并没有赋予夏洛克任何伤害基督徒的权利。面临这种欲割不能的境地,夏洛克开始感到无奈,爱财的本性又促使他放弃割肉,想把钱要过来了之,谁知事情的发展急转直下,人家要给他“绝对的公平”,他想不要还不行,按法律规定:凡是一个异邦人企图用直接或间接手段,谋害任何公民,查明确有实据者,他的财产的半数应归受害的一方所有,其余的半数没入公库,犯罪者的生命悉听公爵处置,他人不得过问。至此,夏洛克的最后一线希望宣告破灭,人道的原则获得了胜利,作为一个残忍无情的高利贷者,夏洛克得到了应有的下场。这样的结果,应该说符合了观众和读者的欣赏要求,但又是不公平的,在此,作者的讽刺之笔,似乎在无意之中指向了资产阶级法律本身。夏洛克是有理的,但他最终只能获得失败与无奈。 三、最真实的揭露和并不真实的内心独白作为一个旧式的高利贷者,夏洛克自始至终与新兴的资产阶级处于对立的位置,在这场正义与仁慈、人的法律与神的法律的较量之中,他以人财两空、彻底败诉而告终。而当我们撇开这一表面现象,认真回顾这场斗争的全过程,却不难看出,作为一名异教徒的夏洛克对当时的统治阶层是进行了怎样的真实的揭露。 当一开始安东尼奥向他借钱的时候,夏洛克觉得机会来了,他搬出《圣经旧约》上雅谷牧羊的故事来为自己的不光彩的行业辩护,并最终得出“只要不是偷来的,积财就是积福”的结论。在他看来,一切巧取豪夺、压榨剥削的手段都是合法的、名正言顺的、能蒙上帝恩许的。当夏洛克提出“积财就是积福”的人生信条时,既是为自己的重利盘剥找到了“合法”的依据,同时又为整个惟利是图的资产阶级蒙上了一层遮羞布,他想在这样一个共同的“道德”基础上,能和商业资本主安东尼奥取得共识,减少误会。可出乎意料的是,他的话引来的是安东尼奥更大的反感和鄙视,作为一名皇家巨商,安东尼奥一直把自己置身于正人君子的行列,可现在夏洛克只用“积财”两个字就抹去了二人之间的差别,这肯定是难以容忍的。而当时的实际情形是怎样的呢?安东尼奥作为一个商业资本家,他从事海外贸易,买卖遍及各国,他的阶级地位决定了他不可能站在劳动人民的立场上对夏洛克的行为进行有力的揭露和批判,而只能假借冠冕堂皇的口实,在威尼斯市场上打击他的对手,即以一种剥削方式反对另一种剥削方式,而事实上,他的这种剥削方式相对于夏洛克而言更隐蔽、更残酷,也更带有掠夺性和欺性。 我们再看法庭上的斗争,当对手们口口声声要求夏洛克不要坚持自己的凶恶和残酷,而要“仁慈”和“同情”的时候,夏洛克立刻拿出对方买卖奴隶的例子粗鲁的撕下对方苦心披上的“道德”外衣,从而把诉讼还原为正义和非正义之间的冲突。他的一句“你们的法律别给我现眼吧”即从反面把维护统治阶级利益的法律的虚伪性给揭露了出来。 当然,说到这里,并不是说夏洛克就是一个慷慨激昂、为民请命的角色,他充其量只是撕破了脸的泼皮无赖,揪住剥削阶级的小辫子来为自己开脱罪行。在他的那些“可怜”的独白中,一次又一次的使用“犹太人”这样的字眼以引起同情,但事实上他不是一般的犹太人民,而是和劳动人民处于对立地位的剥削者,当他面对的是那些同样“有骨肉之情、有知觉”的债户时,他仍会毫不心软的从他们身上榨干最后一滴血。他的种种有关“犹太人”的独白只是借助本民族所受的不公正遭遇来为自己开脱,为自己披上一层受辱的外衣。所以说,不管夏洛克的独白多么雄辩动听,他所要求的,并不是广大人民的基本人权,而只是向上层的统治阶级要求一个高利贷者的特权而已。 综上所述,夏洛克作为世界文学史上不朽的艺术典型是当之无愧的,他是英国舞台上第一个人性化的有血有肉有自己个性的犹太人,他的性格鲜明突出而又有概括性,他的形象是丰富的、复杂的,即带有时代的印记,又刻上了阶级的纹章,同时还具有民族的特色,他既是一个惟利是图的高利贷者,又是一个遭人歧视的异教徒,同时还是一个民族矛盾的揭露者,他不同于以往的一些伟大作家所塑造的一系列的吝啬鬼形象,标志着莎士比亚在人物塑造方面的杰出成就,在这个人物身上,作者创造出“一个具有伟大的敏感与个性的形象”,既“扩大了我们对人性的理解”,也在一定程度上破坏了剧情的“统一”(hb查尔顿语),从而获得了理想的效果。夏洛克是可恶的,他的一切行动都以金钱为中心,从而淡漠了人与人之间的亲情、友情和仁义之心;夏洛克又是可怜的,势单力薄的他在威尼斯法律面前有口难辩并最终惨败;当然,夏洛克也有他的可欣赏之处,他在歪打正着的斗争中对统治集团的黑暗进行了真实的揭露,正缘于这种种不同的性格因素,使得作家塑造的这一人物形象未受时间洪流的任何损伤,相反,它必将随着时光的流逝而发散出更加逼人的永恒的艺术光辉。
夏洛克是一个守财奴,是一个一毛不拔的代表。
是抄的呀,哈哈哈,生气了么?不要呀夏洛克——可恨可怜的人。不得不说这是全剧中最有个性,也最值得玩味的人物。在我看来他是可恶的,同时也是可怜的。他做着放贷的生意,为了生活,这本也无可厚非。但是,当他对于安东尼奥欠他钱,而安东尼奥的朋友们愿意付他几倍的本金时,却执意要按照契约,割下安东尼奥身上的一磅肉。这无异于要置安东尼奥于死地。这让人感觉他很可恶。也许是他的心中有着太多的仇恨。说他可怜是因为,他是一个犹太人,他受到包括安东尼奥在内的那些非犹太人的歧视,也许夏洛克要置安东尼奥于死地,执意要割下他身上的一磅肉正是由于这种歧视而蓄积的仇恨使他想要对这个进行报复。《威尼斯商人》被认为是莎士比亚所著的问题剧之一。其问题或许主要源于该剧的“问题角色”——夏洛克。他究竟是剧中的反面人物还是受害者?他对安东尼奥的报复是残酷无情的还是有情可原的?在这场威尼斯基督徒与犹太人之间的搏斗中,莎士比亚究竟偏袒的是哪一方?要回答这些问题都是不容易的。事实上,阅读这部戏剧经常使我陷入“困境”,因为我和其他读者一样发现夏洛克在他所充当的各种角色中——作为一个犹太放债人,一个犹太父亲,一个犹太复仇者——都具有很大的模糊性。首先,夏洛克是位犹太放债人。他对钱币的积累显然有着火热的激情。他要让金子银子“像母羊生小羊一样地快快生利息”。 夏洛克如此爱财以至于他做的梦都是关于钱袋子。当他的女儿杰西卡偷了他的钱袋和珠宝与一个基督徒私奔后,我们听到夏洛克嚎啕大哭:“我的女儿!啊,我的达克特!啊,我的女儿!跟一个基督徒逃走了!啊,我的基督徒的达克特!公道啊!法律啊!我的达克特,我的女儿!一袋封好的、两袋封好的达克特,给我的女儿偷去了!”在这短短五行里夏洛克五次提到“达克特”(旧时欧洲一些国家通用的金币)。在此莎士比亚淋漓尽致的展现了夏洛克守财奴的一面。为了平息自己赚钱的欲火,夏洛克对放款收取极高的利息,企图通过这种方式使他的达克特得以不断的“繁殖”。他恨安东尼奥,因为安东尼奥“借钱给人不取利息,把放债这一行的利息都压低了”。 他要置安东尼奥于死地,因为他相信只要除掉安东尼奥他就能赚到更多的钱。在夏洛克眼里,钱似乎是唯一重要的东西。这就难怪基督教徒鄙视他,谴责他是卑鄙残忍的守财奴。自然部分读者也就认为夏洛克是一个自私残酷的放债人。从某种意义上讲,上述分析似乎是合乎情理的。然而,如果我们考虑到当时的历史背景,我们就能认识到夏洛克的苦境,从而看到一个完全不同的夏洛克。自从十二世纪末期以来,随着反犹情绪日益高涨,犹太人的处境愈来愈困难,他们连许多最基本的权利都被剥夺了。他们无权选择住的场所和穿的衣服,他们只能住在犹太人居住区,佩戴着标志他们犹太身份的徽章;此外,他们还被视为外人,仅仅因为宗教信仰不同而被许多行业拒之门外。在夏洛克生活的那个年代,“只有基督教徒可以加入工匠协会(即当时的职业协会),只有基督教徒可以拥有土地,这样一来犹太人赖以谋生的手段就所剩无几了”。 事实上,在莎士比亚生活的伊丽莎白时代,反犹情绪如此高涨,以至于几乎没有犹太人生活在英国。在这样一个充满敌意的受基督教徒支配的世界里,夏洛克和同时代的其他犹太人一样历尽坎坷。读者可以断定夏洛克成为放债人并非出于自愿,而是被生存环境所迫。在如此恶劣的环境下,放债或许是犹太人唯一的生存手段。然而,由于死账、烂账的存在,放债也是充满风险的;尤其在那样一种对犹太人不利的法律环境下,犹太放债人常常成为自己的还债人。因此,夏洛克并非生来自私残酷,事实是,不友善的基督教徒迫使他变得残酷,求生的本能迫使他变得自私。他那些令人讨厌的行为举止可以理解为对外部环境做出的反应和自我保护。虽然基督教徒谴责他是卑鄙残忍的守财奴,但是作为读者的我们则不应该下此结论。如果把基督教徒的道德准则放在一边,而以市场和法制为导向,我们将不难理解身为早期借贷资本家的夏洛克在受基督教徒支配的社会中的艰难处境。从某种程度上讲,他是值得我们同情的。我们不能简单的将他视为自私自利,残酷无情的放债人。这样,模糊性就产生了。除了放债人,夏洛克还是一位父亲,而且显然是位失败的父亲。他唯一的女儿杰西卡认为家里是地狱,以做他的女儿为耻,最终偷他的钱,与基督徒私奔并皈依基督教。从某种角度来看,这似乎是夏洛克的报应。因为他好像从不关心女儿的幸福还像使唤佣人一样使唤她。 是他的压迫虐待迫使杰西卡最终背叛他。剧中第二幕第八场萨莱尼奥的话更加肯定了这一看法: 【杰西卡与罗兰佐私奔后】“那犹太狗像发疯似的,样子都变了,在街上一路乱叫乱跳乱喊,‘我的女儿!啊,我的达克特!啊,我的女儿!跟一个基督徒逃走了!啊,我的基督徒的达克特!公道啊!法律啊!我的达克特,我的女儿!一袋封好的、两袋封好的达克特,给我的女儿偷去了!’”如果萨莱尼奥是可信的,那么他的话十分形象的描述了一个爱财如命的夏洛克。对他来说,“达克特”要远比自己的独生女杰西卡珍贵。接着往下读,我们还将听到夏洛克诅咒女儿死在自己的脚下。显然,慈爱的父亲不会这么恶毒的诅咒自己的女儿。然而,我们在指控夏洛克不是一位好父亲的同时,也必须承认杰西卡不是一个好女儿。尽管夏洛克作为父亲不十分称职甚至有些冷漠无情,但是他毕竟将杰西卡抚养成人。就凭这一点,杰西卡也应该感激父亲。可她的“回报”方式却是抢劫父亲的钱财,与父亲的敌人私奔,以每晚八十达克特的速度挥霍父亲的血汗钱,并拿父母亲的结婚戒指换取一只猴子而其目的仅仅是为了庆祝自己的婚礼。显然,好女儿不会这样对待自己的父亲。如果杰西卡对家庭不满意,她有权选择离开,但是她无权打劫父亲,更没有权利浪费他的血汗钱。不管夏洛克作为父亲是多么的不称职,他都不应受到如此残酷的背叛。更何况我们并不能确定夏洛克就一定是位冷漠无情的父亲。或许是因为一时气急他才诅咒女儿死在自己的脚下。或许萨莱尼奥带有偏见而没有真实的转述夏洛克的话。读者不难发现萨莱尼奥在转述的时候称呼夏洛克为“犹太狗”。 可见萨莱尼奥并不十分客观,他很有可能扭曲了夏洛克的话。而且,就算萨莱尼奥足够客观,我们也不能草率得出夏洛克毫不关心女儿的结论。根据萨莱尼奥的“指责”,夏洛克在短短五行中四次提到“我的女儿”,他称杰西卡为“我的孩子” ,“我自己的血肉” 。所有这些表明杰西卡在夏洛克的内心深处占有一定的位置,他并非毫不关心她。然而,夏洛克究竟是位怎样的父亲?我们没有一个明确的答案,这就增加了夏洛克人物形象的模糊性。此外,夏洛克作为复仇者的形象也不清晰。他对基督教徒的仇恨究竟是残酷无情的还是有情可原的?读者看法不一。认为夏洛克是残酷无情的报复者的读者主要有如下理由:其一,夏洛克在得知安东尼奥破产后,欣喜若狂,脱口而出,“我很高兴。我要摆布摆布他;我要叫他知道些厉害。我很高兴。” 其二,在安东尼奥违约后,夏洛克一心一意要取他的性命。在鲍西娅提出愿意拿九千达克特还安东尼奥欠他的三千达克特时,爱财如命的他竟然一口拒绝,坚持要割安东尼奥的一磅肉。这样,随着情节的发展,许多读者很自然的认为夏洛克是个卑鄙无情的报复者。他布下圈套,以甜言蜜语引诱安东尼奥上钩,然后,不置安东尼奥于死地决不罢休。但是,也有读者认为,“夏洛克的仇恨是情有可原的,他受到超过应得程度的惩罚”。 他们主要分析夏洛克的遭遇,认为“基督徒每天的侮辱中伤使夏洛克变得报复心很强”。 例如,基督徒们从不称呼他的名字,而是称呼他为“犹太狗” ,“魔鬼” 等。针对基督徒对自己的侮辱中伤,夏洛克也有自己的说法:“我是一个犹太人。难道犹太人没有眼睛吗?难道犹太人没有五官四肢、没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗?他不是吃着同样的食物,同样的武器可以伤害他,同样的医药可以疗治他,冬天同样会冷,夏天同样会热,就像一个基督徒一样吗?你们要是用刀剑刺我们,我们不是也会出血的吗?你们要是骚我们的痒,我们不是也会笑起来的吗?你们要是用毒药谋害我们,我们不是也会死去吗?那么要是你们欺侮了我们,我们难道不会复仇吗?要是在别的地方我们都跟你们一样,那么在这点上也是彼此相同的。要是一个犹太人欺侮了一个基督徒,那基督徒怎样表现他的谦逊?报仇。要是一个基督徒欺侮了一个犹太人,那么照着基督徒的榜样,那犹太人应该怎样表现他的宽容?报仇。你们已经把残虐的手段教给我,我一定会照你们的教训实行。”夏洛克的这番话是发自肺腑的也是感人至深的,并为自己赢得了同情。此外,同情夏洛克的读者还注意到了基督徒的虚伪。在刚开庭的时候,鲍西娅热情的讴歌了仁慈和怜悯。然而,后来她和她的朋友却毫不留情的羞辱夏洛克,使他倾家荡产,并强迫他皈依基督教。事实上,是基督徒割了夏洛克的一磅肉,而且割的是他的心。因此,夏洛克虽然是“恶人”, “却最终被身边仁慈怜悯的基督徒彻底打败”。 在这个受基督教徒支配的世界里,他其实是个受害者。基督教徒歧视他,苛待他,并最终使他失去一切。在许多读者看来,夏洛克确实“受到超过应得程度的惩罚”。 然而,并非所有读者都这样认为。读者看法不一,其根本原因是夏洛克作为复仇者的形象是模糊的。这些模糊性使许多读者和戏迷对夏洛克这个角色感到困惑。他究竟是个什么样的人?我想只能说他和我们一样,是个既普通又独特的人。我们不能笼统的说他是好人或坏人。因为他既不好也不坏,或者说他既好又坏。和我们一样,夏洛克身上有着一些美好的品质。例如,他在追求目标的过程中表现出来的随机应变及沉着冷静;他身上那种被挥霍的基督徒视为“吝啬”的节俭。和我们一样,夏洛克身上同样有着一些不好的特征。他贪婪,而且复仇心太强。和我们一样,夏洛克在社会中充当的角色决定着他的举止行为。例如,夏洛克的犹太身份决定着他必然选择放债这一行业;他的犹太身份直接导致了他的嗜财如命,因为在这个受基督徒支配的世界里,只有金钱能给他一丝安全感。这样看来,夏洛克并非所谓的“问题角色”,他其实和我们一样,是个活生生的人。因此,为了更好的理解夏洛克,我们首先应该努力“读懂”自己和身边的人。同时,阅读观看夏洛克能够引导我们思考自己的人生,帮助我们更好的理解生活,理解人性。在我看来,这正是莎士比亚伟大性之所在。犹太人夏洛克,一个生动 复杂,极端利已的高利贷者的形象,同时具备了冷酷,吝啬,残忍,贪婪,狡诈等多种丑恶的性格特征,他精明,善于经商,视财产为依靠。作为一名犹太人,夏洛克具有与其他大多数犹太人一样的命运。在中世纪,犹太人被欧洲各国视为劣等民族,在宗教上受迫害、政治上没有任何政治权利和自由、在经济上受到种种限制。他们在各个历史时期在不同的国家都受到迫害、歧视、劫掠和残杀。对于自己寄人篱下的处境,他们产生了深深的自卑感,为了生存,为了争得与其他民族平等的地位,他们团结对外,遵守法规,发奋自强。然而,犹太人精于商务金融,在这个领域中,他们有时不讲人道与道德,充分利用许多别人不屑利用的机会而致富,他们中的一部分人只要有机会,只要不违法,不惜做过于残忍,刁钻,卑鄙的事。夏洛克因为宗教信仰不同而遭受歧视,进而对周围人充满戒备和复仇心理。这个可怜的犹太商人生活在被基督教徒和贵族包围的社会中,尽管拥有财富却饱受着歧视、侮辱、讥笑。他仇视身边那些挥霍祖产、生活浪荡的公子哥儿。于是,当机会来临之际,夏洛克希望能够狠狠地报复一下这个对待他和他的民族不公正的社会。通过作品不同场景,对夏洛克的进行不同层次的性格分析:场景一:当夏洛克在得知安东尼奥为他的朋友巴萨尼奥借钱时,夏洛克十分仔细地分析了安东尼奥的个人情况,其中包括他的财产,生意往来,风险程度等等。从中就体现了夏洛克作为一名犹太人所具有的精明,善于经商。场景二:在得知安东尼奥的船只遭受不幸是,夏洛克就毅然决然地决定实施他的报复计划:把安东尼奥置于死地,以方便自己随意作买卖赚钱。刻画了一个自私自利,凶残野蛮的人物形象。场景三:在威尼斯的法庭上,安东尼奥的朋友试图用双份的钱来换取安东尼奥的一磅肉,但夏洛克却执意坚持。由此就可反映出夏洛克强烈的报复心理和残暴,恶劣的本性。一个被压迫者,如果得到了变本加厉的雪耻机会,他会怎么样?莎士比亚笔下的夏洛克似乎给了我们答案。正如夏洛克在独白说的那样:“难道我们犹太人没有眼睛吗?难道犹太人没有五官、四肢、没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗?他不是吃着同样的食 物,同样的武器可以伤害他,同样的医药可以疗治他,冬天同样会冷,夏天同样会热,就象一个基督徒一样吗?……要是一个基督徒欺侮了一个犹太人,那么照着基 督徒的榜样,那犹太人应该怎样表现他的宽容? 报仇。……”(第三幕第一场)几百年来,犹太这个民族不知为了什么神秘的缘故,一直受着欧洲各国上下流社会的嫉恨。有人说,莎士比亚之所以塑造夏洛克,正是因为他对社会给 予犹太人的压迫感到不满。也有人说,诗人只是为了娱乐大众,才造出这样一个可笑人物。且不管诗人的私人意志,他胸中的人道精神,的确经由夏洛克这一角色, 拥护了一个民族,一个被压迫的民族。《威尼斯商人》又名《威尼斯的犹太人》(THE JEW OF VENICE),莎士比亚于1596-97年写成。其中情节之一便是犹太商人夏洛克向安东尼奥索求一磅肉作为赔偿。夏洛克因放债而大发横财,结果是折了女儿失了财,且博得大家的一场奚落。他虽然有他的丑态——自私,吝啬……但更有他的宝贵的尊严——当他的 敌人给他不可言述的耻辱,他还以公正的、疯狂刻毒的报复:虽然他们以十倍的钱还给他,他也拒绝,三千两银子,十倍的三千两银子,他也不惋惜,只要能买他敌 人的一磅肉!这种出于压迫者的报复心理,便是夏洛克的心理动机。他的贯穿动作,不是放债取财,而是报复。一 放债是生存之计在英国,犹太人所受的压迫不亚于欧洲任何国家。早于莎翁三百年的爱德华一世(EDWARD I,在位期间为1272-1307)就下令将犹太人驱逐出英国。但是在莎士比亚生活时期,仍有部分犹太人居住在伦敦。他们碍于民风政令,必须隐瞒自己的身 份和宗教信仰。他们因受迫害而不敢置产,以防被没收;因不敢置产所以只得收集巨量现金;因有巨量现金,故往往以放债为业,故不得不收取重利。因此才有了夏 洛克这一角色。正因为这样的历史渊源,我们现在可以看到狄更斯、特罗洛普等英国作家的笔下,犹太人都承担着放债人的角色。一时间,犹太人成了放债人的代名词。人们认为放高利贷是道德上的罪行,放债人不需才智本钱,便可赚取暴利。而对于放债人的普遍印象,则是腐败、贪婪、吝啬。从莎士比亚塑造的夏洛克身上,我们也可以看到这样的特点。二 有尊严的生存以放高利贷而大发横财的犹太人夏洛克,让基督徒有憎恨他的理由。在他与基督徒安东尼奥的冲突中,夏洛克多次直言不讳:“安东尼奥先生,好多次您在交易所里骂我,说我盘剥取利,我总是忍气吞声,耸耸肩膀,没有跟您争辩,因为忍受迫害本来是我们民族的特色。您骂 我是异教徒,杀人的狗,把唾沫吐在我的犹太长袍上,只因为我用我自己的钱博取几个利息。……”(第一幕第三场)很显然,这是夏洛克对安东尼奥的控诉。我们并不知道莎士比亚是不是反对当时民众中流行的对于犹太人的歧视心理,但我们确实由此看出,安东尼奥歧视在先——歧视作为放债者的夏洛 克、也歧视作为犹太人的夏洛克。然后才有了夏洛克的似乎不合情理的要求——非得坚持要割下安东尼奥的一磅肉。夏洛克之所以坚持这一似乎令人发指、也招来后 人耻笑的条款,乃是出于被压迫者强烈的报复心理。三 对抗“主流”的夏洛克夏洛克与安东尼奥的冲突,不只是种族和财务问题,也象征了两种全然不同的宗教、生活和价值观。夏洛克过着节制、吝啬的生活,他轻蔑基督徒生活的奢华浪费。对于夏洛克而言,善人的定义是经济状况足以维生,其他的道德或抽象的价值观则毫无 意义。而剧中的巴萨尼奥,因生活奢侈,阮囊羞涩,为攀阔亲,只得向自己的好友安东尼奥借钱。安东尼奥则甘为其赴汤蹈火,割一磅肉都在所不惜。夏洛克和基督徒,为观众展现了完全不同的两种人。四 夏洛克的现代性尽管莎士比亚的时代已过去了几个世纪,商业资本与封建性的高利贷之间的矛盾斗争也成了遥远的记忆,但在今天的世界,种族歧视依然存在着,莎士比亚〈威尼斯商人〉中的夏洛克依然有着深远的意义。夏洛克是种族歧视的受害人,也是一名反抗者。他敢于要求公正,敢于对敌人发动报复,他的坚持和不软弱,对于现代的观众有一种不可言说魅力。仅从这一点上来说,夏洛克的精神是高尚而又庄重的。这或许也是〈威尼斯商人〉直到今天仍上演不衰的原因之一。于是,我们不再单纯的把夏洛克批判为资本主义血淋淋的代表,我们的人道精神可以帮助到我们真正的理解他的内心世界、倾听一个受压迫者向世界发出的声音。
夏洛克是这本小说中塑造的一个商人形象,他是一个非常吝啬的人。
《威尼斯商人》中的夏洛克是高利贷资本的代表,是一个守财奴,是意大利威尼斯的客人,犹太百万富翁。但是在这个场景的开始,爱钱的夏洛克并不想偿还比借款多几倍的贷款。他想要一块没用的人肉,这说明他心胸狭窄,报复心强。一有机会,他就会疯狂地向那些反对他的人报仇,一定要把对手处死不可,由此可见其残忍。夏洛克以冷静和自信的态度迅速回应了辱骂。输了官司之后,他又想付三倍的钱。他贪婪的本性得以恢复,他的本性也显露出来了。
夏洛克虽然不是主角,但他也是一个杰出的人物。深入分析他的性格特征,可以发现他不仅仅是一个吝啬鬼,他的性格中还有许多积极的因素是不容忽视的。夏洛克是个恶毒的人。他的个性是贪婪、无情和无情的混合体。他也是一个成功的商人,一个爱自己女儿的父亲,一个放高利贷的人。由于他的贪婪,吝啬,极度贪婪的性格,他的一生都受到社会和周围人的蔑视,可以说他经历了世界上所有的苦难和痛苦,但他仍然不愿意示弱,努力提高。
夏洛克是个精明的商人,但他并不是自愿做生意的。夏洛克对金钱的近乎痴迷使犹太人在这样一个社会和当代环境下的生活非常困难,他们别无选择,只能从事商业活动或以高利率贷款。在商业上,夏洛克是一个聪明能干的商人,在当时的社会上,夏洛克的商业活动经常面临各种困难,但他总是可以依靠自己的商业智慧来解决。
总之,夏洛克的性格是多方面的。他不只是一个贪婪,自私的人。他忠于自己,热爱家庭,关心女儿,敢于反对歧视和压迫,运用商业智慧积累财富。当然,他也有消极、丑陋和不成功的一面,但我们不能因此就完全否定他,应该以更全面、更公正的视角来看待他。关于这个犹太人的命运,我们不能谴责或改变历史,只能对那些在历史进程中遭受苦难和压迫的人表示同情和理解。
夏洛克是一个守财奴,是一个一毛不拔的代表。
是抄的呀,哈哈哈,生气了么?不要呀夏洛克——可恨可怜的人。不得不说这是全剧中最有个性,也最值得玩味的人物。在我看来他是可恶的,同时也是可怜的。他做着放贷的生意,为了生活,这本也无可厚非。但是,当他对于安东尼奥欠他钱,而安东尼奥的朋友们愿意付他几倍的本金时,却执意要按照契约,割下安东尼奥身上的一磅肉。这无异于要置安东尼奥于死地。这让人感觉他很可恶。也许是他的心中有着太多的仇恨。说他可怜是因为,他是一个犹太人,他受到包括安东尼奥在内的那些非犹太人的歧视,也许夏洛克要置安东尼奥于死地,执意要割下他身上的一磅肉正是由于这种歧视而蓄积的仇恨使他想要对这个进行报复。《威尼斯商人》被认为是莎士比亚所著的问题剧之一。其问题或许主要源于该剧的“问题角色”——夏洛克。他究竟是剧中的反面人物还是受害者?他对安东尼奥的报复是残酷无情的还是有情可原的?在这场威尼斯基督徒与犹太人之间的搏斗中,莎士比亚究竟偏袒的是哪一方?要回答这些问题都是不容易的。事实上,阅读这部戏剧经常使我陷入“困境”,因为我和其他读者一样发现夏洛克在他所充当的各种角色中——作为一个犹太放债人,一个犹太父亲,一个犹太复仇者——都具有很大的模糊性。首先,夏洛克是位犹太放债人。他对钱币的积累显然有着火热的激情。他要让金子银子“像母羊生小羊一样地快快生利息”。 夏洛克如此爱财以至于他做的梦都是关于钱袋子。当他的女儿杰西卡偷了他的钱袋和珠宝与一个基督徒私奔后,我们听到夏洛克嚎啕大哭:“我的女儿!啊,我的达克特!啊,我的女儿!跟一个基督徒逃走了!啊,我的基督徒的达克特!公道啊!法律啊!我的达克特,我的女儿!一袋封好的、两袋封好的达克特,给我的女儿偷去了!”在这短短五行里夏洛克五次提到“达克特”(旧时欧洲一些国家通用的金币)。在此莎士比亚淋漓尽致的展现了夏洛克守财奴的一面。为了平息自己赚钱的欲火,夏洛克对放款收取极高的利息,企图通过这种方式使他的达克特得以不断的“繁殖”。他恨安东尼奥,因为安东尼奥“借钱给人不取利息,把放债这一行的利息都压低了”。 他要置安东尼奥于死地,因为他相信只要除掉安东尼奥他就能赚到更多的钱。在夏洛克眼里,钱似乎是唯一重要的东西。这就难怪基督教徒鄙视他,谴责他是卑鄙残忍的守财奴。自然部分读者也就认为夏洛克是一个自私残酷的放债人。从某种意义上讲,上述分析似乎是合乎情理的。然而,如果我们考虑到当时的历史背景,我们就能认识到夏洛克的苦境,从而看到一个完全不同的夏洛克。自从十二世纪末期以来,随着反犹情绪日益高涨,犹太人的处境愈来愈困难,他们连许多最基本的权利都被剥夺了。他们无权选择住的场所和穿的衣服,他们只能住在犹太人居住区,佩戴着标志他们犹太身份的徽章;此外,他们还被视为外人,仅仅因为宗教信仰不同而被许多行业拒之门外。在夏洛克生活的那个年代,“只有基督教徒可以加入工匠协会(即当时的职业协会),只有基督教徒可以拥有土地,这样一来犹太人赖以谋生的手段就所剩无几了”。 事实上,在莎士比亚生活的伊丽莎白时代,反犹情绪如此高涨,以至于几乎没有犹太人生活在英国。在这样一个充满敌意的受基督教徒支配的世界里,夏洛克和同时代的其他犹太人一样历尽坎坷。读者可以断定夏洛克成为放债人并非出于自愿,而是被生存环境所迫。在如此恶劣的环境下,放债或许是犹太人唯一的生存手段。然而,由于死账、烂账的存在,放债也是充满风险的;尤其在那样一种对犹太人不利的法律环境下,犹太放债人常常成为自己的还债人。因此,夏洛克并非生来自私残酷,事实是,不友善的基督教徒迫使他变得残酷,求生的本能迫使他变得自私。他那些令人讨厌的行为举止可以理解为对外部环境做出的反应和自我保护。虽然基督教徒谴责他是卑鄙残忍的守财奴,但是作为读者的我们则不应该下此结论。如果把基督教徒的道德准则放在一边,而以市场和法制为导向,我们将不难理解身为早期借贷资本家的夏洛克在受基督教徒支配的社会中的艰难处境。从某种程度上讲,他是值得我们同情的。我们不能简单的将他视为自私自利,残酷无情的放债人。这样,模糊性就产生了。除了放债人,夏洛克还是一位父亲,而且显然是位失败的父亲。他唯一的女儿杰西卡认为家里是地狱,以做他的女儿为耻,最终偷他的钱,与基督徒私奔并皈依基督教。从某种角度来看,这似乎是夏洛克的报应。因为他好像从不关心女儿的幸福还像使唤佣人一样使唤她。 是他的压迫虐待迫使杰西卡最终背叛他。剧中第二幕第八场萨莱尼奥的话更加肯定了这一看法: 【杰西卡与罗兰佐私奔后】“那犹太狗像发疯似的,样子都变了,在街上一路乱叫乱跳乱喊,‘我的女儿!啊,我的达克特!啊,我的女儿!跟一个基督徒逃走了!啊,我的基督徒的达克特!公道啊!法律啊!我的达克特,我的女儿!一袋封好的、两袋封好的达克特,给我的女儿偷去了!’”如果萨莱尼奥是可信的,那么他的话十分形象的描述了一个爱财如命的夏洛克。对他来说,“达克特”要远比自己的独生女杰西卡珍贵。接着往下读,我们还将听到夏洛克诅咒女儿死在自己的脚下。显然,慈爱的父亲不会这么恶毒的诅咒自己的女儿。然而,我们在指控夏洛克不是一位好父亲的同时,也必须承认杰西卡不是一个好女儿。尽管夏洛克作为父亲不十分称职甚至有些冷漠无情,但是他毕竟将杰西卡抚养成人。就凭这一点,杰西卡也应该感激父亲。可她的“回报”方式却是抢劫父亲的钱财,与父亲的敌人私奔,以每晚八十达克特的速度挥霍父亲的血汗钱,并拿父母亲的结婚戒指换取一只猴子而其目的仅仅是为了庆祝自己的婚礼。显然,好女儿不会这样对待自己的父亲。如果杰西卡对家庭不满意,她有权选择离开,但是她无权打劫父亲,更没有权利浪费他的血汗钱。不管夏洛克作为父亲是多么的不称职,他都不应受到如此残酷的背叛。更何况我们并不能确定夏洛克就一定是位冷漠无情的父亲。或许是因为一时气急他才诅咒女儿死在自己的脚下。或许萨莱尼奥带有偏见而没有真实的转述夏洛克的话。读者不难发现萨莱尼奥在转述的时候称呼夏洛克为“犹太狗”。 可见萨莱尼奥并不十分客观,他很有可能扭曲了夏洛克的话。而且,就算萨莱尼奥足够客观,我们也不能草率得出夏洛克毫不关心女儿的结论。根据萨莱尼奥的“指责”,夏洛克在短短五行中四次提到“我的女儿”,他称杰西卡为“我的孩子” ,“我自己的血肉” 。所有这些表明杰西卡在夏洛克的内心深处占有一定的位置,他并非毫不关心她。然而,夏洛克究竟是位怎样的父亲?我们没有一个明确的答案,这就增加了夏洛克人物形象的模糊性。此外,夏洛克作为复仇者的形象也不清晰。他对基督教徒的仇恨究竟是残酷无情的还是有情可原的?读者看法不一。认为夏洛克是残酷无情的报复者的读者主要有如下理由:其一,夏洛克在得知安东尼奥破产后,欣喜若狂,脱口而出,“我很高兴。我要摆布摆布他;我要叫他知道些厉害。我很高兴。” 其二,在安东尼奥违约后,夏洛克一心一意要取他的性命。在鲍西娅提出愿意拿九千达克特还安东尼奥欠他的三千达克特时,爱财如命的他竟然一口拒绝,坚持要割安东尼奥的一磅肉。这样,随着情节的发展,许多读者很自然的认为夏洛克是个卑鄙无情的报复者。他布下圈套,以甜言蜜语引诱安东尼奥上钩,然后,不置安东尼奥于死地决不罢休。但是,也有读者认为,“夏洛克的仇恨是情有可原的,他受到超过应得程度的惩罚”。 他们主要分析夏洛克的遭遇,认为“基督徒每天的侮辱中伤使夏洛克变得报复心很强”。 例如,基督徒们从不称呼他的名字,而是称呼他为“犹太狗” ,“魔鬼” 等。针对基督徒对自己的侮辱中伤,夏洛克也有自己的说法:“我是一个犹太人。难道犹太人没有眼睛吗?难道犹太人没有五官四肢、没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗?他不是吃着同样的食物,同样的武器可以伤害他,同样的医药可以疗治他,冬天同样会冷,夏天同样会热,就像一个基督徒一样吗?你们要是用刀剑刺我们,我们不是也会出血的吗?你们要是骚我们的痒,我们不是也会笑起来的吗?你们要是用毒药谋害我们,我们不是也会死去吗?那么要是你们欺侮了我们,我们难道不会复仇吗?要是在别的地方我们都跟你们一样,那么在这点上也是彼此相同的。要是一个犹太人欺侮了一个基督徒,那基督徒怎样表现他的谦逊?报仇。要是一个基督徒欺侮了一个犹太人,那么照着基督徒的榜样,那犹太人应该怎样表现他的宽容?报仇。你们已经把残虐的手段教给我,我一定会照你们的教训实行。”夏洛克的这番话是发自肺腑的也是感人至深的,并为自己赢得了同情。此外,同情夏洛克的读者还注意到了基督徒的虚伪。在刚开庭的时候,鲍西娅热情的讴歌了仁慈和怜悯。然而,后来她和她的朋友却毫不留情的羞辱夏洛克,使他倾家荡产,并强迫他皈依基督教。事实上,是基督徒割了夏洛克的一磅肉,而且割的是他的心。因此,夏洛克虽然是“恶人”, “却最终被身边仁慈怜悯的基督徒彻底打败”。 在这个受基督教徒支配的世界里,他其实是个受害者。基督教徒歧视他,苛待他,并最终使他失去一切。在许多读者看来,夏洛克确实“受到超过应得程度的惩罚”。 然而,并非所有读者都这样认为。读者看法不一,其根本原因是夏洛克作为复仇者的形象是模糊的。这些模糊性使许多读者和戏迷对夏洛克这个角色感到困惑。他究竟是个什么样的人?我想只能说他和我们一样,是个既普通又独特的人。我们不能笼统的说他是好人或坏人。因为他既不好也不坏,或者说他既好又坏。和我们一样,夏洛克身上有着一些美好的品质。例如,他在追求目标的过程中表现出来的随机应变及沉着冷静;他身上那种被挥霍的基督徒视为“吝啬”的节俭。和我们一样,夏洛克身上同样有着一些不好的特征。他贪婪,而且复仇心太强。和我们一样,夏洛克在社会中充当的角色决定着他的举止行为。例如,夏洛克的犹太身份决定着他必然选择放债这一行业;他的犹太身份直接导致了他的嗜财如命,因为在这个受基督徒支配的世界里,只有金钱能给他一丝安全感。这样看来,夏洛克并非所谓的“问题角色”,他其实和我们一样,是个活生生的人。因此,为了更好的理解夏洛克,我们首先应该努力“读懂”自己和身边的人。同时,阅读观看夏洛克能够引导我们思考自己的人生,帮助我们更好的理解生活,理解人性。在我看来,这正是莎士比亚伟大性之所在。犹太人夏洛克,一个生动 复杂,极端利已的高利贷者的形象,同时具备了冷酷,吝啬,残忍,贪婪,狡诈等多种丑恶的性格特征,他精明,善于经商,视财产为依靠。作为一名犹太人,夏洛克具有与其他大多数犹太人一样的命运。在中世纪,犹太人被欧洲各国视为劣等民族,在宗教上受迫害、政治上没有任何政治权利和自由、在经济上受到种种限制。他们在各个历史时期在不同的国家都受到迫害、歧视、劫掠和残杀。对于自己寄人篱下的处境,他们产生了深深的自卑感,为了生存,为了争得与其他民族平等的地位,他们团结对外,遵守法规,发奋自强。然而,犹太人精于商务金融,在这个领域中,他们有时不讲人道与道德,充分利用许多别人不屑利用的机会而致富,他们中的一部分人只要有机会,只要不违法,不惜做过于残忍,刁钻,卑鄙的事。夏洛克因为宗教信仰不同而遭受歧视,进而对周围人充满戒备和复仇心理。这个可怜的犹太商人生活在被基督教徒和贵族包围的社会中,尽管拥有财富却饱受着歧视、侮辱、讥笑。他仇视身边那些挥霍祖产、生活浪荡的公子哥儿。于是,当机会来临之际,夏洛克希望能够狠狠地报复一下这个对待他和他的民族不公正的社会。通过作品不同场景,对夏洛克的进行不同层次的性格分析:场景一:当夏洛克在得知安东尼奥为他的朋友巴萨尼奥借钱时,夏洛克十分仔细地分析了安东尼奥的个人情况,其中包括他的财产,生意往来,风险程度等等。从中就体现了夏洛克作为一名犹太人所具有的精明,善于经商。场景二:在得知安东尼奥的船只遭受不幸是,夏洛克就毅然决然地决定实施他的报复计划:把安东尼奥置于死地,以方便自己随意作买卖赚钱。刻画了一个自私自利,凶残野蛮的人物形象。场景三:在威尼斯的法庭上,安东尼奥的朋友试图用双份的钱来换取安东尼奥的一磅肉,但夏洛克却执意坚持。由此就可反映出夏洛克强烈的报复心理和残暴,恶劣的本性。一个被压迫者,如果得到了变本加厉的雪耻机会,他会怎么样?莎士比亚笔下的夏洛克似乎给了我们答案。正如夏洛克在独白说的那样:“难道我们犹太人没有眼睛吗?难道犹太人没有五官、四肢、没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗?他不是吃着同样的食 物,同样的武器可以伤害他,同样的医药可以疗治他,冬天同样会冷,夏天同样会热,就象一个基督徒一样吗?……要是一个基督徒欺侮了一个犹太人,那么照着基 督徒的榜样,那犹太人应该怎样表现他的宽容? 报仇。……”(第三幕第一场)几百年来,犹太这个民族不知为了什么神秘的缘故,一直受着欧洲各国上下流社会的嫉恨。有人说,莎士比亚之所以塑造夏洛克,正是因为他对社会给 予犹太人的压迫感到不满。也有人说,诗人只是为了娱乐大众,才造出这样一个可笑人物。且不管诗人的私人意志,他胸中的人道精神,的确经由夏洛克这一角色, 拥护了一个民族,一个被压迫的民族。《威尼斯商人》又名《威尼斯的犹太人》(THE JEW OF VENICE),莎士比亚于1596-97年写成。其中情节之一便是犹太商人夏洛克向安东尼奥索求一磅肉作为赔偿。夏洛克因放债而大发横财,结果是折了女儿失了财,且博得大家的一场奚落。他虽然有他的丑态——自私,吝啬……但更有他的宝贵的尊严——当他的 敌人给他不可言述的耻辱,他还以公正的、疯狂刻毒的报复:虽然他们以十倍的钱还给他,他也拒绝,三千两银子,十倍的三千两银子,他也不惋惜,只要能买他敌 人的一磅肉!这种出于压迫者的报复心理,便是夏洛克的心理动机。他的贯穿动作,不是放债取财,而是报复。一 放债是生存之计在英国,犹太人所受的压迫不亚于欧洲任何国家。早于莎翁三百年的爱德华一世(EDWARD I,在位期间为1272-1307)就下令将犹太人驱逐出英国。但是在莎士比亚生活时期,仍有部分犹太人居住在伦敦。他们碍于民风政令,必须隐瞒自己的身 份和宗教信仰。他们因受迫害而不敢置产,以防被没收;因不敢置产所以只得收集巨量现金;因有巨量现金,故往往以放债为业,故不得不收取重利。因此才有了夏 洛克这一角色。正因为这样的历史渊源,我们现在可以看到狄更斯、特罗洛普等英国作家的笔下,犹太人都承担着放债人的角色。一时间,犹太人成了放债人的代名词。人们认为放高利贷是道德上的罪行,放债人不需才智本钱,便可赚取暴利。而对于放债人的普遍印象,则是腐败、贪婪、吝啬。从莎士比亚塑造的夏洛克身上,我们也可以看到这样的特点。二 有尊严的生存以放高利贷而大发横财的犹太人夏洛克,让基督徒有憎恨他的理由。在他与基督徒安东尼奥的冲突中,夏洛克多次直言不讳:“安东尼奥先生,好多次您在交易所里骂我,说我盘剥取利,我总是忍气吞声,耸耸肩膀,没有跟您争辩,因为忍受迫害本来是我们民族的特色。您骂 我是异教徒,杀人的狗,把唾沫吐在我的犹太长袍上,只因为我用我自己的钱博取几个利息。……”(第一幕第三场)很显然,这是夏洛克对安东尼奥的控诉。我们并不知道莎士比亚是不是反对当时民众中流行的对于犹太人的歧视心理,但我们确实由此看出,安东尼奥歧视在先——歧视作为放债者的夏洛 克、也歧视作为犹太人的夏洛克。然后才有了夏洛克的似乎不合情理的要求——非得坚持要割下安东尼奥的一磅肉。夏洛克之所以坚持这一似乎令人发指、也招来后 人耻笑的条款,乃是出于被压迫者强烈的报复心理。三 对抗“主流”的夏洛克夏洛克与安东尼奥的冲突,不只是种族和财务问题,也象征了两种全然不同的宗教、生活和价值观。夏洛克过着节制、吝啬的生活,他轻蔑基督徒生活的奢华浪费。对于夏洛克而言,善人的定义是经济状况足以维生,其他的道德或抽象的价值观则毫无 意义。而剧中的巴萨尼奥,因生活奢侈,阮囊羞涩,为攀阔亲,只得向自己的好友安东尼奥借钱。安东尼奥则甘为其赴汤蹈火,割一磅肉都在所不惜。夏洛克和基督徒,为观众展现了完全不同的两种人。四 夏洛克的现代性尽管莎士比亚的时代已过去了几个世纪,商业资本与封建性的高利贷之间的矛盾斗争也成了遥远的记忆,但在今天的世界,种族歧视依然存在着,莎士比亚〈威尼斯商人〉中的夏洛克依然有着深远的意义。夏洛克是种族歧视的受害人,也是一名反抗者。他敢于要求公正,敢于对敌人发动报复,他的坚持和不软弱,对于现代的观众有一种不可言说魅力。仅从这一点上来说,夏洛克的精神是高尚而又庄重的。这或许也是〈威尼斯商人〉直到今天仍上演不衰的原因之一。于是,我们不再单纯的把夏洛克批判为资本主义血淋淋的代表,我们的人道精神可以帮助到我们真正的理解他的内心世界、倾听一个受压迫者向世界发出的声音。
好的,交给我,放心,,
1. 关于洛丽塔的英文诗句 关于洛丽塔的英文诗句 1.洛丽塔中关于爱情的句子英文版 Humbert: Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: 亨伯特:洛丽塔,我的生命之光,我的欲念之火。我的罪恶,我的灵魂。洛丽塔 Humbert: here to that old car that you know so well is a stretch of 25 those 25 steps with me. 亨勃特:洛丽塔,从这里到那个你熟悉的汽车只有25步的距离,走过这25步跟我在一起吧。 Humbert:I looked and looked at her and I knew,as clearly as I know that I will die,that I loved her more than anything I'd ever seen or imagined on was only dead leaf echo of the nymphet from from long ago。but I loved her,this Lolita,pale and polluted and big with another man's could fade and didn't would still go mad with tenderness at the mere sight other face 亨勃特:我看着她,看了又看,我知道就像我知道我必死无疑那样清楚,我是如此的爱她胜过我所看到的所能想象到的地球上的任何事物,她以前是一个妖女,现在却像一片枯叶,但是我爱她,这个洛丽塔苍白、臃肿、俗气、怀着别的男人的孩子,她可以褪色,可以枯萎,我不在乎,但我只要看她一眼,万般柔情,涌上心头。 Humbert:What I heard then was the melody of children at but I knew that the hopelessly poignant thing was not Lolita's absence from my side but the absence other voice from that chorus. 亨勃特:我听到了孩子们的欢声笑语,除此之外,没有别的,让我心灰意冷的并不是洛丽塔不在我身边,而是这里的欢笑声没有她的。 2.洛丽塔中关于爱情的句子英文版 lolita,我的生命之光,我的欲念之火,我的罪恶,我的灵魂,舌尖向上,分三步,从上腭往下轻轻落在牙齿上“洛-丽-塔-”我望着她,望了又望,昔日如花妖冶,现在只剩枯叶还乡。 苍白,臃肿,混俗,腹中有别人的骨肉。但我爱她,他可以褪色,可以萎谢,怎样都可以..但我只要看她一眼,万般柔情涌上心头。 事实上,我们在绕大圈。我心底有个目的地,家我们的家。 目前,我需要不断向前,尽管我们争执,尽管种种琐事,尽管危险,尽管无望,尽管这一切..我都觉得活在天堂,这天堂虽然充满地狱火焰的色调。谢谢。 3.洛丽塔最后一句台词的英语原句 电影中汉伯特最后说的话 I stood listening to that musical vibration from my lofty slope, to those flashes of separate cries with a kind of demure murmur for background, and then I knew that the hopelessly poignant thing was not Lolita's absence from my side, but the absence of her voice from that concord. 4.求《洛丽塔》英文原版书中的一句话 《洛丽塔》(Lolita),又译为《洛莉塔》、《洛丽泰》、《罗莉泰》,是俄裔美国作家弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫创作的长篇小说。 该作绝大部分篇幅是死囚亨伯特的自白,叙述了一个中年男子与一个未成年少女的恋爱故事。小说最初未获准在美国发行,于1955年首次被欧洲巴黎奥林匹亚出版社出版。 1958年终于出版了美国版,作品一路蹿升到《纽约时报》畅销书单的第一位。《洛丽塔》已被改编成电影。 英文原版书中句子(摘抄节选):Despite our tiffs, despite hernastiness, despite the fuss she made, and the danger , helplessness of it all, despite all that, I was in paradise. A paradise whose skies were the color of hell flanes, but a paradise still.尽管我们有争吵,尽管她言语粗鄙,尽管她吹毛求疵,动不动变颜变色,尽管这一切都卑劣、危险、根本无望,我仍然沉醉在我自选的天堂里——天堂的穹空布满地狱之火的颜色——但仍然是天堂。 的英文台词 男主人公的经典对白I looked and looked at her, and I knew as clearly as I know that I will die。 that I loved her more than anything I'd ever seen or imagined on earth. She was only the dead leaf echo of the nymphet from long ago, but I loved her; this Lolita, pale and polluted, and big with another man's child. She would fade and wither, I didn't care. I would still go mad with tenderness。 at the mere sight of her face. Lolita。 6.洛丽塔最后一句台词的英语原句 电影洛丽塔>中汉伯特最后说的话I stood listening to that musical vibration from my lofty slope, to those flashes of separate cries with a kind of demure murmur for background, and then I knew that the hopelessly poignant thing was not Lolita's absence from my side, but the absence of her voice from that concord。 7.《洛丽塔》这段文字的英文原文是什么 My knuckles lay against the child‟s blue jeans. She was barefooted; her toenails showed remnants of cherry-red polish and there was a bit of adhesive tape across her big toe; and, God, what would I not have given to kiss then and there those delicate-boned, long-toed, monkeyish feet Suddenly her hand slipped into mine and without our chaperon‟s seeing, I held, and stroked, and squeezed that little hot paw, all the way to the store.这就是原文。 8.《洛丽塔》中该段文字的英文原文是什么 The widower, a man of exceptional self-control, neither wept nor raved. He staggered a bit, that he did; but he opened his mouth only to impart such information or issue such directions as were strictly necessary in connection with the identification, examination and disposal of a dead woman, the top of her head a porridge of bone, brains, bronze hair and blood。 9.求《洛丽塔》里面的一句台词的原版英文翻译,翻译器别来 I looked and looked at her, and I knew as clearly as I know that I will die。 that I loved her more than anything I'd ever seen or imagined on earth. She was only the dead leaf echo of the nymphet from long ago, but I loved her; this Lolita, pale and polluted, and big with another man's child. She would fade and wither, I didn't care. I would still go mad with tenderness。 at the mere sight of her face. Lolita。
框架可以拟一下
有喜欢的女神,但是人家看不上我。有的女人肯嫁给我的,但要价太高娶不起。