毕业论文答辩前，要满足查重要求。一般毕业论文考试时，毕业论文的查重率不能大于25％。如果大于50％，一般会推迟毕业，非常严重。如果查重率低于15％，可以申请优秀论文的评价。 当我们毕业时，毕业论文的审查必须让每个人都记住，在毕业论文测试中，有详细而仔细的规定，不能满足大学的要求，以后的辩护不能参与，那么，毕业论文答辩查重率多少？paperfree小编给大家讲解。 毕业论文答辩前，要满足查重要求。一般毕业论文考试时，毕业论文的查重率不能大于25％。如果大于50％，一般会推迟毕业，非常严重。如果查重率低于15％，可以申请优秀论文的评价。 在查重方面，我们还需要注意查重系统的检测规定，因为了解查重的检测规定可以帮助我们降低查重率。一般来说，学校内部查重系统是按照13个字重复的原则计算的。例如，如果一段中有13个字与其他论文相同，那么这句话将被标记为红色，而在查重论文时规定了15个字符的连续重复。
论文查重率太低是一件好事，这说明论文全是自己写的，没有大篇幅的抄袭引用。
值得注意的是，查重率太低也有可能是论文查重系统的准确性过低所导致的，所以大家要检查下自己选择的查重系统，是不是学校所指定的或者是否正规。
如果是选择的免费的查重系统准确性是需要大家怀疑，所以大家需要非常的重视这个问题。
发表论文的作用：
论文是指进行各个学术领域在经过研究后描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是对研究的学术问题进行探讨的一种手段，又是对学术研究成果进行交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生毕业需要；教师、医护人员、科研院所的人员、企业员工等晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题：教育、科技、卫生系统每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文是作为基金或课题完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文是对最新科技科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
不同的文化传统，使得人们价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响
【摘要】文化是一种社会现象，同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异：整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际，避免出现文化休克。
【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学
1中西方文化的差异
不同的文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，接人待物，举止言谈以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。
西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。
文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生,老张，老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。
2跨文化交际的重要性
由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如，一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要优质的产品质量，而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。
3日常交际中应注意的问题
中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面，在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。
3.1日常问候
中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗?”，如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们会产生误解，认为你是想请他们吃。，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如，中国人见到熟人习惯问：“去哪里?”，如果对西方人也这样问候，他们可能会很不高兴地回答：“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”，熟人间也可以说：“Hello”或“Hi”.
3.2日常称呼
汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”，对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊重，西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,Mrs.Ms等。
3.3感谢
一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。
3.4请客
在请客吃饭时，主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时，我们通常习惯于先客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说，对方就不会坚持再劝你，很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。
3.5隐私
中国人初次见面经常问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私，因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时，经常问“你在干什么?”，在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。
3.6节日及接受礼物
中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等，英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不
相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。
4结语
在英语教学中，文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，例如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子，而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么，避免出现交际中的尴尬。
【参考文献】
[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司，2002年5月.
[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社，2009年3月.
[3]叶朗，朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社，2008年4月.
[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.
[5]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社，1994年.
[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社，1990年.
论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异
[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪
易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”，的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异
筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同，和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法)，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。
二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异
中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次;上为尊，下为次;中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。
笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时，坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。
三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异
中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后再回答。
四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异
中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet，如：“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女，则表明你有意约会对方。
五、结语
世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。
参考文献：
[1]易中天，《餐桌上的文化》，《文汇报.笔会》.
[2]林大津，《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社，1996.10：92-127.
[3]李天民，《现代国际礼仪知识》，世界知识出版社出版，2003.12：109.
中西文化差异论文参考文献
参考文献：
[1]潘吉星。中国古代的社会与科学[A]。李约瑟文集[C]沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社，1998.
[2]刘红星。先秦与古希腊———中西文化之源[M]。上海：上海古籍出版社，1999.
[3]沈祖祥.旅游文化概论[M].福州:福建人民出版社，1999.
[4]朱希祥.中西旅游文化审美比较[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社，1998.
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Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
文化差异进行论述: 一、物质文化差异 中西方文化在物质文化上的差异主要是指...由于中国与西方生产生活习性的不同，中国人吃饭用的餐具是"筷子"，西方人则用"刀子和叉子"，且中西方饮食中的主食构成不...
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
园艺学报综述查重率，一般要求是在20-30%，尽量在20%以内。论文查重的最终结果一般都是以知网的查重报告为标准，如果在其他查重软件上的查重率达到了20%以上，到知网上的查重率一般都过不去。
论文查重到底是怎么查的？论文查重是毕业生非常关心的话题，因为毕业前会要求查重的重复率才能毕业论文。只有论文查重达到要求，论文查重率没有问题，才能顺利毕业。如果查重之后论文的重复率过高，就要修改了。修改查重论文的修改和重复率有很多方法，小编给大家详细介绍一下。推荐同学们使用cnkitime学术不端论文查重免费网站，大学生版（专/本科毕业论文定稿）、研究生版（硕博毕业论文定稿）、期刊职称版（期刊投稿，职称评审）以上版本均可免费查重不限篇数。
如果想知道自己论文的重复率，那么就必须借助论文查重系统。如果没有查重系统，我们当然不知道论文的重复率。选择一个执行查重网站后，我们进去提交论文进行检测。一般在几十分钟内就可以得到查重的结果，当然会有一个检测高峰期。这个时候查重的时间可能会稍微长一点，需要耐心等待。得到的查重报告结果可以清楚的看到论文的重复率，在报告中也会注明哪些内容是重复的，哪些是合格的。我们只需要按照报告重复的内容去修改它。
有一点需要注意的是，不同的论文查重系统可能不完全一样，因为它们的对比数据库和计算重复率的算法都不一样。而且不同的查重系统的检测费用是不同的，有的按千字单价计算，有的按论文计算。小编建议大家不要选择太贵的，这样不划算。
现在有很多论文查重网站会提供免费查重活动，例如新用户可以直接领取免费查重字数或者次数，然后进行抵扣进行免费查重，例如免费论文查重网站就挺不错的，检测相对比较严格，并且使用率也比较高，提供的服务也很全面。如何选择不错的论文查重软件，接下来小编总结了目前比较常用的查重软件及论文查重相关知识分享，希望可以帮到你。
每份论文查重报告都会有一个编号，我们可以用独有的检测报告编号在查重平台官网进行验证，这个编号有利于避免伪造或者论文被盗取，论文查重报告最重要的是正文的标注，论文查重报告中，会对不同重复度的文字进行不同颜色的标注。
通常红色和橙色字体表示的是重复内容，提醒你这些都是需要修改的，而绿色字体则表示是合格的暂未发现有重复。
绿色：原创部分，表示没有检测到相似语句;
红色：重度抄袭部分，相似度70%~100%，强烈建议修改;
橙色：轻度抄袭部分，相似度40%~70%
当然不同的论文查重系统，标注会有一定的差异，但是在论文查重报告中一般都会有说明，不同颜色代表什么样的意思，我们只需要仔细查阅就可以。
扩展资料：
查重报告的意义：
一、检测学术不端
所谓的论文查重，就是通过相关的检测软件，检查你的论文和别人已经发表并且上传到学术期刊网站（如中国知网等）中的文章，是否有过高的重合度。如果重合度过高，比如超过30％，不同大学和期刊的具体标准不一，一般都以5％、10％、15％、30％为门槛。
那么就会认定你的文章有抄袭行为，也就是说，存在学术不端行为，学校可能就不允许你进行论文答辩，或者期刊不会接收你的文章。它考查的是一个人的学术道德问题。可以说，检测学术不端是学术论文最直接的目的。
二、防止侵犯别人的知识产权
如果你的论文被机器检测到重复率过高，一般就可以认为存在着学术不端行为，意即你的学术论文写作过程中，抄袭（或者不适当地引用）了已有的研究成果。学术成果可以看作研究者的知识产权产品，是原作者知识和智慧的结晶，它是作者的劳动成果。
如果你在论文写作过程中，将别人已经发表的文章中的部分内容复制过来为己所用，侵犯了别人的知识产权，它和偷窃没有什么本质区别。论文查重，可以在很大程度上防止这种侵犯他人知识产权的行为，有利于保护知识产品创作者的正当权益。
三、促进学术研究的健康发展
论文查重的直接目的是检测学术不端，而其终极意义便是促进学术研究的发展。首先，通过论文查重而禁止抄袭，可以对学生或者研究人员形成一定的约束机制，督促他（她）们在学术研究中更加努力地做出原创贡献，这可以直接促进学术研究的进步；
其次，通过保护别人的知识产权，人们的劳动成果得到尊重，整个社会将有更大的激励去创造知识，并可能从这种创造性活动中获得收益。这样，整个国家的学术研究才会不断进步。
从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文
饮食是一个广泛的称呼与概念，包含吃、喝相关的文化及做为。 饮食是现代的一种文化，而中华美食则誉满天下。中国饭好吃，外国人爱吃也是不争的事实。下面是我为你带来的从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文 ，欢迎阅读。
摘 要： 本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异，分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异，从而促进中西方文化的融合，让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。
关键词： 中西文化 饮食文化 差异比较
提到饮食文化，人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”，不错，饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要，是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后，饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了，它包括饮食文化的整体，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。
一、中西餐饮文化差异
中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器，并且规定显明，不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同，而且是不可以混用的。
中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂，虽然是简简单单的一双筷子，但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色：筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具，也是每家每户的搅拌器，打个鸡蛋，冲个饮料，无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比，中国的筷子的确随意得多。
受科学导向的影响，西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事，每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致，并且其所用的调料会精确到克，烹饪时间会精确到秒。
西方人对食物的选材极具规范，他们多以荤食为主，烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物，并且不吃内脏，认为内脏是弃料；对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一，而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用，所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。
相较于西方人而言，中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴，这样的菜例比比皆是，如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝，等等。说到烹饪方式，更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”，中国人历来都是“随心所欲”，强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食，蔬菜的种类远多过于西方，这样，食材的相互搭配就变化多端，就以炒猪肝为例，可以是大葱炒猪肝，也可以是青椒炒猪肝，更可以是韭菜炒猪肝，每一道菜都各有风味。
西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值，因此，他们提倡吃生食，他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养，唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味，那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。
中国饮食文化更重食物的味道，“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义，因此，中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比，在中国，炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。
二、差异背后的文化根源
（一）哲学体系：形而上学与适度原则
西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点，也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界，认为一切事物都是孤立的，永远不变的；如果说有变化的话，那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更，这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见，无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘，都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看，追求真实性，没有华丽的点缀，只体现食物的本源属性，这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合，这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念，不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性，目标性明确，即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。
与西方人不同，中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性，强调所闻即所见，而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上，中国人讲究整体融合，没有西方人的精确，讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的，同一道菜，同一个师傅，每次做可能也会做出不同的味道，凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握，追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性，这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。
（二）价值观：个人主义与集体主义
西方人推崇个人主义价值观念，个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可，不需要服从其他任何一个集体，可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体，但这样的选择并不是永久的，可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂，更换雇主，等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。
与之相对的，中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在饮食文化中，这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响，中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌，从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心，既是欣赏品尝的对象，又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下，饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的，情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同，中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。
（三）思维方式：个性与整体
西方人注重个性的发展，强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性，凡事求异，认为每一个人都是独一无二的，强调天下万物都是独立的个体，彼此间没有联系，认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一，因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发，西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中，泾渭分明的摆盘和装点，虽同在一个盘子中，确是个性突出的各自为政，没有任何调和，肉即是肉，菜即是菜，土豆即是土豆，个性鲜明，味道明确，不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上，同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的，不会将它们放在一起烹煮，处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。 中国人注重整体的.发展，强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬，反映在烹饪上更显见，无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中，再配以各种佐料进行烹调，即使原本个性鲜明，味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此，中国菜尝起来滋味丰富，层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜，红不是那样鲜艳的红，绿也不是那样扎眼的绿，而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。
（四）生活方式与生活节奏
在西方，流水线上的重复作业，实行计件工资制，生活节奏急促，人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响，将游戏与工作分得很清楚，即工作时工作，游戏时游戏，这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板，机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求，导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。
中国人则不然，中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗，不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式，推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法，就像中国的饮食烹饪一样，存在不稳定性，这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定，又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸，南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味，如南方人的糖醋风味，就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味；而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材，让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质，可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤，因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式，使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜，其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。
三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合
然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了，中餐中也融入了西式元素，西餐中处处彰显中国风，这是一种新型的饮食文化模式，中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大，人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。
参考文献 ：
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[2]刘岩松.中西方饮食在文化理念上的差异性[J].经济研究导刊，2010（36）：258-259.
[3]赵奇志.中西饮食文化的差异[J].食品工程，2006.12（4）：14-15.
[4]冯勇，何欢欢.从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异[J].消费导刊，2009.5：234
总的来说就是中西文化差异当今世界跨文化交际已成为人们生活中不可或缺的内容，是现代交际中引人注目的一个焦点。但在交流中，经常会出现一些不尽人意的地方，其原因正是文化差异，其中最为突出的是中西方文化差异。中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异，在两种不同的文化背景下，中西方饮食习俗，不论在其特征、功能，还是在其性质、对象等诸多方面，所存在的差异都是非常鲜明的。饮食文化不仅仅是“吃”的问题，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。中西方文化有着相通之处，比如：西方人重视培养奋发向上的精神，中国人则主张积极进取；西方人主张教育为先，中国人倡导发展教育；西方人奉行实用主义，中国人讲究实事求是。但是，中西方文化在很大程度上也存在着不同，在美国，个人自由主义形象在社会生活中表现得非常鲜明，而在中国，家庭责任感会体现出这样的强烈与鲜明。有人说，文化就像一个磁场，在不同的地域有着不同的分布，而同处一个磁场的中西两方的文化，在交流的过程中必然会碰撞出火花。本文主要就中西方在饮食方面的差异为代表来分析中西方文化的差异，从理论和实践两个方面深化跨文化交际研究，以更好的汲取西方文化的精华、弘扬中华文化。一、“分离”与“合同”的特征不同。台湾国学大师钱穆先生曾今说：“文化异， 斯学术亦异。中国重和合， 西方重分别”［1］。中西文化的差异影响了各自的饮食文化。在中西饮食文化之中也明显体现了这种“合同”与“分离”的文化特征。（一）追求自由开放的西方人倾向分门别类。西式菜肴中除少数汤菜， 如法式洋葱大虾汤，是把多种荤素原料混合在一锅里熬炖而成之外， 正菜中各种原料互不相干，鱼就是鱼，虾就是虾，羊排就是羊排。就有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，不是搅拌在一起的。如 “美式牛扒”， 一边放着牛扒，另一边是意大利青瓜、干笋，切碎加入植物牛油中拌匀，直至凝固，切成小块，放上已煎好的美国牛扒面，即可供食。色彩上形成对比鲜明，但在口味上各种原料互不相混，各是各的味。即使是调味的佐料，如植物牛油、盐，也都是现吃现加，而不是一次性放够。即使有所搭配，也是简单明了。以上种种做法都体现了“西方重分别”的饮食文化。（二） 崇尚和谐的中国人强调统一。中国人的儒家传统思想，主张以“和”为贵，认为其为最美妙的境界，不但体现在社会为人处世中，而且反映在其他各各方面，当然也包括烹饪思想。这种“合同”的思想集中体现在烹饪上就反映为“五味调和”。要用中国传统文化中的阴阳五行指导这一调和，调和既要合乎时序，又要注意时令，才能达到“美味可口”的目的。既烹制食物时需要在保留原味的基础上进行调和，所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来烹制。即使是家常菜也如此，一般主要原料选用荤素搭配来调和烹制的，再加上各种调料，如青椒肉丝、宫保鸡丁、乌鸡红枣汤。中国人认为把多种原料放在一起，配料和辅料的味以及调料的味交织融合协调在一起，就如多种化学试剂发生反应，经这种过程搭配出来的菜才美味可口，这也是一种集中个体到整体的过程，只不过还有一个把握火候的问题，也就是哲学上说的“度”，不同的火候就会烹饪出不同的味儿，中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力， 关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，使之互相通、互助渗透［2］。可见中国人烹调追求整体、统一。二、饮食功能的不同。中国人认为饮食既是一种享受，也是一种情感沟通的重要媒介，又是一项工作，许多工作都是在餐桌旁进行并完成的，这是中方饮食功能突出特色。中国人往往在节日时邀请客人吃饭，美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，共享一席，除了寒暄客套便是大讲吃经，款款叙来，滔滔不绝，人们相互敬酒、劝菜。伤心时找人吃饭，倾诉自己的惆怅、委屈，抒发自己的郁闷之感，通过别人的开导，寻找心理安慰，以达释放解脱之目的。谈业务时约人吃饭，既可以寻求到更多的机会，又可以了解对方，在轻松地环境中达成协议。表感谢时也请人吃饭，中国人认为享受美味佳肴最能代表真心诚意，饭局俨然成为了中国式生活的缩影。西方人则认为饮食是一种休息，是一种放松，饮食与工作相对分开，工作主要是在办公桌旁进行并完成的。于是，西方人在吃饭时通常不谈工作，或安安静静地独自享用盘中美食，或轻轻松松地听着音乐并吃着食物，或平心静气地谈一些让人放松而愉快的话题，这也仅限于邻座的宾客，而不像中国进行全席的交流，没有中国人进餐时的热闹，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。如果将宴会的交谊性比作舞蹈，可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。当然也不会因为工作业务或心情失落、表达谢意之类的而请人吃饭。由此可见，中西方的饮食功能是不同的。三、饮食对象的不同。一个民族的饮食习惯与其生存环境和传统密切相关。自古以来，任何一个时期、任何一个区域，人们的饮食生活都离不开特定的生存环境。生存环境不仅决定了可能获得的食物来源和种类，而且对于食物的获得方式与消费方式等也产生重要影响，“生存环境及其内部诸因素的变化，最终也将导致饮食文化体系的种种变化”［3］。由于中国自古就是农业大国，又加之人口压力以及其他多种原因的存在，使中国的饮食文化主要起源于农耕文化，这就直接影响着人们的食物结构。从“食”的内容来看，中国人有明确的主食和副食之分，主食以谷类及其制品如面食为主，副食则以蔬菜为主，辅以肉类［4］。中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以五谷杂粮为主，肉少粮多，辅以蔬菜植物类菜品占主导地位。据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种，比西方多六倍。在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时才进入平常的饮食结构， 所以自古便有“菜食”之说。中国人以淀粉为能量的主要来源，荤素搭配比较均衡，喜食果蔬，讲究杂食。对于蔬菜的烹调以熟食为主，不喜欢生吃蔬菜或生饮果汁。这一饮食习惯又深受佛教文化的影响，佛教倡导吃斋饭，即素食，认为动物是“生灵”，而生灵是不可以杀死的，更不能食用，另外道教亦倡导忌食鱼肉。中国人一般还喜欢热食，主菜大多是热的，他们认为菜凉了，就失去了菜原有的味道，对肠胃也不好，只有趁热吃才能吃出菜的鲜味，吃到菜原有的特色。虽然随着人们生活水平的提高，加大了肉类菜肴和奶类食品的比重，肉食已成为寻常百姓餐桌上不可或缺的佳肴，但以蔬菜为主导的意识却仍然植根于人们的观念中。在西方，其农业结构是一种农牧混合结构，由于其地理气候不太适合农耕却有利于牧草生长，使得畜牧业占据了农业经济的主导地位。独特的临海区位优势使得他们的航海业也非常发达。西方饮食文化就起源于这种畜牧文化，畜牧文化决定了西方饮食结构尤其偏重于肉类与乳制品，其膳食结构以动物性食物为主。没有主食和副食之分，以高蛋白、高脂肪、高糖分为典型特征，主要以牛肉、羊肉、猪肉等为主要菜肴。吃、穿、用都取之于动物，连西药都从动物身上取料炼制。西方人喜爱冷食、凉菜，从冷菜拼盘、色拉到冷饮，餐桌上少不了冷菜，而且西方人多生吃蔬菜。肉食在饮食中的比例一直很高，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、肩部宽大、肌肉发达， 而中国人则显得身材瘦小、体质较弱。但西方人也认识到这种饮食习惯对身体健康的危害，开始转向以植物蔬菜为主的清淡型饮食，西方人的餐桌上蔬菜的种类及份量逐渐明显增加且也趋向于熟吃。但是肉食在饮食中的比例仍然要比中国人的高。总体来看，中西方的饮食结构日趋合理化、营养化。孙中山先生曾说：“中国常人所饮者为清茶，所食者为淡饭，而加以蔬菜、豆腐。此等之食料，为今日卫生家所考得为最有益于养生者也。故中国穷乡僻壤之人，饮食不及酒肉者，多为上寿”［5］。他还认为“欧美人之所饮者独酒， 所食者腥腹，亦相习成风，故虽在前有科学之提倡，在后有重法之厉禁”［6］。孙中山先生讲了中西饮食的利弊，根据中西方饮食对象的差异，有人把中国人称为植物性格，把西方人称为动物性格。这种性格反映在文化行为价值观上就是，中国人喜欢安土重迁，固本守己，而西方人则喜欢开拓、冒险、冲突。美国民俗学家露丝·本尼迪克特曾经提出过“文化模式”这一理论，她认为中国人的文化性格类似于古典世界的阿波罗式，而西方人的文化性格则近似于现代世界的浮士德式。四、中西饮食归属及性质的不同。中西方饮食性质的差异，与它们各自的生活方式及生活节奏是相一致的。在西方，一般实行工资制，重复的工作比较多，且生活节奏较快，人们有意无意地受工作节奏的影响，通常工作时工作，游戏时游戏。生活的单一乏味导致了饮食结构的单一性并对此熟视无睹，西方人平常享用的罐头快餐等，口味千篇一律，与从事的工作一样单调重复，他们对此很漠然，就像对一个生物的机器注入燃料，只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结实，足以抵御病菌的感染，其他皆不足道［7］。能保证机器的正常运转就可以了。以完成任务为目的，自然无兴趣、滋味可言。中国则不然，工作节奏相对比较慢，工作形式多样，往往追求两全齐美，边工作边游戏。当然饮食结构也相对复杂，对于色、香、味、形、质、意等都相当讲究，并且种类之多，无所不有。中国人饮食的目的，不同于西方人，除了果腹充饥，同时还满足对美味的渴望，给人赏心悦目之感，才会有食欲。厨师在炒菜时一般上下晃动炒勺，注意烹炒的节奏感。这些自然不会提高工作效率，但却增加了劳动者的工作趣味，只有在这种气氛中工作才会使身心愉悦，才能体现出中国菜的创造性和艺术性。五、规范科学与随意特色的烹调准则不同。西方人在摄取食物时基本上是从科学的角度出发的，十分注意营养搭配，不论食物的色泽鲜嫩怎样，营养是一到菜谱成功与否的标准，在营养的标准上讲究蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。对他们而言，饮食只是一种手段，所以态度也就较为随便，吃得也较为简单。在西方， 盛大的西餐宴席通常不过是六道菜，而且其中只有两道菜算得上是菜，其余不过是陪衬。平时宴请，饭菜更为简单。还有一种聚会，称之为“Party”，主人只提供饮料、酒和一些简单的食物，如奶酪、炸薯条、三明治等， 并不提供饭菜。可见， 他们将吃饭看成是聚会和交流的机会，吃的东西并不是最重要的，享受在饮食中基本上不占重要位置，故而不会像中国过分地追求特色口味。早餐往往是一个鸡蛋、一杯牛奶、几片面包再加上一根香肠，热量非常充足。午餐往往是自助快餐，即使是最讲究的晚餐也不外乎是面包、薯条、香肠、牛排、炸鸡、奶酪等， 也很简单，但营养十分丰富。西方人相关的烹调全过程也都严格按照科学规范行事。从菜谱的制定就可以发现，西方菜谱中的计量都以精确数字计算。从表面上看，菜谱似乎是科学的，西方人买菜和制作菜肴也总是对照着菜谱。但相比中国烹调，它是一个非常机械的东西，在复杂的具体情况面前往往是无能为力的，比如为了体现客人身份，在做菜时要打破常规，在味道花色上稍作调整，使之精致一些。这对于中国的厨师轻而易举，而对于西方厨师就会不知所措。而这种一致性导致了西方饮食的一个弊端--缺乏特色。另外， 规范化的烹调要求配料的准备、调料的添加精确到克，烹调时间精确到秒。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化，使得烹调成为一种机械性的工作，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，毫无创造性和艺术可言。而且在西方，一道菜在不同的季节不同的地区，都是同一种味道，几乎没有变化。即使是高档的宴席，也不过是更讲究餐具，布置更华贵，服务更为周到而已，菜仍旧是一个味。西方人这种重科学、重营养的理性饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系也是相适应的，形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化，就不可避免地落后了，到处打上了方法论中的形而上学痕迹。