这是一篇关于造纸的文章：
A long time ago, the text is engraved on the bones, or written on bamboo, silk,These materials have very heavy, some are very expensive, and cause a lot of inconvenience to the the period of the Western Han Dynasty two thousand years ago, some people began to use some of the more expensive plantThe fabric of paper, the paper looks very rough, writing is still very convenient.
ToThe Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a eunuch named Cai Lun decided to look for a paper practical for Lun often went to the river, to observe the women wash silk and silk "floating floc" found the rest of the silk after breaking away out of silk,Will form a thin layer on the tableThings。
Some people put it to dry in the sun, to paste the windows, package, or is used to to the paper mill,To consult the paper craftsmen,Gradually understand and master the buildThe basic process of order to create an economic and practical paper,Cai Lun used the bark,Bark,Rags, scrap fishing nets and other common materials, broken them, made of paper pulp.
Every month Cai Lun test, test, get all the dirty, the people aroundThey regard him as an eccentric, not willing to approach him. But he didn't care about those strange eyes, according toA new method of his paper in the old.
He used the "method of floating floc", with the mat for the pulp, the pulp outWill form a thin layer of the mat, dried it was Lun succeeded. He made the low price, easy to carry and the writing of the paper, theA great invention was listed as one of the four great inventions of ancient china.
The Spring Festival Far and away the most important holiday in China is Spring Festival, also known as the Chinese New Year. To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to people in the West. The dates for this annual celebration are determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies from late January to early February. To the ordinary Chinese, the festival actually begins on the eve of the lunar New Year's Day and ends on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar. But the 15th of the first month, which normally is called the Lantern Festival, means the official end of the Spring Festival in many parts of the country. 2 Spring Festival is the most importantand popular festival in Spring Festival ,the people usually clean and decorate their they go to the Flower Fairs to buy some Spring Festival ,the adults usually give lucky money to often get together and have a big people eat dumpling for dinner.春节的作文
春节 Spring Festival is the most important festival in China .It’s to celebrate the lunar calendar ‘s new year .In the evening before the Spring Festival ,families get together and have a big meal .In many places people like to set off firecrackers .Dumplings are the most traditional food .Children like the festival very much ,because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to children for good luck . People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune . The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ”. People enjoy the Spring Festival ,during this time they can have a good rest.
Theinformationrevolution,thedevelopmentofmassmediaandtheachievementsinscienceandtechnologyhavedoubtlesslyusheredusinarapidlyprogressingsociety,"fastfood".
The Chinese high-speed rails have a quality all on its own, because it’s so massive.中国高铁的质量独树一帜，因为它规模庞大。There are more than twice as many high-speed trains in China as the rest of the world combined.中国拥有高铁的数量是其他国家高铁数量总和的两倍多。Tier 1 cities like Beijing have a couple hundred high-speed trains stopping at the city every day.像北京一线城市每天有几百辆高铁停靠。And the Chinese Spring Festival is just a mad house - an estimated 3 billion trips take place within a 2-week window. It would be the equivalent of every American taking 10 trips during Christmas, or every European taking 5 trips during Christmas. All the train tickets are gone within like 10 seconds after they become available.春节期间的中国简直就是个疯人院，短短两周内有将近30亿人次的客流。这相当于每一个美国人在圣诞期间旅行十次，或者每个欧洲人在圣诞节旅行五次。所有的动车票一可售随即在十秒内售空。获得108好评的回答@Eamon DanFirstly, China’s technology on building the railway is leading the rest of the world and there is no sign that any other country could surpass China’s position in near future.首先，中国在建设铁路的技术上领跑世界，并且在近期内没有国家可以超过中国。Secondly, China’s trains are based on Japanese, German and French models.其次，中国的高铁是基于日本、德国以及法国火车模型。At last, the scale of Chinese high-speed train is unthinkable to other countries which has high-speed train network.最后，中国的高铁规模对于其他国家来说是无法想象的，并且中国拥有发达的高铁网络。获得好评的回答@Tillman Huett-LassmanI had my first opportunity to ride the high-speed trains last week when I had a business meeting in Zhengzhou.由于上周我在郑州有个商务会议，我有了第一个机会搭乘高铁。As someone who grew up with a disdain for public transportation (not sure why the US hates it so much), I was dreading the experience. I pushed hard to fly, but was told that it would be much better if I took the train.由于带着对公共交通的偏见而成长（我也不确定为什么美国如此讨厌交通），我对此次经历带着恐惧。我希望能够搭乘飞机，但却被告知搭乘高铁会更好一点。The train was amazing. I had traveled on an Amtrak train before in the US, and hated how slow it was and how many stops there were. Chinese high-speed trains are on a different level.这辆高铁非常给力。我曾经搭乘过美国的Amtrak 火车，但是它速度奇慢而且经常停下来，非常讨厌。跟中国的高铁不是在一个水准上。First, when I say they are high-speed, I mean they are high-speed.首先，当我说他们是高速，我的意思也就是指他们确实是高速的。The trains are clean and the seats are huge. There are ample power outlets and you can’t even feel how fast the train is moving. If there were no windows, I wouldn’t be able to tell when we were stopped or when we were traveling at 300 km/h—it is thatsmooth.火车上非常的干净，而且座位很大。有很多插座可以给你充电，而且你根本感觉不到火车的速度有多快。如果不是有窗户，我都不知道什么时候停住了什么时候速度上了300km/h，火车非常平稳。The trains are very advanced and the stations are new. The terminal in Zhengzhou looked like you could fit a million people in it even though it isn’t a Tier-1 city. It had shops and a food court and the trains would silently pull in and out of the station perfectly on schedule.火车非常的先进而且车站也很新。郑州的终点站看起来能容纳一百万人，尽管它并不是一线城市。它带有商店以及美食广场，而且火车会安静的驶入驶出站点而且准时准点。I’m traveling again this week by train and I’m excited.这一周我又再次搭乘高铁，我感觉很兴奋。The high-speed trains are incredible.高铁真的很不可思议。
中国的高铁,动车,快车，从速度方面来介绍一下：(1)高速铁路列车(G)速度约300km/h。(2)动车组旅客列车(D)速度通常在150～200 km/h之间。现代已提高约300Km／h。(3)直达快速火车(Z)速度在140Km/h以上。(4)快速火车(T)速度约130km/h。(5)普通快速火车(K)速度约90Km/h。但是因为要让路，所以实际上时间会延长。1) High-speed railway train (G), speed of about 300km / ) EMU passenger trains (D), speed i usually between 150 ~ 200 km / h. Modern has been increased, about 300Km / ) Direct express train (Z) at speeds above 140Km / ) fast train (T) , speed of about 130km / ) ordinary fast train (K) , speed of about 90Km / h. But because of the way to go, the time is actually going to be longer.
在学习、工作或生活中，许多人都写过作文吧，作文是从内部言语向外部言语的过渡，即从经过压缩的简要的、自己能明白的语言，向开展的、具有规范语法结构的、能为他人所理解的外部语言形式的转化。那么，怎么去写作文呢？下面是我精心整理的'关于高铁的英语作文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
First built in 20xx, the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation on December,26th,20xx. Overall length of its main line is 1068 kilometers, and it goes through the following three provinces: Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong.
The speed of the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway is 350km/h,the fastest speed in the world now, which makes it only three hours needed from Wuhan to Guangzhou, seven hours less than before. Besides, there are all kinds of facilities in the train, which make your trip safe and comfortable, so it is more humanitarian.
However, the only fly in the ointment is that the train fare is too high and the station is quite far away from the downtown area.
more than 20 railway transportation lines totaling some 2,000 kilometers are planned for a dozen chinese cities, said officials with the ministry of construction.
railway transportation includes urban express railways, subways, light rails, and trolley cars.
beijing, shanghai, chongqing, wuhan, and changchun are all planning to build such a network to conquer the traffic jams and serious pollution caused by the rapid increase of the urban population and the number of automobiles in china.
the network will have the advantages of cleanliness, security, punctuality, high speed, and large transport capacity, said the officials.
financial and technological factors have hampered the development of such a system over the past three decades, and there are now only about 90 km of underground lines in the country with some 600 subway trains in use.
now, however, beijing alone is planning to build a railway system composed of 13 main routes and two extensions lines totaling 408 km, and increase the railway transport proportion to 50 percent from the present 15 percent, according to local officials.
china's first urban railway line was in beijing and began test operations in october 1969, and the second, in tianjin, was open to traffic in december 1984.
it is a really hot topic now as many city had opened high-speed railway. many people said that high-speed railway is much better than the other transportation . and as also some people believe that it is no future .to my point of view ,high-speed railway bring us real convenient . my reasons are as follows: first ,the stations of the high-speed railway are much closer to our living area ,like buses . and it is much more convenient to transport goods .
for example ,a businessman in shanghai want go to sichuan with 1000kg goods,if he go to sichuan by plane ,he need go to suburbs because the airports always in the suburbs, and it cost much money to checked the goods. if he go by train ,he need to go to the railway station far away from home ,and the train take much more time .and if he take bus,though it is convenient, it not only cost much money ,but also waste much time. secondly,the most important disadvantage of high-speed railway is that it need a great number of passengers .
as the second most populous countries of the world, chinese has no pressure. what's more ,china is developing in a "high speed",even though high-speed railway cost much money , i believe china can hold it . as all above ,i firmly believe that the future of high-speed railway is shinning!
上百度文库百度一下吧
中国国情就是 民不聊生即是！当官的和农民生活对比.一个天上的一个地下的当官的贪得无厌，为富的富而不仁.。这是贪官。现在是朝鲜。日本。美国。的夹击。。。。现在的中国不是老毛领导的中国那样了。。。现在的中国危机。，。..看文章中国国际地位很尴尬 现在国家领导人只会担心自己的地位，自己的乌纱帽，自己的幸福生活，才不会站在中国的大局着想，日子过一天算一天，得过且过的生活着，现在的中国社会就像极了晚清时期，每个人都活在大国的梦里，而实际上经济是强，可是拳头强吗，毛主席早就说过枪杆里出政权，党指挥枪，可是战争真的来了，能指挥了吗？毕竟中国只有一个毛主席，现在中国就少了一个像毛主席一样的伟人。 中国人办事难免送点礼，你好我好大家都很好，在国际交往中中国也一直以这种方式开展外交活动，什么中日友好，什么着眼中日关系大局，就说一件事，钓鱼岛撞船事件，我船长一直被日本扣留，外交努力好用吗？国务委员、驻华大使、外交部官员跑都跑断了吧？没有看见船长被放回，这是铁的事实。船长是什么时候回国的，还不是我们在抓了四个偷拍我军事禁区的四个日本人后，日本才主动求和的，什么外交的胜利？狗屁。因此说，我们的外交现在就是与晚清李鸿章时期差不多，谈判、妥协，估计用不了多久，我们国家又开始签订不平等条约了。我们国家持有20000多亿美国国债，早被美国绑架了，想走还容易吗？中国现在又成了西方世界的肥肉了。这一点也不能怪党，只能怪国人的奴性，毛伟人把一盘散沙的国人弄成一团不过30年，邓伟人一句话，改革开放，国人现在又散了，什么仇也来了，就是没有仇外国人的，反而什么都是外国的好。什么仇官、仇富、仇警......全民皆仇。面对现在的局面国家能尴尬吗？ 这样的事例多了举不过来，凡是有良知的中国人，一定要团结起来，共同抵制韩货、日货、美货，多发表几幅正义的文章，叫领导人反思一下。邓伟人说的三十年和平发展的机遇期已经到了，我们做好斗争的准备吧免得被动
一、传统文化的内涵中国传统文化是指中国历史上以个体农业经济为基础、以宗法家庭为背景、以儒家伦理道德为核心的社会文化体系.它有着悠久历史.是中华民族在历史长河中集体劳动和智慧的结晶.它从时间上讲,中国传统文化大致是指19世纪40年代鸦片战争前的中国文化.因为鸦片战争后由于西方文化的剧烈冲击.中国文化开始大幅度的震荡,调整.这种变化一直持续至今.从地域范围看,中国传统文化不仅包括传统的中国地理概念,还包括深受中国文化影响的越南、朝鲜等国家和地区,没有一个清晰的地域界限.她是我们的祖先传承下来的丰厚遗产,曾长期处于世界领先的地位.一方面具有强烈的历史性、遗传性；另一方面又具有鲜活的现实性、变异性.无时无刻不在影响着今天的中国人．为我们开创新文化提供历史的根据和现实的基础.今天中国人的思维与行为仍在不自觉中深受其影响.纵观历史,传统文化主要包括儒学、美德、礼仪、民族精神、榜样、诚信、和谐观、负面道德经验等方面.二、多视角看传统文化教育的德育价值和体现传统文化教育的德育价值,众说纷纭,许多专家和学者从不同的角度对此各抒己见.有些学者们论证了儒学教育思想的现实意义.认为儒学对构建和谐社会的目标、思想政治课程改革、提高思想政治教育的实效性等具有极为有益的作用.还认为新儒学伦理道德思想有助于建立中国特色社会主义道德教育,对当代大学生思想道德教育也有启示.改革开放以来和加入WTO以后,中国的人文精神及传统文化思想受到挑战.对学生进行儒学教育,坚定信仰教育有利重建精神家园,凸显人文精神,要求我们加强儒学伦理教育,倡导道德体验教育.〔1〕有学者从美育及传统美德的角度看其德育的促进作用.也认为当代德育的社会文化环境受以现代传媒为特征的大众文化影响,人的审美受到侵蚀、精神世界也被无情的挤压着.青少年的奋斗精神、进取精神、创造精神受到巨大影响,自我意识强全局意识差、竞争意识强合作意识差、好胜心强抗挫折能力差等不健全人格结构.而美育与德育的终极价值取向是一致的,都是为了人的全面发展和最终实现人的自由；审美教育与价值观的培养及形成有密切的关系,这也是我国把美育作为学校素质教育的重要组成部分的原因；当前可以通过艺术教育、经典导读、看经典戏剧电影、文学导读、注重课程教材改革、重视校园文化建设等措施来实施美育.〔2〕对于美德作为知识可教性,有学者论证了其可教的限度和方式.苏格拉底说：“美德即知识”.但美德作为知识被教师有限度的.原因是它主要通过理性去获得、美德本身的内涵在当代社会中的失落、合格的美德教育教师的失落.所以传授也有其特殊的方式,需要在实践中不断摸索.〔3〕香港中文大学刘国强教授阐述了中华美德教育的理论意义和现实意义,指出儒家伦理教育之特点,尤其分析了仁的不同层面的含义和与诸德的关系,认为它们都是相互关联和融通的一个体系.他的关于中华美德的当代意义提醒了我们不要一味的追求现代的、西方的、流行的价值观,而忽略中华传统美德所蕴涵的价值.〔4〕 至于道德榜样、榜样教育问题,部分学者论述了榜样的道德价值,道德榜样的类型、可能和功能.一般的榜样并不特指道德榜样,它们是一般与个别的关系.只有具有正面价值的榜样都有道德的崇高性或崇高的道德价值.从道德主体的角度看,可分为个体道德榜样与群体道德榜样：从社会生活的实际来看,不可能人人都成为道德榜样,主要是：掌握和控制社会道德资源者、对社会负有重大责任和具有重要影响者以及成年人.道德榜样有几种产生的可能,即先验论、发现论、需要论、实践论.不管怎样,道德榜样产生的条件至少应该是理性主义和普遍主义的诉求.道德榜样的功能如下：传统优秀道德的典型承载者,现实主导价值的积极弘扬者,未来理想道德的开拓创新者.这三种内在功能决定了道德榜样具有示范和激励的外在功能.〔5〕现实教育中要积极发挥道德榜样的外在功能,使其转化为内在功能,以不断扩大的道德榜样的力量和影响力.但如何处理好榜样教育与偶像崇拜呢?有学者指出要合理运用它们之间的耦合,来建设新时期的文化和进行学校道德.需正确认识偶像崇拜语境下的榜样教育.随着现代传媒技术的发展和现代传播媒介产品的普及,新的文化形态和现象的出现冲击并改变着传统的文化模式和文化观念.时下榜样曲高和寡,偶像却层出不穷.这就要求找出新时代文化背景下榜样与偶像的差异与共生,建构它们间的耦合机制.需要我们贯通理性思维与情感体验；协调价值目标与现实生活.〔6〕民族精神有其深刻的历史渊源和重要价值,当前有学者对学校如何进行民族精神教育作了研究和思考.指出民族精神教育应具有生活性、综合性、发展性,体现民族性和全球性的统一,且要设置专门的民族精神教育课程.拟定民族精神教育目标,不同的学习阶段,目标层层深入.至于其教育方法,不能脱离学生实际,而要从学生生活出发,尊重学生的主体
中国近代史从第一次鸦片战争1840年到1949年为止。中国近代史，是一部充满灾难、落后挨打的屈辱史，是一部中国人民探索救国之路，实现自由、民主的探索史，是一部中华民族抵抗侵略，打倒帝国主义以实现民族解放、打倒封建主义以实现人民富强的斗争史。中国近代史从1840年开始到1949年结束。从1840年鸦片战争到1919年五四运动前夕，是旧民主主义革命阶段；从1919年五四运动到1949年中华人民共和国成立前夕，是新民主主义革命阶段。中国近代史始自1840年鸦片战争爆发，止于1949年南京国民党政权覆亡，中华人民共和国成立，历经清王朝晚期、中华民国临时政府时期、北洋军阀时期和国民政府时期，是中国半殖民地半封建社会逐渐形成到瓦解的历史。中国近代史是中华民族反对帝国主义、封建主义。为实现现代化而斗争的历史。
当代中国发展之道 一 删的文明与我们的传统篇享差三妻蓦 道 ， 在中国文化与哲学中有多义，分别对于中国文化，法国启蒙运动的大师们曾为 为：本原 、 法则、方向、方法、真理、规律。探索此充满热情。伏尔泰称赞中国是“举世最优 当代中国发展之道 ， 国人的共识是30年来的美、最古老、最广大、人口最多而治理最好的 思想解放和市场经济成就了A'fr-~的一代伟国家”。狄德罗则在法国《百科全书>的《中国> 业。而当我们进一步深入研究与分析便会发条目中，赞美“中国民族，其历史悠久，文化、 现：在中国崛起的背后，其实还有更为深刻和艺术、智慧、政治、哲学的趣味，无不在所有民 广阔的文化与精神因素。族之上”。 当代中国虽然属于发展中国家 ， 但她其中国长达两干多年的封建社会所带来的 实并不是从“一穷二白”中崛起的，她更不是经济发达、文化繁荣、社会稳定的局面，一直 一个新兴的暴发户。五千年源远流长的文明历经康乾盛世，维持到乾隆末年。其时，中国 史使她底蕴深厚，中国文明之所以能够与其的经济总量仍占世界的第一位，人口占世界 他文明古国相继生发，并且在漫长的岁月里1／3，对外贸易长期出超。由于中国所处的独 超稳定地发展，终于成为古老文明中硕果仅特地理位置以及中国的政治、经济、文化长期 存者 ， 其决定因素在于中国文明和中国文化以来一直是东亚国家和民族中最先进的，文 本身。无论是与人类文明兴起时的古巴比伦 、 明发展程度在所知世界范围内无可匹敌，古 古埃及 、 古希腊、古印度相比，还是与后来的代中国人的自我中心意识特别强烈，形成了 罗马甚至近代的西文明相比 ， 中国文化与完整系统的“华夷”观念及与之相关联的一整 文明一直以其独特的方式发展着，这就不难套处理自己与外部世界关系的方式和准则。 理解为什么在17 、 18世纪以前中国曾经是世然而，此时，以英国为首的西方世界却正面临 界上最强盛的国家之一。当世界上其他古文着人类历史上最伟大的工业革命。18世纪中 明相继衰亡以后，她却生生不息。那么，这个叶，从英国开始，在世界范围内掀起了一股工 从未断续 、 硕果仅存的文明的灵魂又是什么业化革命浪潮，资本主义的工业化浪潮使工 呢?业生产进发出前所未有的活力，创造了人类 历史上，中外文化之交流，可以上溯到东历史上空前的繁荣。这正如马克思在<共产党 汉末年的佛学传入中国，而西方和中国的直宣言》中所说：资本主义在它不到一百年的阶 接接触，则大概要到唐宋时期。其时，无论是级统治中所创造的生产力，比过去一切时代 学术文化，还是经济贸易，中国都要比西方世创造的全部生产力还要多，还要大。 界发达得多。欧洲文艺复兴时期的大师们曾中国自被迫开启了国门，一直到艰苦卓 经对中国文化心向往之，侣世纪的欧洲人喜绝的八年抗战，最终“唤醒了酣睡的巨人“，所 欢中国的东西成为一种时尚，他们不仅对合谓近代的救亡与启蒙的主题即由此而生。本 乎理性的儒家伦理道德和政府的开明专制制来，一个民族和国家在一个短暂时期的落后， 度加以理想化，而且还狂热地喜爱中国的艺是极为正常的事情。但是，我们还是要感谢 术风格，喜爱中国建筑、瓷器、家具和装饰的“五四”时代，就像我们今天感恩于改革开放 风格。所以，就学术文化而言，在18世纪以3O年的伟大实践一样，因为正是“五四”首先将古老的中国引入了现代。 “五四”是中国学术与文化史上空前 的大时代，她终结了统治中国两干多年的 儒家传统，并使其成了博物馆的陈列品： 她开创了现代中国的多元学术与文化时 代，重新估计一切价值：她将马克思主义 引进到中国，创造性地同中国文化与革命 相结合：她促成中国学术文化的现代转型， 最终使中国摆脱了近二个世纪的沉沦与 屈辱，重新昂首走向了世界的前列。首先， 正是“五四”的～代思想领袖和知识精英 将“民主、科学、自由、人权、法制”等人类 的基本价值传播到了中国，他们是那个时 代中国各个领域的杰出人物，他们伟大的 思想和不懈的努力使古老的中国走出了 泥潭；其次，代表当时人类先进文化的西 学的输入，特别是自然科学与社会科学各 个学科的建立，使中国文化从更加深厚和 广阔的思想资源中吸取了人类精神的养 料，在传统几乎断裂时重新获得了新生。 二、我们的时代与我们的事业 当代中国正在发生着人类历史上从 未有过的巨变，一个在30年前经济濒临 崩溃的大国迅速崛起，成为举世瞩目的焦 点。如果说，20世纪曾经是美国梦的世纪， 那么21世纪将是造就“中国梦”的世纪， 人们不分种族、性别、信仰，只要你努力奋 斗，在你的晚年都能够实现你的梦想，过 上幸福、安逸的生活。 对于“中国梦”以及中国的世界意义， 早在1975年，著名历史学家汤因比即有 先见之明。面对当时还是贫穷落后的中 国，他说：“中国今后在地球人类社会中将 要起什么作用呢?……我所预见的和平统 一 ，一 定是以地理和文化主轴为中心，不 断结晶扩大起来的。我预感到这个主轴不 在美国、欧洲和苏联，而是在东亚。”在汤 因比看来，就中国人来说，几千年来，比世 界任何民族都成功地把几亿民众，从政治 上、文化上团结起来。他们显示出这种在 政治、文化上统一的本领，具有无与伦比 的成功经验。中国人和东亚各民族合作， 在被人们认为是不可缺少和不可避免的 人类统一的过程中，可能要发挥主导作 用，其理由就在这里。 中国的发展之道之所以是和平的发 展，乃是由其文化、文明的本性与特性所 决定的。中国特色社会主义是我们当代全 中国人的事业，她的横空出世，既是中国 共产党第一代领导集体的社会主义思想 与实践的继承，更是邓小平同志创造性地 将马克思主义的伟大理想与当代中国的 具体实践相结合的成果，她蕴涵了中国五 千年伟大文明的智慧，也凝聚了当代中国 共产党人的全球眼光和世界胸怀。 中国特色社会主义的深刻内涵体现 了当代中国人的精神发展历史，即找到了 一 个符合中国发展的理论和中国发展的 道路：这个“中国之道”的价值目标是马克 思主义关于人的自由和全面发展的学说。 三、我们的困难与我们的未来 尽管当代中国取得了历史性的成就， 恢复了中华民族以往的光荣，但是我们仍 然有太多的困难与问题。这其中有些是发 展的不足，如资源的禀赋、技术的落后；有 些是发展的不当，如环境污染、人口失控； 还有更多的则是我们认识的不够。 与GDP等经济发展的硬指标相比， 我们还需要提升文化软实力。我们对市场 经济不足的方面缺乏深刻的认识，一个时 期内过分地强调GDP的增长而轻视了精 神家园的建设，忽视了文化与道德的意义 与价值。尤其是贫富分化和严重腐败，足 专家讲坛I2009．髹11隶TIo 以对我们的事业构成威胁。发达国家的历 史表明，市场经济并不完全能够自发地形 成公平与正义，这既要完备的制度建设和 相当的监督机制的形成，也需要必要的意 识形态批判。 与当代中国经济迅速发展所引发的 社会各阶层的分化和人们生活方式的急 剧变化相比，我们的社会主义民主政治还 有相当的发展空间，科学发展观提出“以 人为本”以及党的十七大将人民民主提升 到“社会主义的生命”的高度，深刻表明了 社会主义越发展、民主越发展的道理。 与国力的逐年大幅增长相比，我国国 民收入的增长幅度还有待进一步提高，藏 富于民、国强民富、共同富裕是我们事业 的目标。贫穷不是社会主义，两极分化也 不是社会主义。 就不断出现的腐败案件和我们的反 腐败政策而言，我们在体制和机制方面还 有更多的工作要做，“没有监督的权力必 然产生腐败”，在体制、机制和舆论监督方 面着手，同时要依靠教育和道德的力量。 腐败对于我们事业则是一个不容忽视的 毒瘤，关系到我们事业的成败。 与经济和社会生活的发展状况相比 较，我们的主流意识形态更需要与时俱 进。必须强化意识形态的文化功能。变硬 诉求为软诉求，变传统诉求为现代诉求， 变概念性诉求为人格诉求。当代中国，已 经进入到一个各种文化与社会思潮相互 激荡的大时代，如何重建理想信念和与时 代生活相适应的精神世界、特别是当代中 国社会主义价值体系的建构；如何体现全 民族的共识，凝聚全民族的理想，从世界 优秀文明和中国古代传统资源中撷取精 华，以引领我们走向一个更加伟大的时 代，这是时代赋予我们的全新课题。 对于未来的中国来说，一方面，以和 平发展与和谐世界的理念影响世界，成为 多元世界的一个不可或缺的角色；另一方 面，努力做好自己的事情，这本身就是中 国对未来世界的特殊与杰出的贡献。满意请采纳
British mainland western Europe from Great Britain and Ireland, north-east and many nearby islands. The full name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. She east by the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, up to the North Atlantic off Iceland, Yugoslavia and the European continent, separated only by a strip of water, the English Channel. British total area of about 243,000 square kilometers. The main island is a British territory of Great Britain from northern Scotland. southwest of the southern and central parts of England and Wales, three regional groupings. England area of 130,000 square kilometers which, accounting for most of the island of Great Britain; Wales area of 20,000 square kilometers, territory is mountainous and rugged; Scottish area of 78,000 square kilometers. Northern Ireland area of 14,000 square kilometers. Britain is about 1,000 km from south to north and 50 ° north latitude and 61 ° C; Most things is not more than 500 km wide, east longitude 1 ° 45 'W 8 ° 10' between. Zero meridian through the southeast London GMT (Greenich). British coastline of about 11,500 km. Although the British high latitudes, but due to a single Atlantic, not the cold winter. British maritime climate temperate broadleaf forests. In normal years, the hottest (July), the average temperature of 19-25 degrees Celsius. the coldest (January), the average temperature of 4-7 degrees Celsius. British uneven rainfall throughout England low-lying, with an average rainfall of 830 mm, west, Mountain precipitation in the northern part of a larger, up to 4,000 mm. Britain is the main mineral resources of coal, iron, oil and gas. Hard coal reserves of 170 billion tons. Rail reserves of about billion tons. In the United Kingdom North Sea continental shelf oil reserves of about 10-40 million tons. 8600-25,850 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves in between. Britain's total population of about 59 million, of which 50 million in England, Scotland, five million, three million in Wales. Northern Ireland 2 million. In the British capital of London, England.英国大陆西欧从大不列颠及爱尔兰,东北部及附近许多岛屿.全称英国大不列颠和北爱尔兰.她东与北海,西濒大西洋,直至北大西洋过冰岛,南斯拉夫和欧洲大陆仅隔着一衣带水,英吉利海峡.英国总面积约243,000平方公里.主岛,是英国的领土很大,从英国北部的苏格兰.西南地区南部和中部的英格兰和威尔士,三大区域集团.英格兰面积130000平方公里,其中占大多数的岛屿大不列颠;威尔士面积为20,000平方公里,境内多山,崎岖;苏格兰面积万平方公里.北爱尔兰面积万平方公里.英国约1000公里,从南到北50 °北纬61 ℃ ;大部分的东西是不超过500公里宽,东经1 ° 45 ' — 12 ° 10 '之间.零经线通过伦敦东南格林尼治( greenich ) .英国海岸线约11500公里.虽然英国的高纬度地区,但由于单一大西洋,而不是寒冷的冬季.英国海洋气候,温带阔叶林.在正常年份,最热( 7月) ,平均气温为19-25摄氏度.寒冷( 1月) ,平均气温为4-7摄氏度.英国雨量不均整个英格兰低洼地带,年平均降水量830毫米,西部山区降水在北部较大,可达4000毫米.英国是主要的矿产资源,煤,铁,石油和天然气.硬煤储量1700亿吨.铁储量约380亿吨.在英国北海大陆架石油储量约10-40亿吨. 8600-25,850亿立方米的天然气储量,在两者之间.英国的总人口约为5900万,其中50万人在英格兰,苏格兰, 500万, 300万在威尔士.北爱尔兰200万人.在英国首都伦敦,英国.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) was created by the Act of Union 1800 and constitutes the greater part of the British Isles, a group of islands lying off the northwest coast of Europe. The largest of the islands is Great Britain, which comprises England, Wales and Scotland. Next largest is Ireland, comprising Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, and, in the south, the Republic of Ireland. Culture in the United Kingdom is rich and diverse, with a strong tradition of literature, theatre, popular and orchestral music and the performing arts. These, together with collections in UK museums and galleries, act as a magnet for overseas visitors and make a substantial contribution to the economy. According to economic estimates made by the Department for Culture,Media and Sport (DCMS), the creative industries accounted for nearly 8 per cent of UK gross domestic product in 2000, and provided nearly 2 million jobs in December 2001. Colour brochures are available here on various aspects of UK culture, including the arts, architecture, dance, the visual arts, and literature and poetry
澳大利亚的简介，附上翻译。 Introduction to Australia In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It has, however, a relatively small population. 澳大利亚地域宽广却人口稀少。 Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. The mainland is the largest island and the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. It lies between 10° and 39° South latitude. 澳大利亚的地理位置（经度、纬度）以及土地概况。 The highest point on the mainland, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 metres. Apart from Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent. 澳大利亚的最高峰。 Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth. Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is arid or semi-arid. Its fertile areas are well-watered, however, and these are used very effectively to help feed the world. Sheep and cattle graze in dry country, but care must be taken with the soil. Some grazing land became desert when the long cycles that influence rainfall in Australia turned to drought. 澳大利亚的干旱情况，越来越干。 The Australian federation consists of six States and two Territories. Most inland borders follow lines of longitude and latitude. The largest State, Western Australia, is about the same size as Western Europe. 澳大利亚的组成，最大的州是西澳大利亚州。 Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population.澳大利亚的移民方面。
第一，可以体现作者的总体思路。提纲是由序码和文字组成的一种逻辑图表，是帮助作者考虑文章全篇逻辑构成的写作设计图。其优点在于，使作者易于掌握论文结构的全局，层次清楚，重点明确，简明扼要，一目了然。[2]第二，有利于论文前后呼应。有一个提纲，可以帮助我们树立全局观念，从整体出发，在检验每一个部分所占的地位、所起的作用，相互间是否有逻辑联系，每部分所占的篇幅与其在全局中的地位和作用是否相称，各个部分之间的比例是否恰当和谐，每一字、每一句、每一段、每一部分是否都为全局所需要，是否都丝丝入扣、相互配合，成为整体的有机组成部分，都能为展开论题服务。经过这样的考虑和编写，论文的结构才能统一而完整，很好地为表达论文的内容服务。第三，有利于及时调整，避免大返工。在毕业论文的研究和写作过程中，作者的思维活动是非常活跃的，一些不起眼的材料，从表面看来不相关的材料，经过熟悉和深思，常常会产生新的联想或新的观点，如果不认真编写提纲，动起笔来就会被这种现象所干扰，不得不停下笔来重新思考，甚至推翻已写的从头来过;这样，不仅增加了工作量，也会极大地影响写作情绪。毕业论文提纲犹如工程的蓝图，只要动笔前把提纲考虑得周到严谨，多花点时间和力气，搞得扎实一些，就能形成一个层次清楚、逻辑严密的论文框架，从而避免许多不必要的返工。另外，初写论文的学生，如果把自己的思路先写成提纲，再去请教他人，人家一看能懂，较易提出一些修改补充的意见，便于自己得到有效的指导。
There are 3 people in my are my father, my mother and father is a goes to work by is mother is a goes to work by is am a 'm go to school by school 'm love my family.我的家里有3口人,有我的爸爸,我的妈妈和我,我的爸爸是一名商人，他去工作乘汽车,他是有趣的,我的妈妈是一名老师，她去工作骑自行车，她是和蔼的,我是一名学生，我去学校乘校车，我是聪明的,我爱我的家编辑于 2019-12-16
家是温暖的，它是传递爱的火炬。穿过温暖湿润的春天，跃过寒风凛冽的冬天，家永远是家，容纳爱的天地。我则是这片爱洋的的守护神。下面是我为大家整理的介绍家庭成员英语作文（通用15篇），希望对大家有所帮助，欢迎阅读，仅供参考的。
There are three people in my family, father, mother and I, our family is very warm. You see, mom and dad's humor is tough, deserve to go up again my naughty, make our family more happy.
Oh! By the way, tell you, my mom is very like a face, why? Because in my heart, my mother is a volcano, a little fire, a little bit of trivial things would have made her angry, so most of her expression on anger and strict, but she can also laugh, like to laugh, not sneer at is laughed, these are the result of the father's jokes, and my father's credit is very big, my mother is a lengthy, you see, her day and night, like pressing, said a pile of words, but some nonsense., only a little bit of essence, so, my father and I put up with her every day. Not only that, the home of all costs, as well as her supervisor, speaking of which, I defy spirit, why does the woman supervisor about anything in the home, so I'm keen for our boys.
My home, and a joke big king, is our ming-rong wang Sir My dad played, his humorous words, like got a precious thing, very happy, so I respect him. Oh dear! I play, look at me like the naughty, really let a person in distress situation, but, I think I'm good, how about you?
Finally, I said 1: do you like my family?
我们家有三人，爸爸、妈妈和我，我们家很温馨。你看，爸爸的幽默、妈妈的严厉、再配上我的调皮捣蛋，使得我们这个家庭更幸福了。
哦！对了，告诉你，我的妈妈很象一个变脸虫，为什么呢？因为在我的心里，老妈是一座火山，一点就燃，稍微一点鸡毛蒜皮的小事就会把她惹得怒气冲天，所以她的大部分表情表现在生气和严厉上，但是她也会笑，这样的笑，不是冷笑就是哈哈大笑，原来这些都是爸爸的笑话造成的，所以爸爸的功劳很大，我的妈妈还是一个会啰嗦的人，你看，她一天到晚就像连珠炮一样，说了一堆话，但是一些废话作。，只有一点点的精华，所以，我和爸爸每天都要忍受她的攻击。不仅如此，家里的一切费用，也是她主管，说到这，我不服气了，为什么家里的什么事都要女人主管，因此，我为我们男生打抱不平。
我的家里，还有一位笑话大王，是我们的王明荣先生 我的爸爸出场了，看他那幽默的话语，真让人像得了珍贵的东西一样，很开心，因此，我很尊敬他。哎呀！我上场了，看我那调皮的样子，真让人哭笑不得，可是，我觉得我是好样的，你呢？
最后，我说一句： 你喜欢我的家庭吗？
My name is Li Hua. I am from a workers family. There are six people in my family. They are my grandfather, my grandmother, my father, my mother, my sister and I.
Every member in my family works for his or her own trade. My grandfather and grandmother are peasants. They do farm work every day in my hometown. My father is a senior engineer. He is now working in Africa, helping to build a power station. My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a middle school. My sister, five years older than I, is a doctor in the Peoples Hospital of our county. She loves her work and does it well. I am a middle school student. And I am going to take this years college entrance examination. I wish that I could be enrolled by a famous university.
That is my family. All the members in my family live in harmony. We love each other devotedly.
我的名字叫李华。我来自一个工人家庭。我们家有六口人。他们是我的爷爷，奶奶，爸爸，妈妈，姐姐和我。
我的家庭中的每个成员都各专其事。我的爷爷和奶奶都是农民。他们在家乡每天做农活。我的父亲是一位高级工程师。他现在在非洲工作，帮助建立一个发电站。我母亲是一位教师。她在一所中学教英语。我的姐姐比我大五岁，是是我们县上的人民医院里的.一名医生。她热爱她的工作，并且做得很好。我是一个中学生。我要参加今年的高考。我希望我可以考进一所著名的大学。
这就是我的家庭。我们家的所有成员都生活得很和谐。我们都一心一意的爱着彼此。
I have a big family . There are five people in my are my father my mother my grandparents and I. My father is very strict with me and my mother is very kind . I love them and they love me too. If I make progress, my father will say to me:"thats good! you are very well!" if I make no progress , my father will say to me:"Dont give up! ,we believe you!” and my father is a headmaster and my mother is a manager.
My grandparents were all teachers many years ago. I love them very much .
I am a student , Im studying in Wuxi Chiway International school. Im eleven years old now. I like playing computer games、reading English and watching TV .
Do you like my family?
There are four people in my are my father,my mother,my sister and father is a likes playing mother is a likes doing housework and cooking for sister is a likes reading am a pupil.
I like playing is my love my family because it can give me happiness and love.
My family lives in Hsi-hu. there are four people in my family. they are my father, my mother, my sister and I. My father is tall and thin. He is a handsome man. He has big eyes.
His hair is straight. He likes to watch TV and movies and read books. My mother works in an office. She cooks very well. She likes to read books, too. She is short and thin.
My sister is a student. She is an independent girl. She is very graceful. I am a student, too. But I study in a junior high school. I go to school every weekend.
I like to play dodge ball and listen to music very much. much. I like my family because each family member helps me a lot.
There are four people in my are my father,my mother,my sister and me.
My father is a likes playing mother is a likes doing housework and cooking for us.
My sister is a likes reading am a like playing soccer.
This is my love my family because it can give me happiness and love.
Hello,everyone! Today I want to talk about my family.
I have a happy family. There are four people in it. They are my father,my mother,my brother,and father‘s work is an English works at Primary School .
Look!This is my is a brother is a like my family!
There are four people in my family. They are my father, my mother, my elderly brother and I. My father is a computer engineer. He works in a big company in my city. My mother is a nurse. She works hard to help patients. But she is always busy and always comes home late tiredly.
My brother is three years older than me. Now, he is a middle school student. He is sunny and easygoing. He can help me a lot in my study.
I am primary school student. I love my families. So do they.
This is my family. There are four people in my family. My grandmother, my father, my mother and me.
My grandmother has short white hair. She looks very nice. My father has short black hair and small eyes. He looks very fat, so I often call him “fat man”. He works at a factory. My mother works at a . My mother has long black hair. She likes sports and traveling, so I often go on sports with my mother.
On holidays my family often go to travel. I study at Guiyuan Primary School.
We are very happy.
I have a big family. There are five people in my family, my grandmother, my parents and my elderly brother. My grandmother is easygoing. She has many friends near my home. Every morning and night, she walks around with her friends. My parents are doctors in the same hospital. They are always busy with their work. My brother is three years older than me. He is a middle school student. My family is happy.
Although my parents are busy, they care much about me.
We live a good life.
Hi , Im Fan Xinrong . I have a happy family .They are my father , my mother ,my brother and I . My mothers birthday is in February . My fathers birthday is on October twentieth . My brothers birthday is on April ninth . My birthday is on June second . I like fruit , but I dont like vegetables . My mother likes vegetables , but she doesnt like eggs. My father likes apples , but he doesnt like milk.
I love my family !
There are three members in my family: my father, my mother and I. My father is very strict with me; and my mother is very kind and responsible. they love for me is unconditional. They are convinced that knowledge can change my fate. so they offered me every opportunity to study no matter how poor my family am lucky because I have a good family. l love my parents very much.
Everyone has his own family, have a happy, happy, sad, despair; There are broken... But my family is happy, happy
I think the family is a inseparable, everyone stood in their respective positions, the number of my family is very energetic, love to laugh I have a brother, resistance to bear's father, love clean, mom like nagging grandpa. My family in big cradle grow slowly, at the same time my family also opens a branch to leaf in a step by step.
My father is a farmer, every day in the sun insolates, but he no matter how hard, don't complain to me, blame, what pain are buried in the heart, don't let me know, so a person silently bear.
My mother is a housewife, every day to clean the house, waiting for dad to go home.
My brother loves me, no matter how busy every day, he will be fit to teach me homework.
My grandpa is my talisman, met with him to help me with everything, for fear that I will receive a little bit of damage.
My position in the home is happy, whenever I feel home atmosphere wrong, I can speak a joke to let everybody burst into laughter, for this, mom and dad is very familiar, also take me as a three-year-old as care for the kids, I am very happy. Whenever I meet what unhappy things, to the house will wipe all light, because dad said: "what happened no matter, want to think you have a warm home, can at any time to the safe haven, because it is your life not lose home."
My family and I are always together, no matter how big the storm will not break up.
每个人都有属于自己的家庭，有幸福的，开心的，有伤心的，绝望的;有支离破碎的`……不过我的家庭是幸福的，美满的
我觉得家庭是个分不开的手，每一个人都在各自的岗位上站着，我的家庭人数很充沛，我有一个爱笑的哥哥，耐吃苦的爸爸，爱干净的妈妈，喜欢唠叨的爷爷。我在家人的大摇篮里慢慢地成长，同时我的家庭也在一步一步地开枝散叶。
我的爸爸是个农民，每天在太阳底下暴晒，可是他不管有多辛苦，都不会向我诉苦，埋怨，把什么辛苦都埋在心里，不让我知道，就一个人默默地承担。
我的妈妈是个家庭主妇，每天打扫着家里，等待爸爸回家。
我的哥哥很爱我，每天不管有多忙，他都会抽空来教我功课。
我的爷爷是我的护身符，遇到了什么事他都帮我顶着，生怕我会收到一丁点的伤害。
我在家里的定位是开心果，每当我感觉家里气氛不对的时候，我都会讲笑话让大家哄堂大笑，为此，爸爸妈妈很宠，还拿我当三岁小毛孩一样呵护着，我很幸福。每当我遇到了什么不开心的事，到家里就全部消灭光了，因为爸爸说过：“无论遇到了什么事，都要想着你有一个温暖的家，随时可以来这个避风港，因为它是你人生中不可失去的家。”
我和我的家庭是永远系在一起的，无论有多大的狂风暴雨都不会拆散。
No matter where I am, I find it hard to resist the tempting call of my hometown. Situated at the northern tip of Anhui province, my hometown, Dangshan county, is the junction of four provinces. They are respectively in Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan.
My hometown is the northern gate of Anhui province, located in the southern end of the Huanghuai plain, and also a bridgehead for the Eurasia continental bridge.
Dangshan has a long history. During the warring states period, it is called Dang city. With the migration of history, in 1950, with the establishment of people’s government, it would not have been the size of the now.
Profit from rich natural humanities landscape, my hometown have been gave birth to the large number of historical figures, such as Zhuwen, who is the Ming emperor, famous military Xuexian, famous painter Qibaishi, and so on. At the same time, many people are attracted by the unique scenery in my hometown; one of the most distinguished is Libai.
Today, my hometown has also a lot of very beautiful scenery, the most famous is the beautiful Yellow River old river way. This beautiful scenic area is the best place for a holiday in summer. Mention my hometown, have to mention is a pear. The pear in my hometown is well-known throughout the country. Here has the world’s largest pear flower sea. There is a poem that as if the vernal breeze had come back overnight, adorning thousands of pear trees with white blossoms, exception is the pear flower here.
I love my hometown. She is where I have lived for 18 years with my patents, my good friends, and my teachers who have supported me. She has almost all my memories. No matter where I would go I will never forget her. Yes, everything that it gave me could be given by other places, but my love won’t be changed, because it is my hometown.
Today, I'm throwing sandbags at home with my father. I picked up the sandbags, push forward a throw, dad suddenly caught when a local firm.
I'm unwilling to dad, so I watch carefully, he finally found dad's weakness is unable to the left. I was to throw to the upper left by his father, father stretched out his hand to catch the long, but failed, mouth shouted: "is too high, no!" Connect with, and I threw it to his left, he is very hard to pick up, but still didn't catch, and shouted: "is too low, no!" Third, I throw before his left side, just caught by him, said "good!" Slowly I found always threw on his left, he has been used, can also be caught. Chastened, I decided to change, he doesn't notice, throws a sudden change of direction to his right, let him by surprise, as a result, dad can lose.
Then the father threw me to meet. Beginning, I how also can not pick up, dad told me: "to certain sandbags where you come from, to adjust their own position, to jump up, back, forward, to pick up." Down a few times, I slowly learned to the single hand of by sandbags and jumping sandbags and so on. Later, I still need to exercise more.
There are 3 people in my are my father, my mother and father is a goes to work by is mother is a goes to work by is am a 'm go to school by school 'm love my family.我的家里有3口人,有我的爸爸,我的妈妈和我,我的爸爸是一名商人，他去工作乘汽车,他是有趣的,我的妈妈是一名老师，她去工作骑自行车，她是和蔼的,我是一名学生，我去学校乘校车，我是聪明的,我爱我的家
英语阅读在高考中一直占有相当大的比重,因而英语阅读教学尤为重要。我整理了介绍家庭成员的英语短文，欢迎阅读!
My Parents and I
I am a chinese girl and i study in wuyilu primary school. i get up very early in the morning and then help my mother cook breakfast. after breakfast, i walk to school, because it's not far from my house.
I have many friends at school. we often help each other with our mother is forty-six years old, and she works in meet all supermarket. it's near my school. the supermarket is very big, and it sells all kinds of things. the students in my school often buy school things there.
My father is two years younger than my mother. he is in the same supermarket, but he doesn't sell things. he's a driver.
My family is a happy one.
My parents
My parents have diffrent father is a teacher,he teaches English in middle is a very popular all love mather is a nurse .she works in people hospital.
she helps many people every day,so she is very works very doesn`t think her job is very love it very are my parents job.
My parents
I'm Chuvy. I am a student . I have got a small family-----my father , my mother and me. Now ,let me tell you sth. about my parents.
My father is 38. He is a driver . He is good at maths . He likes watching NBA. He doesn' t like singing.
My mother is 38, too . She is a secretary in a factory . She likes listening to music . She usually gets up early and goes to work . She 's a good wife.
I love my parents . And they love me ,too !!!!
My parents work in a shoe factory. they get up at five thirty. they first get breakfast ready. then they go to work by bus. they work there from eight to five. they come home at about six and prepare super for us. mother washes clothes in the evening, father often makes toys for toys for us. they are busy all day.
My Family
This is my family. There are four people in my family. My grandmother, my father, my mother and me.
My grandmother has short white hair. She looks very nice. My father has short black hair and small eyes. He looks very fat, so I often call him “fat man”. He works at a factory. My mother works at a . My mother has long black hair. She likes sports and traveling, so I often go on sports with my mother. On holidays my family often go to travel. I study at Guiyuan Primary School. We are very happy.
家人
这是我的家. 有4人在家里. 奶奶、爸爸、妈妈和我.
奶奶短白发. 她看起来很漂亮. 爸爸小眼睛,短黑发. 他看起来很肥,所以我常常称呼他为"肥人". 他在一家工厂工作. 妈妈在工程船名妈妈早已黑发. 喜欢运动和旅游,所以经常去体育与妈妈. 假日经常到我家旅行. 我念小学的同志. 我们感到非常高兴.