电影字幕翻译漫谈 随着宽带在中国的普及，mpeg4技术的广泛应用，很多由DVD压缩的DVDRIP影片以惊人的速度在互联网间传播。事实上，在中国，大部分人都不具备直接欣赏外语影片的能力，而很多DVDRIP影片却恰恰是原声发音、外语字幕。电影字幕的翻译作为DVDRIP影片的一个关键部分，正逐渐得到人们的关注。这其中包括正版或盗版DVD碟片上rip下来的vobsub字幕，以及由网友自发翻译的srt格式字幕。 中文字幕翻译的特点 中文字幕和中文配音在翻译要求上是不一样的。比如我们所熟知的上译厂，配音要求讲究口型一致，句子符合中国的口语规范，其优势是方便观众看电影，直接就能听懂，而不用费力看字幕。其缺点也显而易见：由于口型上的要求，不得不对句子进行缩减或扩充；由于外国历史文化的差异，很多双关、幽默的意思难以表达，不得不舍弃这些句子的翻译。 以《魔羯星一号》中英双语版为例，可以明显看出中文配音和中文字幕的差异。其中有一段剧情是母亲给孩子说英语绕口令，如果配音直接翻译的话，很难做到押韵，于是改为讲故事。另一段剧情是一个宇航员边爬山边讲笑话，这个笑话是有寓意的，直接翻译成配音的话，很多观众会感觉莫名其妙，于是配音版改为宇航员边爬山边呼救。该片配音版中很多幽默的成分都改掉了，这样就损失了很多欣赏电影的乐趣。 电影字幕就较好处理这些问题。首先，没有口型限制，字幕可以按原文直接翻译，而幽默和一语双关的意思可以使用注释来解决。当然，最好的方法还是学好外语，直接观看外语字幕的影片。而在个人条件不允许的情况下，字幕翻译还是最大限度表达英文意思的最佳方法。 没有硝烟的战场 经常看DVDRIP影片的网友都知道，公开的中文字幕库有几大网站。射手网稳坐字幕网站的头把交椅，其特点是：允许自由上传，字幕多而杂。正因为字幕多，同一影片有好几个版本的字幕，造成网友下载时无所适从，网站设有的评分系统基本上形同虚设，因为大部分网友为下载字幕而来，而等到看完影片，早就把给字幕打分的事忘到九霄云外了。射手网设有TLF、汉风、新视界、牛过四大字幕网站的友情搜索链接，射手网上没有的字幕，可以在这些字幕网站上继续搜索。这四大字幕网站均是以论坛为依托的，各自有较强翻译能力字幕小组。除以上提到的四个论坛，更有伊甸园、行星等影视论坛的字幕组，虽没有独立的字幕网站，但也具备很强的字幕翻译能力，实力不容小视。 同行是冤家，这话一点不假，在字幕界尤为显著。字幕界有一条不成文的规定，就是：每个字幕组成员不允许加入其他字幕组，或者以其他字幕组的名义发布自己的翻译作品。曾有个别成员以身试法，均被开除组籍。每个字幕组在各自论坛都有专门的活动版块，这些版块是仅有小组成员才能进入的，这已经是半公开的秘密。每逢热门大片上市，这些秘密基地里顿觉杀气腾腾。各字幕组紧锣密鼓，召开工作会议，分配任务，争取在第一时间发布字幕。领到任务的小组成员常常会为此通宵达旦，连续工作十多个小时。而几天后，各论坛出品字幕质量的比较，又成为各字幕小组讨论的热点。更有好事之人，通过随机挑选句子进行比较的方式，评价各论坛出品字幕的优劣。所以，热门大片的翻译无异于一场激烈的战斗，而连年战争的结果，使得几大字幕小组和所在的论坛人气飙升，翻译人员欢欣鼓舞，最终形成N赢的局面。 几块善意的砖头 不客气地说，现在中文字幕的翻译状况相当混乱，由于没有一个类似rip字幕的统一标准加以规范，加上不少翻译人员带着急功近利的心理，把翻译字幕当作得到积分的手段来应付差使，造成字幕质量参差不齐。单兵作战，除了个别翻译质量很高外，非字幕组的散兵游勇普遍缺乏翻译经验，字幕存在不少问题。而有些字幕组只求数量，根本不论质量，只要翻完就皆大欢喜，而没有一个较完备的质量监管机制来进行约束。不用仔细核对，仅一遍影片看下来，平均每部影片的明显错误（比如错别字、格式错）都在10个以上。近期汉风HTS的字幕出得不多，仅从看到的几个来说（其中有些还是很早以前翻译的字幕），错误还能控制在一定范围内。概括起来，个人认为，字幕界存在以下四大弊病（发现标题起得居然很押韵，嘿嘿）： 1、一人包揽翻译校对 初期的牛过论坛字幕组（即汉风HTS字幕组的前身）曾一度辉煌，并定下专门的翻译、校对制度，在字幕头尾标明翻译、校对人员，并规定翻译、校对不能是同一个人。其他论坛的字幕组也纷纷采用这种形式，但遗憾的是，只学到了形式，却没有实质，大部分字幕组出品的字幕，翻译、校对都是一个人。 我如果说，一人既翻译又校对，一定比翻译、校对分别由两人作的字幕质量差，这话肯定是不负责任的。有些个人独立翻译校对的字幕甚至比两人翻译校对的字幕质量上高很多。但大家想一想，有多少人翻译完字幕后会真的自己进行校对？校对自己的字幕，又能找到多少错误？以我以往翻译的经验来说，仅翻译过程就反反复复看了N遍的电影，已经是心力交瘁，翻译完成后很难会有心情再看一遍寻找错误。而且自己翻译中的错误，自己也很难找得到。这就是为什么要提倡字幕组成员互相校对。 就是我提到的翻译、校对机制，本身也是形式，如果此文一出，很多论坛的字幕组纷纷改为多人校对，而质量上没有提高，那岂不还是形式主义？真要想保住字幕质量，非要有较具体的标准不可，把每个字幕组出品的字幕错误限制在几个以内，超过了会有一个惩罚措施。 2、人力资源严重浪费 由于各论坛自行其事，没有一个统一的安排规划，造成原本不充裕的翻译人员，都集中在热门商业片的翻译上。《指环王》系列、《黑客帝国》系列都有4个以上的字幕组同时在作，很多已经有中文字幕的影片，新出了另一个RIP版本，翻译人员未经查找，又重新翻译。有些字幕组曾结成过翻译联盟，统一组织安排工作，避免重复翻译，但因任务分配、翻译能力等方面的原因，最终只得恢复各自为政的状态。 我有一个梦想，所有的中文字幕组织联合起来，建立专门的字幕翻译分配网站，对热门大片采取各字幕组轮流翻译的方法，其他影片的翻译，由个人自行申请。另外再制定统一的字幕翻译校对规则，对字幕翻译细节进行规定，确保字幕质量。当然，这只是我的梦想，真正实施起来，涉及到网站管理、任务分配、联系沟通，尤其是涉及到各字幕组自身利益，难度相当大。想要逐步实现的话，各字幕组负责人之间的交流和沟通是首要任务。 3、长片老片翻译嫌累 现在的字幕翻译普遍采取个人申请制，大家根据兴趣爱好，自行选择影片翻译。在没有特别感兴趣的情况下，通常浪漫爱情片、动作枪战片等因句子少，情节吸引人，翻译难度小而很受欢迎。而1500句以上的长片和黑白老片、记录片、文艺片因对话多，情节枯燥，翻译难度大而少人问津。当然，这些情况并非绝对，我记得我就曾经投机翻过一个200多句的老片。总的说来，这其实是个人兴趣与字幕需求的矛盾。字幕组的成立就建立在兴趣爱好的基础上，只要愿意，重复翻译又有何不可？强扭的瓜不甜，硬要别人翻译不喜欢的影片有违“兴趣爱好”这一理念。在不考虑兴趣的前提下，可以通过论坛奖励制度的适当倾斜来对翻译冷门片的网友进行额外奖励，以解决长片、老片无人翻译的问题。 4、新丁不来老人隐退 人的兴趣爱好是会发生变化的，字幕组成立到一定时间，很多老成员在经过十几部影片的翻译校对后，会逐渐丧失当初的翻译热情，参与翻译的人逐渐减少，不少处于半隐退状态。现在汉风论坛的积分制＋流量制，解决了部分翻译懈怠问题，但终究不是长久之策。我心目中比较好的字幕组模式，应该是类似于“青年志愿者”到边疆教书，几年后，老成员陆续退出，而新成员不断加入，当然，有愿意长期服务的，更是欢迎。在字幕翻译上，对人才的需求从来都是只多不少。可惜的是宣传力度仍然不够，仅在论坛内部招收新成员，难以维持新鲜血液的不断输入。希望能对外在各高校BBS和专业英语论坛广泛招收此类成员，毕竟，这种耗人精力的工作不是每个人都能长期坚持的。本文专为招收汉风字幕组新成员而作，请在转载的同时，请勿删除末尾的广告文章。 一、制作字幕需要的各项要求 认真－－我把这一点放在首要位置，英语水平差、中文表达能力不行，这都是可以原谅的，唯独粗心大意犯的低级错误不可谅解。有人提议说要提高进字幕组的门槛，谬矣，现在人手是大大的不够，不能再提高了。大部分的字幕质量低下并非是英语差造成的，而是没有一个认真的态度。私以为，一个字幕的优劣，认真态度占40％，翻译经验占20％，英语程度占19％，中文表达占21％。其中翻译经验包含了中英文表达以及工具软件和网络搜索在翻译中的应用，这些经验方面的知识，新手刚开始翻译不会注意，时间一长，慢慢就有体会了。 英语－－通常各大论坛字幕组对外招人，要求英语程度为六级，这的确吓倒了很多准备尝试字幕翻译的新人。我在这里要更正一下说法，希望能为这些被高门槛吓跑的网友鼓鼓劲。一般来说，电影中的句子比大学英语课本要简单好多。我认为只要是上过大学的学生，不管过没过四、六级考试，借助“金山词霸”等翻译软件，在英语方面都可以达到普通字幕翻译的要求。当然，英语程度是越高越好，尤其是在国外留学、居住的网友更佳，因为有些时候，影片出现一些复杂句式、俚语还有涉及外国历史文化方面的知识，这些不是字典和翻译软件能查到的，这时就体现出英语程度的优势了。 中文－－奇怪的是，明明英译中涉及两种语言，很多字幕组却往往不对中文程度作任何要求。大概是因为我们都是中国人，学了10多年的中文，表达方面应该没有问题。其实不然，英译中对中文表达的要求应该更多些。有些在国外多年的留学生，英语方面很厉害，很多查不到的俚语都不在话下，可翻译出来的字幕却一塌糊涂。大概是适应了英语的表达方式，转回头用中文表达，却好像“英式中文”，不知道他回国后说话会不会也是这样。
大陆版还是台湾版？
写电影字幕翻译的可以吗
这个题目挺好的~~挺有研究价值的。应该多举些例子，比如说一些经典电影的字幕什么的。老友记也是比较经典的，祝你成功哦~~
这个题目挺好的~~挺有研究价值的。应该多举些例子，比如说一些经典电影的字幕什么的。老友记也是比较经典的，祝你成功哦~~
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英文的么？我觉得你的选题虽然新颖，但也因为新颖所以有难度。首先第一部分introduction 你可以写一下你为什么想写这方面的论文 研究这个的现实意义 目前国内外关于字幕翻译的研究...第二部分 literature review（文献综述） 这部分你主要写一写翻译理论就可以了第三部分 我觉得你选一些电影的字幕翻译 从某个角度分类 然后逐个分析第四部分 从分析中得到的结论 第五部分 你的结论对学术、社会研究。。。之类的有什么帮助 存在的问题 未来的研究可以借鉴的 等等就你的专业而言，看一些翻译理论的书来充实自己，起码动笔前有思路。更重要的是看学长们写的优秀论文，尤其要找你想写的方面的看。 这一步对你未来的写作才是至关重要的。希望我的回答有帮到你。
问题一：开题报告 如何用英语翻译？ 开题报告. 英语： 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二："开题报告"这个词，英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三：开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四：开题报告，英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五：毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话，就找安太译欣，直接翻译 问题六：论文开题报告用英语怎么表达，opening rep 你好！ 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七：开题报告用英语怎么说？ Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八：英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九：英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义） Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十：开题报告 如何用英语翻译？ 开题报告. 英语： 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.
Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
论文开题报告主要是你的论文将要写什么以及为什么要写和如何写的问题。这里有几个方面：第一，你要写什么这个重点要进行已有文献综述，把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下（先客观介绍情况，要如实陈述别人的观点），然后进行评述（后主观议论，加以评估，说已有研究有什么不足），说现在有了这些研究，但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括你选题将要探讨的问题。由于目前研究不足，所以你要研究。所以，你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的，而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述，很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。第二，为什么要写这个这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上，你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白，所以你去做，就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义，可能在实际中派什么用场等等。第三，如何写在开题报告里你还应当说清楚你选了这个题目之后如何去解决这个问题。就是有了问题，你准备怎么去找答案。要说一下你大致的思路，同时，重点阐述你要用什么方法去研究。如文献分析法、访谈法、问卷法、定量研究、实验研究、理论分析、模型检验等等。在上述三个方面中间，文献综述是重点。没有文献综述，你就无法找到自己的题目，也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了，所以你要认真进行综述。当然，综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题，所以不能忘记评述哟。
论英语影片字幕的翻译 近些年来，随着人们的知识水平的不断提高，人们对大量入境影片的欣赏水平也日益增高。大量国外影片的引进，市场对外语片字幕翻译的需求不断增长。但是当前英语影片字幕翻译的标准很不统一，这无疑会影响影片的质量，本文旨在针对一些常见的问题，就如何翻译英文字幕进行探讨。 一、保持原片风格 英文电影字幕翻译应达到的境界应该是尽可能地保持原片的风格，从而让国内观众领略到英文原片的文化内涵和艺术底蕴。近些年来，国人学习英语的热情日益高涨，国人的英文水平也普遍提高，所以在影片的中文字幕当中保持原汁原味就显得至关重要。如何达到保持原片风格的这种要求呢?1． 准确理解原文，正确传达语意。中文字幕翻译者必须具备较高的英语水平，做到准确理解英文原文。译者若遇到翻译不通或不确定的地方应仔细查阅工具书，不应望文生义，否则会影响原文的真正含义。例如，sweet meat是英文中很常见的一个表达方式，意义为“密饯”，但在某部影片当中却有人翻译成了“甜肉”。英文中还有一些相似表达方式，诸如红肉“red meat”，译为牛羊肉;白肉“white meat”译为鸡肉。在电影《公主日记2》中，主人公在讨论昆虫时提到的英国著名生物学家“大卫.艾登堡”竟被翻译成“福尔摩斯”。影片《钢木兰》有这样一幕:谢尔比对妈妈不满，她认为妈妈为自己的婚礼请了九个女傧相过于虚荣，就引用了爸爸引用过的一位诗人的话来讽刺她:An ounce of pretension is worth a pound ofmanure．然而译者却将其译成“一份自命不凡能够换得一份收获”，不仅原来的讽刺意味完全消失，而且含义也与原文相距甚远。它的原文意思是“一盎司虚荣能换得一磅大粪”，虽然粗俗，却把诗人痛恨虚荣的心情表达得非常到位，直接翻译更能体现原作的本意。2． 学习原语所在的文化，做出恰当的翻译。翻译人员还会经常遇到涉及文化背景的词语，如果处理不当，就有可能让观众感到不知其所云。某部影片曾出现了这样的字幕:“他犯了第七诫”这样涉及西方文化背景的语句，中国观众恐怕很难读懂其中的涵义，因为大多数人可能不了解西方基督教《圣经》里“摩西十诫”中的第七诫为杀人，所以对白“He corne in Wted }e sevens corn in endam ent'，可以翻译戍‘他犯了杀人罪”，这样的字幕翻译便一目了然了。类似这样的情况有很多，有些译者将“pulling my leg”翻译成了“拖我的后腿”（应翻译成‘同我开玩笑’)，还有，影片《木乃伊归来》中有句台词:"He wentoutwest",看似简单，如果把这句译为“他去了美国的大西部”，好象很准确，但如果看了影片之后，我们就会意识到片中被提及的人物已经死了，很显然自相矛盾，但如果我们了解了这种表达方式正是英文中“某人去世”的委婉语之一的话，问题自然迎刃而解。可见，影片对白可能会出现大量涉及原语所在的历史背景的内容，若不掌握这方面的知识就无法正确、合理地翻译。3.了解专有名词，符合统一翻译。译名翻译要统一，按照惯例，人名、地名都是需要翻译的，WTO,CIA,FBI大家都知道的缩写，可以翻译或是直接引用。译名要按照约定俗成的标准，比如美国总统Kennedy,翻译成“肯尼迪”，人家一看就知道是总统的名字，你非要翻成“克妮帝”，别人就不明自了。这些名称的译法可以参照辞典的标准，词典上没有的，可以用Google、百度等搜索引擎查找，通常网络上会有相关译名。实在找不到的，可以自己按照音标翻译，但要注意男女性别差异。所以，电影和电视剧的多人翻译，需要一个完善的翻译校对机制来进行规范。 一、译文应以简明易读为基础 电影是一种声画艺术，观看一部带有字幕的外国影片对于目的观众意味着进行一场剧烈的脑力活动，因为他们在解读密集的画面信急的同时还要分散注意去阅读银幕上面的文字。为使字幕达到简洁易读之目的，下面以影片《断背山》为例，依抓目前市面上出现的各种版本的字幕翻译，探讨影片翻译中译者应注意的几点因素: 1.避免译文出现“英语式的汉语”。由于中西方表达习惯的差异，翻译时应尽量使译文符合口常汉语的说话习惯。如埃尼斯的妻子让他给小阿尔玛擦鼻子，埃尼斯回答到“If I hadthree hands, I could.”译文：要是我有三只手，我就可以。显然这种翻译虽能达意，但书面味太浓。不如翻译成“我简自腾不开手。”再比如埃尼斯害怕妻子说出杰克和他的关系，因而举起拳头威胁道：“You do it and I will make you eat fucking floor。”译文：你敢喊，我就让你啃地板。此种翻译让人觉得埃尼斯是在讲笑话，降低了威胁，警示的语气。如果改成:你敢喊，我就把你打翻在地。这样的译文读起来既简单明了又符合汉语的表达习惯。2.译文应避免“啰嗦”。字幕翻译不同于一般的书面翻译。它是通过画面，剧情和声音等多重信息渠道的共同配合来传情达意。有时翻译得太“全”反而使字幕的作用喧宾夺主。比如杰克说自己的妻子：“Lureen's good at making hard deals in the machinelry business.’，根据剧情翻译成：”萝琳很会谈生意。但如果翻译成:’’萝琳十分擅长做农业机械方面的生意，而且任何难题都难不了她。”则使译文变得冗长拖沓。3.译文应降低“文化干扰”。字幕翻译应该削减文化隔阂对观众产生的理解障碍。例如影片中阿尔玛对丈夫埃尼斯所说到`...it come general delivery.’中的"general delivery"不能按字面理解为：普通邮寄。因为general delivery是以前美国邮局在不清楚收件人地址的情况下邮寄信件的一种方法，只要信件上写明收件人大概住在哪一带，便可将信件邮出。为了降低文化干扰可以把整句翻译为:不确定住址邮寄过来的。 三、结语 字幕给国内观众欣赏外语影片搭建了桥梁，字幕必须简明易读，这就需要对原文进行提炼和再加工，只有这样才能体现原作所蕴涵的艺术效果，使观众更好地融入剧情，享受电影的乐趣。参考文献[1]孙建宗.世界优秀电影赏析[M].北京：中国广播电视出版社.1997.[2]王宁.文化研究语境下的翻译研究[J].外语与翻译，1998，（2）：27-28
电影字幕翻译漫谈 随着宽带在中国的普及，mpeg4技术的广泛应用，很多由DVD压缩的DVDRIP影片以惊人的速度在互联网间传播。事实上，在中国，大部分人都不具备直接欣赏外语影片的能力，而很多DVDRIP影片却恰恰是原声发音、外语字幕。电影字幕的翻译作为DVDRIP影片的一个关键部分，正逐渐得到人们的关注。这其中包括正版或盗版DVD碟片上rip下来的vobsub字幕，以及由网友自发翻译的srt格式字幕。 中文字幕翻译的特点 中文字幕和中文配音在翻译要求上是不一样的。比如我们所熟知的上译厂，配音要求讲究口型一致，句子符合中国的口语规范，其优势是方便观众看电影，直接就能听懂，而不用费力看字幕。其缺点也显而易见：由于口型上的要求，不得不对句子进行缩减或扩充；由于外国历史文化的差异，很多双关、幽默的意思难以表达，不得不舍弃这些句子的翻译。 以《魔羯星一号》中英双语版为例，可以明显看出中文配音和中文字幕的差异。其中有一段剧情是母亲给孩子说英语绕口令，如果配音直接翻译的话，很难做到押韵，于是改为讲故事。另一段剧情是一个宇航员边爬山边讲笑话，这个笑话是有寓意的，直接翻译成配音的话，很多观众会感觉莫名其妙，于是配音版改为宇航员边爬山边呼救。该片配音版中很多幽默的成分都改掉了，这样就损失了很多欣赏电影的乐趣。 电影字幕就较好处理这些问题。首先，没有口型限制，字幕可以按原文直接翻译，而幽默和一语双关的意思可以使用注释来解决。当然，最好的方法还是学好外语，直接观看外语字幕的影片。而在个人条件不允许的情况下，字幕翻译还是最大限度表达英文意思的最佳方法。 没有硝烟的战场 经常看DVDRIP影片的网友都知道，公开的中文字幕库有几大网站。射手网稳坐字幕网站的头把交椅，其特点是：允许自由上传，字幕多而杂。正因为字幕多，同一影片有好几个版本的字幕，造成网友下载时无所适从，网站设有的评分系统基本上形同虚设，因为大部分网友为下载字幕而来，而等到看完影片，早就把给字幕打分的事忘到九霄云外了。射手网设有TLF、汉风、新视界、牛过四大字幕网站的友情搜索链接，射手网上没有的字幕，可以在这些字幕网站上继续搜索。这四大字幕网站均是以论坛为依托的，各自有较强翻译能力字幕小组。除以上提到的四个论坛，更有伊甸园、行星等影视论坛的字幕组，虽没有独立的字幕网站，但也具备很强的字幕翻译能力，实力不容小视。 同行是冤家，这话一点不假，在字幕界尤为显著。字幕界有一条不成文的规定，就是：每个字幕组成员不允许加入其他字幕组，或者以其他字幕组的名义发布自己的翻译作品。曾有个别成员以身试法，均被开除组籍。每个字幕组在各自论坛都有专门的活动版块，这些版块是仅有小组成员才能进入的，这已经是半公开的秘密。每逢热门大片上市，这些秘密基地里顿觉杀气腾腾。各字幕组紧锣密鼓，召开工作会议，分配任务，争取在第一时间发布字幕。领到任务的小组成员常常会为此通宵达旦，连续工作十多个小时。而几天后，各论坛出品字幕质量的比较，又成为各字幕小组讨论的热点。更有好事之人，通过随机挑选句子进行比较的方式，评价各论坛出品字幕的优劣。所以，热门大片的翻译无异于一场激烈的战斗，而连年战争的结果，使得几大字幕小组和所在的论坛人气飙升，翻译人员欢欣鼓舞，最终形成N赢的局面。 几块善意的砖头 不客气地说，现在中文字幕的翻译状况相当混乱，由于没有一个类似rip字幕的统一标准加以规范，加上不少翻译人员带着急功近利的心理，把翻译字幕当作得到积分的手段来应付差使，造成字幕质量参差不齐。单兵作战，除了个别翻译质量很高外，非字幕组的散兵游勇普遍缺乏翻译经验，字幕存在不少问题。而有些字幕组只求数量，根本不论质量，只要翻完就皆大欢喜，而没有一个较完备的质量监管机制来进行约束。不用仔细核对，仅一遍影片看下来，平均每部影片的明显错误（比如错别字、格式错）都在10个以上。近期汉风HTS的字幕出得不多，仅从看到的几个来说（其中有些还是很早以前翻译的字幕），错误还能控制在一定范围内。概括起来，个人认为，字幕界存在以下四大弊病（发现标题起得居然很押韵，嘿嘿）： 1、一人包揽翻译校对 初期的牛过论坛字幕组（即汉风HTS字幕组的前身）曾一度辉煌，并定下专门的翻译、校对制度，在字幕头尾标明翻译、校对人员，并规定翻译、校对不能是同一个人。其他论坛的字幕组也纷纷采用这种形式，但遗憾的是，只学到了形式，却没有实质，大部分字幕组出品的字幕，翻译、校对都是一个人。 我如果说，一人既翻译又校对，一定比翻译、校对分别由两人作的字幕质量差，这话肯定是不负责任的。有些个人独立翻译校对的字幕甚至比两人翻译校对的字幕质量上高很多。但大家想一想，有多少人翻译完字幕后会真的自己进行校对？校对自己的字幕，又能找到多少错误？以我以往翻译的经验来说，仅翻译过程就反反复复看了N遍的电影，已经是心力交瘁，翻译完成后很难会有心情再看一遍寻找错误。而且自己翻译中的错误，自己也很难找得到。这就是为什么要提倡字幕组成员互相校对。 就是我提到的翻译、校对机制，本身也是形式，如果此文一出，很多论坛的字幕组纷纷改为多人校对，而质量上没有提高，那岂不还是形式主义？真要想保住字幕质量，非要有较具体的标准不可，把每个字幕组出品的字幕错误限制在几个以内，超过了会有一个惩罚措施。 2、人力资源严重浪费 由于各论坛自行其事，没有一个统一的安排规划，造成原本不充裕的翻译人员，都集中在热门商业片的翻译上。《指环王》系列、《黑客帝国》系列都有4个以上的字幕组同时在作，很多已经有中文字幕的影片，新出了另一个RIP版本，翻译人员未经查找，又重新翻译。有些字幕组曾结成过翻译联盟，统一组织安排工作，避免重复翻译，但因任务分配、翻译能力等方面的原因，最终只得恢复各自为政的状态。 我有一个梦想，所有的中文字幕组织联合起来，建立专门的字幕翻译分配网站，对热门大片采取各字幕组轮流翻译的方法，其他影片的翻译，由个人自行申请。另外再制定统一的字幕翻译校对规则，对字幕翻译细节进行规定，确保字幕质量。当然，这只是我的梦想，真正实施起来，涉及到网站管理、任务分配、联系沟通，尤其是涉及到各字幕组自身利益，难度相当大。想要逐步实现的话，各字幕组负责人之间的交流和沟通是首要任务。 3、长片老片翻译嫌累 现在的字幕翻译普遍采取个人申请制，大家根据兴趣爱好，自行选择影片翻译。在没有特别感兴趣的情况下，通常浪漫爱情片、动作枪战片等因句子少，情节吸引人，翻译难度小而很受欢迎。而1500句以上的长片和黑白老片、记录片、文艺片因对话多，情节枯燥，翻译难度大而少人问津。当然，这些情况并非绝对，我记得我就曾经投机翻过一个200多句的老片。总的说来，这其实是个人兴趣与字幕需求的矛盾。字幕组的成立就建立在兴趣爱好的基础上，只要愿意，重复翻译又有何不可？强扭的瓜不甜，硬要别人翻译不喜欢的影片有违“兴趣爱好”这一理念。在不考虑兴趣的前提下，可以通过论坛奖励制度的适当倾斜来对翻译冷门片的网友进行额外奖励，以解决长片、老片无人翻译的问题。 4、新丁不来老人隐退 人的兴趣爱好是会发生变化的，字幕组成立到一定时间，很多老成员在经过十几部影片的翻译校对后，会逐渐丧失当初的翻译热情，参与翻译的人逐渐减少，不少处于半隐退状态。现在汉风论坛的积分制＋流量制，解决了部分翻译懈怠问题，但终究不是长久之策。我心目中比较好的字幕组模式，应该是类似于“青年志愿者”到边疆教书，几年后，老成员陆续退出，而新成员不断加入，当然，有愿意长期服务的，更是欢迎。在字幕翻译上，对人才的需求从来都是只多不少。可惜的是宣传力度仍然不够，仅在论坛内部招收新成员，难以维持新鲜血液的不断输入。希望能对外在各高校BBS和专业英语论坛广泛招收此类成员，毕竟，这种耗人精力的工作不是每个人都能长期坚持的。本文专为招收汉风字幕组新成员而作，请在转载的同时，请勿删除末尾的广告文章。 一、制作字幕需要的各项要求 认真－－我把这一点放在首要位置，英语水平差、中文表达能力不行，这都是可以原谅的，唯独粗心大意犯的低级错误不可谅解。有人提议说要提高进字幕组的门槛，谬矣，现在人手是大大的不够，不能再提高了。大部分的字幕质量低下并非是英语差造成的，而是没有一个认真的态度。私以为，一个字幕的优劣，认真态度占40％，翻译经验占20％，英语程度占19％，中文表达占21％。其中翻译经验包含了中英文表达以及工具软件和网络搜索在翻译中的应用，这些经验方面的知识，新手刚开始翻译不会注意，时间一长，慢慢就有体会了。 英语－－通常各大论坛字幕组对外招人，要求英语程度为六级，这的确吓倒了很多准备尝试字幕翻译的新人。我在这里要更正一下说法，希望能为这些被高门槛吓跑的网友鼓鼓劲。一般来说，电影中的句子比大学英语课本要简单好多。我认为只要是上过大学的学生，不管过没过四、六级考试，借助“金山词霸”等翻译软件，在英语方面都可以达到普通字幕翻译的要求。当然，英语程度是越高越好，尤其是在国外留学、居住的网友更佳，因为有些时候，影片出现一些复杂句式、俚语还有涉及外国历史文化方面的知识，这些不是字典和翻译软件能查到的，这时就体现出英语程度的优势了。 中文－－奇怪的是，明明英译中涉及两种语言，很多字幕组却往往不对中文程度作任何要求。大概是因为我们都是中国人，学了10多年的中文，表达方面应该没有问题。其实不然，英译中对中文表达的要求应该更多些。有些在国外多年的留学生，英语方面很厉害，很多查不到的俚语都不在话下，可翻译出来的字幕却一塌糊涂。大概是适应了英语的表达方式，转回头用中文表达，却好像“英式中文”，不知道他回国后说话会不会也是这样。
个人觉得像破产姐妹这种翻译的就很出彩，不然你可以找一些不受众的电影，自己好好思考翻一下么，过程中应该会有启发吧
翻译方向论文的提纲怎么写
四、旅游英语翻译中需注意的问题
1.语言差异及文化差异、缺失
在旅游英语翻译过程中,语言及文化差异不容忽视.由于不同国家语言、风俗、兴趣等不尽相同,因此这些在旅游英语翻译中应该特别注意.就在语言差异方面来说,一旦将其忽视的就会产生所谓的中式英语.这样不免有些大跌眼镜.文化上的差异和缺失也是翻译时候必须重视的问题,这会直接影响外国游客对旅游景点的理解认识.
2.切忌逐字直译
有的景点资料翻译只是停留在按文字表面意义上,而对其深层历史含义不闻不问,或者对相关知识一窍不通,结果翻译出来的资料效果可想而知,不仅仅是使外国游客对景点产生错误理解,而且还影响到我国景点形象.这种逐字翻译闹出的笑话数不胜数,不止会让外国游客啼笑皆非,甚至对我国形象都抹了黑.
五、总结
就旅游本身而言,它是一种文化交流.外来游客来我国游玩,不仅能够领略优美的风光,而且可以感受我泱泱中华古老而神秘的.文化.作为民族文化的一种载体,旅游英语的翻译承载着不同历史、不同民族、不同语言文化信息的传播,这决定了旅游翻译工作的跨文化性,是传播文化的介质.对于旅游工作者来说,拥有深厚的英语功底,能够灵活恰当的运用旅游英语翻译技巧是必须具备的工作能力,减少信息缺失和文化误导,使游客玩的更轻松更愉悦,对我国旅游业乃至我国文化的传播都有着至关重要的作用.
参考文献：
[1]陈伟.旅游英语与其翻译策略[J].商情(财经研究),2008;3
[2]魏三军,邓艳.对我国旅游英语翻译的问题探讨[J].外语学刊,2008;5
[3]吴伟雄,方汉泉.实用英语翻译技巧.昆明：云南人民出版社,1997;72
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题
英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：
1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。
在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威)，某一经典作品(如《双城记》)，某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。
文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。
比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”)，也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)
2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。
普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。
应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。
3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。
二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求
学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。
(一)前置
1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。
2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。
3.中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
题目定了么，格式给我。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标