写毕业论文外文翻译时，可以按照以下步骤进行：
一、参考文献著录格式 1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码 2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份 5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期 6、 标准编号．标准名称〔S〕 7、 报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名．出版日期(版次) 8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕．保存地点．年份 9 、电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1、根据GB3469 规定，各类常用文献标识如下： ①期刊〔J〕 ②专著〔M〕 ③论文集〔C〕 ④学位论文〔D〕 ⑤专利〔P〕 ⑥标准〔S〕 ⑦报纸〔N〕 ⑧技术报告〔R〕 2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下： ①磁带〔MT〕 ②磁盘〔DK〕 ③光盘〔CD〕 ④联机网络〔OL〕 3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如： ①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕 ②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕 ③光盘图书〔M/CD〕 ④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕 ⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕 ⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕 三、举例 1、期刊论文 〔1〕周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等．固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕．化工学报，1995(3)：317—323 〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56 〔3〕刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工，2002(2)：103-105 〔4〕 Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al ． Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizing radiation〔J〕．Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465 2、专著 〔1〕蒋挺大．亮聚糖〔M〕．北京：化学工业出版社，2001．127 〔2〕Kortun G． Reflectance Spectroscopy〔M〕． New York: Spring-Verlag,1969 3、论文集 〔1〕郭宏，王熊，刘宗林．膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究〔C〕．//余立新．第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集．北京：高教出版社，1999．421-425 〔2〕Eiben A E, vander Hauw J K．Solving 3-SAT with adaptive genetic algorithms 〔C〕．//Proc 4th IEEE Conf Evolutionary Computation．Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1997．81-86 4、学位论文 〔1〕陈金梅．氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究（D）．西安：西安建筑科学大学，2000 〔 2 〕 Chrisstoffels L A J ． Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool in supramolecular chemistry〔D〕．The Netherland：Twente University．1988 5、专利文献 〔1〕Hasegawa, Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et al．Paper Coating composition〔P〕．EP 0634524．1995-01-18 〔 2 〕 仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭． 感光性树脂〔 P 〕． 日本， 特开平09-26667．1997-01-28 〔3〕Yamaguchi K, Hayashi A．Plant growth promotor and productionthereof 〔P〕．Jpn, Jp1290606． 1999-11-22 〔4〕厦门大学．二烷氨基乙醇羧酸酯的制备方法〔P〕．中国发明专利，CN1073429．1993-06-23 6、技术标准文献 〔1〕ISO 1210-1982，塑料——小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性〔S〕 〔2〕GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法〔S〕 7、报纸 〔1〕陈志平．减灾设计研究新动态〔N〕．科技日报，1997-12-12(5) 8、报告 〔1〕中国机械工程学会．密相气力输送技术〔R〕．北京：1996 9、电子文献 〔1〕万锦柔．中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)〔DB/CD〕．北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996
简述毕业论文的写作流程如下：
1、确定选题。毕业论文撰写首要问题就是选择一个适合自己专业的论文题目。可以根据自己的兴趣与专业能力，选题前认真查阅文献，找方向和灵感，最终提炼出一个比较有新意、又能写得下去的题目。
选题是要注意及时与指导老师进行沟通，请老师把关。因论文题目确定后，后续开始了创作就很难再更改重来，所以选题务必多花时间和功夫。
2、细列提纲。确定好论文题目后，不要着急撰写，先缕清思路，整理出一份论文提纲。如果你的论文是现状问题型的，要有对策；如果是理论型的，要有理论基础、渊源，内容、启发。总而言之，列提纲时要全方位的思量，要找到属于自己的新意点。
3、收集相关资料。收集材料是毕业论文撰写不可忽视的一个重要环节。查阅文献资料并加以分析整合，从中获取有价值的部分丰富佐证自己的论文内容，这样才能使你的论文论据更具有说服力。
4、全文撰写。指导老师审阅完开题报告后，就可以开始撰写全文。可以制定好撰写计划，分配好撰写时间，并认真严格执行，比如每天写一个部分的内容，要全心专注，不可迁延，更不要中断，每一部分都要精益求精、严格把握论文写作的质量。
1、确定主题第一要确定论文的题目，论文的题目可从本专业的知识中挑选，也可以从时政热点上来，大家平时一定要多看书，多积累多思考，才能发现一些问这些问题可以作为我们论文选题的一个方向，选择的时候可以根据自己的兴趣爱好来筛选。2、细列提纲定好题目后，此时大家就要开始全面搜集资料，阅读这些与自文章有关的资料，然后整理一下这些文章，再根据自己的题目是列提纲。3、全心写作完成前两步后，就可以开始写论文了，大家可以制定一份计划表，按计划。一开始按照大纲的内容规定每天应该完成的部分，而且一定要当天完成，或者大家也可以根据自己的习惯来有些人喜欢不间断地写，因为思想观念转瞬即逝，高度集中撰写的时候，思想观念的连续性很强，写不出什么效率，大家也可以根据自己的习惯来安排。4、精心修改在论文主体完成后，并不意味着你这篇论文已经完成，在写完后每个人也需要进行仔细的修改，从头到尾看一下全文是否有错别字，是否有不通顺之处，及时对错误内容进行修改。5、完善要素也有十分重要的一步，就是需要对整篇文章做一些完善，看看文章中是否还缺少什么，然后加上缺少的。
最简单的事用金山词霸翻译
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
1、论文题目2、目录 3、提要 4、关键词或主题词 5、论文正文
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
Topic:Look from tencent mobile game layout mobile game industry in ChinaThe problems and developing trendAbstract:In recent years, the mobile Internet in China's development is swift and violent, and mobile phone games in the mobile Internet industry because of its fast development, the characteristics of high investment, strong cashability becomes a focus in the mobile to a 2013 report on the work of the Chinese game industry, mobile game business income of about $ten billion last year, rose more than 150%.Late last year, 286 million smartphone users in China, in the free and paid applications download charts, game share were and , respectively, are listed , on the other hand, the hand travel blowout market have to thank tencent company in its mobile instant messaging software introduced a micro letter hand tour called "plane".As of August 9, 2013 micro letter release, tencent micro letter is also began its commercialization process, the micro letter is the first step into the commercial mobile game has been proved that the mobile gaming platform on the basis of the micro letter is 2013 mobile game industry one of the biggest dark from the second half of last year began to descend on mobile game industry, and in launched the war, cool run every day, every day coasters, rhythm and master after the game, have achieved very good each launch a mobile phone game is bound to occupy the App Store download list first for a long time, often appear that the App Store for free top ten more than general game developed for tencent or launched mobile gaming platform just half a year time peremptory has become a mobile game industry leader, with the help of micro letters and phone QQ platform, tencent mobile game seems to have duplicate their success in the PC it can not help but make people think: why tencent mobile game is so popular?Push the trend of the power comes from where?How long will tencent in the mobile gaming industry leading?This article from the several aspects to discuss the layout of the mobile game strategy of tencent and the refraction of the problems existing in the mobile gaming industry in China and the trend of development.望采纳谢谢
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下： 1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》） 2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。 应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。 （一）前置 1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。 2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。 （二）主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。 2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例： 1． 2．…… …… .… 3．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。 4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。 （1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。 （2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。 （3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。 （4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后： 专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R] 专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕 电子文献中光盘图书 [M／CD]（MONOGRAPH ON CD） 网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serial online） 5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。 例：（王佐良，1982：38） （Newmark，8：26-33） 6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。 （三）附录部分 附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
毕业论文开题报告是学生进行毕业论文开题前向指导教师提交的一份书面报告，目的是向指导教师介绍毕业论文选题、研究背景、研究内容、研究方法和研究计划等。以下是毕业论文开题报告的一般写作步骤：1.选题确定自己感兴趣的研究领域，调研研究现状，选定一个合适的毕业论文课题。2.撰写题目给选定的毕业论文课题起一个具体、明确的题目，并撰写一份题目说明，阐述论文的研究背景和研究意义。3.撰写研究内容和方法说明你将从哪些方面进行研究，采用哪些方法和技术，阐述研究的思路和方向，并说明自己能否完成此项研究。4.撰写论文结构阐述你计划在论文中要包含哪些章节和内容，并提出大致的论文框架。5.制定进度安排按照时间轴制定一份详细的研究进度计划表，包括每个阶段的任务、时间节点和完成情况等。6.参考文献列出你在研究过程中已经查阅的参考文献，这些文献应该与你的研究内容相关，并符合论文写作的规范和要求。总之，毕业论文开题报告需要清晰、明了地阐述毕业论文的选题、研究内容和方法、论文结构、研究进度安排等方面的内容，同时需要列出研究过程中已经查阅的相关参考文献。
毕业论文流程如下：
一、确定选题。
毕业论文撰写首要问题就是选择一个适合自己专业的论文题目。可以根据自己的兴趣与专业能力，选题前认真查阅文献，找方向和灵感，最终提炼出一个比较有新意、又能写得下去的题目。
选题是要注意及时与指导老师进行沟通，请老师把关。因论文题目确定后，后续开始了创作就很难再更改重来，所以选题务必多花时间和功夫。
二、细列提纲。
确定好论文题目后，不要着急撰写，先缕清思路，整理出一份论文提纲。如果你的论文是现状问题型的，要有对策；如果是理论型的，要有理论基础、渊源，内容、启发。总而言之，列提纲时要全方位的思量，要找到属于自己的新意点。根据论文题目细列提纲，由主干慢慢衍生出枝叶，这样论文才能如大树般稳固茂盛。
三、收集相关资料。
收集材料是毕业论文撰写不可忽视的一个重要环节。查阅文献资料并加以分析整合，从中获取有价值的部分丰富佐证自己的论文内容，这样才能使你的论文论据更具有说服力。
四、撰写开题报告。
资料搜集整理完后，根据整理的资料撰写开题报告，开题报告包括如下几部分：1、选题的背景及意义。2、文献综述。3、研究方向与内容。4、研究方法。5、研究步骤与进展。6、参考文献等。其献综述解析得越全面，收集的资料越丰富，论文的重点、闪光点越能显现，这样你的论文写起来才能游刃有余。
五、全文撰写。
指导老师审阅完开题报告后，就可以开始撰写全文。可以制定好撰写计划，分配好撰写时间，并认真严格执行，比如每天写一个部分的内容，要全心专注，不可迁延，更不要中断，每一部分都要精益求精、严格把握论文写作的质量。
六、整理修改。
论文进入收尾时，要根据相关格式要求进行全文格式修改。完成论文写作后，要通读全篇，注意行文的结构与逻辑是否合理流畅，乃至每一个词、每个标点符号都要特别注意。也可以请指导老师指出不足，进一步修订润饰。
开题报告写作步骤
开题报告是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。在毕业论文中的应用较多，它的写作步骤以及方法又是怎样的呢?
1 主要步骤及方法
完成学位论文的开题报告和文献综述是由一系列具有阶段性和整体性的步骤组合而成，其中主要有：初定学位论文研究方向及题目、国内外相关文献调研、确定论文题目及研究内容、论文研究方案、技术路线、规划预期成果、安排论文工作时间。各个组成部分缺一不可，并且具有时间上的衔接性，在学生实际的完成过程中，必须根据导师的自己的专业实际情况，逐步完成。
初定学位论文研究方向及题目。
这个阶段是主要根据毕业论文指导老师专业和研究方向初步制定，需要与导师进行交流，了解导师的主攻方向，这个也可以通过系统调研指导老师在近些年完成的科研项目以及发表的国内外学术论文获得。在初定文章题目时，虽然不同专业和研究方向具有各自特征，不能一概而论，但是需要注意的是，文章题目切记不能过大、过空，要具有实际操作性，并且注意所涉及的工作量大小等诸多问题，比如工学中一级学科“地质资源与地质工程”中的“含油气盆地分析”研究方向，如果是本科生的论文题目，可以是某条断裂的某种属性研究，比如几何学分析、运动学过程解剖或者动力学推测等等，工作量不宜过大，能够在导师指导下完成相关问题的解答，如果是硕士生的论文题目，可以是某个含油气区的构造特征分析及其与油气成藏的关系，能够自己独立地完成既定的论文题目;如果是博士生的论文，可以是某个含油气盆地内的整体构造变形特征或者局部构造变形的机理性分析等等。
国内外相关文献调研。
文献调研阶段是整个毕业论文中至关重要的环节，文献来源具有多样性，整体上可以划分为公开性文献和非公开性文献，其中，公开性文献有图书、论文集、科技报告、学位论文、专利、各类各级标准、数据库、学术专着、期刊、报纸、网络等，非公开性文献主要包括未发表的学术论文、私人信件、公司或企业内部科技报告、与某人的口头交流等。
较好地完成文献调研和综述需要一定的耐心和细心，这主要是因为各类文献数量大、类别多，在选择文献时不可能做到逐一参考，应注意首先选择具有代表性的期刊、书籍、作者、会议等等，在此基础上，再逐渐扩展，比如含油气盆地分析专业方向的代表性期刊有Tectonics、Basin Research、AAPG、中国科学(D辑)、地质学报，等等。在文献调研和综述过程中，需要遵守如下几项原则：全面系统、重点突出、真实客观、条理清晰。
完成文献调研报告过程中，一定要切记不要罗列各个作者的各自观点、主张。文献调研报告虽说是对前人研究成果的汇总，其中没有个人工作量和研究成果，但是一篇完美的调研报告不仅能够体现目前国内外主要的科研进展和学术动态，同时也能够清楚地指出目前所存在的基本科学问题。这就要求在进行文献调研报告的编写过程中，应以研究内容为编写主提纲，在涉及某个局部问题时，可以列出重要参考文献的观点。
其中科学问题的发现和提出是极其重要的，科学问题一般来源于以下六个方面：
(1)从生产、生活、教学等实践中发现有价值的问题;(2)不同观点和学派之间有创新的争论;(3)各学科之间或边缘学科产生的新问题;(4)发现理论自身存在不足或矛盾;(5)发现新的观察或实验现象同原有理论或观点的矛盾;(6)现有的方法、技术、工艺等不能满足社会的发展和需要。
确定论文题目及研究内容。
在完成文献调研之后，在系统总结国内外研究进展和存在问题基础之上，可以对初步拟定的论文题目进行确定，并对论文进行研究内容的制定。论文研究内容的制定需要具有系统性，各个章节之间要具有一定的联系，这种联系总体上可以分为两种，一是具有逐步递进的特征，即后一章节是前一章节的进一步研究和分析，比如，对于含油气盆地专业的毕业生而言，主要表现为对研究区内构造变形及其演化特征方面的`分析，并包括了构造对油气成藏的控制作用，这其中涉及了通过地表地质调查、地震剖面分析、构造变形几何学、运动学、动力学分析、构造与油藏的控制与影响;另一种是并列关系，即通过列举不同地区或者构造变形的不同方面来获得某种共同属性，比如，对于含油气盆地分析专业的毕业生来说，如果以“国内外前陆盆地差异性分析”为论文题目，则论文的研究内容中，各个章节多以列举国内外各主要前陆盆地的特征为主要方式。
研究特色与创新点。
研究特色与创新点是学位论文中的点睛之笔，需要对学位论文进行高度概括和总结，从科学问题本身出发，精确总结出与前人研究成果的差异性，表明学位论文的创新之处。一般而言，创新点不宜过多，对于本科毕业生而言，有一个创新点即可，对于硕士毕业生而言，可以有两个创新点，对于博士毕业生而言，有2~4个创新点为宜。
论文研究方法和技术路线。
论文研究方案是指针对上述研究内容而涉及的研究方法，在不同的专业中，所涉及的方法具有较大的差异性，对于含油气盆地分析专业来说，主要的研究方法有：资料收集和整理分析、构造带对比研究、地震剖面解释、各类地质构造图编制、平衡剖面制作和分析、不整合解析和剥蚀量估算、构造年代学测试与分析，等等。
技术路线是指将各种研究方法按照一定顺序排列，为了能够逐步完成不同研究内容。技术路线的设计要有系统性和逻辑性，表达方式一般是流程图，一般是从基础资料的获得方式入手，然后是不同研究方法，最后是论文的最终研究目标。
规划预期成果。
预期成果是学位论文标志性内容，也是学位论文最终与前人研究成果差异性的体现，研究成果可以是对某些科学问题的回答，也可以是学术专着的发表出版，也可以是专利技术等的获得，也可以是人才的培养，也可以是各类奖项的获得，等等。在规划研究成果的过程中，不能过多规划，也不能过少设计，要与研究内容一脉相承，一般来说，一项研究内容可以有1~2个预期成果。
安排论文工作时间。
论文时间安排的合理与否直接影响到整体论文工作进展及最终论文质量的好坏。目前，我国各类学校、各类专业、各类毕业生的论文工作时间具有较大差异性，毕业生可以根据各自学校规定的开题时间作为论文的起始阶段，以论文的预期答辩时间为终点，在此期间安排各项论文工作，在安排的过程中，要与前面的研究内容、技术方法技术路线相一致，一般以两个月或者一季度为计时单位进行规划，由于论文工作需要根据实际情况调节时间，故无需在安排时间上具体到日期。
2 条件和保障
充足的时间。
充足的时间是完成一篇优秀学位论文开题报告与文献综述的前提和保证。一般来说，进行论文开题和文献综述的时候多是毕业生各类事情较多的时候，比如对于本科毕业生来说，多是在大学四年级开始论文工作，此时已经是各类招聘会较多的时候，同时也是准备复习考研的重要阶段，毕业生一般会因为找工作或者备考而在毕业论文的准备方面分散精力。这就要求毕业生在思想上认真对待毕业论文的相关问题，尽可能在不影响其他事情的情况下，抓紧一切可以利用的时间去完成论文相关任务。
有效的方法。
俗话说：“磨刀不误砍柴工”,如果具有一套切实有效的工作方法，会使得学位论文开题报告与文献综述工作事半功倍，论文的准备工作与平时的学习不同，平时的学习多是以教科书为主，有老师的讲解，有课后的习题等，最后以考试为结束，但是在学位论文开题报告与文献综述过程中，没有具体的教科书，指导老师也没有具体的研究方案，这就需要毕业生积极主动地发挥各自主观能动性，充分利用自己已经掌握的专业知识和工作能力，综合对论文工作进行设计和规划。
老师的指导。
论文指导老师在毕业生完成学位论文开题报告与文献综述过程中，主要起到咨询和引导的作用，可以适当提供相关基础资料和基本研究方法的讲解，切不可过多的参与其中，否则会严重影响毕业生个人能力的发挥。
院系及学校的督导和管理。
院系和学校的监管是指院系和学校对毕业生学位论文开题报告与文献综述等毕业环节设立一些考核制度，比如组织相关老师组成答辩组，定期或者不定期对毕业生的论文进展进行考察或者抽查，并且对其中进展较慢和质量较差的毕业生进行一些具有针对性的督导。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
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