上小木虫论坛,花6个虚拟金币发布求助信息,在线就能搞定。
英文文献可用:谷歌学术输入英文关键词检索,也可用Web of Science检索EMBASE数据库全称Excerpta Medica Database,由荷兰爱思唯尔(Elsevier)公司出版,EMBASE是生物医学与药理学信息专业检索引擎,内容涵盖了整个临床医学和生命科学的广泛范围。
细胞死亡是指人体中众多细胞组织的的消亡并且会造成对组织中其他细胞的潜在伤害。 这是由于身体内的蛋白酶中的一种叫胱门蛋白酶的物质所引起的,胱门蛋白酶以类似计算机程序中的循序渐进的方式存在于体内,并且涉及到一种叫PCD的物质。细胞死亡现象是由于活跃的半胱天冬酶所引起的典型的生态变化所造成的,比如细胞的萎缩,染色体的不断缩减,直至染色体消亡。细胞组织死亡后,被其他组织所吞噬,(其他组织包括肝脏中的K细胞,以及星状肝细胞),这不会造成生理上的不良反映和炎症。(3)病理学中肝细胞的死亡会伴随一些身体炎症的出现,例如中性白细胞的浸入会加速肝脏中星状细胞的活动。(4)A Canbay,S Friedan and G J Gores,细胞的死亡会引起肝脏的损伤以及纤维症 ( 出自 肝脏病学)。。。。。下面的估计就是原文的出处了,虽然我不是学医学的,但是感觉我给你翻译的这段话你应该能看明白了,反正我是明白了。
web of science进行下载就可以了
[1]罗飞《成本会计》北京:高等教育出版社,187—201,333—338[2]王立彦,刘志远《成本管理会计》北京:经济科学出版社,256—276,367—374[3]龚曼君《管理会计学》广州:暨南大学出版社,324—350,459—474[4]马海清,朱光林《决策会计学》北京:经济管理出版社,420—434[5]Gary M《作业成本管理》辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,中译本
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国际经济与贸易专业毕业论文的那个参考文献,他并不是最近5年的,他是你可以根据那个嗯前后的几年或者几十年进行一个总结的分析和解剖。
我觉得一般的话,还是要去参考最近五年的,因为一般离得近的话,他的一些变化的趋势也不是特别的大的
参考文献近五年怎么算方法如下:近五年,是过去五年的意思,比如2012年的话,那就是2007-2011年五年的时间。
论管理会计在企业运用的现状与措施 摘要:近年来,随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步,我国管理会计的 国际化进程明显加快,取得了一定的成绩。但是并未形成真正意义上的管理 会计应用体系。本文从管理会计在我国企业中应用的现状出发,提出了中国 企业管理会计运行存在的问题,探讨了提高我国企业管理会计应用水平的方 法与措施。 关键词:管理会计现状措施 1管理会计的含义及职能 管理会计又称“内部报告会计”,指以企业现在和未来的资金运 动为对象,以提高经济效益为目的,为企业内部管理者提供经营管理 决策的科学依据为目标而进行的经济管理活动。管理会计包括成本 会计和管理控制系统两大组成部分。 在本世纪50年代以前,我国会计界一般都认为会计具有“反 映”和“监督”两大基本职能,这是根据马克思在《资本论》中对会计所 作的科学概括———即“对过程的控制和观念总结”来理解的。但是,到 了50年代以后,企业会计系统为了适应生产规模的扩大和社会经 济发展的需要,逐步形成了财务会计与管理会计两个子系统,于是会 计实践已经远远超过单纯的事后反映和定期监督的范围。管理会计 把传统的职能扩大到以下四个方面:规划的职能主要是利用财务会 计的历史资料及其他相关信息,进行科学的预测分析,并帮助各级管 理人员对某些一次性的重大经济问题作出专门的决策分析;然后在 这个基础上编制企业的整体计划与责任预算,确定各方面的主要目 标,用来指导当前和未来的经济活动。组织的职能主要是结合本单位 的具本情况,设计并制订合理的、有效的责任会计制度和各项具体会 计工作的处理程序,以便对人力、物力、财力等有限资源进行最优化 的配置与使用。 2企业管理会计运用的现状 我国管理会计工作主要存在以下几个问题: 1管理水平落后,基础管理工作薄弱,管理意识尚待增强目 前,我国企业经营管理水平虽然整体上有了较大提高,但许多企业运 行机制并没有太大的改观。现代市场经济要求企业家不仅要懂经营, 更要懂管理,其中包括会计和财务管理。而在现阶段,大多数企业经 营者离这一要求还有一定的距离,这就在一定程度上限制了管理会 计在企业中的普遍应用。低效、混乱仍是我国绝大多数企业治理结构 中普遍存在的问题。 2传统做法和习惯势力的影响,导致管理会计的应用缺乏良 好的社会环境。在主观思想上,管理会计在中国并没有引起多数企业 的重视,仍然处于一种漂浮状态。这样使得企业应用管理会计的动力 明显不足,企业会计人员仍缺乏管理会计的基本观念。由于我国目前 还没有为之建立健全完整的管理会计体系,没有从客观上消除传统 做法和习惯势力的影响,从而为企业创造良好的条件,使管理会计在 企业中的作用事倍功半,影响了它的推广应用,这是企业难以应用管 理会计的关键所在。 3管理会计理论体系不健全。我国对管理会计的运用是在20 世纪70年代末伴随着管理会计理论的传入开始的,理论和方法基 本上是从西方国家引进的,目前还没有形成一个联系我国实际的系 统的管理会计理论体系。首先,有关管理会计理论研究的专著较少, 而且研究领域狭隘、信息滞后;管理会计理论研究队伍薄弱,缺乏高 层次的理论研究人员。其次,现有管理会计的技术、方法操作性差,没 有创新能力;会计界对实践中已有的一些典型成功案例明显缺乏系 统的研究和归纳总结,到目前为止只有很少的案例得到了系统的研 究与总结。 4企业经营管理人员和财会人员的素质水平偏低。由于一些 企业的决策者对管理会计的重要性认识不足,对管理会计工作缺乏 应有的重视,造成企业财会人员观念陈旧、素质偏低、知识的层次和 结构不合理,缺乏高素质的会计管理人员,使企业难以应用管理会 计。所以,在我国企业,管理会计的任务和职能基本上由财务部门和 成本核算部门承担,没有专门机构和专业人员承担其任务和履行其 职责,无管理会计师专业队伍,全国也无此类技术资格考试。由于企 业把工作重点和主要精力放在会计循环上,只考虑会计实务是否符 合会计惯例,而不去考虑是否有利于企业战略目标的实现,致使管理 会计与财务会计发展不平衡,从而制约了它的推广和运用。 3提高管理会计应用水平的措施 为了使管理会计在我国企业具有广阔的运用空间,充分发挥为 决策者提供经营管理决策的作用,提高企业经济效益,企业应该充分 认识管理会计的特性,转变观念,结合企业具体管理情境,积极探索 管理会计理论在我国企业的运用途径,并创造性地加以应用。提出以 下改进措施: 1改变传统观念,培养企业领导人管理会计意识。提高管理会 计的应用水平,企业领导已经成为一个关键因素。如果企业领导没有 一定的管理会计意识,他们将不会考虑会计人员在预测、决策、规划 和控制中的作用,即使会计人员水平再高可能也难以发挥作用,所以 增强企业领导人尤其是重要领导人的管理会计意识就显得尤为重 要。应该建立一定的社会约束机制,促使企业领导层重视管理会计应 用;适时组织企业领导人培训管理会计的内容;经济师等职称考试中 适当增加管理会计方面的知识;企业领导人自身也应不断完善自己 对会计工作和会计人员的认识。 2管理会计要加强基础理论研究,走理论与实践紧密结合之 路。管理会计能否在实践中得到有效的推广和使用,在很大程度上取 决于如何及时地将实践中得到的成功经验进行归纳、总结、整理、推 广,形成示范效应。要加强管理会计基本理论研究,为管理会计奠定 坚实的理论基础。研究必须理论联系实际,要紧密结合我国国情,建 立一套具有中国特色的管理会计体系。及时总结我国企业开展管理 会计的典型案例和成功经验,形成具有中国特色的理论与实践相结 合的研究成果,并从中找出管理会计发展的客观规律,建立科学的管 理会计理论体系。以适应企业经营机制转变的需要,保证企业生产经 营的高效运行,促进企业自身适应能力的提高,最终有利于管理会计 的进一步发展应用。 3创造良好的管理会计应用环境。首先是加快企业改革,尽快 建立规范的现代企业制度,使企业真正对自己的一切行为负责。只有 企业机制真正转换了,管理会计的应用才会由“别人要企业用”变成 “企业自己要用”,使企业产生一种运用管理会计的内在驱动力。其次 是对投融资要加大改革力度,改革传统的行政审批制度。这样,自我 投资的项目完全由企业自己决策,将来责任也完全由其负责,真正做 到谁出资,谁审查,谁负责。这将有利于科学的投资决策,也将大大促 进现代管理会计在我国企业决策中的应用。 4进一步加强管理会计教育,提高会计人员素质。虽然二十多 年来,我国管理会计取得了很大的成效,但要真正使管理会计在实践 中加以推广应用,必须提高会计人员素质,造就一支专业的管理会计 人员队伍。在知识经济的条件下,企业员工的组成以高智力的员工为 主体,管理会计人员的职能大大扩展,要求管理会计人员要具备较高 的综合素质。在高等学校教育中,要重视管理会计学科的教育,在经 济类、管理类专业中均设置管理会计学科,改革现有的管理会计教 材,解决成本会计、管理会计、财务管理内容重复的问题,引进案例教 学方法,增强所学模型的实用性。 总之,管理会计的推广与应用是一项庞大的系统工程。随着我国 经济的发展,改革的进一步深入以及加入世贸组织,及我国企业法人 治理结构的完善、现代企业制度的建立以及国际化企业的不断涌现, 企业组织结构及环境的变化,加强管理会计在我国企业的应用已成 为大势所趋,其发展任重道远。只要加强管理会计的理论研究,认真 总结其发展过程中的经验与教训,管理会计在我国必将形成一门系 统科学,在企业管理中发挥越来越重要的作用。
会计毕业论文的参考文献难度不大,我稍微指点你。
上小木虫论坛,花6个虚拟金币发布求助信息,在线就能搞定。
药物药理学文献:Abstract: detoxification Vitamin Tablets (approval of the text: State Yao Zhunzi Z20026566) is a composition of compound ingredients Shisan Wei, head of its function as "Qingrejiedu, replenishing liver and Heat for leukemia drug Yung-sheng, liver and kidney Card and a lack of radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced blood cells to reduce Dengzheng "In order to better guide clinical treatment, according to the symptoms of such disease and the characteristics of the drug, focusing on 27 and retrieval of leukemia related to pharmacology literature, and all experiments And the use of oral compound related to administration, including oral mice, gavage and in vitro experiments, the compound used in medicines and Shi Sanwei the experimental leukemia The results showed that: Liuwei with killing leukemia cells, with 10 flavor increase immune function, improve the shamisen with hematopoietic system, Bawei can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and the taste of the two anti-fatigue This is the "antidote Viacom film" The clinical application provided further Key words: "detoxification Vitamin Tablets", pharmacology, leukemia, immune function, blood system, pathogenic microorganisms, anti-fatigue, Summary Leukemia is a malignant hematopoietic system Characterized by bone marrow or other blood organizations, the WBC and a series of naive cells unrestricted dysplasia (known as leukemia cells) Invasion of the body organs and blood into the liquid, caused clinical manifestations and the surrounding blood leukocyte In order for patients suffering from the early, according to "Quxie, centralizer, to improve efficiency, and detoxification" Pharmacodynamic study of requirements, we antidote to Viacom-prescription medicines Shi Sanwei in the composition of the 627 study of literature, summed up the specific Are as follows: • anti-tumor effect (A), the Northeast "Guanzhong": the extract on a variety of transplanted animals inhibited the tumor, research shows that the Guanzhong B is part of an effective anti- Films detect oxygen electrode, Guanzhong B P 388 significantly reduced oxygen consumption rate of leukemia cells, mitochondria may be its anti-tumor effect of a target cell [1] Northeast Guanzhong extract of the Northeast Guanzhong suppression of DNA synthesis, Lewis lung cancer in mice and P 388 leukemia The compound used in the "Mian Ma Guanzhong" to the same family belong to the substitutes, and has since been contained in the 2000 P (2), Qingdai: its active ingredient indirubin has anti-tumor activity, is on the clinical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) of effective Use of radionuclide tag (3 H-TdR, 3 H-uR, 3 H-leucine), respectively incorporation of the tumor DNA, RNA and protein research shows that the method, indirubin can inhibit the slow tablets and tablets of urgency Patients with leukemia cells, W 256 solid tumors in rats, mice liver and ascites EAC cancer cell synthesis of DNA metabolism, a slight suppression of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis no significant impact [3-5] (3), Hedyotis diffusa: its crude preparation, in vitro only in high concentration under the EAC cancer, leukemia Yoshida sarcoma and a variety of cancer cells inhibited [6-8] (4), Scutellaria barbata: Blue Screening test-tube experiments show that the tablets cell acute leukemia (AML) have mild blood cells inhibited use of respirators screening experiments show that the blood cells of AML inhibitory rate of more than 75 % [9] (5), Wumei: The main ingredients of this compound for chronic, such as cervical cancer tumors have a certain effect, to further confirm the anti-tumor activity on its composition and role of an effective mechanism, it was the people of the original giant leukocyte (HIM eg ) And human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL 60) for the study, conducted in Counting from living cells and cloning experiments can be seen its rate of water and alcohol extracts of the HIMeg and HL 60 cells have a direct role in inhibiting the growth [10] (6), artesunate: The row with law and in vitro cloning research artemisinic acid and derivatives of the four artesunate B - compounds A, B, C, D on a variety of cell lines When the four kinds of compounds concentration of 5 μ g / ml, its P 388 mouse leukemia cells inhibited the rate of more than 85% [11] Artemisinic acid (Ⅰ) of hydroxyl in the derivatives after a ene-a-lactone of a pair of six Central to the poor vary purchase of (Ⅱ, Ⅲ), Ⅱ after a reduction in a heterogeneous in Ester (Ⅳ, Ⅴ), Ⅱ further oxidation in a post-hydroxy-lactone (Ⅵ) Compounds Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅵ in vitro small P 388 leukemia cells have anti-tumor activity, and Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ The concentration of 10 μ g / ml and 1 μ g / ml when, Ⅱ P 388 to inhibit cell growth rate of 100% and 42%; Ⅵ inhibition rate was 100 per cent and 47 per cent [14] • immune function of (A), Qingdai: its active ingredient indirubin 200 mg / kg sc, for 6 d, to enhance tumor-bearing rats were swallowed up by macrophages in the role of chicken red blood cells [12] (2), Hedyotis diffusa: mice fed with aqueous extract of its crude 0, 6g (Pharmacognosy) / only to enhance the peritoneal fluid swallowed up by white Staphylococcus leukemia in the ability of [13] Rabbit in the ability of interleukin engulfed in bacteria, fed with water decoction group than the control group increased more than three times [14, 15] In vitro tests can enhance people in the blood of the WBC, Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis [16] (C), Scutellaria barbata: The goods were obtained from the polysaccharides in vitro can promote the concanavalin A (ConA) spleen cells in mice induced lymphocyte transformation, the optimal concentration of 400 r / ml [17] (4), Astragalus: decoction of 50%, 5ml / only ig, can accelerate the mice injected into the blood plasma protein marker 131 I dissection of the role that their organizations giant嗜the liver and spleen cells could enhance the role of phagocytosis [18 ]; Decoction of the goods 100% 6 ml / only ig, can promote mice嗜phagocytic giant chicken RBC role [19]; decoction of the goods 25 g / kg ig, giant嗜will enhance the role of phagocytosis [20] ; Decoction of the goods 10 μ g / ml concentration of cell culture cancer patients, rats injected into the skin, significantly enhancing its local graft-versus-host reaction, that the goods on the T-cell immune function is to promote the role [21] (5), Chinese wolfberry son: an ultra-dose sheep red blood cells (SRBC) immunoassay (SOI) show that the appropriate dose of old mice LBP inhibit T cells (Ts) significantly regulation, enhance the activity of Ts cells [22 ] Through the Yc Rose and EA rosette forming the rate of confirmed LBP10mg/kg gavage to mice, for 7 d, can significantly increase the macrophage C 3b and the Fc receptor number and vitality, and can weaken into acetic acid Hydrocortisone on macrophage C 3b Fc receptor and the inhibition [23] (6), artemisinin: its suspension 450 mg / kg ip, for 6 d, the sheep red blood cells in mice sensitized enhance the role of delayed-type hypersensitivity; 300 ~ 600mg/kg ip, Rose specific immune suppression in mice Flower forming, inhibit hemolytic plaque formation for the suspension of the 56, 8, 6mg/ml in vitro and promote transformation of lymphocytes, immune cells that promote the humoral immunity and are inhibited [24] (7), the LDC Fuling; the humoral immune response without inhibition, but the option of inhibiting cell immune Its water extract of the antigen sensitization after the attack and after treatment were significantly curbed Picryl chloride (pc) mice contact dermatitis and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by the reaction of the foot, when the role of administration after the attacks more S In addition, the goods on the formation of antibodies in mice SRBC cells had no significant impact, but its hemolytic plaque clearly than the control group, at the same time, the level of serum hemolysin not decreased, and was an upward trend in [25] Fuling compound soil water, alcohol extract of gavage can inhibit the rat egg white and Carrageenan foot swelling [26] (8), Cistanche: decoction of oral prednisolone to enhance the low Yang mice humoral and cellular immune function [27]; enhanced single-core - macrophage phagocytosis [28]; their water extract of 50 mg / kg, 100mg/kg gavage to mice, can significantly increase the weight of the spleen and thymus, enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, increase hemolysin and hemolytic plaque value, increase lymphocyte transformation rate, 3 H-TdR incorporation The increase in lymphocytes, enhanced mice delayed hypersensitivity, but also increased peritoneal macrophages in the CAMP level, lower level of CGMP, CAMP / CGMP ratio increased, this may be its enhanced peritoneal macrophages Phagocytosis one of the reasons [29] (9), Dodder: its extract 6 / kg ig, for 6 d, burn mice can be enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, an increase of serum antibody hemolysin spleen cells and enhance the proliferation of ConA [30] (10), Bajitian: Wen Jinji 64 g / kg / day orally, can minors thymus atrophy, 10g/kg / day intraperitoneal injection, the thymus atrophy is also very significant, Bajitian 50 percent ethanol extract Of 60 g / kg / day of oral also make a minor thymus atrophy [31] Its decoction, for delivery 10 days, but can inhibit the thymus atrophy and increase the number of leukocytes in the blood of the function [32] Microbial resistance of the role of (1), Mian Ma Guanzhong: decoction with test-tube dilution, 1: 800 to 1: 160 pairs of various types of influenza viruses have different degrees of inhibition [33]; decoction of its chicken test in 1: 104-105 Concentration of PR8 strain of influenza A virus, A virus in Asia have a strong effect [34] (2), Qingdai: ethanol extract 5 g / ml concentration in vitro test for Bacillus anthracis, pneumonia bacteria, Shigella dysentery bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus are white inhibition [35]; effective Effects of one element of wool-like Microsporum, breaking the Xuanjun, red Xuanjun, floc inhibit epidermal Xuanjun, the minimum inhibitory concentration for 5 μ g / ml [36] (C), Hedyotis diffusa: In vitro antibacterial activity is not significant, only Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella are weak role [37] High concentrations can inhibit the water decoction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Proteus the growth of many other common pathogenic role of the weak [38] The rabbit test appendicitis a better effect [39] (4), Scutellaria barbata: 50% decoction with flat-ditch, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella's blessing, typhoid bacteria, pus antibacterial Green, E coli inhibit [40] (5), Wumei: Screening of in vitro found that inhibit a variety of pathogens such as E coli-dysentery, typhoid bacteria, Bacillus paratyphoid, whooping cough bacteria, such as meningococcus [41-45] (6), Astragalus: decoction of 50% 4ml / only ig, for 2 d, with parainfluenza virus type Ⅰ (Sendai) BB 1株attacks continue to take 5 d, a protective role in mice, the mice can significantly reduce Mortality [46] Decoction of 3 percent of their The Sindbis virus, Newcastle disease virus, follicular stomatitis virus and influenza viruses have antiviral activity [47] (7), artemisinin: water suspension 8, 6, 4mg / embryo, the embryo infected with influenza virus A 3-Beijing Section 79 - two inhibit [48] Agar plate method to test for Staphylococcus aureus, E coli, streptococcus B, pneumococcal the LC 50 (mg / ml) of its decoction were 6, 9, 9,> 200: ethanol extract of their respective To 7, 9, 4, 3 ethanol extract of goods were 1, 3, 7, 1 The drug acid on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus white, enterococci, Bacillus subtilis the minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively 0, 0,> 0, 5mg/ml [49] The flooding of soft artesunate 1: 3 concentrations in vitro on XU Lan Huang's Xuanjun, Aodu Ang's small Bacillus Xuanjun, the star's card slaves Jundeng skin fungus, have different degrees of inhibition [50 ] (8), Bajitian: ethanol extract, in vitro to inhibit Bacillus subtilis [51] Bajitian ethanol extract of in vitro to inhibit the hepatitis B virus [52] The impact of the hematopoietic system (A), Astragalus: decoction of 20 g / kg, a total of 10 d, anemia and bleeding on acetylcholine PHENYLHYDRAZINE hemolytic anemia are caused by blood can increase the red blood cells and haemoglobin, cyclophosphamide caused by the WBC and platelet reduce Promote their recovery, would increase the number of reticulocyte and the number of bone marrow cells [53] (2), Chinese wolfberry: normal mice monthly ig10% decoction of 5 ml for 10 d, WBC will Healthy people and cancer patients taking po wolfberry nuts 50 g / d, even serving 10 d, can significantly increase the WBC [54, 55] LBP 10 mg / (d) ip, for 3 d, can promote mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, increased significantly tablets single progenitor cells, promote their differentiation to the tablets [56] (C), Dodder: the suppression of cyclophosphamide tablets progenitor cells (CFU-D) to promote the growth of [57] Anti-Fatigue Effect (A), Wumei: dry goods can eliminate fatigue, citric acid in the body the energy conversion process is indispensable to the material, physical fatigue in the blood lactate divided into CO 2 and H 2 O and from in vitro, thereby preventing lactic acid and muscle Protein binding, to avoid cell and vascular sclerosis [58] (2), Cistanche: water decoction of the pharmacological experiments conducted in vitro studies showed that the inhibition of rat liver homogenate LPO and the formation of strong anti-fatigue and anti-anoxia role [59] Decoction of gavage Cistanche mice, mice can extend the time for swimming, sports load serum creatine kinase reduce the rate of increase, indicating the increase in physical goods is on the basis of its role in the anti-fatigue [60] Conclusion: After the "antidote Vitamin Tablets," Shi Sanwei prescription medicines in the analysis, summarized the following five aspects of the effect: Shiwei drugs on immune function, namely: Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, astragalus, Chinese wolfberry son, artesunate, soil Fuling, Cistanche, Dodder, B Bawei Chinese medicine against pathogenic microbes inhibit, namely: Mian Ma Guanzhong, Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Wumei, astragalus, artesunate, B Liuwei drugs to kill leukemia cells, namely: Mian Ma Guanzhong, Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Wumei, Shamisen Chinese medicine on hematopoietic function, namely: Astragalus, Chinese wolfberry son, C The fight against drug taste of the role of fatigue are: Wu Mei, C According to this analysis, for detoxification vitamin tablets provide further clinical application of the 我给你一个英文药理文献网,里面有你说需的!:
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细胞死亡是指人体中众多细胞组织的的消亡并且会造成对组织中其他细胞的潜在伤害。 这是由于身体内的蛋白酶中的一种叫胱门蛋白酶的物质所引起的,胱门蛋白酶以类似计算机程序中的循序渐进的方式存在于体内,并且涉及到一种叫PCD的物质。细胞死亡现象是由于活跃的半胱天冬酶所引起的典型的生态变化所造成的,比如细胞的萎缩,染色体的不断缩减,直至染色体消亡。细胞组织死亡后,被其他组织所吞噬,(其他组织包括肝脏中的K细胞,以及星状肝细胞),这不会造成生理上的不良反映和炎症。(3)病理学中肝细胞的死亡会伴随一些身体炎症的出现,例如中性白细胞的浸入会加速肝脏中星状细胞的活动。(4)A Canbay,S Friedan and G J Gores,细胞的死亡会引起肝脏的损伤以及纤维症 ( 出自 肝脏病学)。。。。。下面的估计就是原文的出处了,虽然我不是学医学的,但是感觉我给你翻译的这段话你应该能看明白了,反正我是明白了。