Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如:红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
My dream is to study abroad in the future. I amalways that kind of life can come true soon.
我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。
But, before I realize my dream, I have to do somepreparation.
但是,在实现梦想之前,我得做一些准备工作。
I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.
我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。
It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.
据说东西方文化是有差异的。
If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.
如果我什么都不知道,很容易发生文化冲突。
It will put me into an embarrass place.
这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。
For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china.
例如,龙是在中国是万兽之王,有着无比神圣的意义。
But it means violence in the western country.
但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。
I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.
我要尽量了解更多的文化冲突,这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。
Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.
The passage mainly tells us the importance of protecting traditional Chinese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and changing lifestyle. Besides, China is nationwide sparing no efforts to do it.
The protection of national and folk culture is of great significance to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harmonious development between local economic and social development. It is reported that the Guangdong government pays special attention to protecting Chaoju(潮剧), a local drama born in Chaozhou in the eastern Guangdong province.
In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture effectively. To start with, we should make a law to regulate the society’s performance. Besides, we should draw more people’s attention to it, for the more they know about the importance of culture protection, the stronger the support we can get from the public.
In a word, it is high time for us to treasure and develop our own valuable culture.
这段主要告诉我们保护中国传统文化的重要性,这是挑战或面临灭绝,因为发展中社会和改变生活方式。此外,中国全国全力以赴去做。
保护国家和民间文化是中国文化的多样性具有十分重要的意义,也是地方经济和社会发展之间的和谐发展。据报道,广东省政府支付特别注意保护Chaoju(潮剧),一个当地的戏剧在潮州出生在广东省东部。
在我看来,应该采取一些措施来有效地保护传统文化。首先,我们应该做一个法律调节社会的表现。除此之外,我们应该吸引更多的人的关注,因为他们知道关于文化保护的重要性,更强的我们可以从公众的支持。
总之,是时候让我们珍惜和发展我们自己的有价值的文化。
Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so you finished yourself,you can return to you wonderful dinner can be in China,there are some different of you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”Im full”That means:I am full ,help then ,you can go out to have a rest or just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in we face it in the future ,don`t forget that!
Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.
This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.
There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture . But the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . As the main body of the education is parents’ child . Though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it . In order to tackle them, I’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between China and American.
Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.
This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.
Today, I visited the temple of yue temple with my father, mother, two uncle, two aunt and sister. Many people ah, this is our original traditional dengfeng temple fair, people dare to come here near the temple fair, I with the crowded traffic into the zhongyue temple, I see theres four iron man, tai mountain, west of huashan, mount hengshan, hen, the songshan, there are many buildings, buildings can be spectacular! I was playing with my sister. Zhongyue temple there are lots of little temple, the temple has a monk, in tapping the holding it with a wooden stick or iron bowl, in the way of walking, I said to himself: "great! This is something to write diary finally!" We walked for a long time of the YueMiao unknowingly came to end, I remember zhong miao seems to be at the end of a long, long small channel, where the gods look like grow can be strange! Some even wear tiger leather shoes and tiger skin towel, the appearance is really funny! My sister and I will be laughed and silly! Its a joy. Finally, we came to a very high, very large building, and my sister and I immediately ran up, and we played there for a while, and my parents shouted, "lets go!" "Play again!" We played a while, they waited impatiently, my father came up to urge us to go, we did not go, and also played hide-and-seek with him! Finally, were ready to go! When we got in the car, we went back to our respective homes.
Today, we have fun! Not only play very happy, but also I also know the traditional culture of the temple, I am so happy!
Feng Jicai, born in Tianjin in 1942, is a highly accomplished writer, known for his depictions of intellectuals lives and the historical stories of Tianjin, where he has been living for more than 40 years. In recent years, while serving as executive chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Feng has dedicated most of his time and energy to the preservation of China’s ethnic and folk culture, trying to save the countrys vanishing cultural memories.
Feng frequently published articles in newspapers, explaining his aims and beliefs to the local residents. He wrote, "Cultural relics are dead, but culture is living in the historical buildings. A city without culture is a city without root."
In December 1999, Guyi Street, one of the oldest streets in Tianjin, was in the process of being demolished. On this street, built during the Yuan Dynasty, there were many famous shops, such as Qianxiangyi, Ruifuxiang, Shanxi Guild House, and the General Chamber of Commerce of Tianjin. Again, Feng called for volunteers to record the street on videotapes, and collect oral history from local residents. In February 2000, a set of postcards was published with Guyi Street as the theme, attracting long lines of purchasers. With Fengs efforts, the destruction plan for the street was finally changed, saving some of the buildings there.
Acting on Fengs proposal, a nationwide heritage rescue program launched a general survey of Chinas folk cultures in 2003, aiming to catalog village-level art, songs, legends, dress and folk customs before they die off with their practitioners. A wide range of methods were adopted, including text, audio and video recording as well as photography.
Two severe problems in the rescue program were the lack of cultural workers and funds. Feng sold his own paintings twice to raise funds for the foundation to support the investigation of fine arts folk legacies in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Besides, he also calls for help from NGOs (非政府组织,非营利性组织) everywhere.
Feng was hired as a consultant of the State Council in 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the work of protecting cultural relics.
China is a cultural ancient country with a long history of more than 5,000 years. Chinas traditional culture is profound and profound, and we can see it everywhere in our life. The four treasures we use, the Chinese medicine we eat, the tea we drink; And the erhu, the flute that we played; The tang suit we wear, the porcelain we use, and so on. Our countrys traditional culture is numerous, can be seen everywhere.
Our country has a variety of traditional festivals, many things have various manners and customs, each place also has local and ethnic characteristics. And I like the traditional Chinese festivals best,
The Spring Festival can be a symbol of the blessings of peace and peace. We can worship relatives who have died in qingming festival. The Dragon Boat Festival can eat sweet and soft glutinous rice dumplings; The Mid-Autumn festival is the day when the whole family is reunited to eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon. The double ninth festival is a good day for climbing high and wearing dogwood... Of all the traditional festivals, I remember the Dragon Boat Festival most.
The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the great patriotic poet qu yuan, the legend qu yuan was insulted by the emperor, who was so sad that he was so sad that he threw himself into the river that night. When the news came, people rushed to the river, and the boat was ready to bring back the body of qu yuan, but it could not be recovered. People are afraid that the body of qu yuan was eaten by fish and shrimp, and they dropped zongzi and made them eat zongzi. From now on, people will call this day Dragon Boat Festival, on this day, every family will make zongzi to eat, to commemorate this great patriotic poet!
Every traditional culture in our country has a historical background or a classic story. The traditional culture in China is very profound and profound.
东方礼仪特点:1、重视亲情和血缘2、谦逊和含蓄3、承认现实满足现状4、强调共性、礼尚往来西方人的礼仪特点:1、崇尚个性自由2、简单实用3、惜时如金4、自由平等、开放
中西文化差异对英语教学的影响密我
可以从餐具入手……
创新点不太好想。餐桌礼仪其实也是酒桌礼仪。我也想写这个论文呢。也不知道咋写。。
对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析,通过对比研究,剖析其不同的自然观、世界观,寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!
中西禁忌文化对比研究
摘 要:禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象,是跨文化交际中的一大障碍,本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究,提高人们的文化意识,避免交际冲突和失败,以此提高跨文化交际能力。
关键词:禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力
禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的Togan(汤加语),是一种普遍的文化现象,指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。由于文化不同,各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。
禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象,只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。禁忌几乎无处不在,按照禁忌的范畴来分,可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌,其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面,本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。
一、宗教禁忌
世界各国人民都有不同的信仰,英语国家的人主要信仰基督教,另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。宗教不同,禁忌也有很大差异。
1.基督教禁忌
基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像,进入教堂要严肃,保持安静,以表达对神的敬意。忌食带血的食物,忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。同时, 在西方信奉基督教的国家里,人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖,钉死在十字架上的故事。因此在耶稣受难日的当天,绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情,如:理发、钉马蹄,钉钉子等。
2.天主教禁忌
天主教是基督教的三大教派之一,除基督教的某些禁忌外,天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。如:天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的,因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服,忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人,一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。
3.佛教禁忌
佛教禁忌包含身体行为方面的禁忌如不杀生,不偷盗,不淫邪;语言方面的禁忌如不妄语,不恶口;意识方面的禁忌如不贪欲等。因此,信奉佛教的人忌吃荤食、不结婚、不蓄财。僧侣和教徒非常注重头部,忌讳别人提着物品从头部经过,忌随便抚摸小孩子的头部。忌当着僧侣的面杀生,喝酒,吃肉。女士面对僧侣忌穿着暴露;对于女信徒,在生理期间不得进入寺院朝拜,以免亵渎神像。
4.伊斯兰教禁忌
伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一,信奉者遍布世界各个国家和地区,在饮食方面,信仰者忌吃自死和非正常死亡的动物,忌饮酒。妇女忌外出工作,忌与男子相互观看,妇女在陌生人面前要带面纱。(《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991)①他们认为妇女除双手、双足和面部外,其余身体部位,不能显露给丈夫以外的男子观看。在卫生方面,禁止用右手处理污秽事物,如大小便均需用左,忌讳用左手给人传递物品尤其是事物。
二、生活禁忌
生活中禁忌很多,比如在英国,避免问他人私事,不能插队,忌购物时讨价还价等。下面着重谈一下饮食和饮酒方面的禁忌。
1.饮食禁忌
饮食是生活的重要组成部分,饮食禁忌包含饮食内容和饮食方式两个方面。中国人的饮食禁忌主要表现在饮食规矩而不是饮食内容上。中国人几乎什么都吃,包括动物的头脚和内脏。英语国家的人忌吃肥肉、粘骨,忌食动物的头脚或内脏制成的食品。忌食狗肉、蛇肉等特殊动物制成的食品。忌食大蒜等有酸辣味道的食品。在饮食规矩方面他们也有一些禁忌,如喝汤时忌出声,进餐时忌狼吞虎咽,用刀叉进菜时忌叮当作响。餐毕,刀叉忌乱放。忌当众挑牙,口中有食物时讲话。
2.饮酒禁忌
中国和英语国家在饮酒禁忌方面有较大差异。西方酒类繁多,讲究不同场合,不同饭菜配不同的酒。比如,饭前喝开胃酒,饭中喝佐餐酒,饭后喝鸡尾酒或威士忌酒等。隆重的宴会上,他们会一道菜换一种酒,有时会把几种酒参在一起混饮。而中国人主张隆重场合喝一种酒,混饮现象更是少见。西方人喝酒忌畅饮,一醉方休,而中国人忌牛饮或急饮。主人给客人斟酒宜勤,但忌浅、忌溢。
三、社交禁忌
在英语国家里,拜访某人需提前预约,否则会打乱别人的安排,造成不便。突然造访被视为粗鲁无礼的表现。以前中国人除了大事没有预约访客的习惯,但随着社会节奏的较快,预约访客逐渐开始实行,但没有那么严格。在预约到达时间上,中西方也存在差异。在西方晚到十分钟被视为正常现象,美国人习惯晚到3-5分钟,因为一般情况下女主人忙于饭菜,饭前5分钟才有时间换衣服,早到会使主人感到尴尬。在中国,人们习惯于提前4-5分钟到达以示尊敬。
在西方国家,隐私是最大的禁忌。与西方人交谈时切忌谈论涉及个人隐私的问题如年龄、收入、婚姻等。而在中国上述问题则被作为关注的话题加以讨论。中国人也有忌谈的东西如涉及个人尊严、缺点、短处等方面的事情。
在英语国家,有一火不点三支烟的忌讳。也就是说点一次火只能连续给两个人点烟,如果给第三个人点烟时需重新点火,否则会给其中一个人带来不便。
英语国家的人们在传统的节日互送小礼品是常有的事儿,但忌送重礼,重礼被认为是一种行贿行为。在美国,忌讳在公共场合或者业务交往过程中送礼,忌讳送有公司标志的东西(好像是在为公司做广告)。在英语国家,毫无缘由的送礼会使受礼者感到莫名其妙,这和中国相似。
四、其他禁忌
关于颜色的忌讳。在欧美国家,尽量少用黑色,比利时人忌讳蓝色,巴西人忌讳黄色。在中国,忌用红笔写自己的名字和写信。
关于数字的忌讳。西方人把“十三”视为不吉利的数字,公共场合尽量避免使用这个数字。“星期五”在西方被视为黑色星期五。据说耶稣是在这一天被钉在十字架上的,亚当夏娃是在这一天偷吃禁果的,大洪水也是在这一天爆发的。
中国人忌讳使用“四”和“三”(散的谐音),在喜庆场合避免使用这些数字。
由此可见,不同的国家和民族有不同的禁忌,不了解对方国家的禁忌就会导致友谊破裂,交际失败,种族冲突等严重问题。在跨文化交际的过程中,要想达到交际成功,避免文化冲突,必须了解对方的文化禁忌。通过深入的对比研究,提高文化意识,减少文化冲突,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
参考文献:
[1] 杨宗、聂嘉恩、郭全胜,《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991,上海:上海文化出版社
[2] 胡文中、杜学增,《中英文化习俗比较》,1998,北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社
[3] 李建军、李贵苍,《跨文化交际》,2011,武汉:武汉大学出版社
中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的对比
摘 要:随着各国之间的交流日益密切,了解西方的餐桌礼仪文化对于了解西方文化至关重要。本文主要从餐具摆放及使用方面介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化的差异,来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深我们的了解。
关键词:禁忌;餐桌;礼仪;中西方
一、引言
餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,在中西方文化交流中的作用自然也不可小觑。中西方餐桌礼仪文化主要由入席离席、餐具使用与摆放、上菜顺序及品酒四个方面组成。本文旨在介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的差异,主要从餐具摆放及使用这一方面来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深对西方文化的了解。
二、问卷的数据分析
通过对问卷进行发放,采访被调查者,我们了解到大家对中西方餐桌礼仪禁忌的认识很局限,并且极少数人对其后的文化背景进行过探析,下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况。下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况,通过分析问卷,我们可以得出被调查者中大二的较多,占有效百分比为;大一占,大三占,而大四的最少,占有效百分比为。被调查者中英语类所占比例为,非英语类占,英语类和非英语类所占比例几乎相当。通过这些问卷的结果显示被调查者对中西餐桌礼仪文化的禁忌了解程度一般,而相当一部分人对此不了解。
具体分析问卷得出,大家对于极少数禁忌了解比较深,但是却很少有几个人了解到其中的文化渊源,对于其它中西文化餐桌礼仪禁忌的了解有限,有待加强。因此,我们将主要从中西文化餐桌的餐具使用及摆放这方面的对比和背景进行分析,系统的分析中西文化餐桌礼仪并究其根源。
三、正 文
餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,也体现了中西方文化的差异。
餐具的摆放及使用
(1)筷子的摆放、使用及禁忌(忌讳、讲究)
通常就餐之前,在中国筷子的摆放应该放在饭碗的右侧,并且一定要两端对齐的整齐地摆放。如果是就餐期间使用筷子夹完菜之后,但是并没有连续进食,筷子则应整齐地竖向饭碗的正中间。
在中国餐桌上会看到一些这样的场景,客人拿起筷子夹菜时会举棋不定,不知道夹什么好,这种现象被称为“疑筷”,在正式的场合中疑这是较为忌讳的,在非正式的场合中则不是很严格。在夹菜时一些客人用筷子在菜盘里来来回回扒拉到底要夹什么菜,这种现象被称为“脏筷”。脏筷从浅层意义上来讲是不礼貌的。有时候大家会在中国的餐桌上看到两个人同时夹同一道菜时,不小心筷子撞在一起的情形,这一现象被称之为“抢筷”。为避免尴尬,人们在遇到这种情况时会巧妙地半开玩笑地说一句:“让我来帮你夹怎么样?”或者一方表示谦让地让对方来先夹。一般在连续就进餐时,筷子上仍然留着吃上一道菜留下的残迹就去夹菜的情况被称之为“粘筷”,这是忌讳的,所以在打算夹菜时要轻轻小嘬筷子,来避免夹别的菜时筷子上还粘着东西。
在吃放间隙聊天的时候,筷子的一大禁忌就是“指筷”,及用筷子指人。在用餐之时,最为忌讳的是“供筷”,就是将筷子插在饭菜上或者自己的饭碗中央。在中国的传统当中,一般在祭奠去世的人会上香叩拜,如果将筷子插在饭菜中央就与这一情形及其相似,因此,供筷不论在正式的还是非正式的中国餐桌上都是最大的禁忌之一。
除了以上描述的之外,中餐当中使用筷子的禁忌还有忌“刺筷”,即在夹不起菜的时候将筷子当叉子用,扎着夹;忌“别筷”,就是拿筷子当刀使用,用筷子撕扯肉类菜;忌“泪筷”,即在夹菜的时候使菜上有的汤汁淋了一桌;忌“敲筷子”。在等待就餐时,不能坐在桌边一手拿一根筷子随意敲打或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。忌“叉筷”。 筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放,不能一根大头,一根小头。用餐完毕,筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌上。
(2)西方餐具的摆放、使用以及禁忌
相对于中餐,西餐的餐具则更为复杂。狭义上的西餐餐具有:刀、叉、匙三大件。刀子分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀(刀口有锯齿,用以切牛排、猪排等)、黄油刀和水果刀。叉子分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙子则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。而广义上的西餐餐具则包含:刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等。
在餐具摆放中,各个西方国家摆放西餐餐具遵循的共同规则是:“垫盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内”。具体的规则有:“盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右”,其余用具酌情摆放;酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯;西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某些物品,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。
西餐用餐餐具摆放为八字形,如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻,可将刀叉分话盘中,刀头与叉尖相对成”一”字形或”八”字形,刀叉朝向自己,表示还是继续吃。用餐结束的摆置方式有两种:用餐结束后中,可将叉子的下面向上,刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢,平行放置于餐盘上。在宴会中,每吃一道菜用一副刀叉,对摆在面前的刀叉,是从外侧依次向内取用,因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了,上菜也结束了。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外,还有另一项非常重要的功用:刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息,而服务生是利用这种方式判断客人的用餐情形,刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里,则表示这一道菜已经用好,服务员就会把盘子撤去。
参考文献:
[1]蔡德贵、田辰山.三极世界文化差异(上)――筷子、手指和刀叉的视角[J],东方论坛,2007(02)
[2]卞浩宇.论中西饮食文化的差异【J】。南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004
[3]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论【M】背景:外语教学与研究社,1999
[4]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化【J】。锦州师范学院学报,1997,
[5]多晓萍.从饮食角度浅谈中西文化【J】。兰州工业高等专科学校学报,2005
[6]林美泳,吴晓芳,吴家铭.浅谈中西方饮食文化差异[J],2009(16)
[7]林丽端.中西方饮食文化之比较[J],2009(18).
[8]杜莉, 孙俊秀. 西方餐饮文化,中国轻工业出版社
由于我国与西方的生活习惯以及民族习俗的不同,中西方 文化 存在许多差异。下面是我为大家整理的中西方文化差异论文,供大家参考。
摘要: 从历史文化的角度来说,中西方文化无论从萌芽、发展到现在的格局无疑是各具特色的。一个偏重群体关系和整体作用,提倡大家庭理论;一个偏重个体能力和英雄主义,提倡自由万岁。在两个文化理念截然相反的作用下,我们必须融合两者意识上的差异,在文化层次本身找到共性,以利于整个人类文化的发展。
关键词: 差异;价值观;文化
0 引言
历史发展至今,中西方文化就像两条时而胶着、时而分离的不规则线,同样源远流长,同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。但,无论任何时候,两者从未有过平行的时候,因此,研究世界文化不可能单一的研究中西方某个文化,而应全面、系统的对中西方文化加以研究。
1 关于中西方文化
文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)这样给文化定义:“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的、包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此,我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神 、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果,以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。
中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国 传统文化 ,它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的,是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族,对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用,其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。
西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样,源远流长,气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的____传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。
2 中西方文化的特点
中西方文化均源远流长、气象万千,两种文明都经历了几千年历史的发展演化才成型。迄今,无数学者为更好的研究两种文明,划分了各种各样的时期或时代,以将历史分割成各个有机统一的整体加以研究。在此,笔者参考各权威观点,结合自己的观点,在权威学说的基础上以阶段性为前提,简单描述一下中西方文化各自的特点,以便更好的对论题加以研究。
中国文化的特点 中国文化在西周时期创造出了中华文明的母形。这一时期建立了“余一人“的专制王权思想,敬德与重民思想开始萌芽,西周时期我国宗法社会与宗法文化开始成型,并且对后世中国文化脉络和思潮的演化产生了深远影响。战国时期,平民观点开始兴起,以孔子、孟子、墨子、老子、韩非子等为杰出代表。我国出现百家争鸣的文化发展状况。以仁为核心的儒家思想成为中国文化的中心。同时法家、道家思想并立。至此在几千年的发展过程中,中国形成了以“谦、恭、信、敏、慧”为核心的文化思想观、以“学而优则仕”的文化价值观。总的来说,中国文化就是细节服务于整体、突出整体效果的文化模式。
西方文化的特点 西方文化经过中世纪____文化的长期统治,阿拉伯文化的融入,随着资本主义经济萌芽的出现,出现了影响深远的文艺复兴和宗教改革。经过17世纪的科学革命,18世纪的启蒙运动,现代西方文化到19世纪臻于成熟,并向全世界扩张。西方文化在20世纪面临着来自内外多方面的挑战。现代主义、后现代主义只反映了现代西方文化的一个方面,表现出其躁动不安的情绪,远远不能概括其全貌。在几千年的发展过程中,西方文化形成了以“争”为核心的文化思想观、以自然科学和科研为核心的文化发展观。总的来说,西方文化就是突出细节、突出个体效果的文化模式。
3 中西方文化差异
西方文化文化的发展态势不同 中国文化中整体上来看,属于一种静态文化、一种家国文化。由于中国所处地理环境较为优越,给予了人一个可以长期居住生产的环境,所以,这种长期居住在同一个地方的条件便使家族发展的很快,安居乐业、居安而不思流动,就容易促使静态的文化模式发展。家族繁衍、代代相传,家族纽带越来越复杂,尊老和祭祖现象就必然在这样的发展模式下产生,家族观念,宗法制度也就逐渐形成并根深蒂固了。所以说,中国为什么叫家国,因为,家就是国、国就是家,家和国仅仅是规模上的差别,于此,这种静态文化和家国文化直接促成了中国仁、孝、礼、信为核心的贵和尚中的中庸思想。
而西方文化则属于一种动态文化、一种斗争文化。西方文化三大起源(古希腊文明、罗马文明和____文明)均源自地中海沿岸,西方的地理环境、气候促成了流动性较强的文化。并直接促使西方人的家庭观念相对薄弱,个人主义、自由主义等价值观念得以发展传承,由此产生的竞争意识、斗争文化更是西方文化发展的原动力。
中西方文化中的伦理观念不同 中国文化主张家庭伦理本位,而西方文化主张个人本位。上点已经提到,中国以家国主义文化为核心思想文化,以家族为本位,家庭便有长幼之序,夫妻之分,家庭成员各安其分,各尽义务,即“尽伦”!孟子认为:圣人是“人伦之民”,伦的核心是“绝对服从”,幼服长,妻服夫。使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是“孝”,“百善孝为先”,“孝道”是中国的国本,国粹,中国自古就有孝的文化,有以孝治天下之说.家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义,但由于过分强调,终成了一种过分的家族意识,而忽略了个人自由的发展,“存天理,灭人欲”,以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨。
而西方的地理环境及种种社会关系导致个人主义的兴起,导致家庭、家族纽带功能相对松弛。“上帝面前人人平等”的____义充分说明了西方文化中追求人格独立的特点,骑士精神、英雄主义的盛行源自于此。个人权利任何人不得侵犯,信奉个人本位、自我中心,这种个人本位思想使即使亲人间的界限也划分得非常明确,AA制、强调子女独立生活,喜欢谈论一己之所得。伯克哈特在《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》一书中,认为只有个人得到充分的发展才能有社会的充分发展。存在主义把这个基本观念推向了极端,鼓吹“人是绝对自由的”,“他人就是我的地狱”。 中西方文化对人与自然的基本观点不同 杜维民教授认为:“中国文化关注的对象是人”。人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心与基础问题,战国时期,我国就形成了以“仁”为核心的儒家思想,所以政治伦理学相当发达。而西方文化较多关注的是自然,人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题,由此衍生出理智和科技。
中国的哲学是一种人生哲学。儒家强调人在社会要有所作为,道家追求长生,佛家强调人的觉悟。同时建立了君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系,学而优则仕成为中国社会主流思想。而科学研究可发现自然规律的探究行为并未得到重视。在处理人与自然的关系上,中国文化讲究“天人合一”、“顺天应物”。把自然人格化,追求人与自然和谐发展。
从古希腊泰勒斯的自然哲学开始,探索自然奥秘,开发和利用自然资源为人类服务就成为了欧洲思想的主流。西方科学起源与对自然的探索和研究,很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样名垂千古的科学家.在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为人与自然处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人可以征服,控制自然。西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。
4 中西方文化的文化价值观和文化结构不同
中国文化强调“诗言志”、“文以载道”和“天人合一”的文化价值观和整体综合。中国文化讲究有利于社会、有利于教化民众,中国广大文人苦读孔孟、圣人之学,学而优则仕,为的是齐家治国平天下。“托物言志”、“诗以言志”成了中国大部分文学作品的特色。同时也是“中国式特色”。现代西方文化倡导“为艺术而艺术”和多元的文化观。从康德提出“美只是形式”开始,纯粹的美感不应渗进任何愿望、任何需要、任何意志活动的说法在西方现代美学中成为占支配地位的思潮。克罗齐主张直觉即艺术,主张衡量艺术只有一个标准,即艺术标准。西方文化中的多元文化观包括两个方面,其一是文化形成的多元性;二是文化构成的多元性。
在文化结构方面,中国以整体综合见长,强调整体的作用;而西方以细节分析见长,突出个体的作用。例如,在时间、地址的书写顺序上,中国习惯按年、月、日,国家、省、市等由整体到部分开始书写,而西方恰恰相反。在姓氏排列上,中国姓氏先是宗族、辈分然后才是名,突出的是氏族整体;而西方姓氏先是自己名字、然后才是父名、族姓,突出的是个人。
在中西方文化的重要表现形式上,西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由,而中国文化是群体文化,主张谦虚谨慎、关心他人、助人为乐、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作。
值得注意的是,以上所说并不是说中国文化相对与西方文化来说是不变的文化,是封闭的文化。中国文化是强调“和平、稳定”;但这不意味着就是不变与封闭。中国哲学强调“天人和一”;而要达到这种境界,必须具有“海纳百川”胸怀和“户枢不蠹”的发展性眼光看待天地;因此,在中国古代的知识分子中一直强调“兼容”与“动”的观念。久而久之,就形成了中国文化所特有的包容性与变化观点——“仁者乐水,智者乐山”便是这种观点的具体体现。
参考文献:
[1]马文·哈里斯.文化人自然—普通人类学导引[M].浙江人民出版社1992年版.
[2]谢遐龄.中国政治思想史[M].高等 教育 出版社,2003.
[3]辜正坤.中西方文化比较.博览群书,
[4]冯承柏,王中田,俞久洪.西方文化精义[M].华中理工大学出版社,1998
一个国家无论是在政治上,还是在经济贸易中,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯,将有利于各国之间的交往。一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯,是对对方的尊重,能够给对方留下一个好印象,以便交往的顺利进行。
随着东西方文化的不断发展,东西方的礼仪正在相互融合,西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素,东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中,由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此 出国 留学 网我就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响:
一、社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响
东西方文化都非常重视 人际交往 ,但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客,在人际交往中饱含热情,问寒问暖,似乎没有什么可保留的,对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题,觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中,特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括:个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方,与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私,也不愿意被别人干涉。比如,很多中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来,物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。
而在西方人眼里,如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格,就可能是探问对方的经济条件,因此,这也是西方人的隐私,属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格,只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品,而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱,一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“去哪儿啊?”,这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国,你如果问朋友上哪儿去,则可能会使对方尴尬,因为这也属于对方的隐私,是你不该过问的。另外,人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行,而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近,而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢,过分疏远,是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头,他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉;而在西方人眼里,这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服,会上前摸一摸,询问价钱或质地;而西方人则不会这样做,他们更多的是羡慕,并直接赞美。概而言之,这都是东西方文化观念差异所致。东方人非常重义、重情,西方人则崇尚个人独立。
二、个人人生观的差异对礼仪的影响
(一)个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗,尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪,从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。而相反,中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉,则提倡谦虚谨慎。一般来说,中国人大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂,然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人感到不满。例如,“your English is very good,”“No,no,my English is very poor”;“you've done a nice job,”“No,I don't think 's the result of joint efforts.”,这在中国人看来当然是一种谦虚的说法,而在西方人看来,不仅否定了自己,还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。可见,这种中国式的谦虚在西方资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。
(二)自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强,主要表现在:1.自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会,每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力,因此,每个人都必须自我奋斗,把个人利益放在第一位;2.不习惯关心他人,帮助他人,不过问他人的事情。正由于以上两点,主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方往往就成为令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能,而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人,对社会是否有用”,个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操———无私奉献。在中国,主动关心别人,给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德,因此,中国人不论别人的大事小事,家事私事都愿主动关心,而这在西方则会被视为“多管闲事”。
(三)创新精神与中庸之道 西方文化鼓励人民开拓创新,做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。而传统的中国文化则要求人们不偏不倚,走中庸之道,中国人善于预见未来的危险性,更愿意维护现状,保持和谐。当然,近年来我国也大力提倡创新改革,但务实求稳之心态仍处处体现。冒险精神仍是不能与西方人相比的。 (四)个性自由与团结协作 西方人十分珍视个人自由,喜欢随心所欲,独往独行,不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义,主张个人利益服从集体利益,主张同甘共苦,团结合作,步调一致。
三、法制观念的不同对礼仪的影响
东方文化以儒家思想为代表,而儒家思想重义轻利。为了兄弟朋友的情义,可以网开一面,甚至不惜一切代价,其结果往往是行为过头,丧失了更多的应得利益。比如中国人重人情,人情味浓厚。有句老话:“血浓于水”“亲不亲,故乡人,美不美,家乡水。”这些话所包含的意思是人情影响判断,人情重于道义。“水”,即使不美,但只要是家乡水,那也就美了,这就是情重于理的表现。甚至有时会情重于法,这主要是因为中国历来有情影响法的制度空间,也就是说,我们中国人先讲合情,再讲合理,然后讲合法。
若合法而不合情合理,这法就难以执行,若合情合理,有法也可以不依。 而西方人则是倒过来的。西人重法,不重人情。法在理前,理在情前。我们时常看到西方父子之间、夫妻之间、朋友之间上法庭打官司。有些事明明不合情不合理,但合法,吃亏者也只有自认倒霉,旁观者也只能容忍。但若有的事不合法,即使合情合理,西人也会争论不休,直到闹上法庭。 在情理法的中国,人情味浓厚,什么事都可以想想办法,托托人情,走走关系。这是一种自然 保险 系统,人们容易在艰苦的环境下渡过难关。因此在中国,人事关系极为重要,生活之中充满天伦之乐。但也容易产生不公正;在法理情的西方国家,人情似纸,相互之间可说是“鸡犬之声相闻,老死不相往来”。有什么矛盾,先讲理,后上法庭,简单明了。西方人虽淡薄人情,却十分讲公正、平等,即使是一介草民,只要是真正合理合法,就是同总理打官司,他也照样可以打赢。在西方国家生活,有点像广寒宫里,富裕、 清明 、漂亮,却有一般寒冷之感。尤其是老人,孤孤单单,踽踽独行,在我们中国人看来甚是可怜。
四、社会习俗的不同对礼仪的影响
在东方文化中,男士往往倍受尊重,这主要受封建礼制男尊女卑观念的影响。在现代社会,东方文化也主张男女平等,但在许多时候,男士的地位仍然较女士有优越性,女士仍有受歧视的现象。在欧美等西方国家,尊重妇女是其传统风俗,女士优先是西方国家交际中的原则之一。无论在何种公共场合,男士都要照顾女士,比如,握手时,女士先伸手,然后男士才能随之;赴宴时,男士要先让女士坐下,女士先点菜,进门时,女士先行;上下电梯,女士在前等等。现在,随着东西方文化交流的加深,西方的女士优先原则在东方国家也备受青睐。东西方文化的交融,也使东西方礼仪日趋融合、统一,更具国际化。
再如,在处理长幼关系时,以中国为代表的东方国家对待长者特别尊敬、孝敬。比如,在许多中国人看来,如果老人有子女,年老时子女把老人送到养老院或敬老院去生活,这就是不孝,过年过节儿女一般要和老人一起过。在中国农村一些地方,过年时,晚辈都要给长辈行跪拜礼。而在西方国家,由于崇尚自立,儿女成年后和父母间的来往则越来越少,致使许多老人时常感到孤独,晚年生活有一种凄凉感。
五、等级观念的差异对礼仪的影响
东方文化等级观念强烈。无论是在组织里,还是在家庭里,忽略等级、地位就是非礼。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除,但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国,传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威,家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。另外,中国式的家庭结构比较复杂,传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中,老人帮助照看小孩,儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人,家庭成员之间互相依赖,互相帮助,密切了亲情关系。 在西方国家,除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外,大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。
特别在美国,崇尚人人平等,很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣,也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻,因他们都知道,只要自己努力,是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的 谚语 所言:“只要努力,牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even acowboy can be president.)在家庭中,美国人不讲等级,只要彼此尊重,父母与子女可直呼其名。他们的家庭观念往往比较淡薄,不愿为家庭做出太多牺牲。 当然,中西方文化的不同导致的礼仪上的差异还有很多,比如服饰礼仪、进餐礼仪等等,由于篇幅等多方面的制约,在此不能一一深入探讨。总之,中西方之间有各自的文化习惯,由此也产生了不少不同的交往习惯。因此,随着我国经济的发展和对外交流、贸易的不断增加,我们不但有必要在与外国人交往或者前往别的国家去之前,了解对方国家的礼仪习惯,而且必须加强专业礼仪人才的培养,提高全民礼仪意识,这不仅是对对方的尊重,也给我们自己带来了便利,不但能避免了不必要的麻烦与误会,还能在现代社会的多方竞争中争取主动,取得良好的结果或效益。
中西方在社会 文化 背景、社会经济环境、公众文化层次、 广告 发展阶段等方面的不同是其广告文化差异形成的内在原因。把握中西方文化广告的差异,并科学理解其成因是高效跨文化广告传播的需要。下面是我为大家整理的中西方广告文化差异论文,供大家参考。中西方广告文化差异论文 范文 一:试析中西方文化差异看跨文化广告的传播策略 论文摘要:中国属于集体主义价值观取向和高语境交际居主导地位的文化;而西方国家则属于个人主义价值观取向和低语境交际居主导地位的文化。中西方价值观和交际观的巨大差异在各自的广告上留下了深深的烙印。本文分析了中西方广告的这些差异,并提出了跨文化广告需要注意的三个传播策略。 论文关键词:集体主义;个人主义;高语境文化;低语境文化;跨文化广告 一、引言 经济全球化的今天,越来越多的跨国企业跻身国际市场。而广告是它们推销自己的产品,参与国际竞争的一个重要宣传手段。然而由于中西方存在着巨大的文化差别,不同文化背景的广告受众往往会有不同的价值观和 思维方式 。为了使跨文化广告能够准确传达信息,吸引消费者,激发其购买欲望,我们有必要研究一下广告对象的文化背景。因为“每个消费者都是在一定的文化环境中生活与成长,其思想意识和文化理念必然会受到不同文化环境的影响和熏陶,而且这种熏陶是潜移默化、根深蒂固的(章礼霞)。” “跨文化广告”和“跨文化广告传播”在我国的广告业界和学界已经成为重要的词语,许多学者甚至认为,“如何进行跨文化广告传播是当今中国广告界,乃至世界面临的一个迫切需要解决的大课题”(李宏,1999)。广告研究学者们从语言学、符号学以及传播学等角度探讨了广告传播的过程及其效果。叶敏,王华莹(2005)认为对跨文化广告影响较大的文化因素有语言、宗教、审美观、民族习俗等。尧旭华(2002)则从文化差异的影响,语言的限制,法律的约束,生产和成本的限制及媒体的局限分析了跨文化广告的传播策略。 美国广告界的知名人士迪诺.贝蒂.范德努特曾在2000说过,我们应当承认我们确实影响了世界的文化,因为广告工作是当今文化整体中的一部分,是文化的传播者和创造者。我国的邹威华(2004)也认为广告语反映一个民族的概念与意义体系、反映一个民族的价值体系、反映一个民族的思维方式。它向我们传递商品信息的同时也向我们推销传统的或外来的价值观念等文化信息。 二、中西方价值观差异及在各自广告上的反映 中西方属于不同的文化体系,有着各自不同的一套价值观念系统。西方文化以个人为本,中国文化以群体为本。在西方文化中,个人主义是首要的价值观,是西方文化的思想内核,其源头可以追溯到古希腊。西方文化宣扬个人至上,强调个人价值,崇尚自我肯定,反对权威主义和对个人的支配,要求尊重人的个性及私人空间,认为个人的自由发展是社会和人类自由发展的基础与条件。因此,在西方,人们通常把个人利益放在首位,而后才考虑集体利益。 而中国属于集体主义价值观的文化,这个价值观可以一直追溯到儒家文化。集体主义价值观认为,人的集体价值是社会的最高价值,水能载舟,亦能覆舟;个人是集体中的一员,当个人利益与集体利益发生矛盾时,个人利益应服从集体利益。先有群体,后有个体。俗话说:“大河有水小河满”,“一根筷子一折就断,一把筷子却拧不弯”,所以,没有群体,个体就不能生存和发展,群体利益是个体利益的前提和保障。 价值观念能直接影响人们的消费心理,能够决定购买行为是否发生,因此广告的宣传目的决定了不同的价值观必然会导致不同风格的广告。西方文化是个人价值观取向,更加重视个人的奋斗和利益。在广告中就往往表现为以自我为中心的文化,强调个体的独立和主体作用,重视个性的张扬。于是,我们可以经常在英美报刊广告中见到“个性”(individuality)、“个人”(persona1)和“隐私”(privacy)这样的主题,来激发和煽动消费者的购买欲望。 耐克经典的广告语“Just do it”(想做就做)就曾在美国风靡一时,因为它表达的对自我、个性、叛逆的推崇和张扬非常符合年轻一代的价值理念,所以很容易引起共鸣。然而也就这个广告,在香港等地却收到了很差的宣传效果,与当地的价值观念格格不入,该广告被认为有诱导青少年不负责任、干坏事的倾向。无奈最后耐克只得将广告语改为“应做就去做”。在中国的文化里,个体必须去做社会觉得应该你去做的事,个体必须履行社会所赋予的责任。 另外,在中国的广告里面,家庭这一价值观被频繁地应用。因为中国 传统文化 认为,家庭是社会组织结构中最基本的单位,家是社会的细胞。对于一个传统的中国人,他的身份、地位、义务和责任都与他的家族紧密联系在一起,所以一个温暖和谐的家庭比什么都重要。因此,广告设计者往往会在这方面大做 文章 。比如,“孔府家酒”广告,“孔府家酒,让人想家”,“常回家看看”“爱一个家,恋一张床,水晶家纺”等等。这样的广告词容易深深打动中国人传统的思家情结,从而收到很好的宣传效果。 三、中西方交际观差异及在各自广告上的反映 根据人类学家爱德华.霍尔的高低语境交际(High-Low context)学说,在高语境交际观的文化中,信息的传递与沟通是通过肢体语言、上下文联系、场景等进行的。信息与信息之间存在高度的前后联系,交际的最终效果往往取决于接受者对信息的诠释。霍尔(1976)曾指出:“当谈论心中的苦恼与忧虑时,来自高语境的人会期待对方明白是什么在困扰着他/她,以便不必不得不具体的说明。结果他/她会在交谈中环顾左右而言它,什么都谈了,除了关键的一点。 而领会这最关键的主旨则是对方的任务。”而低语境文化中,大多数信息是由清晰的符号如语言、文字、符号和各种象征图案等来表达的,信息发送者有义务帮助接受者正确地理解信息。Levine(1985)描述了美国的交际观,“把话说出来”,“不要环顾左右而言他”,“说主要的”这些言语在美国人的交际中常常可以听见。一般说来,个体主义文化倾向于低语境交际,其交际风格直接又明确;集体主义文化倾向于高语境文化,其交际风格委婉,追求和谐。这就是说,中国人的沟通是含蓄的,而西方人的沟通却是直截了当的。这种思维及表达方式的差异必然也会体现在广告里。 中国人习惯于含蓄而委婉的表达方式,广告往往表现为不是直接切人正题,而是擅长于先做好大段的渲染铺垫,然后逐步引向主题,最后在高潮中含蓄地升华出中心。比如雕牌洗衣粉的一则“下岗篇”广告,镜头刚开始是描写一位下岗母亲四处奔波寻找工作,渲染出一种生活艰难的场景。然后开始把镜头切换到她家里,一个衣着朴素但却非常懂事的孩子在家帮母亲洗衣服,孩子因为能帮妈妈洗衣服,脸上露出了灿烂的笑容。最后母亲回来看到孩子的字条“妈妈,我能帮你干活了”和洗好的衣服而感动得流下了眼泪,直到此时才打出产品的名称“雕牌洗衣粉”。 广告中并没有太多对“雕牌”洗衣粉质量的宣传,而是把感情因素注入到产品中,让人们记住了充满人情味的“雕牌”。雕牌洗衣粉的另一则“中秋篇”广告也是运用相同原理: 中秋节 到了,父母给孩子打电话问能不能回来过节,孩子站在繁忙的马路边,抱歉的说:又要加班。接下来的镜头是那个女孩子的默默自述“我也想家,想妈妈用雕牌洗衣粉洗衣服的样子,想爸爸做的红纱肉。”最后当中秋节那天她回到宿舍时,发现父母已经在她的宿舍,为她做好吃的了,此时此景,女孩子热泪盈眶,只叫了一声“爸,妈”。然后做爸爸的挺难为情的,给自己找了个借口“你妈非要来。”最后才是真正的主旨——中秋节,你在想念父母,父母也在想念你,雕牌,愿家家团圆。” 西方人的思维方式是直线式的,他们表达感情的方式通常也是非常直率,在广告中更是如此。如美国贝尔电话公司的广告,一天晚上,一对老夫妇正在用餐,电话铃响。老妇人去另一个房间接电话。回来后,老先生问:“谁的电话?”老妇人回答:“女儿打来的,说她爱我们。”两人顿时相对无言,激动不已。这时出现旁白:“用电话传递你的爱吧!”西方人这种直接表达感情的方式与中国人含蓄间接的文化特质有着明显不同。 四、跨文化广告应注意的三个传播策略 每个人乃至每个民族,都是在价值观的支配下行事的,成功的跨文化广告要重视当地消费者的价值观,反映当地广告受众的价值观。结合以上分析,笔者觉得跨文化广告在传播中应注意一下三个方面: (一)适当迎合当地的价值观念 许多外国品牌在进行跨文化广告传播时都注重使自己的广告做到本土化。对跨文化广告来说,尊重并体现目标区域消费者的价值观念是非常重要的。只有做到这一点,消费者才不会对广告产生抵触情绪,才会顺利接受其宣传的产品。在这方面做得很好的例子很多,比如“可口可乐”的广告,在美国,可口可乐的广告是突出个人的自我享受和愉悦之情;而到了中国却是完全中国化,一群人在兴高采烈的分享着可口可乐带来的乐趣,充分展示“独乐乐,不如与人同乐”的中国传统文化精髓。 还有一个例子,宝洁公司在我国刚刚推出“安儿乐”纸尿裤时,由于不了解中国的价值观念,在宣传时主要强调“方便妈妈”上面,结果造成产品销路不畅通。后来通过市场调研才发现,在中国这个提倡勤劳节俭的国度,父母应该为子女辛苦操劳。花钱买纸尿裤的妈妈容易被人误认为是懒惰。最后公司把主要的宣传点改为宝宝,“能更好地保护宝宝更加健康成长,同时方便妈妈”,这样年轻妈妈就可理直气壮地购买该产品,于是安儿乐纸尿裤很快就打开市场,被广大消费者接受。 最经典的要数美国的“万宝路”香烟广告,在美国展现的一直是粗犷、充满男性气的牛仔形象;在香港则换成了衣着高雅、时尚新潮的成功中产阶级形象,因为在香港流行的不是拓荒和开拓的西部精神,而是崇尚精致的中产阶级生活;而在中国大陆则又换成了锣鼓喧天和吉庆欢乐的祝贺 春节 的喜庆场景,符合中国消费者追求欢天喜地的心理。 (二)善于把握当地的思维方式
我国有酒文化和茶文化。下面,我们来看看中西方酒文化差异有哪些吧。
我不是研究这方面的,写个大概。你自己琢磨。这是按万字以上的论文提纲写的。。一、中西酒文化差异的国内外研究现状二、中西酒文化的基本范畴和相通之处三、中西酒文化差异表现。这应是重点章。一般来说,应该分为物质和精神两个层次。物质方面,你比如说对中西方对酒的偏好不同;酒器的使用也不同。精神方面,比如喝酒礼仪、酒的精神内涵都是有差异性的。四、中西酒文化差异的原因。历史啊、民族啊、地理环境啊等等五、结论部分。通过研究这种差异性有啥积极作用或影响。最明显的影响肯定是有助于中西方文化交流。好了,大概就这么多,根据你的落脚点可以多方面发挥。。。。
酒 文化 是指在酒的生产和消费过程中所产生的物质和精神文化成果。在中华民族五千年历史长河中,酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,在传统的中国文化中有其独特的地位。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于酒文化的论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!酒文化的论文篇1 浅析中西酒文化 摘要:文化是人类在历史过程中所创造的物质文化和精神文化的总和,在酒文化方面,中国和西方的酒文化有明显差异。西方酒文化一般指葡萄酒文化,而中国酒文化则是白酒文化。本文从酒的起源,酒与宗教的关系,酒器的使用,饮酒礼仪以及酒的社会功能几个方面,简单介绍中西方酒文化的区别以及造成这些差异的原因。 关键词:酒文化 文化差异 文化 酒文化作为文化系统的一个方面,跟其他方面一样,其形成过程以及在地域上造成的差异,是有其深刻的社会背景的。社会以及历史的不同因素形成了文化的最终不同。只有从各个方面把握中西文化的不同才能促进中西方的文化交流。 1.酒的起源 从酿酒所使用的原料方面来说,在中国早期的文化起源地黄河流域,气候温和并且农作物发展较为先进,人们便用粮食酿造就有中国特色的黄酒以及白酒。而在被称为西方文明摇篮的巴尔干半岛古希腊地区,境内多山,土壤贫瘠,不适合农作物生长,反而很适合葡萄的生长,因此葡萄酒的酿造就成为西方酒文化的代表。对于酒神崇拜,从神话 传说 方面来说,西方的葡萄酒最早起源于希腊神话中的酒神狄奥尼索斯(Dionysus)据说他是最早 种植 葡萄并且酿造葡萄酒的。而在中国,中国历史上没有明确的酒神,而又普遍地将仪狄或是杜康认为是中国的酒祖。 2.宗教与酒文化的关系 从宗教方面来讲,____是西方的主流宗教,在圣经中多次提到葡萄酒。耶稣知道了自己的命运后在最后的晚餐上说,面包是我的肉,葡萄酒是我的血,并且让人们记住自己是为人类赎罪而死的。因此基督____萄酒视为圣血,而且葡萄的种植以及葡萄酒的酿造被教会人员视为工作,在这种背景情况下,人们对于葡萄酒是一种敬仰与喜爱的心情。在中国佛教的影响较为广泛,而佛教的教义是反对饮酒的,无论是在家还是出家,在戒律上都一律禁止饮酒。人们很多听信佛的教戒,尽可能的控制饮酒。加之中国的白酒多是粮食酒,因此人们对于饮酒是一种比较谨慎的态度。 3.酒器的使用 无论是在西方还是在中国,人们对酒器的重视都是略见一斑的:酒器制造所用的材质,最终的形状以及做工的精美都有不同的讲究。在中国的 传统文化 中,依据材质,使用者和时代等因素的不同,酒器的名称很多,比如有尊、壶、爵、角、觥、杯、卮、彝、卣、?、瓿等,不胜枚举。中国酒器的繁多,不仅是因为时代变迁从而生产力所带来的材质改革,更是因为在封建等级社会的中国,酒器的使用更是印上了等级制度的烙印,不同的酒器代表了不同的身份。西方国家的酒器也有很多种,但是一定程度上来说西方国家的酒器基本上以透明的玻璃杯为主而又形状各异。透明的高脚杯是西方饮酒时所使用酒器的典型代表,但是根据各种不同的酒所适用的不同的酒杯,这种高脚杯的形状又有很大差别,如郁金香型的细高型的香槟杯,矮脚的梨形的白兰地酒杯等等。西方人对酒器的讲究毫不逊于中国。但是中国的酒器更多的反映使用者的身份,西方的酒器则更多的是为了衬托酒本身的艺术性。 4.喝酒的礼仪 中西方在酒文化中都存在饮酒的礼仪,但是二者最大的区别在于中国的酒文化中更善于劝酒。同是饮酒的场面,必定中国人一起饮酒的场面更为热闹。劝酒是敬酒的一种方式,是中国人在历史过程中逐渐形成的一种习俗。封建社会中等级分明,很多人一同饮酒时,卑者、少者须向尊者、长者敬酒。一顿饭下来,敬酒的次数是不好计算的。单是敬酒,在敬酒词,敬酒姿势,自己饮多少别人饮多少,敬别人,被敬等方面就有很大的学问。在西方国家,民主与自我意识占主导,在饮酒方面也有体现。首先,因为各种高脚杯形状的不同,手持酒杯的方式也是不同的,正确的姿势也是礼仪的一个方面。在西方餐桌上,饮酒的人也会彼此举杯,但是一次喝多少,完全是个人意愿。在一次正式的西餐中,敬酒(toast propose)的次数也一般一次,这一次一般也是面向所有在座宾客,祝酒词是必不可少的。 5.酒的社会功能 而西方人把葡萄酒看为艺术品:把葡萄酒的酿造看成制造艺术品;把饮酒也看成一种欣赏与品味艺术的行为,饮酒的兴致就在酒本身,因此可以常常看见西方人在不就餐的情况下而仅仅品味葡萄酒的场景。中国人把酒当做交流或是表达感情的工具,常为“醉翁之意不在酒”,饮酒的兴致不在酒本身,而在乎与谁饮酒以及以什么样的心情饮酒,一般情况下中国人饮酒是离不开饭桌的。中国人就餐时相比较而言更讲究的是菜肴,酒则从始到终都是一种酒。但是在西餐中,他们吃一道菜换一种酒, 一般吃沙拉和冷拼小吃时喝干白葡萄酒,吃头道序菜时喝干白、干红或玫瑰葡萄酒,吃海鲜类正菜时喝高度干白葡萄酒,吃肉禽类正菜时喝高度干红葡萄酒,吃甜食时喝甜食酒或香槟酒。正式的宴会要上三五道莱,而每一道菜对应一种葡萄酒。除此之外饭前还有开胃酒,餐后还有鸡尾酒或威士忌、白兰地一类的蒸馏酒。这样一顿餐下来总得需要五六种酒。 总的来说,中国和西方的酒文化差异体现在各个方面,而各个方面的差异又是由不同的因素造成的。探索形成差异的原因,有助于对酒文化更好的理解,从而有助于更好的理解中西文化差异并且促进中西交流。 参考文献: [1]米歇尔?爱德华.红葡萄酒鉴赏手册[M].上海科技出版社,2000. [2]侯淑琴.形象礼仪[M].北京联合出版传媒股份有限公司,2010. [3]杨乃济.中西酒文化比较[A].北京联合大学学报,1994. 酒文化的论文篇2 浅谈水族酒文化 水族自称“虽”,汉语译称“水”,是全国少数民族之一,也是我国古骆越人的后裔,ol(r}s})有着古老的文字《水书》、历法《水历》。水族现有人口40余万,主要分布在黔南布依族苗族自治州的三都、荔波、都匀、独山以及黔东南自治州的榕江、丹寨、雷山、从江、剑河等县,以三都水族自治县境内最为集中。(zlcr}3)水族人民喜食糯米,除一部分做成糯米饭,大多都是用来酿制糯米酒。水族的酒味美甘醇,特别是三都水族自治县九吁地区的九吁酒,更是远近驰名。在水族地区,不论是丰富多彩的民族风情,还是各种各样的独特风俗中,酒都扮演着非常重要的角色;甚至在人生历程中,水族已经把酒当作一种标志,用以象征人的生命从一个阶段步人另一阶段。酒伴随着水族人走过出生、婚嫁、死亡的各个阶段,贯穿了水族的历史进程。 一、水族端节和卯节中的饮酒习俗 (一)酒与水族端节 端节,水语称为“借端”。“端”,意为“岁首”或端节“新年”;“借”,意为“吃”。因此,端节亦可直译为“吃年”,意为“过年”。水族端节的日期以水历为准,水历把九月作岁首,端节就定在九月初九日,通称“水年’,。f3J(r}s}0)为方便互相走访,水族地区是分期分批轮流过端节。水族端节中,酒是不可或缺的。 端节当天凌晨五点左右,水族村民就开始煮韭菜包鱼和糯米饭,煮熟后端到祖宗灵位前的酒桌上祭祖。 酒桌的四面都要摆满酒杯,酒杯比来贺新年的人数只能多不许少,意为讨个好兆头。天亮后,整个族人就挨家挨户去贺新年,水语叫“幼端”。每到一家,大伙按辈分依序在酒桌前围成圆圈,每人都用右手把自己的酒杯或酒碗举到右边族人的嘴旁,大家同时喊一声“秀”,便从主人家开始喝,而且喝酒的人必须干杯,然后在大家“秀”的喊声中把自己酒杯的酒倾入下一个人嘴里。这就是水族的“转转酒”。 有些少数民族也有喝“转转酒”的习俗,一般是一个人只喝一VI就把已喝过的酒杯传递给下一位。水族的“转转酒”则不同,虽然也是以传递的方式饮酒,但是每个人的手上都必须有一杯酒,左侧的人将右手所持的酒杯送到右边的人的嘴边,杯到酒干。水族人挨家挨户喝完贺年酒后才回家接待客人。在水族的端节中,这种“转转酒”不仅仅限于族人内,迎接远方的客人进家门后也会以最能表达心中热情的“转转酒”相待。 水族端节中喝“转转酒”这种习俗是水族先民们“一人获取、众人共有”这种氏族社会公有分配制度的一种表现形式,可增强民族的亲和力;这还与水族先民们在长期的历史进程中共同抵御 自然 灾害和外族侵略的生活方式有着直接的承继关系,也是一种追忆民族文化传统的重要方式。今天,水族端节中的饮酒习俗已成为一种聚合民族和凝结人心的重要方式。 (二)酒与水族卯节 水族“卯节”和“端节”事实上都是过年,按传统一向是过端节的地区不过卯节,过卯节的地区不过端节。卯节,水语称“借卯”,意为吃卯。水族卯节的日期也是依据水族历法来推算的,具体的日期是以水历九、十月(即阴历的五、六月)内的卯日分四批过节。水历十月,水书中称为“绿色生命最旺盛的时节”,辛卯日则被称为“最顺遂的日子”。卯节的分批是约定俗成。头三批卯节在荔波境内,第四批卯节,除三都水族自治县的九阡、水各、周覃外,荔波的岜鲜、水维、永康等乡的水族人,也在这最后一批卯日过节。 卯日那天,各村寨的人们都会在村寨门El隆重接待亲朋好友,在村寨门VI都设有“拦门酒”。水族的“拦门酒”由三到五个年轻的姑娘主持,客人一到寨门口,姑娘们立即为远方来的每个贵客敬上一碗“拦门酒”,然后再由青壮年上前把客人迎进家中。水族待客一向有“以酒为尚,以醉为乐,以醉为荣”的观念,所以在卯节中,也会像端节一样,用最热情的“转转酒”待客,总之都要让客人尽兴,醉酒的越多,主人越觉得光彩。 酒足饭饱后,各村寨的人们身着盛装从四面八方赶往卯坡对歌。这一天,不仅过卯节的水族村寨青年人要上卯坡对歌,就是不过卯节的外寨的男女老幼也会赶来参加盛会。在卯坡的树丛中、草地上、山石旁,青年男女各自寻找自己中意的人对歌,歌词均为即兴演唱,主要内容是青年男女互相倾诉爱慕之情,若情投意合,即可相约成婚。这是卯节受到水族青年男女欢迎的一个重要原因。 二、酒与水族丧葬习俗 水族是一个非常崇拜祖先的民族,存在灵魂不死的观念。生前好酒、喜酒乃至嗜酒如命的亲人去世后,仍要让他一如其生地在另一个世界里也能畅饮美酒。因此,水族在老人去世后,祭品中酒是必备之物,而且都是自家酿制的米酒。在三都水族自治县九阡地区,无论家庭是富或穷,老人在60岁左右就特地亲手酿制一坛酒,然后以土坛密封窖藏,直到老人离世的那一天才由子孙取出让亲人和近邻品尝。 老人活得越久,酒窖藏的时间越长也就越甘醇香冽。这不仅仅是单纯的一种物质享受,还包含着水族人希望延年益寿的文化 心理。 出殡之日,亲戚朋友来奔丧所携带的物品中,最重要的也是酒。酒的数量多寡不等,依据奔丧人与丧主的亲疏关系而定,多至数十斤,少至一两斤。奔丧人把酒瓶或酒罐放在棺材前的桌上,若酒太多,则倒人一个大缸中,以便取酒招待客人。但亲戚带来的酒不能全都倒完,在酒罐或酒瓶里至少要留一点酒。因为在免除生者对死者的惧怕心理和寄托对死者的美好愿望的祭悼仪式中,水族人意识上的酒已经具有超现实的幻化功能,奔丧携酒既是出于避邪逐煞的心理,也是对主家的一种祝福,在酒罐里留点酒也是一种祝福,是丧主对亲戚的一种祝福,祝他们年年余酒。可以说,强烈的群体意识是水族的心理特质之一,这一心理特质在丧事活动中表现尤于明显。 在出殡之日水族还有一个特别的风俗,那就是在唱祭歌时给歌手倒酒。这种倒酒方式也很讲究。 在所有亲戚奔丧结束后,丧主从家中搬出一张四方桌,摆放在选好的宽阔的场地上。酒桌中间摆放爆米糖一斤、白糖两包、豆腐两块、橘子和苹果各一盘。男女歌手各坐一边后,丧主在歌手面前各置五杯酒后,又在桌子边空缺的位置全都摆上酒杯,并倒满酒,以供听众饮酒。待吉辰一到,孝家立即倒酒,倒酒的同时歌手开始唱水族祭歌。倒酒的顺序非常讲究,孝子先倒第一杯酒,之后是孝女及孝主的儿媳妇、孙子,最后轮到血亲的表哥。水族丧事中的这一种习俗也反映一种文化心理,他们很重视孝道,请歌手唱祭歌一方面表明尊重长者,另一方面也是用歌声来寄托心中的哀思。 三、酒与水族婚姻习俗 在婚姻中,酒作为许多民族倾心 爱好 的特殊饮料,体现出重要的媒介功能。作为拥有悠久的酿酒历史的水族,酒更是贯穿婚姻的整个过程。 (一)提亲酒和定亲酒 水族青年有恋爱的充分自由,但不论是否自由恋爱,想要结婚的时候,都必须察告父母,由男方父母请媒人到女家去提亲。L61(})水族的提亲过程很复杂,就算是双方都已经中意,至少也要去提亲三次。 第一次提亲时媒人所带礼品是四个红糖,第二次提亲所带的礼品是:四个红糖、五斤酒、五斤肉。前两次提亲都会遭到委婉的拒绝,而媒人一般都会预料到这样的情况,所以还需要精心准备第三次提亲。第三次提亲所带礼品有:全新的一个篮子(内装红糖10斤、糯米五斤、手镯一对、银项圈一个,摆放的顺序是糯米在底层,手镯和银项圈第二层,红糖在最上层)酒(至少10斤)、肉(至少五斤)。 按照水族习俗,第三次提亲议定婚约之后就吃定亲酒,主要是约定吃大酒的日子。吃定亲酒的时候,女方会明确交代男方须准备的礼品:手镯一双、银项圈一根、红糖至少50斤、糯米30斤、酒一坛(100斤)。 可见,无论是在水族的提亲还是定亲中,酒都是必不可少的。 (二)迎亲中的酒 按水族婚姻习俗是结婚前一天晚上男方就要派迎亲队伍到姑娘家去,而且出门的时间还要请懂得《水历》的水书先生选择吉时。 迎亲时男方所带聘礼:一坛酒(约100斤)、一头猪(约200斤)、红糖(约80斤)、糯米(约80斤)、手镯一双、银项圈一根。结婚时,男方所带礼物中,最重要的就是酒,无酒不成礼。 迎亲队伍到了新娘家家后,新娘家立即杀猪,第一次酒席正式开始,喝酒吃肉都很随意,没有人来劝酒。等到女方把猪杀好,第二次酒席开始了。这是正席,水族婚姻中的正席跟许多民族都不同,双方的男女必须分桌。 按水族婚姻习俗,酒席至一半的时候,新娘还要到酒桌旁敬酒。新娘首先献给自己的父亲,这叫“感恩酒”。然后媒人会上前来介绍新郎的父亲,聪明的新娘会立即接话:“父亲,从今天起我就是你的孩子了,孩子在这里给父亲倒一杯酒。”这叫“认父酒”。男方父亲干杯后,一般都要把准备好的红包放在酒杯里,然后才把酒杯递过去,表示大红大喜。新娘倒酒的过程中,凡是男方来的客人都会在喝酒后送红包,但新娘的同村兄弟喝酒后不送红包。 次日早晨,新娘家用红糖拌糯米稀饭招待客人,然后才开酒席,开席的同时女方把要送的嫁妆全部拿到祖宗的灵位祭祖。女方嫁妆一般有:水族婚礼服装一件、猪腿一只、糯米20斤、布两匹、布鞋至少巧双、棉10床、衣柜一个、马一匹或牛一头。 到了双方预定的吉时,双方男人齐聚祖宗灵位前祭祖,然后新郎家派代表上前领新娘的嫁妆,代表人一般都是双方的哥哥。在领取嫁妆之前,双方的男人必须在祖宗灵位前履行一系列庄严复杂的程序,并由此表现出各种各样的饮酒习俗。 1.誓婚酒。首先是双方的哥哥上前来代替新娘新郎喝“誓婚酒”,而且还有一段精彩的对话。 女方哥哥:“你现在把妹娶走,祝愿你们福如东海,寿比南山。不要把她当晒米的木板,不要把她当洗脸帕,不要玩耍她。”(水语汉译,下同。) 男方哥哥:“现在你放心,我接她回去,到我家就如神仙般,一定好好善待她,不会玩耍她。” 然后媒人递上两杯酒,说:“现在你们俩代替新郎新娘发誓了,说话算数,请喝了这杯‘誓婚酒’。” 2.甜酒。喝完“誓婚酒”后,新娘家最有威望的寨老上前问新郎的哥哥饮的这杯酒是甜还是苦,这时候若误答为“苦”,婚事就会立即被取消,对方会认为你嫌弃他家女儿,若答“甜”又得喝一杯酒。这是因为说“甜”便是祝福新郎新娘婚姻甜美,所以不少人戏称为“甜酒”。 3.媒人酒。寨老接着会想方设法给媒人喝上一杯“媒人酒”,口才稍差的媒人喝了一杯又有一杯,所以水族的媒人除了会说还要能喝。 4.舅爷酒。媒人喝干酒之后,寨老又倒酒,面对众人说:“追本溯源,先有祖后有宗,不忘祖恩。有你舅爷才有这些儿女,请舅爷上前喝一杯。”舅爷上前来接酒杯,一般都要谦虚一番之后才喝。 祖宗灵位前的复杂程序结束后,在领取新娘嫁妆的过程中,又涌现出各种各样名称的酒,显现出水族酒 文化的浓重色彩。例如在领取衣柜时,衣柜的钥匙在新娘的哥哥手里,去接钥匙的人就要喝一杯酒,名为“钥匙酒”;在领取棉被时,捆棉被的绳子在新娘的哥哥手里,去接绳子的人也要喝一杯酒,名为“棉绳酒”。 5.马料酒和汤锅酒。在酒席结束后,众人一起把嫁妆抬出来,男方的人作好抬嫁妆的准备。这时候,新娘家会派一个口才好的人去拴马的地方等候,而男方也会派出早就安排好的能说会辩的代表前去牵马。马匹旁边会摆上几个四方桌,上面都摆上三个大碗,并倒满酒。男方代表前去牵马的时候,女方代表会以忘记喂马料来为难,并要求男方代表代替马喝下桌上的酒。男方不能拒绝,一旦不愿代替马喝酒就无法把马牵走。这就是“马料酒”。 喝完“马料酒”后,女方代表又以马想上汤锅行去吃汤锅为由带男方代表到预设的汤锅行饮一碗酒,这碗酒名为“汤锅酒”。 水族婚事中前去的牵马的人不是那么容易牵马走的,其中有许多道酒拦着,最有名的莫过于上述的“马料酒”和“汤锅酒”。当然,能说会辩的人代马喝的酒便少点,口才差的人几碗进肚后就牵不了马了,就会闹笑话。水族喝“接马酒”的过程既幽默又能生动,增添了婚事中的喜气,其独特的民族文化氛围使人赏心悦目。 (三)喜酒与酒歌 到新郎家后的酒宴,也分有晌午饭和正席。晌午饭也很随意,并不劝酒。傍晚时分正席开始。在新郎家里,最热闹的莫过于唱酒歌,主要是女人那一桌的对歌。 正席开始后,男方的女歌手先唱第一支歌:“我们三家叫我倒酒,我们四家叫我倒茶,我倒酒也是倒给你们,我倒茶也是倒给你们。提起这杯酒,不知姨娘是否接受?姐与妹共庆哈喂哈喂!”(意译)女方歌手对唱:“坐在你身边应该喝两碗,坐在伯母身边应该喝五碗,喝不得双方都不开心。跟妈学酒学不成,不知哪天才学会。到奶奶身边却让我讲,如果我能讲,我们一起笑。坐在桌边,哪个吝啬?大家一起来干杯!”(意译)众人举杯一饮而尽,然后再接着唱下去。水族婚姻中非常重视唱酒歌,一般都要唱整整一个晚上,而有的地区则连续唱三个晚上,例如三都水族自治县的廷牌乡就有这样的风俗。 四、结语 中国 有5000年以上的悠久 历史 ,在几千年的文明史中,酒几乎渗透到 社会生活中的各个领域。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,在传统的中国文化中已经拥有独特的地位。神州到处酒飘香,饮酒习俗自古蔚然成风。中国的56个民族中,各民族都有自己的酒文化,而水族的酒文化更是独树一帜。 水族端节和卯节中的“转转酒”、“拦门酒”别有风味,丧事中丧主一家大小轮流为唱祭歌的歌手倒酒的习俗让人对水族的孝道赞叹不已,而水族婚姻中花样百出的酒习俗更是让人开怀大笑。由于特定的生存 环境、社会历史背景和 心理文化积淀的影响,酒不仅在水族独特的习俗中得以体现,在水族人的Et常生活中也占有极其重要的地位,甚至在接待朋友时,“酒重于肉”,如果客人来到,桌上没有酒,主人就有“不成敬意”之憾,可以说酒无处不在。 拜访 以酒为礼,迎客以酒为敬,感激以酒为谢,报恩以酒示情。酒在水族人的交往中所显示的不仅是物质赠馈上的多寡,而且可以借以表达 人际交往 和精神需求。可见水族丰富多彩的饮酒习俗与民族风情相得益彰,形成了一种独特的酒文化氛围,很值得我们探究。猜你喜欢: 1. 中国酒文化与宴请礼仪论文 2. 中日酒文化对比论文 3. 红酒文化论文 4. 浅析彝族酒文化中的音乐性论文
提供一些英语专业毕业论文在中西文化差异方面的论文选题,供参考。中西节日文化差异中西饮食文化的差异中西方人际关系交往中的差异分析浅析中西方社会对人格塑造的影响中西方餐桌文化论中英谚语文化差异通过日常生活看西方人的思维方式与我们的不同中美酒文化的比较比较中西文化中对时间概念的不同理解西方人的文化理念与中国人的异同中西方教育体制的差异中英思维模式比较分析中西方幼儿教育的异同中西方寒暄语的不同浅析中西方性观念异同
花了2分零6秒,给你想了个题目。。(在工作之中。。嘎嘎)西方依旧朦胧月 东方却是一点红
浅谈中西方文化差异 语文是社会的产物,是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识,历史文化,风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体,词汇是文化信息的浓缩,是语言的重要组成部分,它反映着文化的发展和变化,同时也直接反映着文化的差异。在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界,人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南,接人待物,举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让,以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,即以崇尚个人为中心,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。正因为如此,中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。我国的群体性文化,非常重视家庭亲友关系,把它视为组成社会的细胞;而在西方国家,崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣,父子,论资排辈,等级森严,而在英美国家,长辈与晚辈间地位平等,不计较老少界限,多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”,自古就有“父母在,不远游”的良言古训;而在英美国家,18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情,他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样,年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力,一般也不会拖累子女,他们往往要住进老人院,由社会关照。文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生等。“老张”,“老王”,透着尊敬和亲热,“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old” 是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词,见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat(肥肉)多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”,表示对孩子的喜爱,对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义,对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义,都有赞美恭维之意。日常生活工作中,也经常听到人们说某种东西是块“肥肉”或某差使是个“肥缺”的话语,言下之意是不可多得的东西或是求之不得的位置。中国人不但不讨厌fat,而且对其赞美有加。同样的一件事物,不同的文化背影,看法大相径庭。中国人蔑视狗,因而有“走狗”“狗腿子”“狗东西”“赖皮狗”“狗急跳墙”“狗仗人势”“狗眼看人低”等说法。而在西方国家,人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚,对狗的赞誉也屡见不鲜,并把人比作狗。如aluckdog(幸运儿),loveme,love my dog(爱屋及乌),Every dog has his day.(凡人皆有得意日)。形容人“病得厉害”用sickas a dog.。“累极了”是dog—tired.与此相反,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲昵的成份,而在西方文化中,“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。中西方的文化差异除了表现在价值观,习俗差异等外,还与生存环境,宗教信仰,历史典故的不同有关。1、生存环境方面:语文的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费,大手大脚,英语是spend money like lvater,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语,在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语,如to rest on one’s oars(暂时歇一歇),to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存),all at sea(不知所措)等等。在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是“春天的风”,夏天常与酷暑炎热联系在一起,“赤日炎炎似火烧”,“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,报告春天消息的却是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与“可爱”“温和” “美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天,shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more 、宗教信仰方面佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史,人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切,与此有关的语言很多,如“借花献佛”“闲时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家,特别是在英美,人们信奉基督教,相关的有“God helps those who help themselves(上帝帮助自助的人)”Go to hell(下地狱吧)这样的诅咒。3、历史典故方面英汉两种语文中有大量的由历史典故形成的。这些习语结构简单,意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译。如“东施效颦”“名落孙山”“叶公好龙”等等。英语中Achilles’heel(唯一致使弱点),meet one’s waterloo(一败涂地),Penelope’s web(永远完不成的工作),a pandora’s box.。(潘多拉之盒――灾难,麻烦,祸害的根源)等。由于各种各样的原因,导致了中西方有诸如此多的文化差异,而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通,将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中,跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场,不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段,而且需要深入了解对象国的文化,使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如,在中国,“龙(dragon)” 是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼中,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解,将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场,试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以,克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作为中学阶段的英语老师,在英语教学中应重视语言能力的教学,特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力,将语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题对待。中西方的文化差异在中学阶段英语学习给学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面:1、称呼语汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”“Auntie Brown”,对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓,只带名,如“Uncle Tom”。又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”,也就相应地把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;汉语有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异,造成学生的简单理解:王老师=Teacher Wang.此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”“张护士”称为Secretary Tang, Nurse Zhang, 英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss,Mrs.等。2、感谢和答谢一般来说,我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时(would you like something to eat / drink?),我们通常习惯于客气一番,回答:“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要,就不必推辞,说声“Yes,please.”若不想要,只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。3、赞美在英语国家,赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌,外表,新买的东西,个人财物,个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力打扮的结果,而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多,赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美,最普通的回答是:Thank you.如,A: Your skirt looks nice. B: Thank 隐私中国人初次见面问及年龄,婚姻,收入,表示关心,而英语国家却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16 中有这样的对话:“How old are you,Mrs Read?”“Ah,it’s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢?因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛,青春永驻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿?”“你在干什么?”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问,监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。5、打招呼中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们认为你是想请他们吃饭,英语国家人打招呼通常以天气,健康状况,交通,体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。6、节日中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日(如,New Year’s Day)处,双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid—Autumn Day.等,英语国家有”Valentine’s Day(情人节),Easter(复活节),April fool’s Day(愚人节),Thanks Giving Day(感恩节),Christmas Day(圣诞节)等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不相同。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中,人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。7、词汇的文化内涵英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵,所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇的文化意义的介绍,以防学生单纯地从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词,无论在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关,英语里有“red—letter days”(节假日)。尤其在中国,红色象征革命和社会主义等积极意义,但在英语中“red”还意味着危险状态或使人生气,如“red flag”(引人生气的事)。还有当看到商业英语中的“in the red”,别以为是盈利,相反,是表示亏损,负债。在教学中,文化教育的方法是多种多样的,教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性,培养文化意识,使他们能主动地,自学地吸收并融入新的文化环境中。比如:加强中西方文化差异的比较,将中西文化在称呼,招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异自觉自然地渗透到教学中。又如:利用多种渠道,多种手段,吸收和体验异国文化。可以收集一些英语国家的物品和图片,让学生了解外国艺术,历史和风土人情等。总之,中西方的文化存在着很多差异,在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须加强语言的文化导入,重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样,才能在实际中正确运用语言。
创新点,颜色在轮回(天堂和地狱)中差异,颜色在继承时,中西差异1层》:轮回:黑白。天堂和地狱,东西方式是两种颜色。可怜的西方人不知道轮回这回事。2层》:继承,美国国旗,欧洲各国国旗,有继承,他们继承了同一文化。中国也在继承,继承下来许多标志性的颜色,这是华夏民族独有的继承。颜色可以区别天堂和地狱,颜色可以体现继承关系。