阅读教学和写作教学是初中英语教学的重要组成部分。如何有效地进行阅读和写作教学,己引起初中英语教师的普遍关注。我整理了初二英语短文有翻译，欢迎阅读!
As September is coming soon, it means my summer vacation is over. Looking back at my long vacation, I have the good memories. I had gone back to my hometown and spent some time with my grandparents. I loved the lifestyle there, it was so quiet and the air was so fresh. I was so close to the nature. During the part time, I read some novel books, I loved the magical world and I could finish them quickly. I was so satisfied with the books I read, I broadened my vision and learned a lot, it could help with my writing. I had the great time during my summer vacation.
9月即将到来,这意味着我的暑假结束了。回顾我的长假期,有着美好的回忆。我回到我的家乡和我的祖父母呆了一段时间。我喜欢那里的生活方式,它是如此的安静,空气很新鲜。我是如此地接近大自然。在空余时间,我读了一些小说,我喜欢神奇的世界,看得很快。我很满意这些书,扩大了我的视野,我学到了很多,它可以帮助我提高写作。我在暑假过的很愉快。
When I was very small, I stayed in the hometown with my grandparents. I had the great time there, I liked the environment so much. There was a long river in front of my house, the water was very clean, I could see the small fish swim. My grandma usually washed her clothes along the river side. But now when I went back to my hometown, the river was very dirty, the water was light yellow and there were so many rubbish floating in the river. It made me feel that the river had lost its life. I missed the old time when I was playing in the river. It is human being that ruin the environment, if we don’t take action to protect it, we will destroy ourselves.
在我很小的时候,我和我的爷爷奶奶呆在家乡。我过的很愉快,我喜欢那里的环境。在我的房子前面有一条很长的河,水很干净,我可以看到小鱼游泳。我奶奶通常沿着河边洗她的衣服。但是现在当我回到家乡,河水很脏,水是淡黄色的,有很多垃圾漂浮在河里。我觉得这条河已经失去了它的生命。我想念在河里玩耍的旧时光。是人类破坏了环境,如果我们不采取行动来保护它,我们将毁灭自己。
When I see the girls dance in the movie, I will be very jealous of their elegant temperament. I wish I am one of them, especially when my mother speaks highly of these dancing girls. Actually, my mother once had tried to send me to learn ballet, but I was too small and couldn’t enjoy the class. I always skipped the class and then went to play with my friends. Later my mother found the truth and she had gave up asking me to learn ballet. Now I feel regretful, if I insist, I could be the girl that let my parents be proud of. The lucky thing is that I have find the things I am interested in and I will not give up.
当我看到电影里的女孩跳舞,我会很嫉妒他们的优雅气质。我希望我是其中一员,特别是当我的母亲很崇敬这些跳舞的女孩时。实际上,母亲曾经试图送我学习芭蕾,但是我太小了,不懂得享受这个课程。我总是旷课,然后去和我的朋友去玩。后来妈妈发现了真相,她放弃了让我学习芭蕾。现在我后悔了,如果我坚持,我可以成为让我的父母感到骄傲的女孩。幸运的是,我已经找到了我感兴趣的事情,不会放弃。
According to Chinese holiday plan, on the seventh day of the New Year, people need to go to work, so on the sixth day, it means a lot of people will go back to the place they work. As Chinese economy develops so fast, more and more people own private cars, they like to drive home. What’s more, the highway is free in the certain time, which means there will be more people choose to drive their cars. The truth is that traffic jams happened, my sister witnessed it, she drove home yesterday, it took her almost a day to reach her working city. How terrible it is, she said she would never drove home on the holiday.
根据中国的节假日安排，在新年的第七天，人们需要上班，因此在第六天，这意味着很多人会返回到他们工作的地方。随着中国经济的快速发展，越来越多的人拥有私家车，人们喜欢开车回家。而且，在一定的时间内，高速路是免费的，这意味着会有更多的人选择开车回家。事实上，交通堵塞真的发生了，我的姐姐就目睹了这一切，她昨天开车回家，花费了几乎一天的时间才回到她上班的地方。真是恐怖啊，她说她在节假日再也不开车回家了。
英语阅读是学习语言知识、提高英语语言能力的有效途径，也是人们获取外部信息、了解世界的主要手段。我整理了关于初二英语短文带翻译，欢迎阅读!
When I was in primary school, my parents had paid special attention to the English education, they thought it was the necessary language to learn. So I had access to the English movie and the relatived books. I fell in love with learning English, because speaking English made me stand out. Later I found an English club in my school, it was a place for the English learner to improve their speaking skill and gain their interest. I was so excited and we talked in English all the time, I learned a lot. When other students complain about the difficulty to learn the language, I have passion to learn it.
当我在小学的时候,我的父母特别重视英语教育,他们认为这是不可少的语言学习。所以我接触到英语电影和相关的书。我爱上了学习英语,因为英语让我脱颖而出。之后我发现我的学校有个英语俱乐部,这是一个帮助英语学习者提高他们的口语能力和提高学习兴趣的地方。我很兴奋,我们一直用英语交谈,我学到了很多,当其他同学抱怨学习语言很困难的时候,我却满怀激情去学习。
When talking about the hero, people will think about the person who saves the world, such as superman and batman, they care about the public’s lives and interest all the time. In the real life, people believe that a hero at least can make great influence to the society, like the scientist. But in my opinion, some true heroes are easy ignored, they are doing the ordinary jobs while making great contribution to the society. The city cleaners are the classic ones, they beautify the city and bring comfort to the public. Though they are nobody, they are doing the great job. They are heroes and should be praised.
在谈到英雄的时候,人们会想到那些拯救世界的人,如超人和蝙蝠侠,他们关心公众的生活和利益。在现实生活中,人们认为英雄至少能带来深刻的社会影响,如科学家。但在我看来,一些真正的英雄是很容易被忽视,他们做着普通的工作但是对社会作出巨大贡献。城市清洁工是最典型的,他们美化城市，给公众带来莫大的舒适。虽然他们是无名之辈,但是他们正在做着伟大的工作。他们是英雄,应该受到表扬。
As a middle school student, I learn many subjects, I study so hard every day. When I get home, I will do my homework and then go over the book. But when holiday comes, I feel a little confused, because I don’t want to study and do something new. Then I don’t know what to do, my mind get blank. I decide to develop my interest. Some day, I happened to see a tennis match and I couldn’t stop watching, then I fell in love with tennis. So I started to learn playing tennis, I felt so happy. Now tennis is my favorite sport, I find a way to relax myself.
作为一个中学生,我学许多科目,我每天那么努力学习。当我回家时,我会做作业,然后复习书本。但当假期来临的时候,我感到有点困惑,因为我不想学习，想做一些新的事情。我就不知道要做什么,我的头脑一片空白。我决定培养我的兴趣。有一天,我碰巧看到一场网球比赛,我无法停止下来看,然后我爱上了网球。因此我开始学习打网球,我感到很高兴。现在网球是我最喜欢的运动,我找到一个方法来放松自己。
People always say that we are lacking of the eyes of realizing the beauty in life. I can’t agree with it anymore. Last week, I woke up very early in the morning, so I decided to take a walk. The street was very quiet and there were many old people dancing in the square. Without many cars, I realized the city looked so clean and beautiful. Some coffee shops decorates so well, which attrated my eyes. The city was coverd by the green trees, which made it a green city. I liked this feeling so much. At this moment, I found the city was so lovely, I just ingored its beauty usually.
人们总是说我们缺乏发现实现生活中的美丽的眼睛。我十分同意。上周,我早上很早就醒了,所以我决定出去散步。街上很安静,有很多老人在广场上跳舞。街上没有了很多小车,我意识到这个城市看起来那么干净和漂亮。一些咖啡店装修很好,吸引了我的眼球。这座城市被绿色的树木覆盖着,这是一个绿化放的城市。我很喜欢这种感觉。这时,我发现这个城市是如此的可爱,平常我忽略了它的美。
在世界经济全球化及中国加入WTO的形势下,社会需要大量能够用英语在国际上进行科技、经贸、法律和 文化 等方面交流的专业人才。下面是我带来的英语 文章 阅读带翻译，欢迎阅读!英语文章阅读带翻译篇一 In the public interest The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效，已被其他国家采纳。 是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年，瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会，由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”，但瑞典人一般管他叫“J.O.”，即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见，并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出，司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律师作他的助手协助工作，每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言，他的信件是公开的，供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确，司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员，也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。 一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员，抱怨说他受到警察的虐待，原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地警察局长，请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实，警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是，当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时，他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载，司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉的斥责，并被告知，如果再有人投诉他，他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动，迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件，不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。 英语文章阅读带翻译篇二 Instinct or cleverness? We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ? Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods! 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断同昆虫斗争，因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物，传播疾病，吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上，它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里，或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中，不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫，而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解，却不能消除我们的恐惧的心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里，当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时，我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜，或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书，我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的，但去无法消除。同时，不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书，尤其是当我们了解螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时，就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事，它们不知道(但愿如此)我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时，一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时，谁能不感到敬畏呢? 去年夏天，我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪，不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来，而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天，我发现树叶开始枯萎，结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫小虫子。蚜虫遭到一窝蚂蚁的攻击，蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验，这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁，却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上，不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘，蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里，我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠，不知所措。半夜，我还拿着电筒来到花园里，满意地(同时惊奇地)发现那些蚂蚁还围着胶带团团转。无能为力。第二天早上，我起床后希望看见蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试，结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬，然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁的手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策，来对付我那套完全不科学的办法! 英语文章阅读带翻译篇三 From the earth: greatings Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'. A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained. Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe. 天文学方面最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就，因为相对来说，行星很小，而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难，但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说，在我们的太阳系里，对于生命来说，金星的温度太高，而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供理想的条件，而即使在这里，植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。 一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下，一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大，还要亮，还要热20倍，那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离开的它的恒星非常远。反之，如果恒星很小，维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行，而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展，但是，我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢?现在，没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。 使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命。因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘，尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星，我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗，这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星，并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物，而不是那种“小绿人”。行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球上发展的大部分进程中，细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民，我们总存有这样的希望：小绿人来 拜访 我们，而我们可以和他们交流。但是，这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌的那种低等生命，那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自己的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔.戈尔丁指出的“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”
阅读能力高低直接影响我们接受外界信息和理解阅读资料的质量。对中学生而言，阅读效率高不仅阅读的速度要快，而且理解水平也要好。那么，阅读能力的提高显得非常重要。我整理了英语课外小短文带翻译，欢迎阅读!
People in the world is looking for happiness, but they don't know what is happiness. Some home very rich man said: "happiness is money." Also some people who have the power said: "happiness is power." But happiness is not money and power, remember a celebrity once said a words: "money and greed is not the happiness in the world."
It was over a weekend, I play on the bridge. Suddenly, I saw an old man is hard uphill in the cart. I saw this, ran in the past, to help grandpa pushed the car up the slope. Grandpa laughed happily said to me: "thank you!" I said: "don't mention it, lift a finger, everybody is responsible for", "at this point, my heart is full of sunshine, maybe this is happiness.
Also, in the earthquake. Although I only donate ten yuan, if everyone in the country to donate for 10 yuan, that will be seen the smiling faces of the innocent and lovely one children and those who have no home to rebuild their homes. This is a Chinese people's spirit of solidarity, to our compatriots in the future must be a beautiful and harmonious home! At this moment, I feel happy again.
Although this is just a small two things, but it makes me feel the happiness. And celebrity once said: "don't pay any costs and get happiness, that is a myth." As long as you give time to love, to help others, happiness will always be at your side!
世界上的人都在寻求幸福，但是，他们却不知道幸福是什么。有些家里很有钱的人说：“幸福是金钱。”还有些有权力的人说：“幸福是权力。”但幸福不是金钱和权力，记得有位名人说过一句话：“金钱和享受的贪求不是幸福。”
那是在一个周末，我在小桥上玩。突然，我看到一位老爷爷正推着车子艰难地上坡。我看见了，赶快跑过去，帮老爷爷把车子推上了坡。老爷爷笑咪咪地对我说：“谢谢你啊!”我说：“不用谢，‘举手之劳，人人有责’嘛，”此时，我心里充满了阳光，可能这就是幸福吧。
还有，在大地震中。虽然我只捐了十元钱，如果全国每个人都捐了十元钱，那看到的将是孩子们一张张天真可爱的笑脸和那些没有家的人重建家园。这是中国人民同胞的团结精神，将来的一定是美丽而又和谐的大家园!此时此刻，我又感到了幸福。
虽然这只是小小的两件事情，但它却使我感到了幸福。还有位名人说过：“想不付出任何代价而得到幸福，那是神话。”只要你时刻都去奉献爱心、帮助别人，幸福会永远在你的身边!
"I really will be drowned?" Looking at the sea in the mountain of reflection, slender wings and soft light and thin, hollow eyes wood but hesitate, seawater twist waste water waves the pale face with a smile a little crumpled, fuzzy hurriedly drove young foot back in the cold.
Actually I am jingwei, jingwei after one thousand two hundred, just as I was ruthless time to grade the misery, destined to try my best to fill and level up the sea with a bang, but will that do? I'm just a bird, a YuChi did not work, without the exercise of the birds!
Knew oneself will perish sooner or later, after all, he is the daughter of emperor yan! No one want me to disappear, no one want to feather fall amount, no human soul devouring dissipate, white feathers in the disorderly winds do exceptionally mottled, meets the bitter sea smell faint spit in the villi, the taste of blood.
I am afraid of the sea, deep blue ghost is my eternal nightmare, shivering body, eyes lost their protection of the purple dream, jump, roll, sea black ice tongue scraping and messy wings, give it up, repeating 1010 a movement, however just startled look back, there is no way back.
Has been in the escape, all about grade terrible, like competition and the sea, with one of the competition, the boring scores, even DuoRu still leaning regardless of grade 3, although growth in the seaside, but must shrink into the volute in the same calendar, hope no end of the past.
"There will be choice?" Heart completely cold, now, "survival or death, don't like it, and must do, suddenly jump, like a moth to the magnificent, calm and steady into the distance...
“我真的会被淹死吗?”定定的看着海山中的倒影，纤细的羽翼柔亮而稀疏，空洞的双目木然而迟疑，海水拧笑着挥霍水浪把苍白的脸一点点揉碎，模糊在冰冷中逼得幼嫩的脚慌忙后退。
其实我就是精卫，一千二百年后的精卫，就像我被无情的时光赶到初三这片苦海上，注定要尽全力轰轰烈烈填平死海，可是能行吗?我只是一只鸟，一只羽翅未干，未经磨炼的鸟儿啊!
早就知道自己迟早会灭亡的，毕竟自己是炎帝之女啊!没有人希望我灰飞烟灭，没有人想要残羽凋零飘飞，没有人欲看灵魂吞噬消散，洁白的羽毛在乱风摧残中格外斑驳，苍苦的海腥味在绒毛中幽幽吐出，如血的味道。
我是惧怕海的，深蓝的幽灵是我永远的梦魇，身体瑟瑟发抖，眼睛失去了保护的梦幻紫色，海轻蔑的跳跃、翻滚，幽黑的冰舌撕扯着凌乱的翅膀，放弃吧，重复着一千一零一次的动作，然而回头才愕然，后面已经没有路了。
一直在逃避，关于初三的一切可怕，像与海的竞争，你追我赶的争夺，枯燥乏味的分数，哪怕踱入初三依旧埋头不顾，虽在海边成长，可却偏偏缩入蜗壳守着不变的日历，盼望没有尽头的过去。
“还有选择吗?”心彻底冰凉，如今，“生存或死亡”，不喜欢，也必须做，倏地一跃而起，宛如飞蛾扑火的壮丽，平静而坚定的投向远方……
Today, I read the fairy tale "jingwei reclamation".
Originally, yan's daughter, called jingwei, she is very big, small effort often followed her father - yan emperor out of the city, hunting, hands and feet are very flexible.
One day, she saw the son of the dragon king - three prince, prince, said: "I am the son of the dragon king, what are you from?" Jingwei said: "I am the daughter of emperor yan, you have what fantastic." Say that finish, she USES the foot kicks, a hard kick a ball clay by three prince's mouth, three prince gas fire emit three zhangs, but there is no way he jingwei, had to depressed to the back of the east China sea.
After a period of time, jingwei water to play. Three prince saw, exulting in the heart, the heart thinks: "I the day of vengeance is finally here. Then he drowned jingwei. After the death of jingwei turned into a bird. From then on, every day she go to xishan fetch some stones, wood, into the east China sea. She didn't want to let people drown to the east China sea.
This is the famous "jingwei reclamation" myth.
今天，我读了《精卫填海》的神话故事。
原来，炎帝的小女儿叫精卫，她从小力气就很大，常常跟着她的父亲—炎帝出城打猎，手脚也很灵活。
有一天，她看见了龙王的儿子—三太子，三太子说：“我是龙王的儿子，你是什么人?”精卫说：“我还是炎帝的女儿呢，你有什么了不起。”说完，她用脚使劲一踢地，把一团泥巴踢到了三太子的嘴里，三太子气的火冒三丈，但他拿精卫没有办法，只好垂头丧气的回东海。
过了一段时间，精卫下水去玩。三太子见了，心里暗喜，心想：“我报仇的日子终于来了”。于是他就把精卫淹死了。精卫死后，变成了一只小鸟。从此，她每天都去西山叼回些石子、木块，丢到东海里。她不想再让去东海的人们被淹死。
这就是著名的《精卫填海》的神话故事。
英语短文阅读简单，适合英语初学者练习阅读能力，下面我为大家带来简单 英语阅读 短文翻译，欢迎大家阅读!简单英语阅读短文篇一： The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since 8 o'clock and had only just finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop. The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweler's. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, Mr Taylor was upstairs. He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed. Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds. 皮卡迪利大街附近的一条著名拱廊街道上，几家高档商店刚刚开始营业。在早晨的这个时候，拱廊街上几乎空无一人。珠宝店主泰勒先生正在欣赏新布置的橱窗。他手下两名店员从早上8点就开始忙碌，这时刚刚布置完毕。钻石项链、戒指漂亮地陈列在黑色丝绒上面。泰勒先生站在橱窗外凝神欣赏了几分钟就回到了店里。 宁静突然被打破，一辆大轿车亮着前灯，响着喇叭，呼啸着冲进了拱廊街，在珠宝店门口停了下来。一人留在驾驶座上，另外两个用黑色长筒丝袜蒙面的人跳下车来。他们用铁棒把商店橱窗的玻璃砸碎。这开始发生时，泰勒先生正在楼上。他与店员动手向窗外投掷家具，椅子，桌子飞落花流水在拱廊街上。一个窃贼被一尊很重的雕像击中，但由于他忙着抢钻石首饰，竟连疼痛都顾不上了。这场抢劫只持续了3分钟，因为窃贼争先恐后地爬上轿车，以惊人的速度开跑了。就在轿车离开的时候，泰勒先生从店里冲了出来，跟在车后追赶，一边还往车上扔烟灰缸、花瓶。但他已无法抓住那些窃贼了。他们已带着价值数千镑的首饰逃之夭夭了。 简单英语阅读短文篇二： Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics. Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic. When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it. The article began: 'Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace.' The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall. The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent the journalist two urgent telegrams, but received no reply. He sent yet another telegram informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written. A week later, the editor at last received a telegram from the journalist. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a cable in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1084 steps leading to the 15-foot wall which surrounded the president's palace. 报刊杂志的编辑常常为了向读者提供成立一些关紧要的事实和统计数字而走向极端。去年，一位记者受一家有名的杂志的委托写一篇关于非洲某个新成立共和国总统府的 文章 。稿子寄来后，编辑看第一句话就拒绝予以发表。文章的开头是这样的："几百级台阶通向环绕总统的高墙。"编辑立即给那位记者发去传真，要求他核实一下台阶的确切数字和围墙的高度。 记者立即出发去核实这些重要的事实，但过了好长时间不见他把数字寄来，在此期间，编辑等得不耐烦了，因为杂志马上要付印。他给记者先后发去两份传真，但对方毫无反应。于是他又发了一份传真，通知那位记者说，若再不迅速答复，将被解雇。但记者还是没有回复。编辑无奈，勉强按原样发稿了。一周之后，编辑终于接到记者的传真。那个可怜的记者不仅被捕了，而且还被送进了监狱。不过，他终于获准发回了一份传真。在传真中他告诉编辑，就在他数通向15英尺高的总统府围墙的1，084级台阶时，被抓了起来。 简单英语阅读短文篇三： These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as' white collar workers' for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls (n.工作服) and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf's wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office as a junior clerk. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him 'Mr. Bloggs', not 'Alf'. 如今，从事体力劳动的人的收入一般要比坐办公室的人高出许多。坐办公室的之所以常常被称作"白领工人"，就是因为他们通常是穿着硬领白衬衫，系着领带去上班。许多人常常情愿放弃较高的薪水以换取做白领工人的殊荣，此乃人之常情。而这常常会引起种种奇怪的现象，在埃尔斯米尔公司当清洁工的艾尔弗雷德.布洛斯就是一个例子。
英语是一种语言工具，学习英语的最终目标就是能利用这种工具与别人自由流畅的交流。我整理了简单的英语短文带翻译，欢迎阅读!
The Advantages of Top University
Nowadays, some students believe that entering a top university is not that necessary, because some of the successful businessmen like the Alibaba’s founder Ma Yun and QQ’s founder Ma Huateng have nothing to do with the top university. Actually, top university have its own advantages. First, you can meet the excellent people there. The friends you make maybe your business partners in the future and the teachers are with higher level, which can pass you the advanced konwledge. Second, though the textbooks for every university are almost the same, but top university teaches students with different methods. It pays attention to cultivate students with critical minds and pratical ability. The thesis is very strict for students, when they pass it, they will cry with happiness, because they are admitted by the professors. When the students graduate from top university, they have made a different.
如今,一些学生认为进入一所顶尖大学学习并不是必要的,因为一些成功的商人像阿里巴巴的创始人马云和QQ的创始人马化腾都与顶尖大学无关。实际上,顶尖大学有自己的优势。首先,你可以在那里遇到优秀的人。你的朋友也许是你将来业务的合作伙伴，而且老师更高的水平,这可以传授你先进的知识。第二,尽管每个大学的教科书几乎相同,但顶尖大学教学生用不同的方法。它注重培养学生批判性思维和实际能力。论文对学生要求很严格,当他们通过了,会幸福地哭起来,因为他们得到了教授的承认。当学生从顶尖大学毕业的时候,他们已经有所作为。
very girl loves fashion, when they see the models walking on the stage, they will be attracted and want to follow their styles. Most girls start to notice the fashion as they become the teenagers, when they are children, they don’t see the difference. But it has been reported that a four years old girl had created the fashion. What the shocking news, the girl is from America and she can design the dress by herself, the paper is the main material. The mother said that the girl loved to see fashion show and then she would make the dress to imitate the style. The mother posted the pictures on the Internet, and soon it caught many people’s attention, people spoke highly of the girls’ design. Her talent was noticed by the famous company, they signed her and let the girl make her own style. What a talented girl.
每个女孩都喜欢时尚,当她们看到模特走在舞台上时,会被吸引,想要追随的她们风格。大多数女孩在青少年时期才开始注意到时尚,当她们还是孩子的时候,不会区别时尚。但是据报道,一个四岁女孩创造了时尚。多么令人震惊的消息,这个女孩来自美国,她可以自己设计衣服,纸是主要的材料。妈妈说女孩喜欢看时装表演,然后她会模仿风格去制作衣服。母亲在互联网上发布了图片,很快就引起了很多人的注意,人们高度评价了女孩的设计。她的才华被著名的公司看中,他们签了她,让这个女孩制作自己的风格。这是一个多么有才华的女孩啊。
The high school life is never easy for me. On one hand, I have to learn so many subjects, for the purpose of entering a good university. On the other hand, I am so afraid of lagging behind other students. I always feel like I am in the competition and sometimes I want to get away from this situation. When I am tired, I try not to think about the study, I will go to the cinema and watch a movie. Losing in the movie can help me forget about the annoyance and laugh out loudly. Sometimes I will ask my friends to go to the restaurant, buffet is my favorite. Eating all kinds of food and we play some fun games is also a good way for me to be happy. When I am back, I will be full of energy and fight for my future.
我的高中生活从来都不容易。一方面,我必须学习很多科目,为了进入一个好的大学。另一方面,我很害怕落后于其他同学。我总是感觉我在竞争,有时我想要摆脱这种情况。当我累了,我试着不去想学习,我将会去看电影,看电影。失去的电影可以帮助我忘记烦恼和大声笑了出来。有时候我会问我的朋友去餐厅,自助餐是我的最爱。吃各种各样的食物,我们玩一些有趣的游戏也是一个好方法让我很高兴。当我回来,我将充满能量和为我的未来而战。
英语小短文及翻译如下：
短文一：
Only when you understand the true meaning of life can you live truly. Bittersweet as life is, it's still wonderful, and it's fascinating even in tragedy. If you're just alive, try harder and try to live wonderfully.
短文一翻译：
只有在你了解了人生的真谛后，才能真正地生活。虽然人生苦忧参半，但依旧美妙，而且即使在悲剧中也藏着迷人之处。如果你只是活着，那就再努力点吧，试着活得精彩。
短文二：
I believe there is a person who brings sunshine into your life. That person may have enough to spread around. But if you really have to wait for someone to bring you the sun and give you a good feeling, then you may have to wait a long time.
短文二翻译：
相信会有一个人把阳光带进你的生活中是可以的。那个人也许会有足够的东西去四处传播。但是,如果你真的要等别人带给你阳光,带给你美好的感受,那你也许要等上很长的时间。
在世界经济全球化及中国加入WTO的形势下,社会需要大量能够用英语在国际上进行科技、经贸、法律和 文化 等方面交流的专业人才。下面是我带来的英语 文章 阅读带翻译，欢迎阅读!英语文章阅读带翻译篇一 In the public interest The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效，已被其他国家采纳。 是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年，瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会，由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”，但瑞典人一般管他叫“J.O.”，即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见，并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出，司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律师作他的助手协助工作，每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言，他的信件是公开的，供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确，司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员，也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。 一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员，抱怨说他受到警察的虐待，原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地警察局长，请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实，警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是，当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时，他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载，司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉的斥责，并被告知，如果再有人投诉他，他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动，迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件，不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。 英语文章阅读带翻译篇二 Instinct or cleverness? We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ? Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods! 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断同昆虫斗争，因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物，传播疾病，吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上，它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里，或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中，不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫，而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解，却不能消除我们的恐惧的心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里，当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时，我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜，或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书，我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的，但去无法消除。同时，不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书，尤其是当我们了解螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时，就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事，它们不知道(但愿如此)我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时，一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时，谁能不感到敬畏呢? 去年夏天，我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪，不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来，而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天，我发现树叶开始枯萎，结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫小虫子。蚜虫遭到一窝蚂蚁的攻击，蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验，这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁，却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上，不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘，蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里，我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠，不知所措。半夜，我还拿着电筒来到花园里，满意地(同时惊奇地)发现那些蚂蚁还围着胶带团团转。无能为力。第二天早上，我起床后希望看见蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试，结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬，然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁的手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策，来对付我那套完全不科学的办法! 英语文章阅读带翻译篇三 From the earth: greatings Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'. A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained. Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe. 天文学方面最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就，因为相对来说，行星很小，而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难，但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说，在我们的太阳系里，对于生命来说，金星的温度太高，而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供理想的条件，而即使在这里，植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。 一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下，一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大，还要亮，还要热20倍，那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离开的它的恒星非常远。反之，如果恒星很小，维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行，而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展，但是，我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢?现在，没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。 使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命。因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘，尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星，我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗，这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星，并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物，而不是那种“小绿人”。行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球上发展的大部分进程中，细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民，我们总存有这样的希望：小绿人来 拜访 我们，而我们可以和他们交流。但是，这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌的那种低等生命，那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自己的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔.戈尔丁指出的“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”
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Six Sigma seeks to identify and remove the causes of defects and errors in manufacturing and business processes.[1] It uses a set of quality management methods, including statistical methods, and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization ("Black Belts" etc.) who are experts in these methods.[1] Each Six Sigma project carried out within an organization follows a defined sequence of steps and has quantified financial targets Historical overview Six Sigma was originally developed as a set of practices designed to improve manufacturing processes and eliminate defects, but its application was subsequently extended to other types of business processes as well.[2] In Six Sigma, a defect is defined as anything that could lead to customer dissatisfaction.[1] The particulars of the methodology were first formulated by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986.[3] Six Sigma was heavily inspired by six preceding decades of quality improvement methodologies such as quality control, TQM, and Zero Defects, based on the work of pioneers such as Shewhart, Deming, Juran, Ishikawa, Taguchi and others. Like its predecessors, Six Sigma asserts that – Continuous efforts to achieve stable and predictable process results (i.e. reduce process variation) are of vital importance to business success. Manufacturing and business processes have characteristics that can be measured, analyzed, improved and controlled. Achieving sustained quality improvement requires commitment from the entire organization, particularly from top-level management. Features that set Six Sigma apart from previous quality improvement initiatives include – A clear focus on achieving measurable and quantifiable financial returns from any Six Sigma project.[1] An increased emphasis on strong and passionate management leadership and support.[1] A special infrastructure of "Champions," "Master Black Belts," "Black Belts," etc. to lead and implement the Six Sigma approach.[1] A clear commitment to making decisions on the basis of verifiable data, rather than assumptions and guesswork.[1] The term "Six Sigma" is derived from a field of statistics known as process capability studies. Originally, it referred to the ability of manufacturing processes to produce a very high proportion of output within specification. Processes that operate with "six sigma quality" over the short term are assumed to produce long-term defect levels below 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO).[4][5] Six Sigma's implicit goal is to improve all processes to that level of quality or better. Six Sigma is a registered service mark and trademark of Motorola, Inc.[6] Motorola has reported over US$17 billion in savings[7] from Six Sigma as of 2006. Other early adopters of Six Sigma who achieved well-publicized success include Honeywell (previously known as AlliedSignal) and General Electric, where the method was introduced by Jack Welch.[8] By the late 1990s, about two-thirds of the Fortune 500 organizations had begun Six Sigma initiatives with the aim of reducing costs and improving quality.[9] In recent years, Six Sigma has sometimes been combined with lean manufacturing to yield a methodology named Lean Six Sigma. [edit] Origin and meaning of the term "six sigma process" Graph of the normal distribution, which underlies the statistical assumptions of the Six Sigma model. The Greek letter σ marks the distance on the horizontal axis between the mean, µ, and the curve's inflection point. The greater this distance is, the greater is the spread of values encountered. For the curve shown in red above, µ = 0 and σ = 1. The other curves illustrate different values of µ and σ.Sigma (the lower-case Greek letter σ) is used to represent the standard deviation (a measure of variation) of a statistical population. The term "six sigma process" comes from the notion that if one has six standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification limit, there will be practically no items that fail to meet specifications.[5] This is based on the calculation method employed in process capability studies. In a capability study, the number of standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification limit is given in sigma units. As process standard deviation goes up, or the mean of the process moves away from the center of the tolerance, fewer standard deviations will fit between the mean and the nearest specification limit, decreasing the sigma number and increasing the likelihood of items outside specification.[5] [edit] Role of the 1.5 sigma shift Experience has shown that in the long term, processes usually do not perform as well as they do in the short.[5] As a result, the number of sigmas that will fit between the process mean and the nearest specification limit is likely to drop over time, compared to an initial short-term study.[5] To account for this real-life increase in process variation over time, an empirically-based 1.5 sigma shift is introduced into the calculation.[10][5] According to this idea, a process that fits six sigmas between the process mean and the nearest specification limit in a short-term study will in the long term only fit 4.5 sigmas – either because the process mean will move over time, or because the long-term standard deviation of the process will be greater than that observed in the short term, or both.[5] Hence the widely accepted definition of a six sigma process is one that produces 3.4 defective parts per million opportunities (DPMO). This is based on the fact that a process that is normally distributed will have 3.4 parts per million beyond a point that is 4.5 standard deviations above or below the mean (one-sided capability study).[5] So the 3.4 DPMO of a "Six Sigma" process in fact corresponds to 4.5 sigmas, namely 6 sigmas minus the 1.5 sigma shift introduced to account for long-term variation.[5] This is designed to prevent underestimation of the defect levels likely to be encountered in real-life operation.[5] [edit] Sigma levels See also: Three sigma rule Taking the 1.5 sigma shift into account, short-term sigma levels correspond to the following long-term DPMO values (one-sided): One Sigma = 690,000 DPMO = 68.26% efficiency Two Sigma = 308,000 DPMO = 95.24% efficiency Three Sigma = 66,800 DPMO = 99.73% efficiency Six Sigma = 3.4 DPMO = 99.9997% efficiency [edit] Methods Six Sigma has two key methods: DMAIC and DMADV, both inspired by Deming's Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle.[9] DMAIC is used to improve an existing business process; DMADV is used to create new product or process designs.[9] [edit] DMAIC The basic method consists of the following five steps: Define high-level project goals and the current process. Measure key aspects of the current process and collect relevant data. Analyze the data to verify cause-and-effect relationships. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to ensure that all factors have been considered. Improve or optimize the process based upon data analysis using techniques like Design of experiments. Control to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before they result in defects. Set up pilot runs to establish process capability, move on to production, set up control mechanisms and continuously monitor the process. [edit] DMADV The basic method consists of the following five steps: Define design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that are Critical To Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. Analyze to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. Design details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification. This phase may require simulations. Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owners. DMADV is also known as DFSS, an abbreviation of "Design For Six Sigma".[9] [edit] Implementation roles One of the key innovations of Six Sigma is the professionalizing of quality management functions. Prior to Six Sigma, quality management in practice was largely relegated to the production floor and to statisticians in a separate quality department. Six Sigma borrows martial arts ranking terminology to define a hierarchy (and career path) that cuts across all business functions and a promotion path straight into the executive suite. Six Sigma identifies several key roles for its successful implementation.[11] Executive Leadership includes the CEO and other members of top management. They are responsible for setting up a vision for Six Sigma implementation. They also empower the other role holders with the freedom and resources to explore new ideas for breakthrough improvements. Champions are responsible for Six Sigma implementation across the organization in an integrated manner. The Executive Leadership draws them from upper management. Champions also act as mentors to Black Belts. Master Black Belts, identified by champions, act as in-house coaches on Six Sigma. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. They assist champions and guide Black Belts and Green Belts. Apart from statistical tasks, their time is spent on ensuring consistent application of Six Sigma across various functions and departments. Black Belts operate under Master Black Belts to apply Six Sigma methodology to specific projects. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. They primarily focus on Six Sigma project execution, whereas Champions and Master Black Belts focus on identifying projects/functions for Six Sigma.
1.引言景观设计是环境设计的组成部分，大到绵延几十公里的风景区规划，小到十几平方米的庭院设计，都属于景观设计的范畴。本文的景观设计定位于城市景观设计的层次上，选择城市景观设计作为切入点，从中研究分析一般的设计要素和方法，是比较适宜的。近年来，我们生活的城市发生了很大的变化，大批的广场绿地、商业步行街、主题公园、街头小品出现在我们的视觉以内，影响着我们的感观和行为方式。而新建的住宅小区都以景观优美的园林作为卖点，影响着人们的思维和购买心理。景观设计已经不知不觉中走到了我们的周围，走近了我们的身边，并对我们施展着潜移默化的作用。你可以不到美术馆去欣赏艺术品，但你不得不在城市环境中行走，不得不在居住小区的环境中活动，它的景观视觉美感、造型形态、色彩、材质、以及在阳光下灯光下呈现出来的效果，时时会刺激你的目光，影响你的行为和心理的变化。一个有良好景观的城市环境、居住环境，为人们提供了物质功能和精神功能双重价值。“诗意的栖居”始终是人们内心的向往，而景观设计正式通过提高生活品质，提升生活品位，以人为主体，以空间环境为客体，构架着现实通向理想的桥梁。2.景观的概念景观（Landscape），什么是景观，无论是在西方还是在东方，都是一个美丽而难以说清的概念。哪怕是同一景象，不同的人都有不同的理解。景观是人类的栖息地，景观是人类的工艺品，景观是需要科学分析方法能被理解的物质系统，景观是有待解决的问题，景观是可以带来财富的资源，景观是反映社会伦理、道德和价值观念的意识形态，景观是历史，景观是美。我们可以从景观与人的物我关系与景观的艺术性、科学性、场所性及符号性入手，来认识景观。2.1 景观的视觉美的含义：外在人眼中的景象景观作为城市景象景观的设计与创造，实际上也就是创造城市、造建筑的城市。景观作为视觉审美对象的含义，经历了一些微妙的变化。第一个变化来源于文艺复兴时期对乡村土地的贪欲，即景观作为城市的延伸；其二则来源于工业革命中后期对城市的恐惧和憎恶，即景观作为对工业城市的对抗。景观作为城市的延伸和附属 人们最早注意到的景观是城市本身，“景观的视野随后从城市扩展到了乡村，是乡村也成为景观”。文艺复兴之前的欧洲封建领主制度将人束缚在君权之下，人被束缚在土地之中，大自然充满神秘和恐怖，且又为人类生活之母，对土地的眷恋和依赖，使得人如母亲襁褓之中的婴儿。城市资本主义的兴起使人从土地中解放出来，土地的价值从生活和生存所必须的使用价值，转变成为可以交换的商品和资源，人与土地第一次分离而成为城里人。新兴的城市贵族通过强大的资本勾画其理想的城市，同时不断的向乡村扩展，将其作为城市的附属。1420年前后发明的ts原理，使理想城市的模式成为一个完全几何、数学的围有围墙的图案。在几何中心是一个大的开放空间，被行政建筑所包围：国王的宫殿，法院的大楼，主教堂，监狱，财务大楼和军事中心。这样的理想城市是为行政办公及法律公正而设立的，是为了城市生活而设计的，是纯粹理想化的。理想城市模式与文艺复兴时期的绘画一样，遵循了严格的比例关系和美学原则。而景观作为城市的延伸，也被同样的审美标准来设计和建造，因此有了凡尔塞为代表的巴洛克造园。景观作为城市的逃避 景观作为视觉美的含义的第二个转变，源于工业化带来的城市环境的恶化。工业化本身是文艺复兴的成果，但是至少从19世纪下半叶开始，在欧洲和美国各大城市，城市环境极度恶化。城市作为文明和高雅的形象被彻底破坏。相反成为了丑陋和恐怖的场所，而自然原野和田园成为了逃避的场所。因此。作为审美对象的景观也从欣赏和赞美城市，转向爱恋和保护田园。因此才有以Olmsted为代表的景观设计师的出现和景观设计学的诞生。一般来说，这个诞生的时间被确认为是1863年5月；因此才有以倡导田园风光为主调的美国城市公园运动，和以保护自然原始美景为主导的美国国家公园体系；因此也才有霍华德那深得人心的田园城市和随后的田园郊区运动。2.2 景观的栖息地含义：内在人的生活体验景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印 每一景观都是人类居住的家，或者说是潜在的家。中国古代山水画把可居性作为画境和意境的最高标准。所谓的“山水有可行者，有可望者，有可居者，有可游者……但可行可望不如可居可游之为得”（郭熙、郭思《林泉高致》）。无论是作画还是赏画，实质上都是一种卜居的过程。也就是场所概念（place）的深层含义。这便又回到哲学家海得歌尔的栖居概念。栖居的过程实际上与自然的力量与过程相互作用，以便取得和谐的过程，大地上的景观是人类为了生存和生活而对自然的适应、改造和创造的结果。同时，栖居的过程也是建立在人与人和谐相处的过程。因此，作为栖息地的景观，是人与人，人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。景观是内在人的生活体验 景观作为人在其中生活的地方，把具体的人和具体的场所联系在一起。景观是由场所构成的，而场所的结构又是通过景观来表达的。与时间和空间的概念一样，场所是无处不在的，人离不开场所，场所是人于地球和宇宙中的立足之处，场所使无变为有，使抽象变具体，是人在冥冥之中有了一个认识和把握外界空间和认识及定位自己的出发点和终点。2.3 景观作为系统的含义：科学、客观的解读在一个景观系统中，至少存在着五个层次以上的生态关系：第一是景观与外部系统的关系，如哈尼族村寨的核心生态流是水。哀劳山中，山有多高，水有多深，高海拔将南太平洋的暖湿气流截而为雨，在被灌溉，饮用和洗涤利用之后，流到干热的红河谷地，而后蒸腾、蒸发回大气，经降雨又回到本景观之中，从而有了经久不衰的元阳梯田和山上茂密的丛林，这是全球及区域生态系统科学研究的对象。根据Lovelock的盖娅理论，大地本来是一个生命体：地表、空气、海洋和地下水等通过各种生物的物理的和化学的过程，维持着一个生命的地球。第二是景观内部各个元素之间的生态关系，即水平生态过程。来自大气的雨、雾，经过村寨上丛林的截流、涵养，成为终年不断的涓涓细流，最先被引入寨中人所共饮的蓄水池；再流经家家户户门前的洗涤池，汇入寨中和寨边的池塘，那里是耕牛沐浴和养鱼的场所，最后富含养分的水流，被引入寨子下方的层层梯田，灌溉着他们的主要作物——水稻。这种水平生态过程，包括水流、物种流、营养流与景观空间格局的关系，正是景观生态学的主要研究对象。第三种生态关系，是景观元素内部的结构与功能的关系，如丛林作为一个森林生态系统，水塘作为一个水域生态系统，梯田本身作为一个农田系统，其内部结构与物质和能量流的关系，这是一种在系统边界明确情况下的垂直生态关系，其结构是食物链和营养阶，功能是物质循环和能量流动，这是生态系统生态学的研究对象。第四种生态关系则存在于生命和环境之间，包括植物与植物个体之间与群体之间的竞争、共生关系，是生物对环境的适应，及个体与群体的进化和演替过程，这便是植物生态、动物生态、个体生态、种群生态所研究的对象。第五种生态关系则存在于人类与其环境之间的物质、营养及能量的关系，这是人类生态学所要讨论的。当然，人类本身的复杂性，包括其社会、文化、政治性以及心理因素都使得人与人、人与自然的关系变得十分复杂。已远非人类生态本身所能解决，因此又必须借助社会学、文化生态、心理学、行为学等学科对景观进行研究。城市景观作为一个生态系统，几乎包含了所有上诉生态过程，而成为城市生态学的研究对象。2.4 景观作为符号的含义：人类理想和历史的书人类是符号动物，景观是一个符号传播的媒体，是有含义的，它记载着一个地方的历史，包括自然和社会历史；讲述着动人的故事，包括美丽的或者是凄惨的故事；讲述着土地的归属，也讲述着人与土地，人与人，以及人与社会的关系，因此行万里路，如读万卷书。这本书是由符号和语言写成的，“景观具有语言的所有特征，它包含着话语中的单词和构成——形状图案、结构、材料、形态和功能。所有景观都是由这些组成的。如同单词的含义一样，景观组成的含义是潜在的，只存在于上下文中才能显示。景观语言也有方言，它可以是实用的，也可以是诗意的。海得歌尔把语言比喻成人们栖居的房子。景观语言是人类最早的语言，是人类文字及数字语言的源泉。“河出图，洛出书”固然是一个神话传说，但它却生动的说明了中国文字与数字起源于对自然景观中自然物及现象的观察和启示的过程。同文字语言一样，景观语言可以用来说，读和书写，为了生存和生活——吃、住、行、求偶和生殖，人类发明了景观语言，如同文字语言一样，景观语言是社会的产物。景观语言是为了交流信息和情感的，同时也是为了庇护和隔离的，景观语言所表达的含义只能部分地为外来者所读懂，而有很大部分只能为自己族群的人所共享，从而在交流中维护了族群内部的认同，而有效的抵御外来者的攻击。景观中的基本名词是石头、水、植物、动物和人工构筑物，他们的形态、颜色、线条和质地是形容词和状语。这些元素在空间上的不同组合，便构成了句子、文章和充满意味的书。一本关于自然的书，关于这个地方的书，以及关于景观中人的书。当然，要读懂，读者就必须要有相应的知识和文化。不同的社会文化背景的人，如同上下文关系中的景观语言一样，是有多重含义的，这都是因为人是符号的动物；而景观符号，是人类文化和理想的载体。3.景观设计的概念景观设计是指通过对环境的设计使人与自然相互协调，和谐共存。她是大工业时代的产物、科学与艺术的结晶，融合了工程和艺术、自然与人文科学的精髓，创造一个高品质的生活居住环境，帮助人们塑造一种新的生活意识，更是社会发展的趋势。3.1 景观设计所涵盖的领域景观设计具有广泛的领域，大到国土与区域规划设计，小到庭院，甚至室内的绿色空间设计；从纯自然的生态保护和恢复，到城市中心地段的空间设计，都是景观设计多涵盖的领域。以下就初步的谈一下景观设计所涵盖的领域：3.1.1城镇规划景观设计师很早就开始担当城市物质空间的规划角色，城镇规划是城市空间的中心规划。城镇规划是针对城市与乡镇的规划与设计。规划者运用区域规划技术与法规、常规规划、概念规划、土地使用研究和其他方法来确定城市地域内的布局与组织。城镇规划也涉及到“城市设计”内容，如广场、街道景观等开放空间与公共空间的发展。3.1.2场地和社区规划环境设计是景观设计专业的核心问题。涉及到居住区、商业、工业、各机构的室内空间以及公共空间等室外空间的细部设计。它把场地作为艺术研究的对象来看待，综合平衡室内与室外的软、硬表面，建筑物与植物的材料选择以及灌溉、栽培等基础设施建设和详细的构筑物的规划说明与准备等。场地规划以某一地块内的建筑和自然元素的协调与安排为基础，场地规划项目涉及单幢建筑的土地设计、办公区公园设计、购物中心或整个居住社区的地块设计等。从更大的职业范围讲，基地设计还包括基地内自然元素与人工元素的秩序性、效率性、审美性以及生态等敏感性的组织与整合。其中，基地的自然环境包括地形、植物、水系、野生动物和气候。敏感性的设计有利于减少环境压力与消耗，从而提高基地的价值。(接下面！)
Translation studies As we all know, translation means communication. It is important to our daily life. When we want to communicate with others, At first, We must translateone language into another. But, translation is a complex process. Because thereare many additional factors involved. If we wan t t o get a prefect result, we must master many skills. This paper talked about something about translation.I think if we pay more attention to the following details, we will do better in translation. While opening up new perspectives, the genegel approach as practiced in North American transition workshops might best be characterized by a theoretion and subjection that tend to reinforce whatever theoretical values individual translators hold .much that has been written on the subject of translation yields very little when sifed for theoretical substance because it has always been written as if spoken in the wortkshop . the personal anecdotes and pieces of advice may provide some help ,but certainly not the coherent and consistent theory required for translation. The problem is not just a contemporary phenomenon in North America ,but one that has troubled translation theory historically . people practiced translation ,but they were never quite sure what they were practicing. During the sixties in the United States ,the translation workshop perpetuated the same practice .Clearly, a more systematic approach to translation was needed ,and the discipline that appeared to have the theoretical and linguistic tools necessary to address the problem was linguistics .