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毕业论文draft怎么写

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毕业论文draft怎么写

毕业论文格式标准1、引言 制订本标准的目的是为了统一规范我省电大本科汉语言文学类毕业论文的格式,保证毕业论文的质量。 毕业论文应采用最新颁布的汉语简化文字、符合《出版物汉字使用管理规定》,由作者在计算机上输入、编排与打印完成。论文主体部分字数6000-8000。 毕业论文作者应在选题前后阅读大量有关文献,文献阅读量不少于10篇。并将其列入参考文献表,并在正文中引用内容处注明参考文献编号(按出现先后顺序编)。2、编写要求 页面要求:毕业论文须用A4(210×297)标准、70克以上白纸,一律采用单面打印;毕业论文页边距按以下标准设置:上边距为30mm,下边距为25mm,左边距和右边距为25mm;装订线为10mm,页眉16mm,页脚15mm。 页眉:页眉从摘要页开始到论文最后一页,均需设置。页眉内容:浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学类本科毕业论文,居中,打印字号为5号宋体,页眉之下有一条下划线。 页脚:从论文主体部分(引言或绪论)开始,用阿拉伯数字连续编页,页码编写方法为:第×页共×页,居中,打印字号为小五号宋体。 前置部分从中文题名页起单独编页。 字体与间距:毕业论文字体为小四号宋体,字间距设置为标准字间距,行间距设置为固定值20磅。3、编写格式 毕业论文章、节的编号:按阿拉伯数字分级编号。 毕业论文的构成(按毕业论文中先后顺序排列):前置部分:封面题名页中文摘要,关键词英文摘要,关键词(申请学位者必须有)目次页(必要时)主体部分:引言(或绪论)正文结论致谢(必要时)参考文献附录(必要时)4、前置部分 封面:封面格式按浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学本科毕业论文封面统一格式要求。封面内容各项必须如实填写完整。 题名:题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映毕业论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合;题名所用每一词必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息;题名一般不宜超过30字。题名应该避免使用不常见的缩写词、首字缩写字、字符、代号和公式等;题名语意未尽,可用副标题补充说明论文中的特定内容。题名页置于封面后,集资列示如下内容:中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”汉语言文学专业本科毕业论文(小二号黑体,居中)论文题名(二号黑体,居中)学生姓名(××××××××三号黑体)学 号(××××××××三号黑体)指导教师(××××××××三号黑体)专 业(××××××××三号黑体)年 级(××××××××三号黑体)(××××××××三号黑体)分校(学院)(××××××××三号黑体)工作站 摘要:摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应以第三人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等,而重要是结果和结论。摘要中一般不用图、表、公式等,不用非公知公用的符号、术语和非法定的计量单位。摘要页置于题名页后。中文摘要一般为300汉字左右,用5号宋体,摘要应包括关键词。英文摘要是中文摘要的英文译文,英文摘要页置于中文摘要页之后。申请学位者必须有,不申请学位者可不使用英文摘要。 关键词:关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般每篇论文应选取3-5个词作为关键词。关键词用逗号分隔,最后一个词后不打标点符号。以显著的字符排在同种语言摘要的下方。如有可能,尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。 目次页:目次页由论文的章、节、条、附录、题录等的序号、名称和页码组成,另起一页排在摘要页之后。章、节、小节分别以、等数字依次标出,也可不使用目次页。5、主体部分 格式:主体部分的编写格式由引言(绪论)开始,以结论结束。主体部分必须另页开始。 序号毕业论文各章应有序号,序号用阿拉伯数字编码,层次格式为:1、×××××××××××××××(三号黑体、居中)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××(内容用小四号宋体)、×××××××××××××(小三号黑体、居左)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××(内容用小四号宋体)、×××××××××××(四号黑体,居左)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××(内容用小四号宋体)①×××××××××××××××××(用于内容同样大小的宋体)1)×××××××××××××××××(用于内容同样大小的宋体)a、××××××××××××××××(用于内容同样大小的宋体) 论文中的图、表、公式、算式等,一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编号编排序号。序号分章依序编码,其标注形式应便于互相区别,可分别为:图、表(式)等。 注:论文中对某一问题、概念、观点等的简单解释、说明、评价、提示等,如不宜在正文中出现,可采用加注的形式。注应编排序号,注的序号以同一页内出现的先后次序单独排序,用①、②、③……依次标示在需加注处,以上标形式表示。注的说明文字以序号开头。注的具体说明文字列于同一页内的下端,与正文之间用一左对齐、占页面四分之一宽长度的横线分隔。论文中以任何形式引用的资料,均须标出引用出处。 结论:结论是最终的、总体的结论,不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复,结论应该准确、完整、明确、精炼。 参考文献:参考文献应是学位论文作者亲自考察过的对毕业论文有参考价值的文献。参考文献应具有权威性,要注意引用最新的文献。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]、[4]……形式统一排序、依次列出。参考文献的表示格式为:著作:[序号]作者、译者、书名、版本、出版地、出版社、出版时间、引用部分起止页。期刊:[序号]作者、译者、文章题目、期刊名、年份、卷号(期数)、引用部分起止页。会议论文集:[序号]作者、译者、文章名、文集名、会址、开会年、出版地、出版者、出版时间、引用部分起止页。如何写论文写下自己的想法是完善它的好方法。你可能发现自己的想法在纸上会变成一团糟。写作是很痛苦的事情,但是当你越来越熟悉它的时候,就会很快了。如果你把它当作一种艺术,你就会在写作的过程中体会到无穷的乐趣。你也会遇到和其他作者一样的滞碍。这有很多原因,而且不一定能顺利解决。追求完美是一个原因。记住:写作是一个不断完善的过程。当你发现所写的不是你开始想写的,写下粗稿,以后再修补。写粗稿可以理出自己的思想、渐渐进入状态。如果写不出全部内容,就写纲要,在容易写具体的内容时再补充。如果写不出来,就把想到的东西全部写出来,即使你觉得是垃圾。当你写出足够的内容,再编辑它们,转化成有意义的东西。另一个原因是想把所有的东西都有序的写出来(in order)。你可能要从正文写起,最后在你知道你写的到底是什么的时候再写简介。写作是很痛苦的事情,有时候一天只能写上一页。追求完美也可能导致对已经完美的文章无休止的修改润饰。这不过是浪费时间罢了。把写作当作和人说话就行了。写信也是练习的好方法。大多的文章也会因为风格很想给朋友的信件而易读(can be improved)。写日记也是很好的锻炼。这两种方法还有其他的好处。无休止的修改格式而不是内容也是常犯的错误。要避免这种情况。LaTex(附:CTex)是一个很好的工具,但是它自己有很多自定义的宏定义。你也可以利用别人类似的代码,许多站点(包括MIT)都维护有扩展库。清楚自己想说什么。这是写清楚要的最难最重要的因素。如果你写出笨拙的东西,不断的修补,就表明不清楚自己想说什么。一旦真正想说了,就说吧。从每一段到整个文章都应该把最引人入胜的东西放在前面。让读者容易看到你写的东西(Make it easy for the reader to find out what you've done)。注意处理摘要(carefully craft the abstract)。确定(be sure)说出了你的好思想是什么。确定你自己知道这个思想是什么,然后想想怎么用几句话写出来。大篇的摘要说明文章是写什么的,说明有一个想法但没有说到底是什么。不要大肆夸耀你自己做的事情。你经常会发现自己写的句子或者段落不好,但不知道怎么修补。这是因为你自己进入了死胡同。你必须回去重写。这会随着你的练习减少。确信你的文章真的有思想(ideas)。要说清楚为什么,不仅仅是怎么样。为人而写,不要为了机器而写。不仅仅需要正确,还需要易读。读者应该只做最明显简单的推理。完成文章以后,删除第一段或者前面的几句话。你会发现这些话其实对主旨没有影响。如果你在所有的工作做完以后才开始写,就会失去很多好处(benefit)。一旦开始研究工作,好的方法是养成写不正式文章的习惯,每隔几个月(every few months)记下最新的和你刚学的东西。从你的研究笔记开始比较好。用两天时间来写,如果太长的话就说明你太追求完美了。这不是要进行判断的东西,而是与朋友共享的。在封面上说明“草稿”(DRAFT-NOT FOR CITATION)。拷贝很多份,给那些感兴趣的人看,包括导师。这种做法对以后写正式的论文很有好处。得到反馈:如果你加入私人文章交流网(Secret Paper Passing Network),会收到很多别人的文章,他们请你评论。知道别人对论文的意见很重要。你给别人帮助,别人会在你需要的时候帮助你。而且,自己也能提高。为文章写有用的评论是一门艺术。你应当读上两遍,第一遍了解其思想(IDEAS),第二遍看表达。当然也可以把自己的文章交给别人评价,要学会吸取有建设性的建议,忽略破坏性(destructive)和无意义的建议。为了得到建议,你要写清楚自己的观点,写你所作的事情,即使你没准备写一个没有完整的期刊或者会议文章,然后交给别人看。即使是将要发表的文章,也应该写清楚,这样可以增加得到建议的机会。以简要的形式降序组织评论(建议)对你和你所评论的人都有用:最上面内容相关,中间是风格和表述,最后是语法和文法。--------------------------------------------------------------------------------写作的过程:读一些最新的论文,尤其是那些发表了的。学习它们的内容和表达,注意它们里面的-进一步工作。(future work)写出让别人可以理解的形式是很慢的过程。下面是经常不想遇到的原因:为了写好文章,开始的一两个草稿常常必须被扔掉。在几年的研究工作中,有很多记号会改很多次。有些以前重要的结果可能现在一点用也没有。重新组织过去的东西,这可能需要很长的时间。即使你有很多讨论部分结果的的技术报告、会议论文或者期刊文章,毕业论文的表述也应当一致。研究论文是给有相关背景的专家看的,除了你的工作是怎么适合方案以外,必须有完整的文献评论(a thorough literature review must be included)。一些忘记或者推迟的细节现在必须写出来了。(must be filled in)必须检查引用的文献,不同的历史结果必须注意备份(documented),“小问题”必须解决掉,方法的备份(documented)必须完整。论文导师对你的表示方法会有很强的观点,适应这些要求需要一些机动性和思考。你的委员会成员,第一个不相干的读者,经常会发现没有定义的术语(jargon)或者符号,论点的漏洞,或者其他的问题。如何减少写论文的痛苦:这是一些从开始就有用的方法:仔细的记笔记。记下每一个新的结果,即使没有重要的和有帮助的东西。分而治之不仅适合做研究,也适合写文章。如果可能,完成一点就写一小部分(write up each piece of the work for publication as it is completed)。这有助于以后组织成文章,而且容易查找。哪一天感到了精力充沛有热情就多写一些,哪天没有动力就完成少量的工作,至少可以从队列中把他们除去。读其他的论文和出版物的时候,学习技术写作技巧,找出什么有用什么没用。When you write a term project, you are explaining the work of others. You have a good idea of what is immediately obvious and what is more difficult to grasp, since you recently went through the exercise of grasping the material yourself.不要以为你看了多年的东西,别人看来也容易理解。一个很重要的早期工作:写出一个纲要,它以后会经常改变,经常在头脑中保持一个新的构想对以后平滑的过渡很有好处。一个典型的纲要如下:Chapter 1: IntroductionWhat is the problem?Why is it important?What have other people done?What is central idea(s) of my approach?How is the rest of the thesis organized?Chapter 2: The problemDefine the the the basic 3: Big idea 1...Chapter k+2: Big idea kChapter k+3: ConclusionRecapitulate what has been ideas for future work.第一章:导言问题是什么?为什么重要?别人做了什么工作?自己方法的主要思想是什么?文章的其他部分是怎样组织的?第二章:问题问题定义术语介绍基本属性讨论第三章:主要想法1……第k+2章:主要想法k第k+3章:结论重述完成的工作讨论进一步的工作。不要总认为文章必须从第一页写。直接写主要想法big idea,记录怎样和其他部分组织在一起。一个组织各章的方法是展现给你的实验室同学(fellow students),如果你能够将它们组织成连贯的“一小时报告”,那就表明你可以写你的文章了。记住:写文章就是解释给人听,不要太晦涩,也不要刻意迎合读者。自己找找吧!祝你好运!中文免费论文地址集锦一、 综合类1、学生大论文中心包含 哲学类 | 经济学 | 法学类 | 教育学 | 文学类| 艺术学 | 理学类 | 工学类 | 医学类 | 管理学 | }社会学 | ***学。为html格式。2、蜂朝无忧论文网门类很全。3、论文下载中心门类很全。4、论文帝国门类较全。二、 教育类1、教研论文交流中心以中小学教育为主,基础教育、英语教学文章居多。2、教育教学论文网以教育论文为主,包含:语文论文 美术论文 物理论文化学论文 英语论文 历史论文 德育论文 教学论文数学论文 音乐论文 生物论文 自然论文 体育论文地理论文 摄影论文 劳动技术 农村教育 毕业论文素质论文 医学论文 电子电器学 思维科学 计算机论文活动课教学 书法篆刻论文 创新教育研究 心理健康教育西部教育论文 信息技术论文3、教育论文、中国园丁网论文大观、北大附小学校教师的文章:三、 专业类1、优秀论文杂志以科技类为主。2、论文资料网以财经经济管理类为主。3、法律图书馆文如其名。4、法学论文资料库文如其名。5、中国总经理网论文集、mba职业经理人论坛、中国农业在线-农业论文、体育论文、财经学位论文下载中心、公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所、中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心、论文商务中心、法律帝国:四、 论文写作教学类1、学术论文其实是学术论文的写作网站。五、 博硕士论文1、论文统计实际上就是万方的论文统计。2、台湾博硕士论文咨讯网、北京大学学位论文样本收藏、学位论文 (清华大学)]中国科技论文在线论文中国 :新浪论文网分类:中国论文联盟:大学生论文库论文资料网:论文下载中心:毕业论文网:学位论文:无忧论文网:北京语言文化大学论文库:

英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文

时间过得真快,大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

Thats all. Thank you.

draft没什么字数限制阿就是个草稿而已,随便划划就可以了。。一两百字就可以了啊outline主要是指大纲,就是大概分几部分写,然后每部分大概写些什么。draft主要是草稿,意思差挺多的``

毕业论文draft要写到哪

draft表达的意思有很多种,那么你知道draft做动词,名词和形容词分别都有哪些意思吗?下面我为大家带来draft的英语意思和相关用法,欢迎大家阅读学习!

draft作名词的意思

汇票;草稿;选派

draft作动词的意思

起草;制定;征募

draft作形容词的意思

初步画出或(写出)的;(设计、草图、提纲或版本)正在起草中的

draft的英语音标

英 [drɑ:ft] 美 [dræft]

draft的用法:

draft的用法1:draft用作动词的基本意思是“起草,草拟,画草图”,也可作“选派,抽调”“征募,征召…入伍”解。

draft的用法2:draft可接名词或代词作宾语,也可接以as 短语 或动词不定式充当宾语补足语的复合宾语。

draft的英语例句

1. Officials have now been delegated to start work on a draft settlement.

现在已经委派官员着手起草解决方案。

2. When the first draft was completed, Nichols typed it up.

当初稿完成以后,尼科尔斯将它打印了出来。

3. The money was payable by a draft drawn by the home.

这笔钱可凭国内承兑的汇票支付。

4. Ten days later Carmen received a bank draft for a plane ticket.

10天后卡门收到了一张用于购买机票的银行汇票。

5. You pay for the car by banker's draft in the local currency.

以本币银行汇票支付车款。

6. I'm supposed to have handed in a first draft of my dissertation.

我本该把论文的初稿交上去了。

7. I've made a rough draft of the letter.

我已经写好这封信的草稿。

8. I know that this draft text will need to be edited.

我知道这篇草稿需要校订。

9. I enclose here with a draft for the sum of 100 dollars.

兹附上100美元汇票一张.

10. We edited out some unnecessary words or sentences from the draft.

我们从原稿中删去某些不必要的词句.

11. The draft resolution was adopted by a majority of 128.

这项提案以超过128票的多数获得通过.

12. The draft consists of those best qualified for the special assignment.

这支特遣队由最适于执行这项特殊任务的人组成.

13. He's now revising the first draft of his essay.

他目前正修改他的 文章 初稿.

14. The draft of this article has been finalized [ done ] .

这篇文章已经 定稿.

15. The draft was revised several times before it was finalized.

根据中华人民共和国国标GB7713-87《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》,要求论文“就事论事,言简意赅”;“术语”要规范,切勿杜撰;注重论据,条理清晰。毕业论文字数不少于10000字。1.内封标题应准确地表达论文的研究内容、专业特点和法学学科范畴的特定内容。一般控制在25个汉字以内,可以借副标题予以补充。2.摘要以提供文章概况为目的,应着重反映文章的新内容和作者特别强调的观点。要精炼概括,客观陈述,独立成文,避免用语雷同,200汉字左右。外文摘要150个实词左右,关键词3-5个为宜。中文摘要:“摘要”为四号黑体居中,与内容空一行。摘要内容为小四号宋体字,首行缩进二字符。摘要内容后空一行。“关键词”为小四号黑体字,其后为关键词(小四号宋体字),各关键词间为分号,最后一个关键词后面无标点符号。英文摘要及关键词格式与中文摘要对应,字体采用Times new Roman,题目用大写字母。3.目录目录按三级标题编写(一、……;(一)……;1.……)。要求目录标题层次清晰,与正文标题一致。“目录”为三号黑体字居中,下空二行为三级标题及开始页码,小四号宋体。4.正文主体包括引言、正文和结语三部分。正文根据需要可分为几章,每章一级标题为三号黑体字,二、三级标题为四号黑体字,内容为小四号宋体,首行缩进二字符。引言应说明本课题的意义、目的、研究范围;简述本课题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题;说明本课题的指导思想;简述本课题应解决的主要问题。正文是作者对研究工作的详细表述。以论点为中心,以论据为基础,组成完整而严谨的内容整体。结语是全文的思想精髓,是文章价值的体现,集中反映作者的研究成果,表达作者对所研究的课题的见解。结论要写得概括、简短。5.参考文献为了反映文稿的科学依据和作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提出有关信息的出处,正文中应按顺序在参考文献处的文字右上角用[ ]标明,[ ]中序号应与页面下方“注释”中序号一致。参考文献的作者只列3人,后面加“等”或相应的外文,姓名采用姓前名后著录法,中西文刊名用全称。刊名后标注参考文献的类型:专著[M]、期刊[J]、学位论文[D]、论文集[C]、报纸文章[N]、报告[R]、标准[S]、专利[P]。电子文献标明其载体类型〔文献类型/载体类型〕,如网上期刊(J/OL)。参考文献采用五号宋体,按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列:期刊——〔序号〕著者.题名[J].期刊名称,出版年,卷号(期号):起始页码.书籍——〔序号〕著者.书名[M],版次(第一版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年,起始页码.文摘——〔7〕 CA,1983,99:13883q.电子文献——〔序号〕主要责任者.电子文献题名〔文献类型/载体类型标识〕.电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期.报纸文章——〔序号〕著者.题名[N].报纸名称,出版年月日.版面格式一律使用Word排版、国家文改委公布的简化汉字。A4,页面上、下、左、右、装订线、页眉、页脚的设定分别为:、、、、0、、厘米,每行打印字数34~36字,每页打印行数30~32行。单面打印。封面采用学校统一格式。正文段落和标题一律取“固定行间距20~21pt”。一、二、三级标题段前间距为1行、后间距为行。可适当调节各级标题的段后间距,以利于控制正文合适的换页位置。参考文献正文取固定行距21pt。注意不要在一篇参考文献段落的中间换页。(二)标点符号应按新闻出版署公布的“标点符号用法”使用。(三)名词、名称科学技术名词术语尽量采用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范词或国家标准、部标准中规定的名称,尚未统一规定或叫法有争议的名词术语,可采用惯用的名称。外文缩写首次出现时应在括号内注明其含义,如CPU(Central Processing Unit,中央处理器)。外国人名一般采用英文原名,英文人名按名前姓后的原则书写,如。(四)数字测量、统计数据一律用阿拉伯数字。在叙述不很大的数目时,一般不宜用阿拉伯数字。如“房屋为三人共有”,不宜写成“房屋为3人共有”。大约的数字可以用中文或阿拉伯数字,如“约一百五十人”,也可写成“约150人”。(五)标题层次全部标题层次应有条不紊,章节编号方法采用汉文编号方法:第一级为“一”、“二”、“三”等,第二级为“(一)”、“(二)”、“(三)”等,第三级为“1”、“2”、“3”等。各层标题均单独占行书写,第一级、第二级、第三级和第四级标题均空两格书写序数;各级序数末尾不加标点。第四级以下单独占行的标题顺序采用.…和.两层,标题均空两格书写序数,空一格写标题。正文中对总项包括的分项采用(1)、(2)、(3)…的序号,对分项中的小项采用①、②、③…的序号,括号后不再加其他标点。(六)注释毕业论文中有个别名词或情况需要解释,而正文又无法处置时,可加注说明,注释采用页末注(将注文放在加注页的下端)。若在同一页中有两个以上的注时,按各注出现的先后顺序排列,并编列注号。注释只限于写在注释符号出现的同页,不得隔页。(七)表格每个表格应有自己的表题和表序,表题与表序应写在表格上方正中,表序后空一格书写表题,表题末尾不加标点,五号宋体。全文的表格可以统一编序,也可以逐章编序,但必须连续,不能跳跃或间断。表格允许下页接写,接写时表题省略,表头应重复书写,并在右上方写“续表××”。此外,表格应与正文接近,不应过分超前或拖后。

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毕业论文格式标准1、引言 制订本标准的目的是为了统一规范我省电大本科汉语言文学类毕业论文的格式,保证毕业论文的质量。 毕业论文应采用最新颁布的汉语简化文字、符合《出版物汉字使用管理规定》,由作者在计算机上输入、编排与打印完成。论文主体部分字数6000-8000。 毕业论文作者应在选题前后阅读大量有关文献,文献阅读量不少于10篇。并将其列入参考文献表,并在正文中引用内容处注明参考文献编号(按出现先后顺序编)。2、编写要求 页面要求:毕业论文须用A4(210×297)标准、70克以上白纸,一律采用单面打印;毕业论文页边距按以下标准设置:上边距为30mm,下边距为25mm,左边距和右边距为25mm;装订线为10mm,页眉16mm,页脚15mm。 页眉:页眉从摘要页开始到论文最后一页,均需设置。页眉内容:浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学类本科毕业论文,居中,打印字号为5号宋体,页眉之下有一条下划线。 页脚:从论文主体部分(引言或绪论)开始,用阿拉伯数字连续编页,页码编写方法为:第×页共×页,居中,打印字号为小五号宋体。 前置部分从中文题名页起单独编页。 字体与间距:毕业论文字体为小四号宋体,字间距设置为标准字间距,行间距设置为固定值20磅。3、编写格式 毕业论文章、节的编号:按阿拉伯数字分级编号。 毕业论文的构成(按毕业论文中先后顺序排列):前置部分:封面题名页中文摘要,关键词英文摘要,关键词(申请学位者必须有)目次页(必要时)主体部分:引言(或绪论)正文结论致谢(必要时)参考文献附录(必要时)4、前置部分 封面:封面格式按浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学本科毕业论文封面统一格式要求。封面内容各项必须如实填写完整。 题名:题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映毕业论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合;题名所用每一词必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息;题名一般不宜超过30字。题名应该避免使用不常见的缩写词、首字缩写字、字符、代号和公式等;题名语意未尽,可用副标题补充说明论文中的特定内容。题名页置于封面后,集资列示如下内容:中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”汉语言文学专业本科毕业论文(小二号黑体,居中)论文题名(二号黑体,居中)学生姓名(××××××××三号黑体)学 号(××××××××三号黑体)指导教师(××××××××三号黑体)专 业(××××××××三号黑体)年 级(××××××××三号黑体)(××××××××三号黑体)分校(学院)(××××××××三号黑体)工作站 摘要:摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应以第三人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等,而重要是结果和结论。摘要中一般不用图、表、公式等,不用非公知公用的符号、术语和非法定的计量单位。摘要页置于题名页后。中文摘要一般为300汉字左右,用5号宋体,摘要应包括关键词。英文摘要是中文摘要的英文译文,英文摘要页置于中文摘要页之后。申请学位者必须有,不申请学位者可不使用英文摘要。 关键词:关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般每篇论文应选取3-5个词作为关键词。关键词用逗号分隔,最后一个词后不打标点符号。以显著的字符排在同种语言摘要的下方。如有可能,尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。 目次页:目次页由论文的章、节、条、附录、题录等的序号、名称和页码组成,另起一页排在摘要页之后。章、节、小节分别以、等数字依次标出,也可不使用目次页。5、主体部分 格式:主体部分的编写格式由引言(绪论)开始,以结论结束。主体部分必须另页开始。 序号毕业论文各章应有序号,序号用阿拉伯数字编码,层次格式为:1、×××××××××××××××(三号黑体、居中)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××(内容用小四号宋体)、×××××××××××××(小三号黑体、居左)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××(内容用小四号宋体)、×××××××××××(四号黑体,居左)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××(内容用小四号宋体)①×××××××××××××××××(用于内容同样大小的宋体)1)×××××××××××××××××(用于内容同样大小的宋体)a、××××××××××××××××(用于内容同样大小的宋体) 论文中的图、表、公式、算式等,一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编号编排序号。序号分章依序编码,其标注形式应便于互相区别,可分别为:图、表(式)等。 注:论文中对某一问题、概念、观点等的简单解释、说明、评价、提示等,如不宜在正文中出现,可采用加注的形式。注应编排序号,注的序号以同一页内出现的先后次序单独排序,用①、②、③……依次标示在需加注处,以上标形式表示。注的说明文字以序号开头。注的具体说明文字列于同一页内的下端,与正文之间用一左对齐、占页面四分之一宽长度的横线分隔。论文中以任何形式引用的资料,均须标出引用出处。 结论:结论是最终的、总体的结论,不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复,结论应该准确、完整、明确、精炼。 参考文献:参考文献应是学位论文作者亲自考察过的对毕业论文有参考价值的文献。参考文献应具有权威性,要注意引用最新的文献。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]、[4]……形式统一排序、依次列出。参考文献的表示格式为:著作:[序号]作者、译者、书名、版本、出版地、出版社、出版时间、引用部分起止页。期刊:[序号]作者、译者、文章题目、期刊名、年份、卷号(期数)、引用部分起止页。会议论文集:[序号]作者、译者、文章名、文集名、会址、开会年、出版地、出版者、出版时间、引用部分起止页。如何写论文写下自己的想法是完善它的好方法。你可能发现自己的想法在纸上会变成一团糟。写作是很痛苦的事情,但是当你越来越熟悉它的时候,就会很快了。如果你把它当作一种艺术,你就会在写作的过程中体会到无穷的乐趣。你也会遇到和其他作者一样的滞碍。这有很多原因,而且不一定能顺利解决。追求完美是一个原因。记住:写作是一个不断完善的过程。当你发现所写的不是你开始想写的,写下粗稿,以后再修补。写粗稿可以理出自己的思想、渐渐进入状态。如果写不出全部内容,就写纲要,在容易写具体的内容时再补充。如果写不出来,就把想到的东西全部写出来,即使你觉得是垃圾。当你写出足够的内容,再编辑它们,转化成有意义的东西。另一个原因是想把所有的东西都有序的写出来(in order)。你可能要从正文写起,最后在你知道你写的到底是什么的时候再写简介。写作是很痛苦的事情,有时候一天只能写上一页。追求完美也可能导致对已经完美的文章无休止的修改润饰。这不过是浪费时间罢了。把写作当作和人说话就行了。写信也是练习的好方法。大多的文章也会因为风格很想给朋友的信件而易读(can be improved)。写日记也是很好的锻炼。这两种方法还有其他的好处。无休止的修改格式而不是内容也是常犯的错误。要避免这种情况。LaTex(附:CTex)是一个很好的工具,但是它自己有很多自定义的宏定义。你也可以利用别人类似的代码,许多站点(包括MIT)都维护有扩展库。清楚自己想说什么。这是写清楚要的最难最重要的因素。如果你写出笨拙的东西,不断的修补,就表明不清楚自己想说什么。一旦真正想说了,就说吧。从每一段到整个文章都应该把最引人入胜的东西放在前面。让读者容易看到你写的东西(Make it easy for the reader to find out what you've done)。注意处理摘要(carefully craft the abstract)。确定(be sure)说出了你的好思想是什么。确定你自己知道这个思想是什么,然后想想怎么用几句话写出来。大篇的摘要说明文章是写什么的,说明有一个想法但没有说到底是什么。不要大肆夸耀你自己做的事情。你经常会发现自己写的句子或者段落不好,但不知道怎么修补。这是因为你自己进入了死胡同。你必须回去重写。这会随着你的练习减少。确信你的文章真的有思想(ideas)。要说清楚为什么,不仅仅是怎么样。为人而写,不要为了机器而写。不仅仅需要正确,还需要易读。读者应该只做最明显简单的推理。完成文章以后,删除第一段或者前面的几句话。你会发现这些话其实对主旨没有影响。如果你在所有的工作做完以后才开始写,就会失去很多好处(benefit)。一旦开始研究工作,好的方法是养成写不正式文章的习惯,每隔几个月(every few months)记下最新的和你刚学的东西。从你的研究笔记开始比较好。用两天时间来写,如果太长的话就说明你太追求完美了。这不是要进行判断的东西,而是与朋友共享的。在封面上说明“草稿”(DRAFT-NOT FOR CITATION)。拷贝很多份,给那些感兴趣的人看,包括导师。这种做法对以后写正式的论文很有好处。得到反馈:如果你加入私人文章交流网(Secret Paper Passing Network),会收到很多别人的文章,他们请你评论。知道别人对论文的意见很重要。你给别人帮助,别人会在你需要的时候帮助你。而且,自己也能提高。为文章写有用的评论是一门艺术。你应当读上两遍,第一遍了解其思想(IDEAS),第二遍看表达。当然也可以把自己的文章交给别人评价,要学会吸取有建设性的建议,忽略破坏性(destructive)和无意义的建议。为了得到建议,你要写清楚自己的观点,写你所作的事情,即使你没准备写一个没有完整的期刊或者会议文章,然后交给别人看。即使是将要发表的文章,也应该写清楚,这样可以增加得到建议的机会。以简要的形式降序组织评论(建议)对你和你所评论的人都有用:最上面内容相关,中间是风格和表述,最后是语法和文法。--------------------------------------------------------------------------------写作的过程:读一些最新的论文,尤其是那些发表了的。学习它们的内容和表达,注意它们里面的-进一步工作。(future work)写出让别人可以理解的形式是很慢的过程。下面是经常不想遇到的原因:为了写好文章,开始的一两个草稿常常必须被扔掉。在几年的研究工作中,有很多记号会改很多次。有些以前重要的结果可能现在一点用也没有。重新组织过去的东西,这可能需要很长的时间。即使你有很多讨论部分结果的的技术报告、会议论文或者期刊文章,毕业论文的表述也应当一致。研究论文是给有相关背景的专家看的,除了你的工作是怎么适合方案以外,必须有完整的文献评论(a thorough literature review must be included)。一些忘记或者推迟的细节现在必须写出来了。(must be filled in)必须检查引用的文献,不同的历史结果必须注意备份(documented),“小问题”必须解决掉,方法的备份(documented)必须完整。论文导师对你的表示方法会有很强的观点,适应这些要求需要一些机动性和思考。你的委员会成员,第一个不相干的读者,经常会发现没有定义的术语(jargon)或者符号,论点的漏洞,或者其他的问题。如何减少写论文的痛苦:这是一些从开始就有用的方法:仔细的记笔记。记下每一个新的结果,即使没有重要的和有帮助的东西。分而治之不仅适合做研究,也适合写文章。如果可能,完成一点就写一小部分(write up each piece of the work for publication as it is completed)。这有助于以后组织成文章,而且容易查找。哪一天感到了精力充沛有热情就多写一些,哪天没有动力就完成少量的工作,至少可以从队列中把他们除去。读其他的论文和出版物的时候,学习技术写作技巧,找出什么有用什么没用。When you write a term project, you are explaining the work of others. You have a good idea of what is immediately obvious and what is more difficult to grasp, since you recently went through the exercise of grasping the material yourself.不要以为你看了多年的东西,别人看来也容易理解。一个很重要的早期工作:写出一个纲要,它以后会经常改变,经常在头脑中保持一个新的构想对以后平滑的过渡很有好处。一个典型的纲要如下:Chapter 1: IntroductionWhat is the problem?Why is it important?What have other people done?What is central idea(s) of my approach?How is the rest of the thesis organized?Chapter 2: The problemDefine the the the basic 3: Big idea 1...Chapter k+2: Big idea kChapter k+3: ConclusionRecapitulate what has been ideas for future work.第一章:导言问题是什么?为什么重要?别人做了什么工作?自己方法的主要思想是什么?文章的其他部分是怎样组织的?第二章:问题问题定义术语介绍基本属性讨论第三章:主要想法1……第k+2章:主要想法k第k+3章:结论重述完成的工作讨论进一步的工作。不要总认为文章必须从第一页写。直接写主要想法big idea,记录怎样和其他部分组织在一起。一个组织各章的方法是展现给你的实验室同学(fellow students),如果你能够将它们组织成连贯的“一小时报告”,那就表明你可以写你的文章了。记住:写文章就是解释给人听,不要太晦涩,也不要刻意迎合读者。自己找找吧!祝你好运!中文免费论文地址集锦一、 综合类1、学生大论文中心包含 哲学类 | 经济学 | 法学类 | 教育学 | 文学类| 艺术学 | 理学类 | 工学类 | 医学类 | 管理学 | }社会学 | ***学。为html格式。2、蜂朝无忧论文网门类很全。3、论文下载中心门类很全。4、论文帝国门类较全。二、 教育类1、教研论文交流中心以中小学教育为主,基础教育、英语教学文章居多。2、教育教学论文网以教育论文为主,包含:语文论文 美术论文 物理论文化学论文 英语论文 历史论文 德育论文 教学论文数学论文 音乐论文 生物论文 自然论文 体育论文地理论文 摄影论文 劳动技术 农村教育 毕业论文素质论文 医学论文 电子电器学 思维科学 计算机论文活动课教学 书法篆刻论文 创新教育研究 心理健康教育西部教育论文 信息技术论文3、教育论文、中国园丁网论文大观、北大附小学校教师的文章:三、 专业类1、优秀论文杂志以科技类为主。2、论文资料网以财经经济管理类为主。3、法律图书馆文如其名。4、法学论文资料库文如其名。5、中国总经理网论文集、mba职业经理人论坛、中国农业在线-农业论文、体育论文、财经学位论文下载中心、公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所、中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心、论文商务中心、法律帝国:四、 论文写作教学类1、学术论文其实是学术论文的写作网站。五、 博硕士论文1、论文统计实际上就是万方的论文统计。2、台湾博硕士论文咨讯网、北京大学学位论文样本收藏、学位论文 (清华大学)]中国科技论文在线论文中国 :新浪论文网分类:中国论文联盟:大学生论文库论文资料网:论文下载中心:毕业论文网:学位论文:无忧论文网:北京语言文化大学论文库:

英国毕业论文draft

论文主要内容:

一、论文的标题部分

标题就是题目或题名,标题需要以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中重要的特定内容逻辑组合,论文题目非常重要,必须用心斟酌选定。

二、论文的摘要

论文一般应有摘要,它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。摘要应该包含以下内容:

1、从事这一研究的目的和重要性

2、研究的主要内容

3、完成了哪些工作

4、获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解

5、结构或结果的意义

三、论文关键词

关键词属于主题词中的一类,主题词除关键词外,还包含有单元词、标题词和叙词。关键词是标识文献的主题内容,单未经规范处理的主题词。

四、引言

又称为前言,属于正片论文的引论部分。写作内容包括:

1、研究的理由

2、研究目的

3、背景

4、前人的工作和知识空白

5、作用和意义

五、正文部分

论文的主题,占据论文大部分篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果,都将在这一部分得到充分的反映,要求这部分内容一定要充实,论据充分可靠,论证有利,主题明确。

六、参考文献

参考文献是文章在研究过程和论文撰写是所参考过的有关文献的目录,参考文献的完整标注是对原作者的尊重。不只在格式上有具体要求,在数量、种类、年份等方面又有相关要求。

Classification Essay分类或类比型

就像名称所说,这一类的Essay是要给几项事物或概念分类。分类要有逻辑,有规律可循,对于各个类别要给出具体的例子。

这一类的文章主要注意以下几点:

1. 这篇文章的论点是什么,论点应该要怎样展开叙述?

2. 在叙述论点或文章内容的时候要问自己是否有足够的例子或证据证明每一个论点,它们分别是什么,最好自己建一个像下图一样的表把它们记录下来。

3. 分类的方式要遵循一个统一的原则,并且要解释为什么按照这个原则分类。

4. 最后,结论是否起到总结全文的作用,是否让读者了解这篇文章的主要走向和中心思想。

Definition Essay定义类

这一类的Essay旨在解释某个概念或者事物,包括它所表达的意思以及它的各个特点。

一般在写这类文章的时候,主要有以下几种方式进行诠释:

1. 文章要清楚写明你将要解释什么概念

2. 用事实或者例子来阐述,让读者更容易理解和接受

3. 在文章里要交代清楚关于这个概念的相关的基本信息

Compare and Contrast Essay比较和对比类

这一类的论文是咱们在学习过程中接触最多的了。在比较类的Essay中,主要写的是两种事物或概念的相同之处;而在对比类Essay中,主要写的是它们的不同点。一般我们都会看见老师给我们出的题目都是“Please compare and contrast XXX and XXX”, 所以是相同点和相似点结合在一起,因此在讨论这一类文章的时候,我们就要把比较内容的相同点和相似点都要列出来。

在写这一类文章的时候要注意:

1. 这一类的文章主要有两种写法:第一种是把相同点和不同点分开写。例如:Part1 – 分析A和B的相同点;Part 2–分析A和B的不同点。第二种是把论点拎出来写,例如:Argument 1–分析A在这个论点的表现,同时也分析B在这个论点的表现,把两者再比较得出结论;Argument 2–分析A在这个论点的表现,同时也分析B在这个论点的表现,把两者再比较得出结论…..(以此类推)两种写法没有谁对谁错,主要还是看哪一种能更好地诠释你的主题。

2. 在写比较文章钱除了要做足research以外,还要找准文章的立场。最好一句话说清A如何和B相似或不同,以及为什么你要比较这两者,比较的重要性和意义在哪里。

Description Essay描述型

描述性的Essay有点像用语言画画,尽可能生动具体的将某类事物或概念的具象表现描写出来,让读者仿佛身临其境,这一类的文章在咱们的作业中并不是经常可以见到,因为描述性很强,我们在写论文的时候还是尽量将避免过多的“描述性的语句”,更多的应该是argue、criticize、compare和analyse.

这一类的文章主要注意以下几点:

1. 在描述论点的时候,要有选择性的挑选那些能支持你论点、立场的内容。

2. 恰当运用描述性词语。描述一个概念的时候,请避免过大过宽的词,如:good, nice, bad, beautiful.

3. 有顺序,有逻辑的安排你的文章叙述结构。

4. 下结论的时候,请确保它和文章的衔接性,自身的逻辑性和相关性。

Explanation Essay解释类

这类的Essay有点像描述性的论文,需要你详细解释某个事物或者概念。写这种论文的时候一定要考虑到读者,不能自说自话。要有依有据,全面客观,不能一边倒,也不要写的像个广告手。

下面我从论文的结构上来大体讲一讲:

1. Introduction部分要清晰表明文章研究的问题,要客观的陈述。并且说明性和解释类的文章不应该采纳某一方的立场,这也就是上面说的“要全面客观”。

2. 创新性也是文章内容要注意的一点,要知道老师的眼睛是很挑剔的,你可以尝试着去寻找一些鲜为人知的或特别有趣的论据来帮助支持你的论点。

3. 在文章的主体部分,每个支撑段落应该包括一个整体思路和详细的论证细节,因此你必须有足够的文献,例证等资源的储备。

4. 文章的结论必须是有效的,合乎逻辑的。结论因该要将文章的脉络梳理清楚,像一条主线来分析和呈现论文里面的主要信息。

Sequence Essay顺叙型

这类Essay也叫Narrative Essay,其实就是讲故事,大部分时候严格按照时间顺序写。

Evaluation Essay评估类

这种Essay从本质上来说有点像Reviews,在论文中要点明立场、选择立场的原因、以及支持论点的例证。

这一类论文要注意:

1. 选择对的评判标准,你可能很难一下或立刻就展开评估,建议找一些你自己感兴趣的点让评估的过程更容易些。

2. 同样,建议在文章的正式书写前,自己先写一个draft,分清你的评估标准是什么,论据是什么。

3. 寻找支持你观点的论据。因为你是在对一个object做出判断,你要让读者阅读文章的时候能真正对你的观点产生一些思考,因此你不能做过大过宽泛的论述。

这种Essay的要求相对复杂一些,比如说Critical、Argumentative,还要有Cause and Effect之类的。这其中呢最常见的应该当属Critical,好像作为Essay,不提到这个词逼格就低了一点似的。Be critical,说白了呢就是把Topic的好与坏全部囊括其中,充分展现你考虑问题的两面性。与此同时,对主旨加以延伸,比如说Implication啥的。

Choice Essay选择型

这种Essay就是二选一,和比较对比类论文有点像,但是要坚定的表明立场。

以上这几种是相对简单些的Essay类型,主要要求就是描述啦比较啦定义啦之类的,还算好应付。不过这些种类的Essay在大学学术中单一形式出现的机会很少,因为人家才不会这么便宜了咱们呢!

Dissertation 论文(英文论文的大Boss)

说完了平时抬头不见低头见的Essay咱再来说说终极大Boss——Dissertation。毕业论文是研究生们的必经之路,但是并不是所有本科学生都会面临到这个问题。毕业论文在字数上大大超越了普通论文,里面包含的内容也相对更丰富。比如莱斯特大学给出的指导上面就包含了以下项目:

1. Title page

2. Abstract

3. Acknowledgements

4. Contents page(s)

5. Main Body:Introduction;Materials and methods or Literature review;Results orSources and methods;Discussion or Findings;Conclusions

6. References

7. Appendices

在英国大学里,Essay(论文)是一种常见的写作形式。它在不同学科领域里有多种不同类型的论文。以下是英国大学中常见的Essay类型的简要介绍:1. 论证型Essay:这种Essay以作者的立场来提出概念和主张,并通过提供充分的证据和例证来支持自己的观点。它通常包含引言、论点、支持和结论。2. 描述性Essay:这种Essay的内容主要是对实际情况、人物或事件进行描述。它通常涉及对事物外观或功能的描述,但不包括对它们影响和评价的讨论。3. 比较性Essay:这种Essay要求作者以相似之处或不同之处为基础,建立两种或更多种事物之间的联系或差异。它需要作者进行深入的研究和分析。4. 解释性Essay:这种Essay旨在解释某个概念或理论,通常通过提供详细的定义、解释和实例来实现。这种Essay需要作者有很好的解释能力和对主题的深刻理解。5. 反思性Essay:这种Essay通常要求作者回顾并批判自己在某个主题或事件上的看法。作者需要自我反思并通过提供案例、实验或其他证据来支持自己的观点。以上是英国大学中常见的Essay类型的简要介绍,每种类型都需要不同的写作技巧和结构,根据具体的要求选择适当的类型,才能为论文的完美呈现打下良好的基础。

1、Titlepage--标题页这是一篇英国Dissertation的第一部分,其实标题本身就是能告诉读者你的研究到底是什么的一个最好的说明,读者通过标题知道你研究的主题是什么。2、Abstract--摘要在整篇Dissertation中摘要是论文字数最少的一部分了,但是也要认真对待;从根本上来说,摘要是对毕业论文的一个简单的总结,其中包括为什么你要做这个研究,是怎么样做的以及做完这个研究的成果与它可能产生的影响等。3、Contentpages--内容页在该部分中,一般会说明和介绍本论文的主要结构,在这一部分,留学生会发现Dissertation内容中的不同部分不平衡的现象变得越来越明显,因此要对内容进行检查以及合并。如果太多就分成几个小部分,太少的话就自己进行创作补充,这都是很有必要的。4、Introduction--前言这一部分作为毕业论文正文的第一部分,前言一般有两个作用,扩大Abstract中材料的总结和为剩下的Dissertation中的内容提供一个很好地指示标。通常情况下都是最好放在最后完成,否则你会完全不知道你在介绍什么,当然,放在前面还是后面写要因人而异,也可以跟导师商量哦。5、Theliteraturereview,orcontextofthestudy---文献回顾,背景研究文章的主要目的是让你介绍一下你的研究领域的总体背景,从而让读者明白文章的研究主题是适用于该研究领域的。

毕业论文draft没交

draft [drɑ:ft, dræft] n. 草稿;汇票;草图;[篮球]选秀vt. 起草,设计;为...打样

不需要。投稿状态draft后面不需要确认。投稿状态状态是“投稿”、“修改”和“结果”这三个状态,一些学术平台的app也可以查询稿件状态。

审稿中,意思是正在对你的稿件进行审核,不要着急,相信很快就会出结果了。这个不明白,要么你再问问明白人,要么你就耐心等待哈。

来自:求助得到的回答

draft在不同词性下有不同意思。

相关词意:

draft:

1.名词:

草稿;草案;草图;汇票;运动员选拔制(某些职业运动队每年在大学生中选拔新队员)。

2.形容词 :

初步画出或(写出)的;(设计、草图、提纲或版本) 正在起草中的,草拟的;以草稿形式的;草图的。

3.动词:

起草;草拟;选派;抽调。

扩展资料

相关短语:

draft:即期汇票

即期汇票也称为见票即付汇票,即在汇票上无到期日的记载,而在收款人或者持票人向付款人提示汇票、请求付款之时,即为到期,付款人应即时付款的汇票。

draft:远期汇票

远期汇票是付款人于出票后一定期限或特定日期付款的汇票。

draft:拔模斜度

拔模斜度也就是脱模斜度,是为了方便出模而在模膛两侧设计的斜度。脱模斜度的取向要根据塑件的内外型尺寸而定。

draft:强制通风

一种循环方式,当自然通风不能满足,或者是下道工序需要很大的负荷,一般就要再开鼓风机,切换为强制供风。

英国毕业论文draft邮件

Thesis StatementsWHAT THIS HANDOUT IS ABOUTThis handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your IS A THESIS STATEMENT?A thesis statement:tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the a claim that others might usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)HOW DO I GET A THESIS?A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis,” a basic or main idea, an argument that you think you can support with evidence but that may need adjustment along the use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on DO I KNOW IF MY THESIS IS STRONG?If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following:Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose?If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is, “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following:The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, “What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different?” Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, “The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong”). Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write:While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own you have a working thesis! Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper:While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isn’t one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of ’s look at another example. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twain’s novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze. Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about why it’s such a great novel—what do Huck’s adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

感觉这篇论文可以给你参考下:Abstract 摘要 In 21st century, intellectual capital has been paid an unprecedented attention and it is crucial for competitiveness of enterprises. As the core strength for survival of an enterprise, management of knowledge workers determines the success of an enterprise. How to retain knowledge workers, how to develop a human resources management system and measures fitting with the characteristics of knowledge workers to enhance the engagement of knowledge workers becomes one of the important issues of contemporary enterprises. The research aim was to discuss the relationship between organizational commitment and employee engagement of British knowledge workers in 21st century, based on this to bring forward recommendations on how to improve the organizational commitment and employee engagement of knowledge workers. In this study, it adopted quantitative research methods, through questionnaires to collect data. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between knowledge workers' organizational commitment and employee engagement. The author was based on Farooqui and Nagendra’s (2014) research model and Meyer and Allen’s (1991) theory to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and employee engagement of knowledge workers in Britain, the investigation results showed that there was a moderate correlation between affective commitment, continuance commitment and the dimensions of say, stay; there was moderate correlation between affective commitment, normative commitment and the dimension of strive in employee engagement; there was low correlation between continuance commitment and the dimension of strive in employee engagement. As affective commitment, continuance commitment, normative commitment have been improved, the degree of engagement will be higher, showing a positive correlation between the two. This confirms that the hypothesis proposed by the author is correct. Finally, the author recommended on how to improve organizational commitment to improve employee engagement. Keywords: knowledge workers, human resource management, organizational commitment, employee engagementDedication and acknowledgements During the preparation of this dissertation, Dr. Peter Nicholls gave me great help that I sincerely appreciated. In the first meeting, Dr. Peter asked me to read materials as much as possible to narrow my dissertation topic. After I finished my first draft, he sent me the feedback with very detailed revision advice from which I benefited a lot. Besides, Dr. Peter treated me as a friend more than a teacher. His kindness and carefulness impressed ’s Declaration 作者声明I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s Regulations and Code of Practice for Taught Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, this work is my own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of others, is indicated as such. I have identified all material in this dissertation which is not my own work through appropriate referencing and acknowledgement. Where I have quoted or otherwise incorporated material which is the work of others, I have included the source in the references. Any views expressed in the dissertation, other than referenced material, are those of the of contentsAbstract iiDedication and acknowledgements iiiAuthor’s Declaration ivTable of contents vList of Charts and Tables viChapter I Introduction Background Research aims Framework of this dissertation 4Chapter II Literature Review Definition and characteristics of knowledge worker Organizational commitment Employee engagement Summary 17Chapter III Methodology Introduction of the chapter Research approach Research hypothesis Data sampling Data analysis Research ethics Limitation 22Chapter IV Results Background information of respondents Reliability and Validity Descriptive statistics Correlation analysis Summary 33Chapter V Discussion Organizational commitment and the dimension of say Organizational commitment and the dimension of stay Organizational commitment and the dimension of strive 38Chapter VI Recommendation Enhance affective commitment Enhance continuance commitment Improve normative commitment 45Chapter VII Conclusion Main points Limitations Further research 50References 51Appendix 56_Toc429125928Ethics form 62List of Charts and TablesChartsChart 1 Results of reliability analysis 25Chart 2: Affective commitment and say 28Chart 3: Continuance commitment and say 29Chart 4: Normative commitment and say 29Chart 5: Affective commitment and stay 30Chart 6: Continuance commitment and stay 30Chart 7: Normative commitment and stay 31Chart 8: Affective commitment and strive 32Chart 9: Continuance commitment and strive 32Chart 10: Normative commitment and strive 33TablesTable 1: The translation of level ranking of the answers 21Table 2 Descriptive statistics 25Table 3 Descriptive statistics 26Table 4 Correlations 28

忠告:长话短说。

英文毕业论文致谢信范文(五篇)

【第1篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

First of all, I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of this thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.

Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.

Last, I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

【第2篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.

I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.

I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

【第3篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis; I wish to exPss my sincere apPciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here atTai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.

Firstly, I would like to exPss my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its Psent form.

Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their Pcious suggestions for my study here.

Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

【第4篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.

High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.

I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.

Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.

Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.

【第5篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

At the very first, I am honored to exPss my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly apPciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.

Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.

At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.

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