1.论文摘要写作方法摘要又称概要、内容提要,是期刊学术论文的简明文摘.摘要以浓缩的形式展示了学术研究的成果,是期刊学术论文前置部分的一个重要组成部分.摘要对论文的研究目的、方法、结果和结论进行说明,拥有与论文同等量的主要信息,读者通过摘要可以在不阅读论文全文的情况下,了解和获得论文的主要信息.摘要要正确选用时态和语态,一般情况下,摘要一般以第三人称来写.摘要的篇幅一般在200-300汉字,英文摘要不超过250个实词,最多不超过300个字实词.2.关键词写作方法关键词是从期刊学术论文的论文题名、摘要、层次标题或正文中选取出来的能反映期刊学术论文主题概念的词或词组,是用以表示全文主题内容信息的词或词组.期刊学术论文的关键词对该期刊学术论文的检索起着关键性的作用,有利于读者查阅、检索和利用文献,在计算机情报检索中有着广泛的应用.一篇期刊学术论文关键词选取的数量应以3-7个为宜,从笔者见到的大多数文章来看,选取的关键词一般在3-5个,关键词之间要进行有效的切分.3.参考文献写作方法参考文献又称文后参考文献,附在论文的后面,是论文引用的有关图书资料,包括参阅或直接引用的材料、数据、论点等,是期刊学术论文不可缺少的部分.期刊学术论文写作的每一个环节都离不开对前人或他人已有相关研究成果的借鉴、参考和利用.这些被借鉴、参考和利用的前人或他人已有相关研究成果就必须进行恰当的着录,并要按照一定的格式标引出来,这就形成了该论文的参考文献表.所列参考文献的出处必须准确无误,参考文献的格式要根据有关规定着录,国际上有好几种参考文献的着录方法,在我国主要采用"顺序编码制"和"着者--出版年制"两种着录方式.(本回答由学术堂整理提供)
一、论文题目论文题目是论文的重要组成部分,是论文重要的信息点。论文题目出现问题,往往对论文乃至整个刊物的质量带来不小影响。题目的类型或为研究的问题,或为研究的结论,或为研究的范围。题目是科技论文最重要的信息点,它最能吸引读者,并能给读者最简明的主题提示。读者在决定一篇论文是否要读的时候,往往都是先看题名,可见题名之重要。一篇论文题目的精妙,常常可起到画龙点睛的作用;相反,题目如果很差,往往会损失整篇论文的信息价值。1、题目的作用能从总体的角度,用简明、精确的词语反映论文的主要内容和著者所要强调的观点,引导读者去发现并准确地把握论文的要领; 可以作为编制题录、索引和检索的主要依据。 2、论文题目的撰写要求①用最简洁、恰当的词组反映论文的特定内容,既不能把论文未涉及的内容或未得出的结论包容进去,也不能把论文已涉及的内容或已得出的结论摒弃在题名的包容范围之外。②题名中应包括论文的主要关键词,以便为检索提供特定的实用信息。③切忌用冗长的主、谓、宾结构的完整语句,逐点描述论文的内容。④题名应简洁,科技论文题名用字一般不宜超过20个汉字,外文题名不宜超过10个实词。使用简短题名而语意未尽时,可借助于副题名以补充论文的下层次内容。⑤题名应尽量避免使用符号,如化学结构式、数学公式,不大为同行所熟悉的符号、简称、缩写以及商品名称等。二、摘要 摘要是对“论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述”。其作用主要是为读者阅读、信息人员及计算机检索提供方便。一般不超过200字、 摘要的要素主要包括以下4个方面的内容:①研究目的。准确描述该研究的目的,说明提出问题的缘由,表明研究的范围和重要性。②研究方法。简要说明研究课题的基本设计,使用了什么材料和方法,所用的仪器及设备,如何分组对照,研究范围和精确程度,数据是如何取得的,经何种统计学方法处理。③结果。简要列出该研究的主要结果,有什么新发现,说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值及统计学显著性检验的确切值。④结论。简要地说明经验,论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值,是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究,是否可推广应用等。 摘要的撰写要求 (1)摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有一次文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读文献的 全文,就能获得必要的信息。因此,摘要是一种可以被引用的完整短文。 (2)用第三人称。作为一种可阅读和检索的独立使用的文体,摘要只能用第三人称而不用其他人称来写。有的摘要出现了“我们”、“作者”、“本文”作为摘要陈述的主语,一般讲,这会减弱摘要表述的客观性,有时也会出现逻辑上讲不通。 (3)排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容。 (4)不得简单地重复论文篇名中已经表述过的信息。 (5)要客观如实地反映原文的内容,要着重反映论文的新内容和作者特别强调的观点。 (6)要求结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落;切忌发空洞的评语,不作模棱两可的结论。 (7)要采用规范化的名词术语,不用非共知共用的符号及名词术语。 (8)不使用图、表或化学结构式,以及相邻专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、代号。如果确有必要,在摘要中首次出现时必须加以说明。 (9)不得使用一次文献中列出的章节号、图、表号、公式号以及参考文献号。 (10)要求使用法定计量单位,正确地书写规范字和标点符号。 (11)要求书写英文摘要,英文摘要不宜超过 250个实词。(12)众所周知的国家、机构、专用术语尽可能用简称或缩写。(13)不进行自我评价。 三、关键词的撰写要求什么是关键词关键词是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要,从论文中取出的词或词组。关键词是为了文献标引工作,从论文中选取出来,用以表示全文主要内容信息、款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。关键词包括主题词和自由词两部分:主题词是专门为文献的标引或检索而从自然语言的主要词汇中挑选出来的,并加以规范化了的词或词组。自由词则是未规范的,即还未收入主题词表中的词或词组。按照国家标准(GB3179-92)规定,现代科技期刊都应在科技论文的摘要后面给出3~8个关键词。它们应能反映论文特征内容,通用性比较强。①要选取刊入《汉语主题词表》和专业性主题词表(如《MeSH 》等词表中的规范性词(称叙词或主题词,对于那些确能反映新技术、新学科而尚未被主题词表录入新产生的名词术语,可用非规范内自由词标出,以补充关键词个数的不足或为了更好地表达论文的主题内容。②不要为了强调反映文献主题的全面性,而把关键词写成一句句内容全面的短语。 ③关键词作为论文的一个组成部分,列于摘要段之后,并要求书写与中文对应的英文关键词。 四、参考文献参考文献“是为研究、撰写或编辑论著而引用的有关图书资料。在学术论文后列出参考文献的目的:①反映出真实的科学依据;②体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或成果,还是别人的观点或成果;③对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指明引用资料出处,便于检索。撰写学术论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,是否需要全部列出?回答是否定的。 中华人民共和国国家标准GB7714-87“文后参考文献著录规则”,对参与文献的标注方法作了规定。指出:专论正文部分引用的文献的标注方法可以采用顺序编码制。
1、摘要
摘要是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
随着计算机技术和因特网的迅猛发展,网上查询、检索和下载专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检索的重要手段,对于网上各类全文数据库或文摘数据库,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具,为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
摘要是对论文综合的介绍,使人了解论文阐述的主要内容。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用,让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
2、参考文献:
一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:作者—标题—出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)
英文:作者—标题—出版物信息
3、关键词:
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“摘要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。
扩展资料:
撰写论文摘要的注意事项:
(1)整理你的材料使其能在最小的空间下提供最大的信息面。
(2)用简单而直接的句子。避免使用成语、俗语或不必要的技术性用语。
(3)请多位同僚阅读并就其简洁度与完整性提供意见。
(4)删除无意义的或不必要的字眼。但也不要矫枉过正,将应有的字眼过份删除,如在英文中不应删除必要的冠词如a'' an'' the等。
(5)尽量少用缩写字。在英文的情况较多,量度单位则应使用标准化者。特殊缩写字使用时应另外加以定义。
参考资料来源:百度百科 - 论文格式
参考资料来源:百度百科 - 论文摘要
论文用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。
论文摘要关键词格式
1.摘要
要有高度的概括力,语言精练、明确,中文摘要约100200字(不同院校可能要求不同)。字体为宋体三号,需要加粗。摘要正文为宋体小四号。
2.关键词
从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。关键词为宋体小四号加粗字体,需要顶格写,关键词正文为宋体小四号不加粗字体。
3.参考文献
在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料,所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列,也可以按照音序排列(正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号)。
参考文献内容用(宋体、五号;英文用Times New Roman字体);专著、论文集、报告、学位论文:【序号】作者(前3名),文献名,出版社所在地:出版社、出版年、起始页终止页;期刊论文:【序号】作者(前3名),论文名,刊名,出版年,卷(期):起始页终止页;电子文献:【序号】作者(前3名),电子文献名,电子文献出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期。
一、摘要
要有高度的概括力,语言精练、明确,中文摘要约100—200字(不同院校可能要求不同)。字体为宋体三号,需要加粗。摘要正文为宋体小四号。
二、关键词
从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。关键词为宋体小四号加粗字体 需要顶格写,关键词正文为宋体小四号不加粗字体。
三、参考文献
在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料,所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列,也可以按照音序排列(正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号)。
参考文献内容用(宋体、五号;英文用Times New Roman字体)
1、专著、论文集、报告、学位论文:【序号】作者(前3名),文献名,出版社所在地:出版社、出版年、起始页—终止页.
2、期刊论文:【序号】作者(前3名),论文名,刊名,出版年,卷(期):起始页—终止页
3、电子文献:【序号】作者(前3名),电子文献名,电子文献出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期。
扩展资料:
文献格式
1、文后参考文献不编序号,仅在文末按其重要程度或参考的先后顺序排列。
2、文后参考文献不注页码。
3、文后参考文献的著录项目及次序与注释基本相同。
4、著录参考文献可以反映论文作者的科学态度和论文具有真实、广泛的科学依据,也反映出该论文的起点和深度。
5、 著录参考文献能方便地把论文作者的成果与前人的成果区别开来。
6、著录参考文献能起索引作用。
7、著录参考文献有利于节省论文篇幅。
8、著录参考文献有助于科技情报人员进行情报研究和文摘计量学研究。
参考资料来源:百度百科-毕业论文
参考资料来源:百度百科-论文
1.论文摘要写作方法摘要又称概要、内容提要,是期刊学术论文的简明文摘.摘要以浓缩的形式展示了学术研究的成果,是期刊学术论文前置部分的一个重要组成部分.摘要对论文的研究目的、方法、结果和结论进行说明,拥有与论文同等量的主要信息,读者通过摘要可以在不阅读论文全文的情况下,了解和获得论文的主要信息.摘要要正确选用时态和语态,一般情况下,摘要一般以第三人称来写.摘要的篇幅一般在200-300汉字,英文摘要不超过250个实词,最多不超过300个字实词.2.关键词写作方法关键词是从期刊学术论文的论文题名、摘要、层次标题或正文中选取出来的能反映期刊学术论文主题概念的词或词组,是用以表示全文主题内容信息的词或词组.期刊学术论文的关键词对该期刊学术论文的检索起着关键性的作用,有利于读者查阅、检索和利用文献,在计算机情报检索中有着广泛的应用.一篇期刊学术论文关键词选取的数量应以3-7个为宜,从笔者见到的大多数文章来看,选取的关键词一般在3-5个,关键词之间要进行有效的切分.3.参考文献写作方法参考文献又称文后参考文献,附在论文的后面,是论文引用的有关图书资料,包括参阅或直接引用的材料、数据、论点等,是期刊学术论文不可缺少的部分.期刊学术论文写作的每一个环节都离不开对前人或他人已有相关研究成果的借鉴、参考和利用.这些被借鉴、参考和利用的前人或他人已有相关研究成果就必须进行恰当的着录,并要按照一定的格式标引出来,这就形成了该论文的参考文献表.所列参考文献的出处必须准确无误,参考文献的格式要根据有关规定着录,国际上有好几种参考文献的着录方法,在我国主要采用"顺序编码制"和"着者--出版年制"两种着录方式.(本回答由学术堂整理提供)
1、摘要:
摘要是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
随着计算机技术和因特网的迅猛发展,网上查询、检索和下载专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检索的重要手段,对于网上各类全文数据库或文摘数据库,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具,为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
摘要是对论文综合的介绍,使人了解论文阐述的主要内容。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用,让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
2、参考文献:
一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:作者—标题—出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)
英文:作者—标题—出版物信息
3、关键词:
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“摘要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写,你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板,希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
原则上讲,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题,解析文章的目的或意图; ② 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③ 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。但是,英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… , The result shows (reveals) that… , It is found that… , The conclusions are… , The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有:说明事实经过时,某件事是谁做的,无须一一证明;为强调动作承受者;有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语,例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常使用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头,或采用更简洁的被动语态,一般不用第一人称。 4)遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧,简单、准确地表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为( 1 )表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… ( 2 )表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究的结果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示结论、观点或建议: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an ,如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。总之,多看英文文献,积累经验,摸索规律,提高英文写作水平,才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语,对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词,而且从标题或摘要中选取,每篇文章可选 3 ~ 8 个关键词,文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词:”,英文关键词前冠以“ Key words :”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语,毋用单一词汇,而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展,如:营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:
论文摘要关键词格式:从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。关键词为宋体小四号加粗字体 需要顶格写,关键词正文为宋体小四号不加粗字体。 扩展资料 论文摘要关键词格式:从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。关键词为宋体小四号加粗字体 需要顶格写,关键词正文为宋体小四号不加粗字体。
在个人成长的多个环节中,大家都不可避免地会接触到论文吧,通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。那么,怎么去写论文呢?以下是我收集整理的论文摘要和关键词格式,欢迎大家分享。
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、摘要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3—8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。
引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。
引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
(2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。
主体部分包括以下内容:
a、提出—论点;
b、分析问题—论据和论证;
c、解决问题—论证与步骤;
d、结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。
参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714—87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:标题——作者——出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者——标题——出版物信息
所列参考文献的.要求是:
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
拓展内容:论文格式要求
(一)需报送全文,文稿请用word录入排版。字数不超过5字。
(二)应完整扼要,涉及主要观点的图片、曲线和表格不能缺少,正文要有“结论”部分。如稿件内容不清或文章篇幅超长等原因,编辑有权删改。
(三)论文结构请按下列顺序排列:
1.大标题(第一行):三黑字体,居中排。
2.姓名(第二行):小三楷字体,居中排。
3.作者单位或通信地址(第三行):按省名、城市名、邮编顺序排列,用小三楷字体。
4.关键词。需列出4个关键词,小三楷字体。第1个关键词应为二级学科名称。学科分类标准执行国家标准;关键词后请列出作者的中国科协所属全国性学会个人会员的登记号
5.正文。小四号宋体。文中所用计量单位,一律按国际通用标准或国家标准,并用英文书写,如km2,kg等。文中年代、年月日、数字一律用阿拉伯数字表示。
正文中的各级标题、图、表体例见下表:
表; 标题体例
标题 级别 字体字号 格式 说明
一级标题 三号标宋 居中 题目
二级标题 四号黑体 左空2字,单占行 汉字加顿号,如“
一、”
三级标题 四号仿宋体 左空2字,单占行 汉字加括号,如“(一)”
四级标题 小四号黑体 左空2字,单占行 阿拉伯数字加下圆点,如“1.”
五级标题 小四号宋体 左空2字,右空1字,接排正文 阿拉伯数字加括号,如“(1)”允许用于无标题段落
图、表、注释及参考文献体例
内容 字体字号 格式 说明
图题 五号宋体 排图下,居中,单占行 图号按流水排序。
图注 小五号宋体 排图题下,居中,接排 序号按流水排序。
表题 五号黑体 排表上,居中,可在斜杠后接排计量单位,组合单位需加括号 如“表2几种发动机的最大功率/kW”“表5几种车辆的速度/(km/h)”表序号按流水排序,如“表1”、“表2”
表栏头 小五号宋体 各栏居中,计量单位格式同上
图文/表文 小五号宋体 表文首行前空1字,段中可用标点,段后不用标点
6.参考文献。文章必须有参考文献。“参考文献”4字作为标题,字体五黑,居中,其他字体五宋。文献著录格式如下:
(1)著作:作者姓名.书名.出版社名,出版年月,页码(如有两个以上作者,作者间用逗号分开)
(2)期刊:作者姓名.文章名.期刊名,年份,卷(期)、页码。
7.作者简介。请在参考文献之后附作者简介。“作者简介”请用五黑字体左起顶格排,后空一格,接排。作者简介字体五宋,1字以内,包括姓名、参加的全国性学会名称、中国科协个人会员登记号、工作单位、电话、传真、电子信箱等。
1.论文摘要写作方法摘要又称概要、内容提要,是期刊学术论文的简明文摘.摘要以浓缩的形式展示了学术研究的成果,是期刊学术论文前置部分的一个重要组成部分.摘要对论文的研究目的、方法、结果和结论进行说明,拥有与论文同等量的主要信息,读者通过摘要可以在不阅读论文全文的情况下,了解和获得论文的主要信息.摘要要正确选用时态和语态,一般情况下,摘要一般以第三人称来写.摘要的篇幅一般在200-300汉字,英文摘要不超过250个实词,最多不超过300个字实词.2.关键词写作方法关键词是从期刊学术论文的论文题名、摘要、层次标题或正文中选取出来的能反映期刊学术论文主题概念的词或词组,是用以表示全文主题内容信息的词或词组.期刊学术论文的关键词对该期刊学术论文的检索起着关键性的作用,有利于读者查阅、检索和利用文献,在计算机情报检索中有着广泛的应用.一篇期刊学术论文关键词选取的数量应以3-7个为宜,从笔者见到的大多数文章来看,选取的关键词一般在3-5个,关键词之间要进行有效的切分.3.参考文献写作方法参考文献又称文后参考文献,附在论文的后面,是论文引用的有关图书资料,包括参阅或直接引用的材料、数据、论点等,是期刊学术论文不可缺少的部分.期刊学术论文写作的每一个环节都离不开对前人或他人已有相关研究成果的借鉴、参考和利用.这些被借鉴、参考和利用的前人或他人已有相关研究成果就必须进行恰当的着录,并要按照一定的格式标引出来,这就形成了该论文的参考文献表.所列参考文献的出处必须准确无误,参考文献的格式要根据有关规定着录,国际上有好几种参考文献的着录方法,在我国主要采用"顺序编码制"和"着者--出版年制"两种着录方式.(本回答由学术堂整理提供)
1、摘要
摘要是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
随着计算机技术和因特网的迅猛发展,网上查询、检索和下载专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检索的重要手段,对于网上各类全文数据库或文摘数据库,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具,为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
摘要是对论文综合的介绍,使人了解论文阐述的主要内容。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用,让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,从而避免他人编写摘要可能产生的误解、欠缺甚至错误。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
2、参考文献:
一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:作者—标题—出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)
英文:作者—标题—出版物信息
3、关键词:
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“摘要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。
扩展资料:
撰写论文摘要的注意事项:
(1)整理你的材料使其能在最小的空间下提供最大的信息面。
(2)用简单而直接的句子。避免使用成语、俗语或不必要的技术性用语。
(3)请多位同僚阅读并就其简洁度与完整性提供意见。
(4)删除无意义的或不必要的字眼。但也不要矫枉过正,将应有的字眼过份删除,如在英文中不应删除必要的冠词如a'' an'' the等。
(5)尽量少用缩写字。在英文的情况较多,量度单位则应使用标准化者。特殊缩写字使用时应另外加以定义。
参考资料来源:百度百科 - 论文格式
参考资料来源:百度百科 - 论文摘要
目录,摘要,关键词,参考文献。
1、目录
目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
2、摘要
摘要是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
3、关键词
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“摘要”的左下方。
4、参考文献
一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
扩展资料:
注意事项
1、毕业论文一律打印,采取a4纸张,页边距一律采取:上2.8cm、下2.5cm,左3cm,右2.5cm,行间距取多倍行距(设置值为1.25);字符间距为默认值(缩放100%,间距:标准),封面采用教务处统一规定的封面。
2、字体要求
论文所用字体要求为宋体。
3、字号
第一层次题序和标题用小三号黑体字;第二层次题序和标题用四号黑体字;第三层次及以下题序和标题与第二层次同正文用小四号宋体。
4、页眉及页码
毕业论文各页均加页眉,采用宋体五号宋体居中,打印“xx大学xxxx届x科生毕业论文(设计)”。页码从正文开始在页脚按阿拉伯数字(宋体小五号)连续编排,居中书写。
5、摘要及关键词
中文摘要及关键词:“摘要”二字采用三号字黑体、左对齐书写,“摘”与“要”之间空两格,内容采用小四号宋体。“关键词”三字采用小四号字黑体,顶格书写,一般为3—5个。
英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应,字体为小四号times new roman。
参考资料来源:百度百科-论文格式
一、论文题目论文题目是论文的重要组成部分,是论文重要的信息点。论文题目出现问题,往往对论文乃至整个刊物的质量带来不小影响。题目的类型或为研究的问题,或为研究的结论,或为研究的范围。题目是科技论文最重要的信息点,它最能吸引读者,并能给读者最简明的主题提示。读者在决定一篇论文是否要读的时候,往往都是先看题名,可见题名之重要。一篇论文题目的精妙,常常可起到画龙点睛的作用;相反,题目如果很差,往往会损失整篇论文的信息价值。1、题目的作用能从总体的角度,用简明、精确的词语反映论文的主要内容和著者所要强调的观点,引导读者去发现并准确地把握论文的要领; 可以作为编制题录、索引和检索的主要依据。 2、论文题目的撰写要求①用最简洁、恰当的词组反映论文的特定内容,既不能把论文未涉及的内容或未得出的结论包容进去,也不能把论文已涉及的内容或已得出的结论摒弃在题名的包容范围之外。②题名中应包括论文的主要关键词,以便为检索提供特定的实用信息。③切忌用冗长的主、谓、宾结构的完整语句,逐点描述论文的内容。④题名应简洁,科技论文题名用字一般不宜超过20个汉字,外文题名不宜超过10个实词。使用简短题名而语意未尽时,可借助于副题名以补充论文的下层次内容。⑤题名应尽量避免使用符号,如化学结构式、数学公式,不大为同行所熟悉的符号、简称、缩写以及商品名称等。二、摘要 摘要是对“论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述”。其作用主要是为读者阅读、信息人员及计算机检索提供方便。一般不超过200字、 摘要的要素主要包括以下4个方面的内容:①研究目的。准确描述该研究的目的,说明提出问题的缘由,表明研究的范围和重要性。②研究方法。简要说明研究课题的基本设计,使用了什么材料和方法,所用的仪器及设备,如何分组对照,研究范围和精确程度,数据是如何取得的,经何种统计学方法处理。③结果。简要列出该研究的主要结果,有什么新发现,说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值及统计学显著性检验的确切值。④结论。简要地说明经验,论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值,是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究,是否可推广应用等。 摘要的撰写要求 (1)摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有一次文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读文献的 全文,就能获得必要的信息。因此,摘要是一种可以被引用的完整短文。 (2)用第三人称。作为一种可阅读和检索的独立使用的文体,摘要只能用第三人称而不用其他人称来写。有的摘要出现了“我们”、“作者”、“本文”作为摘要陈述的主语,一般讲,这会减弱摘要表述的客观性,有时也会出现逻辑上讲不通。 (3)排除在本学科领域方面已成为常识的或科普知识的内容。 (4)不得简单地重复论文篇名中已经表述过的信息。 (5)要客观如实地反映原文的内容,要着重反映论文的新内容和作者特别强调的观点。 (6)要求结构严谨、语义确切、表述简明、一般不分段落;切忌发空洞的评语,不作模棱两可的结论。 (7)要采用规范化的名词术语,不用非共知共用的符号及名词术语。 (8)不使用图、表或化学结构式,以及相邻专业的读者尚难于清楚理解的缩略语、简称、代号。如果确有必要,在摘要中首次出现时必须加以说明。 (9)不得使用一次文献中列出的章节号、图、表号、公式号以及参考文献号。 (10)要求使用法定计量单位,正确地书写规范字和标点符号。 (11)要求书写英文摘要,英文摘要不宜超过 250个实词。(12)众所周知的国家、机构、专用术语尽可能用简称或缩写。(13)不进行自我评价。 三、关键词的撰写要求什么是关键词关键词是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要,从论文中取出的词或词组。关键词是为了文献标引工作,从论文中选取出来,用以表示全文主要内容信息、款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。关键词包括主题词和自由词两部分:主题词是专门为文献的标引或检索而从自然语言的主要词汇中挑选出来的,并加以规范化了的词或词组。自由词则是未规范的,即还未收入主题词表中的词或词组。按照国家标准(GB3179-92)规定,现代科技期刊都应在科技论文的摘要后面给出3~8个关键词。它们应能反映论文特征内容,通用性比较强。①要选取刊入《汉语主题词表》和专业性主题词表(如《MeSH 》等词表中的规范性词(称叙词或主题词,对于那些确能反映新技术、新学科而尚未被主题词表录入新产生的名词术语,可用非规范内自由词标出,以补充关键词个数的不足或为了更好地表达论文的主题内容。②不要为了强调反映文献主题的全面性,而把关键词写成一句句内容全面的短语。 ③关键词作为论文的一个组成部分,列于摘要段之后,并要求书写与中文对应的英文关键词。 四、参考文献参考文献“是为研究、撰写或编辑论著而引用的有关图书资料。在学术论文后列出参考文献的目的:①反映出真实的科学依据;②体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或成果,还是别人的观点或成果;③对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指明引用资料出处,便于检索。撰写学术论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,是否需要全部列出?回答是否定的。 中华人民共和国国家标准GB7714-87“文后参考文献著录规则”,对参与文献的标注方法作了规定。指出:专论正文部分引用的文献的标注方法可以采用顺序编码制。