第五档（很好）：（21~25分）完全完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖所有内容要点。应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的。第四档（好）：（16~20分）完全完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。达到了预期的写作目的。第三档（适当）：（11~15分）基本完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文内容连贯。整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。第二档（较差）：（6-10分）未恰当完成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。第一档（差）：（1~5分）未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者。不得分：（0分）希望能帮助到你，望采纳！！！
对比观点题型 （1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1． 有一些人认为。。。 2． 另一些人认为。。。 3． 我的看法。。。 The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular There are two sides of opinions of Some people say A is their They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二) Moreover, ④---------------(理由三) While others think that B is a better choice in the following three Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一) Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二） Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三) From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点） The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因) As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my For me, the former is surely a wise choice （2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一） For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处) In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一) For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． 阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． 1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． 2． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义) Indeed, we can learn many things form First of all,-----------------(理由一) For example, -------------------(举例说明) Secondly,----------------(理由二) Another case is that ---------------(举例说明) Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点) In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it 解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1． 问题现状 2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more First, ------------(说明A的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一) For another -------------(解决方法二) Finally, --------------(解决方法三) Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法) Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处) 说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） 1． 说明事物现状 2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面） 3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily Generally, its advantages can be seen as First ----------------(A的优点之一) Besides -------------------（A的优点之二） But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)． Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)． (From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．) 议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____ But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to A majority of people think that _ 观点一________ In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____ So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____ People, however, differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______ In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______ On the other hand, ____原因二_____ Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______ As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______ It is not only because ________, but also because _________ The more _______, the more ________ （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______ In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____ Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as Firstly, ___优点一______ And secondly ___优点二_____ Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative To begin with, ___缺点一______ In addition, ____缺点二______ To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___ ( 3 ) 答题性议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ It is really an important concern to every one of As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this First of all, __途径一______ In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____ Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____ ( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our It means ____谚语的含义_______ The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______ Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____ The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and 图表作文的框架 as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____ From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________ There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______ On the one hand, ________ On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________ In addition, ________ is responsible for _______ Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________ But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______ I am sure my opinion is both sound and well- 实用性写作(申请信) Your address Month, Date, year Receiver's address Dear , I am extremely pleased to hear from / to see your advertisement for the position in And I would like to write a letter to tell you / I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are / I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have On the one hand, On the other hand, I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest Best regards for your health and Sincerely yours, X X X 作文的开头 一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。 作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 1．开门见山，揭示主题 文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是： I Spent my last vacation happily． 下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头： Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头 在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头： The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to J The bus ride there took three The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed 回忆性的开头 用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were 4．概括性的开头 即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us 5．介绍环境式的开头 即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: It was a rainy and windy The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly I was on my way back to Suddenly, a speeding car came round the 6．交待写作目的的开头。 在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头： In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control
作文评分标准：一、评分原则： 本题满分为I 10 分；II 20 分，按四个档次给分。 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整本档次，最后给分。 I词数少于100词或多于140的，II词数少于140或多于180的，从总分中减去2 分。 如书写较差，以致影响阅卷，将分数降低一档。二、各档次给分范围和要求第四档（很好）： I 9 - 10 分；II br> 16 - 20分
中考英语作文评分细则：1、满分档（20分）：长度符合要求（100-110字），书写规范，涵盖所有要点，结构规范，条理清楚，逻辑严密，词汇丰富，没有任何语法错误。2、第五档（15-19分）：文本长度符合要求，书写规范，涵盖所有要点，结构规范，条理清楚，逻辑严密，词汇比较丰富有少量语法错误。3、第四档（9-14分）：文本长度符合要求，书写规范，基本涵盖要点（有2要点得给9-10分），行文比较连贯，词汇不够丰富，有一些语法错误。4、第三档（6-8分）：文本长度与要求有明显距离，书写不规范，要点不完整（只有1个要点），行文不连贯，词汇量不足，错误较多，勉强能看出作文意图。5、第二档（3-5分）：能用句子表达，错误百出，只能勉强猜测出作文意图。6、第一档（0-2分）：有一些英语单词，但与话题毫不相干（白卷0分）。中考英语作文评分结构及加、扣分细则：（1）整篇作文满分20分，其中内容8分，语言8分，结构4分。（2）内容贴切，句子流畅，用语准确，加整体印象分1分。（3）不满60个词，少1——5个词扣5分，6——10个词扣1分。（4）所有给出问题涉及的三项内容，每少一项扣3分。（5）每个拼写，大小写，标点符号等错误扣5分；同一的拼写错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。以上内容参考：百度百科-初中学业水平考试
对比观点题型 （1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1． 有一些人认为。。。 2． 另一些人认为。。。 3． 我的看法。。。 The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular There are two sides of opinions of Some people say A is their They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二) Moreover, ④---------------(理由三) While others think that B is a better choice in the following three Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一) Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二） Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三) From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点） The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因) As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my For me, the former is surely a wise choice （2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一） For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处) In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一) For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． 阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． 1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． 2． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义) Indeed, we can learn many things form First of all,-----------------(理由一) For example, -------------------(举例说明) Secondly,----------------(理由二) Another case is that ---------------(举例说明) Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点) In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it 解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1． 问题现状 2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more First, ------------(说明A的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一) For another -------------(解决方法二) Finally, --------------(解决方法三) Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法) Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处) 说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） 1． 说明事物现状 2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面） 3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily Generally, its advantages can be seen as First ----------------(A的优点之一) Besides -------------------（A的优点之二） But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)． Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)． (From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．) 议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____ But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to A majority of people think that _ 观点一________ In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____ So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____ People, however, differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______ In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______ On the other hand, ____原因二_____ Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______ As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______ It is not only because ________, but also because _________ The more _______, the more ________ （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______ In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____ Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as Firstly, ___优点一______ And secondly ___优点二_____ Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative To begin with, ___缺点一______ In addition, ____缺点二______ To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___ ( 3 ) 答题性议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ It is really an important concern to every one of As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this First of all, __途径一______ In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____ Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____ ( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our It means ____谚语的含义_______ The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______ Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____ The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and 图表作文的框架 as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____ From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________ There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______ On the one hand, ________ On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________ In addition, ________ is responsible for _______ Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________ But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______ I am sure my opinion is both sound and well- 实用性写作(申请信) Your address Month, Date, year Receiver's address Dear , I am extremely pleased to hear from / to see your advertisement for the position in And I would like to write a letter to tell you / I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are / I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have On the one hand, On the other hand, I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest Best regards for your health and Sincerely yours, X X X 作文的开头 一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。 作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 1．开门见山，揭示主题 文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是： I Spent my last vacation happily． 下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头： Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头 在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头： The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to J The bus ride there took three The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed 回忆性的开头 用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were 4．概括性的开头 即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us 5．介绍环境式的开头 即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: It was a rainy and windy The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly I was on my way back to Suddenly, a speeding car came round the 6．交待写作目的的开头。 在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头： In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control
一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to （现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as （互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to ==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as （毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would （总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend)（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in （很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the (在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （的原因是） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons First,……Second,……Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as 我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1：It has the following 它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to ==It is of great benefit/harm to 它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than 他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do 对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our 十一、采取措施1：We should take some effective 我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the 我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3：We should do our utmost in doing 我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced 我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1：Some changes have taken place in the past five 过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international 在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested 4:be closely related to ~~ （与息息相关） 十四、进行比较1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV十五、常用英语谚语1：Actions speak louder than 事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that 发光的未必都是金子3：All roads lead to R条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half 良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6：A miss is as good as a 失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of 失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of 勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to 活到老，学到老10:Knowledge is 知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to 世上无难事，只怕有心人
第五档（很好）：（21~25分）完全完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖所有内容要点。应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的。第四档（好）：（16~20分）完全完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。达到了预期的写作目的。第三档（适当）：（11~15分）基本完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文内容连贯。整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。第二档（较差）：（6-10分）未恰当完成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。第一档（差）：（1~5分）未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者。不得分：（0分）希望能帮助到你，望采纳！！！
一、正反观点式议论文万能句（对比观点型）作文框架模版给出观点——正反观点二选一（有的人认为，有的人认为，你的观点）There is a widespread concern over the issue that________（作文题目）But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to (开头一般题目给出)The majority think that________（观点一） First of all,________（原因一）Furthermore, ________（原因二） So it goes without saying that________（观点一）People,however,differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the view that________（观点二） On the one hand，________（原因一） On the other hand,________（原因二） Therefore, there is no doubt that ________（观点二）As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二It is not only because ________(原因一), but also because ________（原因二）It's high time that________ (喊口号) Only in this way eventually can we ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：有一个广泛引起关注的问题________。但众所周知有关这个热点话题的观点因人而异。绝大多数人认为________。首先，________。而且，________。因此不言而喻________。然而在这个话题上人们的观点各不相同。有的人持有的观点是________。一方面，________。另一方面，________。因此，毫无疑问________。就我而言，我强烈支持________的观点。不仅因为________，还因为________。该是________的时候了。只有这样我们最终才能________。二、“A或者B”类议论文万能句：（说明利弊型）作文框架模版：说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as First of all ,________(A的优点之一)Moreover,________（A的优点之二）Besides ,________(A的优点之三)But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse, ________(A的第二个缺点)．Through above analyses, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative Therefore, I would like to________ (我的看法)．或者(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way, (对前景的预测)．模版译文：现如今很多人更喜欢A,因为它在我们生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。总的来说。他的优点如下。首先________。而且，________。除此之外，________。但凡事都有利有弊，消极的一面也是很明显的。最重要的缺点是________。更糟糕的是________通过以上分析，我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此，我更喜欢________。三、观点论述类议论文万能句：（现象说明型）作文框架模版现象说明型：说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (某种现象) in ________ (某种场合) It is estimated that________ (相关数据) Why have there been so many ________ (某种现象)? Maybe the reasons can be listed as To begin with, ________ (原因一) Besides, (原因二) Last but not least, ________ (原因三)Personally, the main cause of ________ (某种现象) is due to ________ (最主要原因) It is high time that something were done upon For one thing,________ (解决办法一) For another, ________ (解决办法二) All these measures will certainly reduce the amount of ________ (某种现象)模版译文：现如今在________(某种场合) 有越来越多的________。(某种现象) 据统计，________。为神马有如此多的________?也许原因如下。首先，________。除此之外，________。最后但同样重要的是，________。我认为，引起________的主要原因是________。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面，________。另一方面，________。所有这些措施都将会解决________。阐述主题型：要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．四、"How to"类议论文万能句：（问题解决型）作文框架模版模版①要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1．问题现状 2．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face a problem________A, which , surprisingly , is becoming more and more First of all, ________(说明A的现状)．Secondly, ________(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the For one thing,________(解决方法一) For another, ________(解决方法二) Finally, ________解决方法三)Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法) Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处)模版译文：现如今我们不得不面对一个问题________A，这个问题正变得越来越严重。首先，________。其次，________。面对A，我们应该采取一系列的措施来解决这个处境。一方面，________。另一方面，________。最后，________。就我而言，我认为________。因此，我相信一个崭新的未来正在等待着我们，因为________。图表作文写作万能句（图表分析型）（常给出折线图、饼状图、条形、扇形等统计图）描写图表变化趋势的词：（建议使用斜体加横线的词，个人认为比较形象）上升：increase / rise / go up / rocket（迅速增加） 下降：decrease / reduce / come down/ decline快：quickly / rapidly / sharply / dramatically 慢：slowly / gradually作文框架模版As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table (graph/ picture /pie /chart ), ________(作文的议题)has been on rise (increases /drops /decreases ), significantly /dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_％ in _年_ to _％_ in _年_ From the sharp /marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that________(现象总结)There are at least two good reasons accounting for________(总结的现象) On the one hand, ____ On the other hand, ________ is due to the fact that ________ In addition, __ is responsible for ________ (Maybe there are some other reasons to show ______But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly )As far as I am concerned,I hold the view that _______ It's high time that________ (喊口号) Only in this way can ________（支持这一观点的结果）模版译文：正如图表所展示的那样，________一直在增长。从图表中飞速的增长，不言而喻________。至少有两个原因来解释________。一方面，________。另一方面，________是因为________除此之外,________是________的原由就我而言,我持有________的观点该是________的时候了只有这样我们最终才能________。
作文评分标准：一、评分原则： 本题满分为I 10 分；II 20 分，按四个档次给分。 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整本档次，最后给分。 I词数少于100词或多于140的，II词数少于140或多于180的，从总分中减去2 分。 如书写较差，以致影响阅卷，将分数降低一档。二、各档次给分范围和要求第四档（很好）： I 9 - 10 分；II br> 16 - 20分
中考英语作文评分细则：1、满分档（20分）：长度符合要求（100-110字），书写规范，涵盖所有要点，结构规范，条理清楚，逻辑严密，词汇丰富，没有任何语法错误。2、第五档（15-19分）：文本长度符合要求，书写规范，涵盖所有要点，结构规范，条理清楚，逻辑严密，词汇比较丰富有少量语法错误。3、第四档（9-14分）：文本长度符合要求，书写规范，基本涵盖要点（有2要点得给9-10分），行文比较连贯，词汇不够丰富，有一些语法错误。4、第三档（6-8分）：文本长度与要求有明显距离，书写不规范，要点不完整（只有1个要点），行文不连贯，词汇量不足，错误较多，勉强能看出作文意图。5、第二档（3-5分）：能用句子表达，错误百出，只能勉强猜测出作文意图。6、第一档（0-2分）：有一些英语单词，但与话题毫不相干（白卷0分）。链接：链接: _4QGLixF-sKPBY2PS7Og 提取码: nzpt
50分已经是及格分了，其实，英国大学整个评分系统都定得比较低，教授评判论文的标准也很严格
我去年的硕士毕业论文拿了Distinction, 用一个公式简短地回答这个问题：提前规划＋高效地阅读理解＋边读边写＋反复修改＋研读老师修改反馈。下文将用亲身经验详述。第一、提前规划为什么要提前规划？为了更充分合理地利用时间，规划能将写论文拆分成若干个小任务，能预估每项小任务所需的时间，进而指导我们合理分配时间并保质保量地完成论文。同时，规划还能预留充足的时间，规避风险, 从写完初稿到论文截止日的期间，可能随时发现不少问题，比如少论据，欠字数，超字数总之，预留的时间越充裕，就越不怕意外。记得我在提交毕业论文的前1周，发现自己分析错了采集上来的数据，幸亏预留了最后一周火速修改错误，否则就要与Distinction擦肩而过了。规划什么？确定选题、制作working plan-列出从着手到完成过程中待办事项和时间，心中有数。那提前多久规划呢？我个人的经验：课程进度过半时开始规划，确切地说，可以思考选题问题了：是否可以从已学内容中切入？是否可以从接下来几周学习内容中选择一个方向？带着这样的思考上课，我在结课前就已能迅速锁定选题，结课前还能与老师沟通几个来回，吃颗定心丸。 第二、高效地阅读理解虽然这里的重点貌似是阅读，但关键词实际上是高效和理解。 海量地阅读，相信这是一句耳熟能详的论文写作忠告。一篇优秀的论文一定基于大量的阅读，但大量的阅读却未必产出一篇高分论文，甚至有时候可能也不是决定因素。我毕业论文的文献引用数是78个，而我的一位英国同学则牛逼地引用了167个，最后我俩都拿到了70+。那什么才是决定性因素呢？我认为第一个关键词是高效，即有策略地阅读。读硕期间的一位导师曾说过 Read strategically at MA level（在硕士学习期间要有策略地阅读）。当然，策略阅读有不同视角的解读，每种解读都会让我们从中受益。比如在二语习得的文献中就介绍了不少阅读策略，比如精读、泛读、跳读和浏览等，这些阅读策略在范亚飞老师的“未走过，已懂得”一书中也有专业系统的介绍，大家感兴趣的可以参考。完成硕士所有论文后对阅读策略有了自己的解读。逐篇阅读这一方法听上去非常用心，读一篇完整的研究报告或者文章可能最快需要半小时甚至更久，读完70篇理想状态下则需要2100分钟，也就是三十多小时，关键是硕士学位攻读期间，我们需要完成3-4篇论文，有时还要同时参加讲座，研讨和社交，所以现实的苦逼，时间精力的有限不允许我们逐篇阅读，因此我们必须另辟蹊径－分主题阅读,反复阅读经典文献（肯定不完善，欢迎大家补充）。分主题阅读第一个策略是分主题阅读，根据论文提纲中，集中阅读某一主题的文章节选。好处有：增强对这一主题的理解；另外，也有助于系统思考撰写这一主题的思路，因此阅读更有针对性，时间投入产出比高，记得在某一概念的段落时，刚阅读完了7-8个相关的文章节选，我就已经初步构建完了写作思路。反复阅读经典文献（Seminal paper)第二个策略是反复阅读几篇经典文献，比阅读多篇文献更有用，Less is 从经典文献中，我们不仅能理解某领域的所有重要概念和研究成果，还能学习优秀发表论文的写作思路，指导我们当下的写作，还能让我们发现论文写作切入的角度。读一遍肯定是不够的，就和识人一样，见一次聊一次不能全面了解这个人，文章读一遍所接收到的信息不全面，理解程度不深刻。我在写一门叫Psychological issues in language learning课程的学期论文时，把导师出版的一篇文章阅读了不下10遍，在阅读过程中，学会了老师构建Introduction, Literature review, 最重要的是深度分析了老师分析和讨论研究结果的思路，甚至还模仿了这位老师首行空格的论文格式，最后这篇论文得了73，不能说这个阅读策略是唯一的决定性因素，但对结果的贡献绝对功不可没。哪些文章可能是经典文献呢？我会分为以下几类领域内大家的文章，几乎人人引用的文章老师写的文章，隐藏着老师的个人评分标准一类叫research timeline的文章，这类文章一般会总结某一领域中的所有重大研究，所以会让我们迅速对这个领域有宏观的把控。理解前面谈到阅读多少不是决定阅读／论文写作结果，也谈到了po主认为的两个高效阅读策略, 那和理解有什么关系呢？不难发现，这两个策略都有一个共性，死磕同一篇肯定最终读懂，从不同作者的视角阅读同一主题的要点／概念，都能最大化增强我们对于文献的理解，一旦理解了，写作的素材Idea就有了，论文中写作的批判素材、分析讨论的素材都基于正确的理解，否则论文的观点就如比萨斜塔，根基不直，塔身全斜。这也能解释论文评分标准中的critial thinking这项的评分过程，老师们首先看是否理解正确，其次再看你的分析和评论是否言之有物，理解不正确的论点都是歪理。关于理解的重要性，知名教育学家Bloom 和以它命名的思维模型早在xxx 年就已为它背书了，见下图：第三、边读边写说完了读，接着说写。读完所有的内容再写吗？我个人的经验是：边读边写，每读完一个要点的文献就开始写相关的段落，比如读完理解一个术语的所有定义－思考写作框架－落笔写。原因有二：一、写作是内化理解的步骤。二、时间有限， 读完再写不现实。第四、反复修改如果你让我说出一个论文上70+的最重要因素，我会说修改环节。修改的本质是自我迭代，就如升级系统，越更新越高级。初稿写完后，要修改，而且是反复修改，自己修改完了再找Proofreader修改。修改什么？修改内容，概念的理解和表述精准程度，重要概念是否解释清楚，论证是否严谨，引证是否充足，观点是否连贯等等，不经过自己修改的论文转交给Proofreader修改的后果是：当他也不清楚你表述的观点时，只能敷衍帮你修改一些显而易见的语法错误，修改的银子就打水漂了，我也耳闻过同学在某宝上找了修改服务后论文仍不及格的例子。自己如何修改？边读边修改，通过更多的阅读查缺补漏。第五、研读老师的评语老师每次提及的修改意见都会转化进下篇论文自我修改的评判标准，所以虽然它不能让一篇不及格的论文起死回生，死灰复燃，但它很有肯定对下篇论文的提分有帮助，因此一定要仔细阅读消化。
标识符号：A——理论与应用研究学术论文（包括综述报告）B——实用性技术成果报告（科技）、理论学习与社会实践总结（社科）C——业务指导与技术管理性文章（包括领导讲话、特约评论等）D——一般动态性信息（通讯、报道、会议活动、专访等）E——文件、资料（包括历史资料、统计资料、机构、人物、书刊、知识介绍等）撰写摘要注意事项①不得简单重复题名中已有的信息，忌讳把引言中出现的内容写入摘要，不要照搬论文正文中的小标题（目录）或论文结论部分的文字，也不要诠释论文内容。②尽量采用文字叙述，不要将文中的数据罗列在摘要中；文字要简洁，应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容，应删除无意义的或不必要的字眼；内容不宜展开论证说明，不要列举例证，不介绍研究过程。③摘要的内容必须完整，不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容（或观点）遗漏，应写成一篇可以独立使用的短文。④摘要一般不分段，切忌以条列式书写法。陈述要客观，对研究过程、方法和成果等不宜作主观评价，也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。
研究生分为硕士研究生和博士研究生。 【概况简介】 1、研究生（Postgraduate）是高等教育的一种学历，一般由拥有硕士点、博士点的普通高等学校和研究生培养资格的科研机构开展，以研究生为最高学历，研究生毕业后，也可称研究生