三、对实证结果的分析从我国货币供给机制来看，目前我国基础货币的投放主要通过4条渠道：一是对金融机构的再贴现和再贷款；二是外汇占款；三是对财政贷款或透支；四是央行的直接贷款。我国近年来连续呈现国际收支顺差，外汇储备规模不断增加，使外汇占款逐渐成为基础货币投放的主要渠道，这一点可从1995年汇率改革以后我国外汇占款占基础货币的比重可以看出，如表4所示。我国外汇储备一直处于较快的增长状态，究其原因，一方面，这和我国企业的结售汇制度有密切关系。根据我国结售汇制度规定，企业超过限额的外汇收入必须在45天内进行结汇，而用汇时须从银行购买。对于外汇指定的银行也只能持有额定的外汇，多余或不足的部分通过银行间外汇市场买卖，最终必须归结于人民银行。所以外汇市场并没有体现真正的需求关系，而是由人民银行以人民币完全吸收外汇市场上的差额，这正是导致我国外汇储备高速膨胀的重要原因；另一方面，我国经常项目收支和资本项目收支的持续双顺差，使得外汇市场上外汇供给大于需求，人民币面临巨大的升值压力，这使得民间的外汇储蓄颇为动荡。在2005年7月21日我国宣布汇率制度改革之后，人民币的小幅升值更是引起了民间外汇储蓄和存款的大量兑换，为了维持人民币汇率的稳定，推进汇率制度的平稳改革，人民银行只能买进剩余的外汇，抛出相应的人民币，从而导致基础货币的进一步扩展。外汇储备的增加必然带来外汇占款的增加，不断增加的外汇占款形成了基础货币的内生性增长，央行被迫投放基础货币。如果此时人民银行不采取冲销的政策，并且在国内信贷不变的情况下，基础货币的增加，通过货币乘数效应的作用，国内货币供应量将会增加。公众手中持有的货币量将大于他们对货币需求的量，如果超额的货币供给冲向商品市场，商品的需求将会增加，进而推动物价水平上升。但是事实上，我国外汇储备近年来持续、大幅增长，物价却没有出现暴涨，究其原因主要有：(1)我国正处于计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中，经济活动不可避免地带有计划经济色彩，外汇储备和国内信贷规模都是影响基础货币供应量的因素。中央银行可以通过一手抓外汇储备、一手抓本币来调控国内的基础货币。在我国还是有管理浮动汇率的情况下，我国外汇储备增加能否对国内通货膨胀形成现实压力，还取决于中央银行实行的国内信贷政策。当国内经济有通胀的苗头，央行就收紧信贷，因此，外汇储备对通货膨胀的影响被有意无意地弱化。(2)外汇储备的增加不一定导致外汇占款的增加。除国际收支顺差外，外汇储备的增加还有另外两个渠道：来自国际金融机构、外国政府借款和储备的收益。向国际金融机构或外国政府借入的外汇增加的储备并不增加外汇占款，也不增加基础货币。来自储备收益的外汇储备增加同样也不增加外汇占款，进而不增加基础货币投放。在我国的外汇储备增量中，外汇储备收益部分比重不高，但是，这种渠道的存在，也在一定程度上削弱了外汇储备增加对通货膨胀的影响。(3)中央银行可以通过干预基础货币和货币乘数减弱外汇占款对货币投放的影响。中央银行调整基础货币结构是通过调整其资产业务投放基础货币的，在外汇储备增加的同时，央行通过减少对金融机构、政府及非金融机构的债权来抵消外汇储备增长对货币投放的压力，通过发行中央银行票据等方式回笼货币。也可以通过影响货币乘数影响货币供给，比如中央银行可以通过调整法定存款准备金影响货币乘数进而影响货币供给。由于我国利率还没有实现完全意义上的市场化，资本项目还没有完全开放，因而利率与资本项目之间的传导机制受阻，这在一定程度上也减弱外汇储备增加对通货膨胀的影响。总之，外汇储备的变动会影响我国的物价水平的变动，两者之间呈现正相关关系。从实证分析结果看到，作用系数只有0.023896。但是，外汇储备对物价指数的影响不可忽视。这是由于我国外汇储备的变动幅度非常大，从2001年1月的1561亿美元增长到 2006年6月的9411.15亿美元，增长了5倍多，而同期国内信贷和GDP仅增长一倍多。随着我国经济体制改革的深入，经济体制的市场化改革也疏通了外汇储备通过影响货币供应量进而影响物价的渠道。因而，外汇储备对通货膨胀指标的影响也会日益显现出来。参考文献[1]刘荣茂，黎开颜.我国外汇储备对通货膨胀影响的实证分析[J].北京：中国农业大学学报，2005，(1).[2]封建强，袁林.我国外汇储备增长与物价波动研究[J].北京：经济科学，2000，(6).[3]戴根有.我国的外汇储备与通货膨胀[J].北京：战略与管理，1995，(5).[4]闫先东，冯克然.通货膨胀——国际收支角度的考察[J].北京：财贸经济，1997，(4).[5]谢平，张晓朴.货币政策与汇率政策的三次冲突：1994—2000年中国的实证分析[J].北京：国际经济评论，2002，(3).[6]邵学言，郝雁.对中国外汇储备与物价指数之间数量关系的研究——基于货币供求角度的实证分析[J].北京：经济学动态， 2004，(6).
Exchange rateIn finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.QuotationsAn exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.Free or peggedMain article: Exchange rate regimeIf a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]Nominal and real exchange ratesThe nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency. The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e. The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, due to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to reduce price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative productivity and the real interest rate differential.Bilateral vs effective exchange rateBilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.Uncovered interest rate paritySee also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.Balance of payments modelThis model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which produces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience reduction in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.Asset market modelSee also: Capital asset pricing model The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and productivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.Fluctuations in exchange ratesA market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).Increased demand for a currency is due to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money due to business transactions.The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).汇率在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。交叉汇率所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换0.8112欧元、109.28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
这个要求非常专业，而且要有国外的操作经历。对各个国家的发展前瞻性。非常难。。
我也是这个题。。。同求。。。
[1]李石凯,谢端纯. 货币贬值的国际收支效应失灵分析[J]. 财经科学, 2003,(02) .
Exchange rateIn finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.QuotationsAn exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.Free or peggedMain article: Exchange rate regimeIf a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]Nominal and real exchange ratesThe nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency. The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e. The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, due to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to reduce price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative productivity and the real interest rate differential.Bilateral vs effective exchange rateBilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.Uncovered interest rate paritySee also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.Balance of payments modelThis model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which produces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience reduction in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.Asset market modelSee also: Capital asset pricing model The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and productivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.Fluctuations in exchange ratesA market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).Increased demand for a currency is due to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money due to business transactions.The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).汇率在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。交叉汇率所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换0.8112欧元、109.28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
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英语专业毕业论文参考文献精选
Cook,G. The Discourse of Advertising (Second edition).Routledge,2001
Coulthard, M. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis.Longman,1977
Dyer,G. Advertising as Communication.Methuen,1982
Simons,H.W. Persuasion. Understanding, Practice, and Analysis, Random House.1986
Swales,M. Genre Analysis. English in Academic and Research Setting. Cambridge University Press.1990Vestergaard,T.、K. Schroder. The Language of Adertising. Blackwell.198
刘海平，王守仁 国际商务英语教程(2)南京：南京大学出版社，2000
吕煦 实用英语修辞 北京：清华大学出版社，2004
秦秀白 文体学概论 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
石定乐，彭春萍 商务跨文化交际 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2004
梭伦 实用商务英语 北京：中国纺织出版社，2002
王蕾 新闻英语 杭州：浙江大学出版社，2003
王燕希 广告英语一本通 北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2004
徐琴嫒，张开 新闻英语与媒介研究 北京：北京广播学院出版社，2004
张梅岗 科技英语修辞 长沙：湖南科技出版社，1998
赵静 广告英语 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1993
曹志耘 广告语言艺术 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社，1992
陈定安 科技英语与翻译 台北：书林出版有限公司，1999
方薇 现代广告英语进程 南京：南京大学出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡文仲，吴祯福 实用英语写作 北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社，1998
胡壮麟 语篇的衔接与连贯 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
黄国文 语篇分析概要 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李中行，戚肖山，张惠 广告英语 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1986
英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。
参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引用。下面是我带来的关于 商务英语 论文的参考文献的内容，欢迎阅读参考!商务英语论文的参考文献(一) [1]张佐成。商务英语的理论与实践研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2008. [2]魏晓锋，张敏珠，顾月琴。德国“双元制”职业 教育 模式的特点及启示[J].国家教育行政学院学报，2010,(01)：92-95. [3]蒋莉。能力本位教育思潮[J].职教论坛，2004,(08)：36-37. [4]刘颖，马春荣 ,王俊 .借鉴国外先进 经验 ,构建高职实践教学模式[J].辽宁高职学报，2009,(11)： 55-57. [5]申厚坤，陶丽萍。高职商务英语专业“双证融通”[J].职业技术教育，2009,(11)：30-31. [6]顾力平。高职院校实践教学体系构建研究[J].中国高教研究，2005,(11)：67-68. [7]俞燕。以就业为导向商务英语专业实践教学体系的构建--以江苏城市职业学院为例[D].苏州：苏州大学，2011. [8]侯松，曾美芬。高职商务英语专业发展及其实践教学模式研究[J].河北师范大学学报，2008,(04)：43-44. [9]王平安。职业教育实践教学概论[M].南京：南京大学出版社，2009. [10]刘春生，徐长发。职业教育学[M].北京：教育科学出版社，2002. [11]袁江。基于能力本位的教育观[J].中国职业技术教育，2005,(03)：23-25. [12]王冰蔚。我们从能力本位职业教育吸取些什么[J].职教论坛，2002,(03)：19-22. [13]高文。情境学习与情境认知[J].教育发展研究，2001,(8)：30-35. [14] John Dewey. Experience and Education [M].N.Y.: Collier Books,1963. [15]乔伊斯，韦尔。当代教学模式[M].太原：山西教育出版社，2000. 商务英语论文的参考文献(二) 1. 王德春. 《语言学通论》. 南京：江苏教育出版社, 1990. 2. 王逢鑫. 《英汉比较语义学》. 北京：外文出版社, 2001. 3. 王还(主编). 《汉英对比论文集》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993. 4. 王季思. 《中国十大古典喜剧集》. 上海：上海文艺出版社, 1982. 5. 王克非. 《翻译 文化 史论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1997. 6. 王令坤(主编). 《英汉翻译技巧》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 1998. 7. 王希杰. 《汉语修辞学》. 北京：北京出版社, 1983. 8. 王希杰. 《修辞学导论》. 杭州：浙江教育出版社, 2000. 9. 王佐良、丁往道. 《英语文体学引论》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1990. 10. 王佐良. 《翻译：思考与试笔》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 11. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003. 12. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003. 13. 翁显良. 《意态由来画不成?》 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 商务英语论文的参考文献(三) [1]徐鲁亚。“商务英语”的学科定位与实践教学[J].民族教育研究，2005,(9)：84-85. [2]李静艳。商务英语应用型人才为地方经济服务的探索与实践[J].长沙航空职业技术学院学报，2009,(5)：22-25. [3]郭洪月。我国高等职业教育实践教学环节的研究[D].天津：天津大学，2007. [5]郭水兰。实践教学的内涵与外延[J].广西社会科学，2004,(10)：186-187. [6]徐国庆。实践导向职业教育课程研究：技术学范式[M].上海：上海教育出版社，2004. [7]李国艳，田鸣。系统化实践教学体系--基于就业导向视角的研究[M].北京：经济管理出版社，2012. [8]马树超。做学合一与职业学校变革[J].教育与职业，2009,(05)：40-42. [29]刘德恩。论高职课程特色[J].职业技术教育，2001,(6)：3-6. [9]廖英，莫再树。国际商务英语语言与翻译研究[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2007. [10]王媛。高职教育的实践教学体系研究[D].天津：河北工业大学，2008. [11]伍波。浅论高职实践教学存在的问题及对策[J].经济师，2008,(5)：146. [12] 邓英剑 ,刘忠伟。高等职业教育实践教学存在的问题及其对策[J].中国电力教育。2008,(9)：89-92. [13]吴雄彪，花有清，郑一平。高职实践教学体系的内涵与质量评价[J].金华职业技术学院学报，2004,(03)：47-50. [14]叶澜。教育学原理[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2007. [15]林添湖。对国际商务英语教学的三点思变[J].国际商务研究，2004,(1)：60-61. [16]王蔷。教学法教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2006. 猜你喜欢： 1. 英语论文的参考文献大全 2. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 3. 浅谈商务英语论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语毕业论文范本
《论项目合同管理》论文的参考文献
[1] 张殿福. 谈工程建设监理在施工监理过程中的合同管理[J]. 科技创新导报, 2008, (09) .
[2] 尚文英. 施工合同管理对工程结算的重要作用[J]. 建材技术与应用, 2008, (10) .
[3] 冯杰. 关于建设项目合同管理[J]. 山西建筑, 2008, (10) .
[4] 陈友胜,刘婕. 论建设工程合同管理及绩效评估[J]. 当代经济, 2008, (03) .
[5] 黄培元. 关于工程变更的监理与建议[J]. 东北公路, 2001, (04) .
[6] 孙翔,张燕. 高校基建项目中的合同管理[J]. 低温建筑技术, 2008, (02) .
[7] 施元军. 论建设项目的合同管理[J]. 山西电力, 2008, (03) . 更多相关参考文献内容： 人力资源管理参考文献
1、建筑工程施工项目管理 项建国 中国建筑工业 2、建设安全监理实用手册 徐君伦 上海社会科学院出版社 3、建设工程监理安全责任读本 杨效中 ％漆贯学 ％陆湛秋 中国建筑工业出版社 4、建设工程安全监理实务手册 郭劲光 ％吕方泉 中国建材工业出版社 5、建设工程安全监理/建设工程安全技术与管理丛书 李世蓉 中国大陆％兰定筠 中国大陆 中国建筑工业出版社 6、建筑工程监理资料/建筑工程资料管理系列丛书 北京土木建筑学会 经济科学出版社 7、工程监理·安全监理·项目管理规范化操作手册 黄金枝 ％刘永新 中国建筑工业 8、施工项目管理(高等职业教育建筑工程技术专业技能型系列教材) 韩国平 东南大学出版社 9、 土木工程施工常用表格 毛志兵 中国建筑工业出版社 10、建设工程施工现场安全与技术管理实务 张立新 中国建材工业出版社 11、建筑施工软件手册/建设工程与软件应用系列 武树春 中国建筑工业出版社12、建设工程监理行业三大管理体系一体化实施示例 谷树棠 ％周玉兰 中国标准出版社 13、路桥工程监理(市政工程专业适用高职高专规划教材) 廖品槐 中国建筑工业出版社 14、地基基础与地下防水工程监理细节100 上官子昌 中国建材工业 15、工程项目管理(第2版) 弗雷德里克·E.古尔德 美％南希·E.乔伊斯 清华大学出版社 希望对你有用，是我毕业设计刚刚用过的，祝你一切顺利！
去Fxpro这家公司里面找位专业人交流了解一下。
《人民币汇率改革对我国资本市场的影响》无论你站在何种角度，只要能自圆其说就成了，这就是金融，赚到钱才是真的，如果你觉得题目太大，在缩小点可以是。。。。银行业的影响、证券业的影响、保险业的影响、西经学的好的话还可以写写进出口、在不成可以写人民币汇率改革对于人民币境外结算的影响。先找资料 新闻（新闻=国家政策），第二挑选论点（不可有违政策，要有清晰），第三在从书中找理论支持你的论点。关键字等等所需要的就OK了。毕业论文是任务，是为了通过后拿学位，重结果。不是用来作学问的。
毕业论文的写作是本科大学生整个大学阶段的重要环节，但是题目却是开始论文撰写中最重要的环节。下面是我带来的关于的内容，欢迎阅读参考! 一 1. 完善金融监管制度的几个启示 2. 提高利率能否抑制通胀 3. 货币错配与经济金融稳定:亚太经验比较分析 4. 当前我国通货膨胀问题思考 5. 人民币国际化的现状、障碍与相关对策 6. 商业银行内生性操作风险的生成机理与防范对策 7. 对货币国际化研究成果的一个综述 8. 我国民间金融的历史回溯 9. 河南省商业银行适度规模问题探析 10. 跨境资本异常流动的作用机制分析及外汇管理对策 11. 商业银行合规文化建设研究 12. 农村信用社支付服务问题探讨 13. REITs资金配置优化 14. 利率互换交易及其定价分析 15. 我国碳金融发展面临的困境及出路 二 1. 基金规模对基金投资行为和绩效的影响研究 2. 对我国证券行业的管理效率研究 3. 代理保险监管新政与商业银行应对之策 4. 我国各省保险业与经济发展的相关性实证研究 5. 商业银行个人信用风险评价模型研究 6. 基于pair_Copula_CVaR模型的保险投资组合优化 7. 机动车强制保险赔偿的法律争议与对策建议 8. 自行洗钱行为的刑法规制 9. 后金融危机时代货币政策对资产价格的影响研究 10. 我国城乡金融排斥二元性的空间差异与演变趋势1978-2009 11. 证券公司公司治理评价的实证分析 12. 附加预期泰勒规则在通胀预期管理中的应用及启示 13. 我国货币政策调控房价有效性研究 14. 基于岭回归的中国开放式基金投资风格分析 15. 我国信托业市场结构与绩效关系研究 16. 外商直接投资对河南经济发展影响的实证分析 17. 天津市滨海新区FDI外溢效应的经验研究 三 1. 股权结构和资讯非对称:中国股市的经验证据 2. 农业银行助推农业产业化经营浅探 3. 女性金融从业人员职业发展状况调查与研究 4. 农户兼业对小额信贷还贷因素影响差异及次序性研究 5. 从委托-代理理论看基金利益输送问题 6. 国内商业银行内部资金转移计价应用现状及启示 7. 我国商业银行贷款定价运作机制研究 8. 人民币境外衍生市场与境内即期市场间的资讯流动关系研究 9. 金融租赁与中小企业融资:基于金融功能理论分析 10. 资源约束、定价权缺失与对策选择 11. 信用卡转换成本研究综述 12. 地方 *** 融资模式的国际比较和中国适应性选择:文献述评 13. 日美两国量化宽松货币政策的比较 14. 区域人民币风险管理的实证调查与研究 15. 运用债务重组手段处置金融不良资产的例项研究 16. 基于知识整合的金融集团业务协同创新逻辑与机制 17. 农村非正规金融组织演变、规模与政策选择 18. 我国反洗钱法律制度存在的主要问题及完善建议 19. 商业银行被诉案件的预防与化解机制研究 20. 网上银行的法律风险防范问题 21. 中国股票市场发展与经济增长之间关系的实证研究 22. 城镇居民预防性储蓄动机强度的再认识 23. 经济波动、区域差异与货币政策效应非对称性
金融专业的，这个我知道的