Strengthening the protection of geographical indications. is not only the TRIPS requirements. but also to protect our own interests and needs. For China to the protection of geographical indications system to do Express compliant with the TRIPS requirements, and catch up with international standards, in addition to the operator, should regulate the use, Geographical Indications consciously safeguard the image and credibility, the State legislature and the responsibility of law enforcement departments, but its role is irreplaceable. I believe that the state should proceed immediately to the following aspects : 1. Develop the legal system science, regulations. At present, countries in the world to protect geographical indications of legal form and substance there is a big difference. common law countries, generally the protection of geographical indications were satisfied that the trademark protection system, provides geographical indications can be used as a certification trademark to be registered and obtained protection; France and other countries in the form of a special law to protect geographical indications, specifically formulated relevant laws and regulations; Germany, Japan and other countries with anti - unfair competition law to regulate the use of geographical indications and protection; In addition, many of the customs law, UNCITRAL also fake geographical indications to the import and export of goods specified, The international community has also formulated a series of special provisions contained or geographical indications protection of international conventions, such as the "Paris Convention" "Madrid Agreement," the "Lisbon Agreement" and TRIPS. Above national laws and international conventions, China's legislature to formulate relevant laws, regulations provide reference information and choices. In my opinion, from the more common international practices and successful face, My choice of geographical indications protection into Trademark adjustment system would be more appropriate. In this regard the trademark to increase agreed Xu geographical indications as proof registered trademark applications for registration and the conditions and procedures, on the other hand, but also the current Trademark Law Article 8, paragraph 2, as amended. the law has clear provisions as a geographical indication of the use of place names may not be used for ordinary use of the trademark. 2. The establishment of geographical indications registration system. Geographical indications protection has become the industrial property, The reason is that it represents the quality of products and features, is a collective credibility of the carrier, result of geographical indications as to prove that the products of origin, the quality or character proved to be adjusted and trademark protection is totally feasible. China can establish geographical indication registration system, specifically the following ways : First, the main registration. Geographical indications of origin within specific commodity producers enjoy the collective rights eligible producers have equal right to use, and not by the producer or a monopoly, therefore, geographical indications registration is not the main origin of a particular enterprise or individual when no objection. It was advocated by the government's products quality supervision departments of industry and commerce administration departments or as a registered person, but the author thinks is wrong with the ground is : a geographical indications right is a civil right should be subject to civil; Second, when the business sector as a registered person, so registered applicants were approved for registration and merged its irrational nature is obvious; Registration obtain registration, possible registered themselves punished their lack of a normal phenomenon. I think it should be the geographical location of the formation signs trade associations, As the use of the geographical indications products industry self-regulatory organizations, As with its registered to the relevant authorities for registration. 2 is the registration conditions. To be able to prove that the trademark registration of geographical indications should be indicative of its merchandise is good quality and significant features, and the lack of relevant to the public and the city has won good reputation. Geographical Indications of credibility and the quality of products, whether the features can be registered, and should be based on objective and impartial investigation reached the market. Generally speaking, as long as geographical indications in the registration of the administrative regions within the scope of universal influence. The majority of consumers favor, it shall be allowed to register. 3 is the registration process. Prove that the trademark registration procedures should be more than an ordinary trademark simple, applicants were required to submit registration applications and other necessary documentation, the registered executive assessment, Where compliance with the statutory requirements will be granted registration. To prevent the improper registration of a registered person to cause harm to others, interested persons should be given within a certain period of time raise objections or the right to withdraw the request. Registration for the final disposal authorities decided not to clothing, according to the existing Trademark Law of China stipulates that the parties have no right to request for judicial intervention, This is not compliant with the TRIPS requirements. Therefore, I think we should allow the parties to a people's court.
Three,over for our country the geography symbolize a protective counterplan thinkingStrengthen the protection of the geography marking, not only is a TRIPS also a maintenance our country the demand of the self make the geography marking of the our country protection system meet a TRIPS request as soon as possible catch up international level, in addition to executive should the norm usage behavior, aware of self the image and the outside of the prestige of the maintenance geography marking, the national lawmaking organization and government enforce the law a section duty-bound, and its function can't act writer think the relevant national organization should begin immediately several works as follows: law,laws of the establishment system international community protection geography marking of law form with concrete the contents exist bigger and American methods fasten a nation, general the protection 纳 that the geography symbolize person the protection system of the trademark method, the provision geography marking can be prove the trademark acquire register and obtain protection;France wait the nation adoption special method of the form protection geography marking, draw up related law,laws exclusively;virtuous,day etc. country with anti- be the competition method falsely to adjust the usage and the protection of the geography marking;In addition to this, many maritime customs methods of nations,the trade method also have special provision to the import and export that counterfeits the geography marking merchandise, the international society also drew up a series to include or specialized provision the geography symbolize a protective international convention, such as 《Parisian convention 》,《Madrid pact 》,《Lisbon pact 》and all countries law and international convention, give our country the lawmaking organization establishment correspond of the law,laws provided the reference basis and the choice opportunity. The writer think that from international top the more passing way of doing and success see through the face, the our country choice brings the protection that the geography symbolize into the adjustment system of the trademark method more aspect want increment in the trademark method allow the geography marking as prove the trademark application register and applies for the condition and procedure of the registration of provision, still want on the other hand to the current trademark method Article 8s the 2nd contents carry on a modification, rule definitely already by law Be the place name that geography symbolizes an usage and can not be a common trademark usage. establishment geography the registration of the marking register reason that the geography marking becomes being subjected to protective industry to produce power, the reason lies in the quality and characteristics that it represented a product, is a kind of collective prestige to carry a body, as a result symbolize geography Be the certificate trademark that proves the product original habitat,quality or characteristic to take in to adjust is completely viable with our country can build up the geography marking to register register system and concretely involve an underneath several problems: While being the corpus that registers geography marking is the collective right that the manufacturer of the particular merchandise inside the original habitat possesses together, matching a conditional manufacturer to possess equal usage power, can't from among them a certain or some manufacturer 垄s break, therefore, the registration of the geography marking register the corpus can't be a habitat inside of a certain business enterprise or personal be no lays claim to direct the section or the industry and business administration to manage section as to register a person from the product quality of the government, but the writer think not satisfactory, the reason lie in:A the geography marking power is a kind of civil case right, should be possess by the civil case corpus;Two is be the industry and business section as to register a person, make to register an applicant and register an approval a person to match two is a, its ising unsuited to reasonableness is more obvious;After register the person obtain to register, the possible emergence registers a person's oneself to punish an own iniquity phenomenon past writer thinks and should symbolize the located set to set up the profession association in the geography, Be the self-discipline organization that uses that geography marking product profession, and make it as to register a person toward relevant organization application to register register. Two is the condition that registers be the geography marking that proves the trademark registers register should be the merchandise that it indicate to have up the good quality with show the characteristics of the 著 , and in fairly the city with win good prestige in the related the prestige of the geography marking and the quality,characteristics of the product come to a the condition that can register register or not, should pass by objective and fair of the market research gets generally, as long as the geography marking has widespread influence in the registration scope in the administration district of register the the favor of most consumers, should be quasi- to register in the registration. Three is the procedure that registers registration that proves trademark's registering procedure should be more more simple than common trademark,the applicant is by rule to hand over to register the written application and other essential certificate materials,after registering the administration organization to examine, any match legal conditional then quasi- register to the bar of register not appropriate registration of person to result in to the others damage, should give the relation the person to put forward the right of the objection or claim repeal in the certain to the end processing decision that registers an organization of, provision pressed our country a current trademark method, the party concerned has no business the claim judicatory to get involved, this nots agree with to match the TRIPS past writer thinks promise the party concerned toward court of the people sue.
如果你要引用普通高中地理新课标可以参考《普通高中地理教科书(2015年版)》,参考文献的格式应当为: 作者.(出版日期).书名:出版社名.
Strengthening the protection of geographical indications. is not only the TRIPS requirements. but also to protect our own interests and needs. For China to the protection of geographical indications system to do Express compliant with the TRIPS requirements, and catch up with international standards, in addition to the operator, should regulate the use, Geographical Indications consciously safeguard the image and credibility, the State legislature and the responsibility of law enforcement departments, but its role is irreplaceable. I believe that the state should proceed immediately to the following aspects : 1.1. 制定系统科学的法律、法规.目前世界各国保护地理标志的法律形式和具体内容存在较大差异.英美法系国家,一般将地理标志的保护纳人商标法的保护体系,规定地理标志可以作为证明商标获得注册并取得保护;法国等国家采用特别法的形式保护地理标志,专门制定了相关的法律、法规;德、日等国以反不正当竞争法来调整地理标志的使用和保护;除此以外,许多国家的海关法、贸易法也对假冒地理标志商品的进出口有特别规定,国际社会也制定了一系列包含或专门规定地理标志保护的国际公约,如《巴黎公约》、《马德里协定》、《里斯本协定》以及TRIPS。Develop the legal system science, regulations. At present, countries in the world to protect geographical indications of legal form and substance there is a big difference. common law countries, generally the protection of geographical indications were satisfied that the trademark protection system, provides geographical indications can be used as a certification trademark to be registered and obtained protection; France and other countries in the form of a special law to protect geographical indications, specifically formulated relevant laws and regulations; Germany, Japan and other countries with anti - unfair competition law to regulate the use of geographical indications and protection; In addition, many of the customs law, UNCITRAL also fake geographical indications to the import and export of goods specified, The international community has also formulated a series of special provisions contained or geographical indications protection of international conventions, such as the "Paris Convention" "Madrid Agreement," the "Lisbon Agreement" and TRIPS. 上述各国法律和国际公约,给我国立法机关制定相应的法律、法规提供了参考依据和选择机会.Above national laws and international conventions, China's legislature to formulate relevant laws, regulations provide reference information and choices. 笔者认为,从国际上比较通行的做法和成功经脸来看,我国选择将地理标志的保护纳入商标法的调整体系较为妥当.这一方面要在商标法中增加允许地理标志作为证明商标申请注册以及申请注册的条件和程序的规定,另一方面还要对现行商标法第8条第2款内容进行修改,明确规定已经依法作为地理标志使用的地名不得作为普通商标使用.In my opinion, from the more common international practices and successful face, My choice of geographical indications protection into Trademark adjustment system would be more appropriate. In this regard the trademark to increase agreed Xu geographical indications as proof registered trademark applications for registration and the conditions and procedures, on the other hand, but also the current Trademark Law Article 8, paragraph 2, as amended. the law has clear provisions as a geographical indication of the use of place names may not be used for ordinary use of the trademark. 2.2. 建立地理标志的注册登记制度.地理标志之所以成为受到保护的工业产权,原因在于它代表了产品的质量和特点,是一种集体信誉的载体,因而将地理标志作为证明产品原产地、质量或特性的证明商标加以调整和保护是完全可行的。The establishment of geographical indications registration system. Geographical indications protection has become the industrial property, The reason is that it represents the quality of products and features, is a collective credibility of the carrier, result of geographical indications as to prove that the products of origin, the quality or character proved to be adjusted and trademark protection is totally feasible. 我国可以建立地理标志注册登记制度、具体涉及下面几方面的问题:China can establish geographical indication registration system, specifically the following several aspects : 一是注册登记的主体。One of the main registration. 地理标志是原产地内特定商品的生产者共同享有的集体权利,符合条件的生产者享有平等的使用权,不能由其中的某个或某些生产者垄断,因此,地理标志的注册登记主体不能是产地内的某个企业或个人当无异议.有人主张由政府的产品质量监督部门或工商行政管理部门作为注册人,但笔者认为不妥,理由在于:一地理标志权是一种民事权利,应由民事主体享有;二是当工商部门作为注册人时,使注册申请人和注册批准人合二为一,其不合理性更是显而易见;注册人取得注册后,可能出现注册人自己处罚自己的不正常现象。Geographical indications of origin within specific commodity producers enjoy the collective rights eligible producers have equal right to use, and not by the producer or a monopoly, therefore, geographical indications registration is not the main origin of a particular enterprise or individual when no objection. It was advocated by the government's products quality supervision departments of industry and commerce administration departments or as a registered person, but the author thinks is wrong with the ground is : a geographical indications right is a civil right should be subject to civil; Second, when the business sector as a registered person, so registered applicants were approved for registration and merged its irrational nature is obvious; Registration obtain registration, possible registered themselves punished their lack of a normal phenomenon. 故笔者认为应在地理标志所在地组建行业协会,作为使用该地理标志产品行业的自律性组织,并由其作为注册人向有关机关申请注册登记.I think it should be the geographical location of the formation signs trade associations, As the use of the geographical indications products industry self-regulatory organizations, As with its registered to the relevant authorities for registration. 二是注册登记的条件。2 is the registration conditions. 能够作为证明商标注册登记的地理标志应当是其指示的商品具有上佳的质量和显著的特点,并在相当地城内和相关公众中赢得良好信誉.地理标志的信誉和产品的质量、特点是否达到了可以注册登记的条件,应当经过客观、公正的市场调查后得出。To be able to prove that the trademark registration of geographical indications should be indicative of its merchandise is good quality and significant features, and the lack of relevant to the public and the city has won good reputation. Geographical Indications of credibility and the quality of products, whether the features can be registered, and should be based on objective and impartial investigation reached the market. 一般地说,只要地理标志在注册登记地的行政区域范围内具有普遍的影响力。Generally speaking, as long as geographical indications in the registration of the administrative regions within the scope of universal influence. 得到大多数消费者的青睐,就应准于注册登记.The majority of consumers favor, it shall be allowed to register. 三是注册登记的程序。3 is the registration process. 证明商标的注册登记程序应比普通商标更简便、申请人按规定提交注册申请书及其他必备的证明材料、经注册行政机关审核后,凡符合法定条件的即可准予注册登记.为防止注册人不当注册给他人造成损害,应给予利害关系人在一定期限内提出异议或请求撤消的权利.对注册机关的最终处理决定不服的,按我国现行商标法的规定,当事人无权请求司法介入,这是不符合TRIPS要求的。Prove that the trademark registration procedures should be more than an ordinary trademark simple, applicants were required to submit registration applications and other necessary documentation, the registered executive assessment, Where compliance with the statutory requirements will be granted registration. To prevent the improper registration of a registered person to cause harm to others, interested persons should be given within a certain period of time raise objections or the right to withdraw the request. Registration for the final disposal authorities decided not to clothing, according to the existing Trademark Law of China stipulates that the parties have no right to request for judicial intervention, This is not compliant with the TRIPS requirements. 故笔者认为应允许当事人向人民法院起诉.Therefore, I think we should allow the parties to a people's court.
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上地理学报编辑部的网站,上面有详细的说明和要求,可以下载pdf来看。
论文格式1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
一、选用合适的题目 引导学生从实际出发,选用合适的论文题目。如属侧重理论探讨性质的地理论文,需要广泛阅读这方面的书刊文章。运用地理基本原理和地理事实材料论证、补充或否定某一学说、假说或理论等。如属侧重于实际应用方面的地理论文,需要在积累、调查的基础上,分析某一地理现象,解决某一地理问题。 一般来说,小论文题目选择要建立在观察地理、地质现象,搜集地理资料的基础上。例如,教师带领学生考察幕阜山以后,可以拟定大桥河的成因,鲁溪洞的特点及成因,喀斯特地貌与溶洞。又如,参观武宁湖畔万福工业园后,教师可以组织学生谈谈万福工业开发区与武宁湖的环境关系等。题目要具体,不宜太大,否则,学生不容易把握。 二、搜集可靠的资料,充实论据。 搜集资料主要包括两个方面,一是阅读文献材料,了解别人在这方面做了哪些工作,提出了哪些见解,提供了哪些资料,以便在前人的基础上加以充实、提高和发展。老一辈科学家,他们多年辛勤劳动所取得的第一手资料,可作为写作参考或佐证。引用这些资料写出来的论文不仅有较大的说服力,而且大大开阔了学生的眼界,扩大了学生的思路,充实了学生的论据。 三、确立清晰的论点 这里的论点是指对某个地理事物和现象的观点和见解。例如:以“纽约成为世界金融中心的原因”为题的论文,其论点应确定为1.稳定的政治局势2.完善的金融机构3.开放的外汇市场,宽松的金融管理。4.强大的经济实力量5.方便快捷的联络。根据这些论点,从而得出纽约具备成为世界金融中心的优越条件的结论。 四、写作并修改论文 指导学生编拟并修订写作提纲,着手撰写地理小论文。在论文中提出地理论点,用地理学的理论和事实材料论证论点,做到观点鲜明,材料可靠,结论准确。一篇好的文章,要有一个引人入胜的开头和简单明了的结尾。 指导学生写论文,教师必须有较高的地理修养、实践经验和写作能力,只有这样,才能做好指导工作。
参考文献标准格式如下:
一、期刊类[J]
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J]。刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码。
【举例1】安心,熊芯,李月娥。70年来我国高等教育的发展历程与特点[J]。当代教育与文化,2020,12(06):75-80。
【举例2】[2]许竞。我国学历教育分化的证书制度溯源[J]。南京师大学报(社会科学版),2020(06):22-29。
二、专著类[M]
【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M]。出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码。
【举例1】葛家澍,林志军。现代西方财务会计理论[M]。厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42。
三、报纸类[N]
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N]。报纸名,出版日期(版次)。
【举例1】[1]葛剑雄,陈鹏。地名、历史和文化[N]。光明日报,2015-09-24(011)。
四、论文集[C]
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[C]。出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码。
【举例】伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]。上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17。
五、学位论文[D]
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D]。出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码。
【举例】郝桂莲。反思的文学:苏珊·桑塔格小说艺术研究[D]。四川大学,2014。
六、研究报告[R]
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[R]。出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码。
【举例】冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R]。北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997:9-10。
七、其他[N]
【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期。
参考文献的格式标注方法:1.学仿喊祥术期刊文献[序号]作者.文献题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起-止页码2.学术著作[序号]作者.书名[M].版次(首次免注).翻译者.出版地:出版社, 出版年: 起-止页码3.有ISBN号的论文集[序号]作者备搏.题名[A].主编.论文集名备搏[C].罩基出版地:出版社,出版年:起-止页码4.学位论文[序号]作者.题名[D].保存地:保存单位,年份5.专利渗肆文献[仿喊祥序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,发布日期6.技术标准[序号]标准代号,标准名称[S].出版地:出版者,出版年7.报纸文章[序号]作者.题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次)8.报告[序号]作者.文献题名[R].报告地:报告会主办单位,年份9.电子文献[序号]作者.电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型].文献网址或出处,发表或更新日期/引用渗肆日期(任选)
期刊的论文格式要求
导语:论文写作都有它严格的要求,要求是对论文的科学规范也是告诉同学们论文的一些学术的严谨性,下面是我带来的期刊的论文格式要求,欢迎参考!
一、格式
学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录;或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结,用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论;或在学术刊物上发表;或作其他用途的书面文字材料。它是由题名,作者,摘要,关键字,引言,正文,结论,参考文献等几部分组成。
(一)题名
题名又称标题或题目,是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。题名通常有三种情况,一是标题明确规定了论文论述的问题,即概括了论题,这样的标题明确显示了论文的研究课题,可使读者对论文的基础内容有个大概了解。二是标题明确概括了论文的中心观点,即研究结论,标题概括了论文的研究结论,使观点鲜明、突出,可使读者对学术观点一目了然,因而有助于论文价值的实现。三是标题显示出研究方法或论文类型,前者说明论文是采用的实验研究方法,后者是采用比较研究方法。
(二)作者及工作单位
论文作者是指参与论文的全部或主要研究工作并对论文负责的人。论文的作者必须是论文的现在作者,而与职务、职称无关,应按贡献大小确定署名次序,对只参加少量工作而对论文不能负责的,不宜署名,可采用题注方式说明,或在致谢部分肯定他们的贡献,署名要写在题名下,在作者署名下要标明工作单位。
(三)摘要
摘要,亦称提要,它是论文不加注释和评论的简短陈述。在论文完成后,要将论文的主要研究途径、要观点和结论,用极简要的语言,加以概括和提练,起到“立片言,以撮要”的作用。如果为了国际交流,还应有外文摘要,外文摘要一般置于文后。
(四)关键词
关键词又称主题词。为了方便文献检索、信息贮存,应从论文特别是从题名和摘要中选取最能表达论文中心内容、标志论文主题的若干单词、词组成术语,以显著字符,排写在摘要的左下方。关键词应精当,每篇论文一般选择3—8个,应是各学科中规范的,有特定含义的、通用的名词术语,如有可能尽量选用《汉语主题词表》中的规范词。
(五)引言
引言又称前言、导言或绪论。它的任务是简要说明研究工作的缘起、目的、范围及相关领域前人的工作和知识空白、理论基础等,提出研究课题,提示并限定论文的研究范围和研究途径。
在实验研究报告中,引言一般用“问题的提出”表明。即从提出存在问题和解决这一问题的迫切性、要性起笔,在此基础上明确提出所要研究的课题;以进行基础理论研究为内容的论文,则多从综述前人的研究成果,指出前人尚未解决的问题,显露出“知识的空白”。从而提出本文所要研究、解决的课题。
(六)正文
正文是学术论文的核心部分,占论文的主要篇幅。要求实事求是,客观真实,准确完备、合乎逻辑,要层次分明,简炼可读。为了满足这一系列要求,同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰,常常将正文部分分成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段,一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题(分标题或小标题),段落的划分,应视论文性质与内容而定。正文可划分为
(1)实验研究方法;
(2)研究对象;
(3)研究内容:
(4)变量控制;
(5)研究结果;
(6)分析与讨论或结果与分析。
“实验结果与分析”这一部分是论文的关键部分,全文的一切结论由此得出,一切议论由此引发,一切推理由此导出。这部分需要列出实验数据和观察所得,并对实验误差加以分析和讨论。要注意科学地、准确地表达必要的实验结果,扬弃不必要的部分,研究过程应当阐述主要的、关键的内容,明确主题。实验数据或结果,通常用表格、图等予以表达,而且尽量不用表格或少用表格。
(七)结论
(1)本文研究结果说明了什问题,得出什么规律,解决了什么理论或实际的问题。
(2)对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定。
(3)本文研究的不足之外或遗留未予解决的问题,以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向。
(八)参考文献
在学术论文的写作中,一般需要引用、评述,涉及前人的`论述、观点、数据等,都需要在“参考文献”部分中著录。
一是著录参考文献是为了表示尊重他人的研究成果;
二是为了表明作者严肃、科学的态度;
三是为了说明作者研究评述的依据。参考文献著录内容需要是详尽的,应为读者了解和查询提供足够的信息。参考文献引用和著录对象只限于公开出版物,凡未公开发表的尽可能不引用。
二、规范要求
(一)字体字号
大标题(论文题目),宋体小三号加粗;一级标题,宋体四号加粗;二级标题,宋体小四号加粗;三级标题,宋体小四号;正文及参考文献,宋体小四号;注释内容,宋体五号。
(二)标题
标题的层次要清楚,大标题(论文题目)和第一级标题应居中书写,第二、三级标题左缩两格书写且单独占行,第四级标题后连续书写内容,不再另起一行;大标题(论文题目)与其下面的内容间空一行,第一级标题与其上下面的内容之间均空一行,其他级别标题与其上下面的内容之间均不空行。
(三)篇眉和页码
1.篇眉从正文开始,采用宋体五号字居中书写(内容为论文的题目)。
2.页码。封面不加页码;中英文摘要合在一起排页码,从“1”开始;目录单独排页码,从“1”开始;正文需要单独编排页码,从“1”开始。页码在页面底端(页脚)居中书写,页码与正文之间只空一行字的距离。页码使用宋体五号字
(四)图、表和公式
1.图、表与正文之间要(上、下各)有一行(宋体小四号)的距离。图序及图名居中置于图的下方,表序及表名置于表的上方,字体均为宋体五号。图序和表序分别在全文中进行统一编号。如表1、表2,图1、图2等。图、表中的内容采用宋体五号字。
2.下文需要引用的公式,空一行(宋体小四号)居中书写,并在同一行右端用圆括弧即“()”中间加阿拉伯数字来统一编号,公式与下面的内容间空一行;不需在下文引用的公式,不用另起一行单独书写。
(五)注释
1、注释是对论文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或必要补充说明,注释一律采用脚注,不用尾注;当论文正文某处需要予以注释时,采用圆圈内加阿拉伯数字并书写在相应文字的右上角,以示需要予以注释,如:…列维纳斯甚至相信第一哲学只能是伦理学①…。
2、注释内容书写在标明有对应注释的正文的同一页下端(正文与页码之间);在有注释的每一页,须在当页的正文与注释内容之间加划一条横线(自左往右),其长度约为页面宽度1/4。注释要每页重新编号。注释为宋体五号字。
3、注释格式
引用著作时,注文的样式为:作者.专著名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年:起止页码。引用杂志文章时,注文的样式为:作者.题(篇)名[J].刊名,出版年(期号):起止页码。
(六)参考文献
1、在正文书写完毕后,空两行(宋体小四号),再书写“参考文献”四个字(居中);“参考文献”使用宋体四号加粗前后两个字之间不空格。“参考文献”书写完毕后空一行再书写参考文献的具体内容。参考文献的序号左顶格书写,并用数字加方括号表示,如〔1〕,〔2〕,…,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。
2、参考文献只列出作者已直接阅读、在撰写论文过程中主要参考过的文献资料,所列参考文献应按论文参考的先后顺序排列。参考文献一律书写在论文正文结束后,不得放在各章(节)之后;参考文献与正文连续编排页码。参考文献不少于6篇。
3、参考文献格式
(1)专著:〔序号]作者.专著名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年.
(2)期刊中析出的文献:〔序号]作者.题(篇)名[J].刊名,出版年(期号).
(3)论文集:〔序号]作者.题(篇)名[C].出版地:出版社,出版年.
(4)学位论文:〔序号]作者.题(篇)名[D].授学位地:授学位单位,授学位年.
(5)专利文献:〔序号]专利申请者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号出版日期.
(6)报纸文章:〔序号]作者.题(篇)名[N].报纸名,出版日期.
(7)电子文档:〔序号]作者.题(篇)名〔文献类型/载体类型〕.网址,发表日期.
(七)打印
1.行间距:一律取“固定行间距22pt”。
2.必须A4纸单面打印;上、下边距一律为;左、右边距一律为。
综述性论文的具体格式:
1、首先是论文的前言,这个部分是将读者引入论文的主题部分的一段文字,主要叙述综述的目的以及作用,这个部分一般需要写200-300字左右。
2、论文的主体部分。一般综述性论文的主题的篇幅以及范围都比较大,比较短的可能需要写5000字左右,比较长的就有可能达到几万字,对于论文的撰写以及表达方式灵活多样,但是不管使用哪种方法,都需要把论文的历史发展、现状评述以及发展前景的预测都药写出来。
3、论文的总体部分。这个部分也是可以被称之为结论 的,一般在写这个部分的时候,可以根据主体部分的论述,提出一点自己的一些见解,一般这个部分的篇幅 比较小,把自己该写的部分写出来就可以了。
4、参考文献。参考文献是写综述性论文的原始材料,也是写一篇综述性论文的一个基础,因此在写综述性论文的时候需要列出比较多的参考文献,这是非常必要的。
论文:
论文是一个汉语词语,拼音是lùn wén,古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。
它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。
除题目、署名外,由五部分组成。
1、摘要:综述的摘要宜采用指示性摘要(叙述性摘要,描述性摘要),篇幅短的可不要摘要。
2、前言:简明扼要,主要说明本综述写作的原因、目的、意义或扼要介绍概况。
如内容主要是谈科技发展的现况和未来,则必须对这一课题的发展历史作梗概的简介,并对不同阶段的发展特点加以说明。
3、正文:是综述的主体和重点部分,重点是论据与论证,其内容包括历史回顾、目前状况和发展趋势。
常用的方法有:
①循序法:按时间先后或问题的浅深顺序的写法。
②分述法:按主题的各个方面分别叙述的写法。
③论证法:即先提出问题,再进行论述并证明的写法。
④对比法:即两种以上同类事物相对比较,要尽量囊括对问题的不同看法、主要分歧,必要时可用图表数据比较。
⑤推理法:根据客观的规律性,从一个或几个判断推出另一个新结论的写作方法。
4、结束语:是本篇综述所报道内容的总结,应简明扼要,概括性强。主要简述本课题的意义、分歧、存在的主要问题和发展趋势。
5、参考文献部分:是撰写文献综述的依据,放在文章的最后。
(1)表示尊重被引证的学者的劳动。
(2)表明文章中引用的资料是有根据的。
(3)为读者深入探讨某些问题时,提供寻找有关文献的线索。
(4)供期刊发表的综述参考文献以10-20左右篇为宜,作为学位论文的综述参考文献可达50-100篇。
注意事项
1、收集文献要尽量全,只有占有极丰富的文献资料,吃透原文,消化吸收后才可能成功的写出一篇高质量的文献综述。
2、不失其“资料性”:文献综述既是一种论文,又是情报资料的一种。引文要忠实、准确。不失其“资料性”主要体现在它的灵敏性、可靠性和时间性。
3、篇幅适宜:4000~5000字为宜。
文献综述的特点
1、全面系统:文献综述在纵的方向上,可反映研究对象的历史、现状和发展趋势;在横的方向上,可反映主要国家、主要科研机构或主要科学家的水平动向。
2、述而不评:文献综述只对原始文献、数据、观点作客观的分析,一般不掺入自己的评论、预测或建议。
3、知识再创造:材料的引用和观点的取舍,能够体现作者的立场、见解和学术水平,也是作者的一种研究成果。
论文的副标题写法如下:副标题应紧靠大标题下,中间不空行,题前要加破折号,所用字体也应区别于主标题。 正常情况下,副标题要在大标题第三个字下开始写破折号。 扩展资料 论文的副标题写法如下:副标题应紧靠大标题下,中间不空行,题前要加破折号,所用字体也应区别于主标题。 正常情况下,副标题要在大标题第三个字下开始写破折号。
中文论文副标题(小二,黑体,紧挨正标题下居中,文字前加破折号)
英语论文副标题(三号,"Times New Roman"字体,居中,英语论文题目副标题前可以加英文状态下的破折号,也可以不加)
(一)副标题设立条件
并不是所有论文都需要题目副标题,同学们在写论文时一般只有在以下情况下才能设立副标题:
1.题名语意未尽,用副题名补充说明报告论文中的特定内容
如:《全域旅游:建设世界一流旅游目的地的理念创新——以北京为例》
《利益的层次结构与利益衡量的展开——兼评加藤一郎的利益衡量论》
《公司治理、财务状况与信息披露质量——来自深交所的经验证据》
《略论域名抢注与商标保护 ——以“恶意目的”之认定为视角》
《原则裁判论 ——基于当代中国司法实践的理论反思》
2.主标题是虚题,副标题为实题
比如有些作者以诗词作引,《我以我血荐轩辕——浅论鲁迅五四前后十年间杂文》《于无声处听惊雷—从〈平凡的世界〉中透析路遥的悲剧意识》等
3.商榷性的论文
例:《为语文的教育还是为教育的语文——与温儒敏教授商榷》《也论<周易>经传的法哲学思想——兼与任国杰、关梅二同志商榷》
(二)副标题设立原则
1.逻辑性
副标题是对正标题加以补充、解释,所以,如果正副标题之间没有任何逻辑关系,那么,副标题就失去了存在的价值。
2.准确性
副标题应该和文章内容保持一致。如果副标题不准确,会适得其反,误导读者。无论从编辑对文章的`文字处理角度,还是从作者修改文章的角度,都应尽量减少用副标题夸大文章的研究内容、意义和作用的现象。
3.简练
学术期刊一般对文章正标题的字数有所限制,而对副标题的字数没有明确限定,但是,副标题应避免使用烦琐的形容词和不必要的虚词,也不应使用抽象、空洞或者生僻、生造的词,以免使读者不知所云。
4.便于检索
副标题的用词要为检索提供特定的实用信息。副标题最好包括反映文章内容的关键词,这样也避免了副标题的空泛。
正常情况下,副标题要在大标题(大标题居中书写)第三个字下开始写破折号。
如果格数不够,副标题写不下,一般有两种处理方法:
1、文章的副标题如能进一步概括,进行文字上的处理,这样做最好。
2、不能进一步概括缩减的,我们的基本处理原则是大方美观。首先在字体上要小于正标题,从正标题的中间部分画破折号。副标题中,破折号后面的文字如果一直写到行尾,还没写完的话,就需要转行。换行后,与副标题的第一个汉字对齐。另外,分行的文字要段好句子,如“我们”最好不要把“我”写在第一行、“们”写在第二行。
英语作文写信格式:
1、信头:指发信人的地址和日期。写在信纸的右上角,可以从靠近信纸的中央写起。
2、称呼:指对收信人的称呼。写在信头之下,从信纸的左边开始。
3、信的正文:指信的主体部分。从称呼的下一行第一段顶边写,从第二段起每段第一个词都缩进3或5个字母写。
4、结束语:指正文下面的结尾客套话。一般从信纸的中央靠右写起,第一个字母大写,末尾用一逗号。
5、签名:指发信人签名,写在结束语的下面,稍偏右。