一般来说,没有特殊要求的,不能用英文写的。当然,英文写出来的话,一般查重率会比较低。by 文天下论文检测网
这个问题的答案取决于你的文化和学术环境,以及你的读者群。一般来说,如果你的读者群主要是国内的专家、教授和同行,那么用中文写论文是比较常见的做法,更符合国内学术传统和规范。但是,如果你的研究课题涉及到跨国或国际性的领域,或者你打算将论文投稿到国际期刊上,那么使用英文写论文是更为适宜的选择。因为英文具有广泛的使用范围和通用性,在国际化的学术交流和合作中具有重要的地位,也能使你的研究成果被更多人所知晓和了解。当然,在决定写论文的语言时,还需要考虑自己的英文水平和能力水平是否能够支持使用英文写作。如果自己对英文写作并不熟练,那么可能要花费更多的时间和精力来学习和提高英文写作水平,否则可能会导致论文质量大打折扣。同时,还需要根据自己的实际情况和研究对象来进行权衡和选择。
研究生毕业论文的语言使用应该根据具体情况来决定。如果你写论文的领域主要是国际范围内的学术或者实践,或者你想要在国外发表与交流你的论文成果,那么使用英文会更合适。反之,如果你的研究内容比较接近国内,或者你只在国内进行论文答辩和出版,那么使用中文会更加规范。当然,无论你使用哪种语言写论文,重要的是论文的质量和内容,应该以严谨的方法论完成论文研究,并结合相关理论进行深入分析和解释。同时,论文的格式也需要符合相应学术规范,包括明确的目录、章节分明的结构、引用格式规范等,这些都是成为高质量论文的基础要素。
研究生毕业论文写作英文还是中文,取决于你所在的研究领域和你未来的发展方向。在某些学术领域,如科学、工程技术、医学等,英文论文是国际上通用的科研交流语言,发表论文也必须用英文。在这些领域,如果你想要在国际学术圈发表论文、参加国际会议、申请海外高校或者国外公司的职位,那么写英文论文对你的进一步发展是非常重要的。然而,在人文社科领域,中文论文仍然是主要的交流方式,特别是在中国的学术圈内,发表中文论文才是硕博研究生的主要任务之一。因此,需要根据实际情况决定使用哪种语言。如果你的研究内容涉及到国际学术范围,或者你未来的工作方向在国际上,那么撰写英文论文是非常有必要的。如果你的研究领域以及未来发展方向主要在国内,那么撰写中文论文可能更有实际意义。当然,也可以考虑将中英文两种版本都写出来,从而方便在不同的领域进行推广和交流。
学术型的论文比研究型的要简单一些 你参考一些资料 自己就能写的了得
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点,并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容:
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想,并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题,需思考:
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚,一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以,同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例:
1、首先,从一个问题开始。例如:互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次,表明你对这个问题的立场。例如:互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后,发展你的答案。例如:互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消:互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点,以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
到中国期刊网找些论文参考 看些有关论题的资料
英语毕业的论文答辩稿(精选6篇)
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩,在举行答辩会前,校方、答辩委员会、答辩者(撰写毕业论文的作者)三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿(精选6篇),欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好,所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST,主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx,我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导,近一年的辛苦工作,我已经完成了我的论文。最后,这是展示时间。今天晚上,我将向大家致以衷心的感谢,我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事,我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女,更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解,帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心,并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来,我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论,哥特式传统,哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者,指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述,对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究,并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表,即死亡主题,独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因,详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因:父权制的压迫,南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后,在结论中,笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理,再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的,就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 !
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
英语专业的当然就要用英语了! 呵呵 不过不用担心,你现在还不是大四吧…… 只要好好写,一般都能过的。车到山前必有路呀…… 嘿嘿
OK ,需、要、的、话、我、帮、你搞、定。
英语专业的毕业论文当然是要求全英文的了。基本的要求还不太清楚就去问老师呀,老师也会帮你参考选题的。实在写不出来度娘之,网上资料很多的,挪挪凑凑够用了。
只要是英语专业的毕业论文,通常都要用英语写。不过,具体还要看你所在学校或院系的要求。 关于毕业论文,以下是2000年版的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》的表述: 毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评 估学业成绩的一个重要方式。毕业论文一般应用英语撰写,长度为3,000-5,000个单词,要求文字通顺、思路…… LZ也可以网上查阅。
可以写的 私信我
行为事件访谈法"(Behavioral Event Interview, 简称BEI),是一种开放式的行为回顾式探索技术,是揭示胜任特征的主要工具。这是一种结合John C. Flanagan的关键事例法(Critical Incident Technique,CIT)与主题统觉测验(Thematic Apperception Test,TAT)的访谈方式,主要的过程是请受访者回忆过去半年(或一年)他在工作上最感到具有成就感(或挫折感)的关键事例,其中包括:
(1)情境的描述;
(2)有哪些人参与;
(3)实际采取了哪些行为;
(4)个人有何感觉;
(5)结果如何,亦即受试者必须回忆并陈述一个完整的故事。
在具体访谈过程中,需要被访谈者列出他们在管理工作中遇到的关键情境,包括正面结果和负面结果各3项。访谈约需3个小时,需收集3至6个行为事件的完整、详细的信息。因此,访谈者必须经过严格的培训 ,一般不少于10个工作日。
这种方法是目前在构建素质模型过程中使用得最为普遍的一种。它主要以目标岗位的任职者为访谈对象,通过对访谈对象的深入访谈,收集访谈对象在任职期间所做的成功和不成功的事件描述,挖掘出影响目标岗位绩效的非常细节的行为。之后对收集到的具体事件和行为进行汇总、分析、编码,然后在不同的被访谈群体(绩效优秀群体和绩效普通群体)之间进行对比,就可以找出目标岗位的核心素质。
其实哪个方向都一样,好与不好写只是个人理解和能力不同所致,所以,选题的关键还是要考虑自己的知识结构、导师的要求和答辩的难易程度,耐心考虑一下,再征询一下导师意见,才是明智的。
写大学论文是每个大学生都需要经历的过程,只有通过了论文答辩才能真正毕业,具体步骤如下:
一、选好题目
选题是毕业论文写作的第一步,同样也是最重要的一步,选题时最好选择比较热门的论题进行写作,一些特别难理解,比较冷门的题目不建议选,因为后期找资料论证很麻烦,最好的方法就是问导师,导师会根据每位学生推荐适合大家的选题,这样通过率也会更高。
二、论文写作
建议在写作时可以多采用副标题的形式,一般学校会要求按照统一的论文格式进行书写的,写的时候标题尽量要涉及论文的研究对象,内容和目的,这样写起来使论文看起来更加简洁明了,而且一些论证类的题目需要自己去收集数据进行论证才可以,只有简单的论述没有数据的话是很难通过的。
三、参考文献收集
在撰写论文的时候要以参考文献为基础,建议大家尽量多收集与本专业相关的资料,反复精读并提炼其中的论点,这样就可以保障自己在毕业论文写作时候有充足的写作资料,不至于无从下手,另外引用参考文献的时候一定要注意内容是否与自己的论文对得上,不要引用无意义的内容放在论文中。
毕业论文的基本教学要求是:
1、培养学生综合运用、巩固与扩展所学的基础理论和专业知识,培养学生独立分析、解决实际问题能力、培养学生处理数据和信息的能力。
2、培养学生正确的理论联系实际的工作作风,严肃认真的科学态度。
3、培养学生进行社会调查研究;文献资料收集、阅读和整理、使用;提出论点、综合论证、总结写作等基本技能。
不会,我可以
学术型的论文比研究型的要简单一些 你参考一些资料 自己就能写的了得
英语专业毕业论文应采用英语撰写,一般由以下部分组成,依次为:(1)封面,(2)任务书,(3)开题报告, (4) 英文摘要及关键词(Abstract,Keywords),(5)目录(Outline),(6)正文,(7)注释(Notes),(8)参考文献(Bibliography), (9) 致谢(Acknowledgement)。Outline中要有Thesis Statement, 采用四号加粗,目录的各章节应简明扼要,其中每章(Ⅰ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ.)题目采用小三号,每节(.)题目采用四号。目录部分采用单倍行距。
到中国期刊网找些论文参考 看些有关论题的资料
这里有一篇...希望能帮到你一、交际能力的含义 “交际能力”这一概念最初是由美国社会语言学家Dwell Hymes 提出的。他认为,交际能力不仅包括对一 种语言的语言形式的理解和掌握,而且还包括对在何时何地、以什么方式对谁恰当使用语言形式进行交际的知 识体系的理解和掌握。交际能力是一个复杂的概念,涉及到语言、修辞、社会、文化、心理等多种因素,包括 一个人运用语言手段(口头语或书面语)和副语言手段(身势语)来达到某一特定交际目的的能力。而语言学 家Littlewood则将交际能力概括成4点: 掌握语言知识,并能运用语言清楚地表达思想;不仅掌握语言知识, 还了解这些语言知识在交际中的作用,学习者在使用语言时应考虑自己的社会地位及社会语境并能从听者的反 应中判断出所用语言是否恰当;学习者必须了解语言的社会含义,能使用英语本族人普遍接受的语言。从以上 4 点可以看出交际能力主要指的是达意(能够用目的语将所指的意义表达清楚)及得体(什么人在什么场合下 说什么话)。英语口语教学应该围绕交际能力包含的几方面的内容,着重培养学生运用英语进行口头交际的能 力。 二、英语口语教学中培养学生交际能力的途径 1.加强听力训练,增加语言输入与储备 《高等学校英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲》要求加强培养及训练学生语言知识的转换能力,其主旨是让 学生通过读和听获得知识、信息和语言,经过思维,在原有知识及语言的基础上对所获得的内容和语言加工和 重组,并赋予新的内容,然后输出,从而完成交际的全过程。由此看出,语言输入是语言输出和完成交际的必 备条件。“听”是语言、知识、信息获取的重要手段,也是学习开口说话的第一步。大量的听力练习是学生获 得语感以及学会正确表达自己思维的基本途径。 美国心理语言学家Wilga 认为,听的过程不仅是一个接收的过程而且还是一个建立的过程。听的 理解过程分为3 个阶段:第一阶段被称为感觉阶段。在这个阶段,学习者得到的仅仅是一个肤浅的印象,能初 略地识别,能根据自己所有的学习第一语言的经验对所听的材料进行初步地切分音段,这基本上是一个被动和 接收的阶段。第二阶段被称为识别阶段,它是一个通过切分音段和组织音段来识别的阶段。学习者把所接收的 信号一个一个地加以识别,把已经识别的与正在识别的联系起来。这个识别过程是积极的、细致的。第三阶段 为领悟和建立阶段。学习者通过认知系统重复一遍所听的材料,而且不时地把已经理解的东西与听到的加以对 照和修正。学习者通过重新理解使所听材料成为一种比较容易保留的形式被存入记忆里。这样,理解了的材料 得到了改变,被保留下来的是语义信息。有了语义信息,人们再寻求表达形式。从听的理解过程,我们可以得 出结论:学习者学说英语必须从听开始,先听别人说,反复多听几次,知道怎样说,以及在什么情况下说什么 时,便会产生强烈的想说话的愿望。开口说话,表达思想,进行语言交际便成了大量听的必然结果。学习者由 于听的深度与广度不同,口头交际能力差异很大。那些听得多、理解得多、范围又广的学习者,口头交际能力 就强,而那些听得少,理解不透彻的学习者,在表达时,就会感到无话可说,或者不知如何说,口头交际能力 就无从谈起。 2.培养用英语思维的习惯,加强英语思维能力训练 英语口语教学致力于培养学生的口头交际能力,教师应该帮助学生养成良好的口头交际的习惯,做到语言 清晰、流畅、达意。那么,如何才能做到这一点呢?培养学生用英语思维的习惯,加强以习得为主要形式的英 语思维能力训练是培养学生用英语表达思想的能力的重要手段和途径。用英语思维是指排除本族语或本族语的 干扰,用英语直接理解、判断和表达的能力。没有经过英语思维能力训练的人,大都是把听的东西译成自己的 母语后再储存在记忆里。在表达前,再把语义信息,即他想说的,在脑子里下意识地寻求母语的表达式,然后 再把它译成英语。这种做法不可避免地会导致母语的干扰。这样借助于母语表达出来的东西是不可能地道的, 大都是Chinglish(中式英语)。比如, 让别人先进门或先上车时, 一些英语学习者根据汉语表达习惯常说成 :You gofirst,或Go first,please。而地道的英语表达是:After you。再比如,中国人与朋友道别时,经 常说“走好”、“慢走”、“慢点儿骑(自行车)”之类的客套语。一些喜欢用母语思维的英语学习者不了解 英美人士常常微微一笑并作个表示再见的手势, 他们会习惯地说成:Goslowly,walk slowly或Ride slowly 。这些说法听起来很不自然。运用这种方式与人交际经常会导致交际出现障碍甚至失败。在英语口语教学中应 该让学生听地道的英语,培养他们边听边直接用英语把听到而且理解了的东西储存在记忆里的习惯,以及培养 他们克服母语干扰,直接用英语表达的良好习惯。学生通过一系列主动、积极的思维活动,理解和表达思想, 接受和输出信息。正是在这种积极的思维和表达过程中,学生才能获得真正的英语口头交际能力。 3.采用分级教学 英语口语教学应该遵循由易到难,循序渐进的原则。此原则体现在口语的具体教学实践中就是采用分级教 学。 第一级为初级阶段。在此阶段,教师首先应该为学生创造一个有利于习得语言的环境,让学生尽可能地多 接触与运用对象语。教学内容要具体,不要太抽象,最好是采用与日常生活相关的小故事与对话的内容,使学 生有亲临其境的感觉,同时又能熟悉外国人日常生活方式及应答方式。这些内容可包括饮食起居、节假日、舞 会、晚会、作客、信件、电影、电视、求医、求学、购物、旅游等。除此之外,在初级阶段的学习中,学生还 应该学习和掌握一些英语最基本的句型和习语、惯用语,要能熟练到脱口而出的程度。背诵在语言学习中,特 别是初级阶段,起着非常重要的作用。掌握一些公式化的套语、记住许多现成的口头话语,对能编制出创造性 的言语、弥补第二语言规则的不足以及摆脱交际困境都是必要的。 第二级为中级阶段。此阶段的训练目标主要是培养学生连贯说话的能力。教学内容可包括爱情友谊、生儿 育女、公共道德、人际关系、个性特点、生活习惯、趣味爱好、生活经历、体育运动、勤工俭家、学习方法、 健康减肥、犯罪案例等。教学方式可采取复述短文、概述大意、描述图画、回答问题、观点讨论、角色扮演, 把故事编成对话,把对话编成故事等。 第三级为高级阶段,亦可称为创造性阶段。通过初级、中级阶段的学习,学生已有了用英语进行口头交际 的强烈欲望,掌握了基本的英语口头交际的技巧,又具备了连贯说话的能力,这就为学生自由运用语言以及创 造性使用语言打下了基础。高级阶段的教学内容可扩展到对各种问题及现象的讨论与辩论,比如孩子的教育、 青年人的思想情绪、妇女的社会地位、老年人问题、种族歧视、广告的优劣、电视中的暴力、代沟问题、浪费 问题、人口问题、环境污染问题、住房问题、对老板的态度、工作的意义、对钱的态度、对时间的看法等等, 教学方式主要采用辩论、演讲、小组讨论、总结发言等。通过这3个阶段的学习, 学生就能逐渐地做到运用英 语清楚地自由地表达自己的思想感情、意志以及观点了,也就具备了比较强的英语口头交际能力。 4.充实社会文化知识,增强语言得体性意识,提高口头交际能力 英语学习者在与英语本族人进行实际交往中,很容易将自己的母语使用习惯带入跨文化交际,从而引起误 会,导致交流出现障碍甚至失败。比如,中国人常问:“你吃了没有?”“去哪?”“你每月挣多少钱?”“ 你结婚了吗?”等问题,译成英语为:“Have you eaten yet?”“Where are you going?”“How much do you earn each month?”“Are you married or single?”“How old are you?”英语本族人听到这些问 话会很不高兴,觉得对方不懂礼貌,干预他的私事,他的反应很可能是:It's none of your business!(你 管得着吗!)再比如,中国人受到别人表扬或赞美时,会习惯地表示谦虚,往往回答:“哪里,哪里。”或是 “不,不。”译成英语是“No,No。”英语本族人听了却感到纳闷:我赞美他,他不但不领情表示感谢,反而 认为我赞美错了。中国人听到对方对自己表示感谢时,常回答道:“这是我应该做的。”直译成英语是“It's my duty”,英语本族人听了会想:原来他并不想做这件事,但这是他的职责,所以不得不做,这与汉语所要 表达的原意有很大出入。这种由于母语文化因素的干扰,而说出不得体的英语的现象非常普遍。 语言交流所涉及的不仅仅是一系列的语法规则及词条,而且还涉及到语言使用的社会文化及风俗习惯。一 句完全符合语法规则的话,用在不恰当的场合,说得不合说话人的身份,或者违反当时的社会风俗习惯,就达 不到交际的目的,有时甚至造成意想不到的后果。所以,培养学生的交际能力除了培养他们能用目的语清楚地 表达思想以外(达意),还要有计划、有步骤地介绍和传授有关英语国家的文化背景知识,使学生学会得体地 交际,懂得什么时候什么地方以什么方式对什么人讲些什么话(得体)。在英语口语教学中,应该适度地、有 选择地、比较系统地将目的语的文化知识的传授融入教学中,使英语口语教学与文化教学相结合。具体地说, 在口语教学的初、中级阶段,着重交际文化的导入(直接影响信息准确传递的语言和非语言的文化因素),内 容包括介绍在日常生活交往方面英汉主流文化的差异,以及在语言形式和运用中的具体表现,打招呼和告别、 各种称呼、祝贺和赞扬以及其他社交礼节等的差异介绍属于此类。比如我们常听到许多讲英语的孩子直呼其教 师、父母或祖父母的名字,我们会认为他们不懂礼貌,长幼不分,而他们的教师及长辈却不认为这是不尊重人 或过于随便。介绍由于文化差异引起的英汉词语、成语、谚语和格言的意义及运用方面的差异,介绍英汉语言 在比喻和联想运用上的差异以及英汉语言中典故、委婉语和禁忌语运用方面的差异等。学生通过这些差异的学 习,就能理解各种英语表达法所涉及的文化内涵。比如谚语方面,尽管中国人和讲英语的人文化背景不同,但 在英语和汉语中相同或相似的谚语却很多。例如:Many handsmake light work(人多好办事),Out of sigh t,out mind (眼不见,心不烦),Where there’s smoke there’s fire(无风不起浪)等。由于文化对语 言的特征有重大影响,英汉谚语的差别有时也很大,汉语中有些谚语反映了佛教对中国习俗、思想的影响,而 英语的谚语反映的是基督教的影响。再比如典故方面,许多英语典故涉及的人物和事件来自英国文学,尤其是 莎士比亚的作品。另一个来源是古希腊、古罗马的传说和神话,像a Pandora’s box(潘多拉的盒子——灾难 、麻烦、祸害的根源)——指看上去有用却引起的祸害的礼物或其他物品。还有许多典故来自基督教的《圣经 》中的人物和事件,像a Judas (犹大)——指叛徒,a kiss of death (表面上友好实际上坑害人的行为) ——此语来自犹大出卖耶稣时吻了耶稣。中国历史典故也很多,有些来自寓言,像“守株待兔”、“黔驴技穷 ”等,有些来自民间传说,有些与佛教和道教有关,像“平时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”、“道高一尺,魔高一丈 ”等。 在口语教学的高级阶段则着重导入知识文化(不直接影响准确传递信息的语言和非语言的文化因素),从 中西文化差异的深层入手,介绍中西方思维方式、价值观念、认知行为、交际关系以及言语表达方式等方面的 差异。英美人士比较注重定量分析,进行逻辑推理,而中国人比较注重直觉与先验理性。善于以经验为依据来 分析、判断和解决问题。思维方式的差异使人们对同一事物产生不同看法,彼此交流时就容易产生误解,如认 知行为方面,在西方国家,直言不讳、各抒己见受到普遍尊重,人们对那些模棱两可、含糊其辞的说法非常反 感。而大部分中国人则讲究含蓄、委婉,一般不愿意直接提出与对方、特别是上级或长辈不一致的观点,非常 担心会使对方难堪,或担心会损坏双方关系对自己不利。学生通过中西文化此类差异的学习,就增强了文化差 异意识,了解了西方的人际关系及交往的深层次模式,从而学会得体地进行交际。 (劝你自己修改下,更好自己写点,相信你一定会成功的!!!!!)