开题者把自己所选的课题的概况（即开题报告内容），向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用德尔菲法评分；再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。
开题报告的内容一般包括：题目、理论依据（毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状）、研究方案（研究目标、研究内容、研究方法、研究过程、拟解决的关键问题及创新点）、条件分析（仪器设备、协作单位及分工、人员配置）、课题负责人、起止时间、报告提纲等。
扩展资料
在开题报告完成以后，要进行相关人员的对项目和设计思路的审核，这种审核以答辩的方式进行的；相当于对项目进行前期的可行性分析，通过答辩才可以进行下一歩的设计实验工作。开题答辩时需演示课题的PPT文稿，主要包含设计思想，主要步骤流程图等。
学生在自述结束后，应认真听取开题答辩评委的意见，答辩通过的同学需认真按计划完成各阶段工作。答辩未通过的同学，会后请尽快与各自的指导老师协商，然后在答辩结束前完成修改后的开题报告；答辩结束后，答辩评委老师评出成绩，答辩秘书填好开题答辩记录。
答辩成绩分为合格与不合格两种，未通过开题答辩者，不得进入毕业设计阶段；未通过开题答辩，擅自进行毕业设计者，毕业设计（论文）成绩视为无效。答辩期间学生应准备好纸和笔记录好答辩委员会的问题和意见。
参考资料来源：百度百科-开题答辩
参考资料来源：百度百科-开题报告
毕业论文开题报告是研究生在进行毕业论文研究前向导师和评审委员会汇报自己的研究计划和方案，其作用如下：
1. 确定研究方向和问题。在撰写开题报告时，需要明确研究的方向、问题和目标，并说明研究的意义和价值，有助于研究生进一步明确研究方向。
2. 提供研究框架和方法。开题报告需要说明研究的框架和方法，包括理论基础、研究问题、研究方法、数据来源和分析方法等，使导师和评审委员会对研究方案有一个清晰的了解。
3. 发现和解决问题。通过撰写开题报告，可以发现和解决研究中可能存在的问题和困难，使研究更加系统和完整。
4. 及早接受指导和建议。开题报告是与导师和评审委员会交流的机会，他们会根据你的报告提出建议和指导，帮助你完善研究方案和方法。
5. 提高论文质量。通过撰写开题报告，可以提前发现和解决问题，使后续的研究工作更加系统和顺利，从而提高毕业论文的质量。
总之，毕业论文开题报告是进行毕业论文研究前向导师和评审委员会汇报自己的研究计划和方案，通过撰写开题报告可以明确研究方向和问题，提供研究框架和方法，发现和解决问题，及早接受指导和建议，提高论文质量。
立题意义：通过研究探求初中数学教学中的学困生的有效转化方法主要内容：1、学困生的几种类型2、数学学习困难学生的成因分析3、数学学习困难学生的转化策略立论根据及研究创新之处初中数学由于在教材、教学要求、教学方法和学习方法上与小学数学的不同，造成许多学生在进入初中后数学方面学习困难，数学成绩下降。根据多年的教学实践，本人认为学困生的形成主要有以下几个方面：缺乏学习数学的兴趣和学习意志薄弱；掌握知识、技能不系统，没有形成较好的数学认知结构；思维方式和学习方法不适应数学学习要求。在此基础上，对如何防差转差就这一问题进行了探索，认为可以从这几个方面来解决：帮助差生树立学好的信心；在各章节入门前做知识补缺，为学习新知识打下基础；抓好入门知识；培养学生学习兴趣；加强对学法指导；改进教法参考文献目录（暂无）拟采用的研究方法、步骤、技术路线及可行性论证主要总结本人历年的教学实践，同时借鉴教育专家学者的成功经验研究工作总体安排及具体进度2011年5月提交开题报告以后根据指导老师意见及学院进度要求进行修改写作
开题报告填写要求1．开题报告（含“文献综述”）作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效。2．开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处网页上下载）打印，禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见。3．“文献综述”应按论文的格式成文，并直接书写（或打印）在本开题报告第一栏目内，学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15篇（不包括辞典、手册）。4．有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 7408—94《数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法》规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2006年11月20日”或“2006-11-30”。
是的开题报告要答辩啊，通不过就不能开论文啊
首先你要了解毕业设计要做哪些东西，什么开题报告，毕业论文，系统设计啥的，一大堆，具体时间要看你是做什么东西的，你可以到星海毕业设计网上了解下做毕业设计的整个过程，他们那边有一个毕业设计宝典，有3篇文章，讲解了毕业设计从选题到制作再到答辩的一个完整过程，每份资料都有二十几页，真的很详细。另外，上面还有些资料是可以免费下载的，强烈推荐你去看看哦。。
根据学术堂的了解,开题报告和毕业论文二者之间就是计划和实施的对应关系.开题报告是对论文研究方向进行概括性的梳理,重点围绕,为什么研究,研究的意义在哪里,研究哪些内容,有什么样的研究思路,会达到一个什么样的研究效果,研究的时间周期是怎样安排的,研究成果还有哪些需要改进和完善的地方.等等论文正文就是对开题报告中的每一部分内容进行详细的阐述和解答,需要理论与实验结合,研究与分析结合,最终完成开题报告中的相关研究内容.总体来说,开题报告就是横刀立马的指挥官,而论文就是冲锋陷阵的千万个士兵.需要说明和解释的是,一般情况下,开题报告和论文正文是要紧密结合和对照执行的,但是,由于开题报告属于预先规划研究的范畴,允许在论文正文实验的过程中,与开题报告中原来规划的研究内容甚至研究方向出现偏差和更正,实际上,这种情况是允许的,也就是说,基本允许开题报告和论文正文的研究内容出现偏差,但建议不能差别太大,不能开题报告中原来计划研究"太阳从西边落山",而你论文正文却要研究"太阳从东边落山",这种情况是不被允许和认可的.最后,还要啰嗦一句,无论是开题报告还是论文正文,都要体现学术的严谨性,不能随意更改,更不能胡乱更改,想改就改.当二者出现偏差的时候,一定要及时与指导教师沟通.切记,切记哦!
论文开题报告不是论文的一部分，论文包括封面、任务书、原创性声明、中英文摘要、目录、正文、参考文献、致谢这几部分。这是我学校的本科论文内容，不过这种应该都是差不多的吧。
开题报告是研究启动前一篇简要概括研究关键方面的论文。
开题报告包括：课题研究的背景、内容、目的和意义。
研究的背景：所谓题目背景，主要是指为什么要研究这个题目，所以有的题目干脆把这部分称为“问题提出”，意思是为什么提出这个题目，或者说提出这个题目。
研究的内容：顾名思义，研究的内容就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。
研究的目的和意义：研究的目的应该是描述你希望在这项研究中实现的情况或你希望得到的结果。
开题报告的写作，应注意哪些细节
1、作为开题报告的开头，应该考虑先研究什么？选择你的研究课题。可以说，题目选对了，开题报告就成功了一半。因为一旦选题，研究的目标、内容、对象、范围。预期的结果甚至主体的价值都在一定程度上决定了。从这个意义上说，题目是学科的龙头，对整个学科的成败起着重要和关键的作用。
2、为了保证研究的正常开展，需要一定的条件。条件可以从内部和外部两个方面来解释。它指的是我们提问者的内在基础。包括提问者对题目的兴趣，知识基础，能力水平。指外部客观条件。
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。
开题者把自己所选的课题的概况（即“开题报告内容”），向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述，然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。
开题报告包含的内容
一、选题的目的和意义（不少于300字）。
二、文献综述（不少于1000字）。
1、理论的渊源及演进过程。
2、国外有关研究的综述。
3、国内研究的综述。
4、本人对以上综述的评价。
三、本论文需要重点研究的、关键的问题及解决的思路。
四、完成本课题所必须的工作条件（如工具书、实验设备或实验环境条件、某类市场调研、计算机辅助设计条件等等）及解决的办法。
五、论文提纲。
六、论文写作进度安排。
七、主要参考文献（不少于5篇，英语文献应占60%以上，并与正文中的引文一一对应）。
论文开题报告模板！直接套用！
每一个内容都有参考句式，把自己的研究内容往上套即可。
1. 论题的背景及意义
例：...研究有利于全面...的特点，可以丰富现...的研究。
这一...研究可以弥补......研究的不足，深化与之密切相关......的研究......研究。
......角度进行研究，运用相关的......理论分析...问题，突破传统的......的角度去研......的模式，使......的研究能从一个新的角度获得解决方法。
2. 国内外研究现状
例：......在国际的研究现状；......国内的研究现状。
文献评述（把上面的国内外的研究现状总结一下即可）
3. 研顷凳究目标、研究内容和拟解决的问题
A研究目标与内容
例：
本文拟......分析......分析两部分。首先对......情况重新审视，深入分析......，然后与其相关的......进行异同比较，最后归纳......的类型，并得......启示。本文的研究重点是.....情况
B拟解决的问题
例：
根据对......的现有研究成果，在全面考察的......情况下，结合......综合考虑......因素，以确定......
相应的......模型后，通过实验结论证实其......的有效性和合理性。
4. 研究方法
例：
文献研究法：通过图书馆、互联网、电子资源数据库等途径查阅大量文献，理解......等相关知识，理清......的发展脉络及研究现状，学习......有关理论，获取......等相关数据信息，为设计......提供思路和参照。
实验研究法：通过设计......选取......，进行数拍冲据分析，考察.......。
统计分析法：运用......数据分析软件，采用人工操作和计算机统计向结合的方法，进行定性与定量分析。经过人工和计算机校对筛选出所有合乎要求的信息，在定量研究的基础上进行定性分析。
5. 创新之处和预期成果
例：
通过与现......技术的结合，使用......软件设计模型，......运用到......方面提供新的视角。
6. 进度计划（根据自己院校修改相应戚裂时间即可）
例：
2020年10月中旬-2020年11月底确定论文选题，完成开题报告及答辩。
2020年12月初-2021年1月底撰写论文大纲完成论文前X章
2021年2月初-2021年2月底撰写论文后X章，完成初稿。
2021年3月初-20213月底交导师审批修改，完成二稿。
2021年4月初-2021年4月底进一步修改格式，完成三稿。
2021年5月初-2021年5月中旬查重定稿，装订成册及论文答辩准备。
7. 已取得的研究工作成绩
例：
已积累了一定的相关文献，初步研读了其中的大部分文献，并将其分类以方便日后查阅参考，基本袭乎歼完成了本研究的准备工作。
8. 已具备的研究条件、尚缺少的研究条件和拟解决的途径
已具备的研究条件
例：
已经查阅到相关的论文和著作，并且研读了其的大部分文献，理清了论文的基本思路。
尚缺少的研究条件
例：
由......的使用权限有限，使得搜集到......不多，关......的搜集比较困难。
对......的理论知识的掌握还不够，自己......理论素养还不够深厚。
拟解决的途径
例：
利用图书馆的文献检索功能，向其他高校图书馆求助，同时向老师和前辈寻求帮助。
完毕！
国内外研究现状，即文献综述，要以查阅文献为前提，所查阅的文献应与研究问题相关，但又不能过于局限。与问题无关则流散无穷；过于局限又违背了学科交叉、渗透原则，使视野狭隘，思维窒息。所谓综述的“综”即综合，综合某一学科领域在一定时期内的研究概况；“述”更多的并不是叙述，而是评述与述评，即要有作者自己的独特见解。要注重分析研究，善于发现问题，突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点；要摒弃偏见，不引用与导师及本人观点相悖的观点是一个明显的错误。综述的对象，除观点外，还可以是材料与方法等。此外，文献综述所引用的主要参考文献应予著录，一方面可以反映作者立论的真实依据，另一方面也是对原著者创造性劳动的尊重。 毕业论文开题报告——毕业设计研究方案① 研究的目标。只有目标明确、重点突出，才能保证具体的研究方向，才能排除研究过程中各种因素的干扰。② 研究的内容。要根据研究目标来确定具体的研究内容，要求全面、详实、周密，研究内容笼统、模糊，甚至把研究目的、意义当作内容，往往使研究进程陷于被动。③ 研究的方法。选题确立后，最重要的莫过于方法。假如对牛弹琴，不看对象地应用方法，错误便在所难免，相反，即便是已研究过的课题，只要采取一个新的视角，采用一种新的方法，也常能得出创新的结论。④ 研究的过程。整个研究在时间及顺序上的安排，要分阶段进行，对每一阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果均要有明确的规定，阶段之间不能间断，以保证研究进程的连续性。⑤ 拟解决的关键问题。对可能遇到的最主要的、最根本的关键性困难与问题要有准确、科学的估计和判断，并采取可行的解决方法和措施。⑥ 创新点。要突出重点，突出所选课题与同类其他研究的不同之处。
根据我搜集的一些网站来看，建议看看这个，要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网站 ，里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的，因为精挑细选的，网上很少有，都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。别的相关范文很多的，推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站，希望对你有帮助，这些精选的范文网站，里面有大量的范文，也有各种文章写作方法，注意事项，应该有适合你的，自己动手找一下，可不要照搬啊，参考一下，用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找：毕业论文网： 分类很细 栏目很多毕业论文： 毕业设计： 开题报告： 实习论文： 写作指导：
开题报告可以在知网的期刊里面进行参考，就是知网里面的期刊，是可以作为开题报告一个文献的参考。
在写开题报告需要参考东西的时候，一般都是翻阅文献，而知网里面的期刊是最好参考的一个东西。
因为知网里面的文章、论文、期刊都是比较有权威性的，所以可以在里面进行参考。可以进行摘抄，但是在开题报告里面大部分还是需要自己写的，毕竟你这是需要应用到论文的。
如果你把开题报告里面的内容写到论文里面的话，查重率会相对比较高。在写开题报告的时候，是可以去知网的期刊或者是发表的论文，或者是其他地方进行参考。
知网上的论文是没有开题报告的。
开题报告可以在知网的期刊里面进行参考，就是知网里面的期刊，是可以作为开题报告一个文献的参考。在写开题报告需要参考东西的时候，一般都是翻阅文献，而知网里面的期刊是最好参考的一个东西。
开题报告的作用：
开题报告对大学本科四年的理论学习与思考以及应用能力的一次检验，它是本科生撰写学位论文一个极其重要的环节。从经验上讲，好的开题就是学位论文成功的一半。开题质量的好坏直接影响到学位论文写作是否顺利，甚至能否完成。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.