Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献英文图书和期刊类文献：[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit inSmall FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381．[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review ofEconomics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494．[3]Albertode，M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidencefrom Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance，2001，(7):77-99．[4]A.N.Berger，N.H.Miller，M.A.Petersen，R.G.Rajan，J.C.Stein，2001，“DoesFunction Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices ofLarge and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve SystemWorking Paper．[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Marketsand Credit Rationing in Cote D’Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2001,17(4),520-532.[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel ofMonetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of EconomicPerspectives,1995,(9);27-48．[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm’s Capital Structure:theCase of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers，2003,366-358。[8]Barton，S.L.&Gordon，P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].Strategic Management Journal，1988，9:623-632．[9]Baxter，N.D.&Cragg，J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financinginstruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics，1970，(52):225-235．[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in SmallFirm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382．[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial GrowthCycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673．137[12]Berger and Udell,Small Business Credit Availability and RelationshipLending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure[J],EconomicJournal,2002,112(447)L:32-53.[13]Booth，Laurence，Varouj Aivazian，Asli Demirguckunt&Vojislav Maksimovie.Capital structures in developing countries[J].Journal of Finance，2001，(56):87-130．[14]Bradley，M.，Jarrell，G.A.，&Kim，E.H.On the existence of an optimal capitalstructure:theory and evidence[J].Journal of Finance，1984，(39):857-880.[15]Brander，J.A.&Lewis，T.R.Oligopoly and financial structure:the limitedliability effect[J].American Economic Review，1986，(76):956-970．[16]Chang Chun.Capital structure as optimal contract[J].North American Journalof Economics and Finance，1999，(10):363-385．[17]Cole,R·A·,Goldberg,L·G·&White,L·J·Cookie-cutter versus character:Themicro structure of small business lending by large and small banks[J]·Journalof Financial and Quantitative Analysis,2004,39,pp227-251.[18]Collins，J.M.&Sekely，W.S.The relationship of headquarters country andindustry classification to financial structure[J].Financial Management，1983，(3):45-51．[19]David F.Scott,John D.Martin.Industry Influence on Financial Structure[J].Financila Management,Spring,1975,67-73．[20]DeAngelo，H.&Masulis，R.Optimal capital structure in corporate and PersonalTaxation.Journal of Financial Economics，1980，(8):3-29．[21]Durand,David,1952,Cost of Debt and Equity Funds for Business:Trends andProblems of Measurement,Conference on Research in Business Finance,National Bureau of Economic Research,New York,p215-247．[22]Eli Schwartz and J Richard Aronson.1967.Some Surrogate Evidence inSupport of the Concept of Optimal Financial Structure[J].Journal of Finance.22(1):10-18．[23]Enunza，VR.Determinants of financial structure in the central Americancommon market[J].Financial Management，1979，(3):72-77．[24]Fama，E.&Jensen，M.C.Ageney Problem and residual claims.Journal of Lawand Economics，1983，(26):327-349．[25]Frank M.Z.,GoyalV.K.Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure.138Journal of Financial Economics,67:217-248,2003.[26]Gilson，S.Tansaction cost and capital structure choice:evidences fromfinancially distressed firms[J].Journal of 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网络保险 Internet Insurance Network insuranceNet Insurance保险学 Insurance http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=enhttp://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=enhttp://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=enInsurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.Principles of insuranceA large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable. Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market. [edit] IndemnificationMain article: IndemnityThe technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.[edit] Insurer’s business modelProfit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.Insurance companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, due to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.Types of insuranceAny risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]HealthHealth insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.[edit] DisabilityDisability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury. CasualtyCasualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement. Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. [edit] Life insuranceMain article: Life insuranceLife insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.PropertyProperty insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.字数超限了。。。
互联网保险：是指实现保险信息咨询、保险计划书设计、投保、交费、核保、承保、保单信息查询、保全变更、续期交费、理赔和给付等保险全过程的网络化。
传统保险：传统型保险产品就是固定预定利率的保险，产品不具备分红功能。
区别：
互联网保险：以计算机互联网为媒介的，互联网保险让客户能自主选择产品。客户可以在线比较多家保险公司的产品，保费透明，保障权益也清晰明了，这种方式可让传统保险销售的退保率大大降低。
服务方面更便捷。网上在线产品咨询、电子保单发送到邮箱等等都可以通过轻点鼠标来完成。
理赔更轻松。互联网让投保更简单，信息流通更快，也让客户理赔不再像以前那样困难。
传统保险：以代理人营销模式
中国保险产业经过20多年的恢复性发展，目前已基本完成了产业奠基阶段，形成了一个相对完整独立的产业系统。下文是我为大家搜集整理的有关保险的毕业论文发表的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!有关保险的毕业论文发表篇1 浅析新华保险营销策略 一、引言 中国经济处于不断发展过程中，现今保险行业已经成为金融业的三大支柱之一，保险业的发展对金融业发展有着举足轻重的地位。各大保险公司也随之不断涌现出来，保险行业的竞争也越来越激烈，以下通过对新华保险营销现有策略进行分析，提高大家的保险意识。 二、简介 (一)商业保险定义 商业保险(BusinessInsurance)是指通过订立保险合同运营，以营利为目的的保险形式。 (二)新华保险简介 新华保险成立于1996年9月，总部位于北京市，专门的大型寿险企业，有多家子公司。2011年，上市，2014年首次入围福布斯世界500强企业。2015年，入围百万精英俱乐部260人，较2014年提升210%，MDRT入围人数年增长超七成。 (三)新华保险特点 1、坚持“以人为本”的产品开发理念，“唯德才兼备者为用”的用人理念，坚持“为客户创造价值”的原则。 2、多元化的销售渠道和理赔渠道。 3、为全球的客户提供多种电子化服务手段，拥有“横向到边，纵向到底”的全面风险管控体系。 二、新华人寿保险公司现有的营销策略分析 (四)P理论下的新华保险营销分析 根据麦肯锡的4P理论，新华保险公司制定出了一系列的保险营销策略： 1、保险产品策略。虽然在品牌效应上不及其他公司，但在产品上胜于其他公司。其中的分红类寿险，按保额分红的方式深受大众喜爱。新华产品营销种类丰富，主要采用的是产品组合策略和产品开发策略来为客户计划保险和开发新产品。 个人险中，就新华保险的“美满人生”、“祥和万家”来讲期限都为一年，每年的保费都是100元，年龄16-65，能正常生活工作的人，均可购买。“健康无忧“A、B、C三款产品保障全面，能保60种重大疾病，15种轻症，价格实惠，期限灵活。这三款产品主要是利用产品开发策略，根据现今主要存在的健康问题制定的险种。 现今最受欢迎的企业险是旅游险，为被保险人在旅游期间提供保障，出现事故保险公司按照保险合同的约定向被保险人或受益人支付一定数量保险金。 2、保险定价策略。新华保险产品价格定位主要有规定价格策略和新型的自主定价策略，就“健康无忧”其中两款产品来讲： A款，以25岁女性来看： 保障期间基本保额交费期间年交保费 30年40万元10年4640元 交费期短，保障时间长，价格合理，非常值得购买。 B款，30岁男性来看： 产品简称保障期间基本保额交费期间年交保费 健康无忧B款两全 附加健康无忧B款30年20万元20年 2440元 2260元 年交保费合计4700元 “健康无忧”两款产品，根据客户实际，坚持固定价格策略和产品组合策略来为客户计划保费，对客户提供保障。 3、保险销售渠道策略。新华保险建立了覆盖全国的多元销售渠道，实行了直接和间接的销售渠道策略。如与银行合作推出了“惠福宝”首款自主定价固定收益保险产品。就眉山来看，在新华保险眉山支中下面乡镇还设立了多个点为客户服务，放电影、开学发传单、网站销售、续收团队进行及时有效管理。 4、保险促销策略。使用网络促销策略，同时还有现场搞活动签单送礼、广告促销、人员现场推销、公共关系、营业推广、赞助等形式。在新春节前，开展“回家路?爱相随”活动，特别推出“i相随”活动。长期与4S店合作，买保险送保修，买车送保险。团购优惠购保险活动。 (二)新华保险营销SWOT分析 1、新华保险营销优势分析：(1)保险公司高层管理人员高度重视公司发展实施战略转型。(2)保费快速增长。(3)新华保险公司实力不断增强，入围福布斯百强。(4)客户群庞大，到2015年6月，约有2660万个人寿险客户和约6万企业客户。(5)制定实施一系列五年发展计划。(6)销售人员长期都要以《学习的革命》这本书为指导不断提升自己。(7)分销网络渠道多，许多大中小城市及乡镇都设有机构，与多家银行合作。(8)设专门的续期收取团队，更好的维持了与客户的长期有效关系。(9)拥有一直强有力的管理团队。(10)理赔速度快，与国际SOS实施全面战略合作。2015年11月13日在法国巴黎发生的系列恐怖袭击事件，新华保险实施紧急援助服务，将伤痛和危害程度降到最低。(11)对销售人员实行佣金制、晋升制、旅游奖等，提高了销售人员的积极性。 2、新华保险营销劣势分析：(1)公司业务、转型、文化都还存在许多不足之处。(2)市场占有率相对较低。(3)品牌知名度不高，时间短大家对其认识不够。(4)销售人员相对较少。(5)总资产排名方面新华保险也低于中国人寿和平安保险。 3、新华保险营销机会分析：(1)保监会的大力支持，举办保险公众宣传日活动。(2)人民生活水平提高，对于保险的需求也不断提高。(3)国家和政府对保险行业的重视。“十一五”时期提出了保险事业的发展思路，2015年《保险法》修订草案，青岛市政府与新华保险签订战略协议。(4)天灾人祸不断发生也为保险事业带来机会。(5)保险公司对保险事业的高度重视，TOP2000培训，世界华人保险高峰会。 4、新华保险营销威胁分析：(1)金融危机影响较深，市场信心有所下降，因此公司利润也随之减少。(2)保险事业发展越强，市场竞争越激烈各方面都会面临严峻挑战。(3)监管危机、退保危机存在。 5、基于SWOT分析的营销战略选择。在对新华人寿保险公司所做的内外部环境分析基础上，建立新的SWOT营销战略选择矩阵，如下表： 表2新华保险营销战略选择矩阵 机会(Opportunities)威胁(Threats) 优势(Strengths)SO战略ST战略 劣势(Weaknesses)WO战略WT战略 SO战略：充分利用好公司现有自身优势，把握好外在环境所带来的机遇，利用政府和国家的支持，树立新华保险的品牌形象，快速扩大市场份额，增强市场竞争力。 ST战略：降低外部环境所存在的威胁，充分利用新华保险公司现有的优势，降低各种危机所带来的风险，扩大资金、产品、服务、各方面的提入，不断创新，增强市场竞争力，大力发展保险事业。 WO：运用好政府和国家所提供的相关政策，利用好保监会和各大保险公司对现今保险行业的支持，提高品牌知名度，大力发展保险从业人员，扩大市场占有率。 WT：退避市场竞争。 综上所述，新华保险人寿保险公司应该主要采取SO和ST战略为主，发挥好自身优势，把握好有利的机遇，降低风险和威胁。 三、新华保险营销策略存在的问题及解决对策 (一)存在的问题 1、业务发展结构单一。新华人寿保险业务发展方面一直坚持传统的“以客户为中心”的经营模式，由于信息时代、互联网时代、电商时代、数据时代的到来，传统的营销模式以不能够适应时代的发展，不能在同行业竞争。 2、营销渠道不够完善。营销渠道是打开市场，提升市场竞争力的有效保障，很多企业都已经充分利用互联网和大数据对现有信息进行分析，从中得出更多有利的信息，新华保险没有最大限度的利用互联网和大数据。 3、企业内部管理不够完善。保险行业属于服务行业，是以满足客户需求为主要，内部管理不够完善，出现问题不及时处理，销售人员素质和销售能力技巧有待提高。 4、品牌知名度不够。品牌知名度是形成品牌形象的先决条件，新华保险因其发展时间较短，在大家心中的印象不怎么深刻，品牌知名度上就远远落后于中国人寿和平安保险。 5、产品体系和服务质量不够完善。现今事故发生率在不断提高，原有制定的投保计划就无法为客户解决问题，应该及时调整。作为服务行业的新华保险主要讲求的便是服务质量，对于客户而言最能体现服务质量的便是出险后保险公司对该项保费的理赔，客户长期不能得到理赔款项，大大降低了公司信誉度。 6、保险意识不够。人们对保险的意识还是不够强，对这些保险的了解还不够深刻，特别是对于商业保险而言，还有许多人存在一种疑问“保险公司垮了怎么办，买商业保险到底有没有用”。 (二)解决对策 1、经营模式。坚持传统模式与新模式的结合，加强队伍建设、资源使用效率，努力解决客户问题。通过移动互联网商业模式掌握海量客户，同时以最低成本完成交易。不仅要进一步完善财务体系和风控体系，还重点建设六大平台。 2、销售渠道。使营销渠道向多元化发展，优化传统营销渠道的同时建立新型的电子营销渠道，为客户建立专门的档案。实行网络投保、理赔和售后。通过不同的渠道，了解竞争对手和客户需求，挖掘新的商机。现今银行存款已经实行存款无息政策，顺势加强与银行的合作，同时还与中国电信股份有限公司合作，开发新华销售新渠道。 3、完善企业内部管理。管理者应该不断完善和充实自己，不断学习先进的管理知识，具备解决各种问题的能力，及时了解企业现状，为客户解决问题，制定最完美的发展计划。销售人员不断培养职业道德和能力，提高自己的专业素质和营销技巧。 4、加深在消费者心目中的印象。新华保险需要加大促销力度，优化促销策略，变换广告方式，不断提升品牌形象和知名度。 5、加强竞争力。(1)开发新产品，完善产品体系，增强险种的组合性、多样性、实用性、适用性。(2)实施差异化的机构战略，具体落实和推动以客户为中心的经营战略，提高服务质量、开发新技术，实现产品多样化、差异化和组合匹配，增强客户获取的重要推动力。(3)完善信息化服务手段，加强网络服务。(4)实现一对一的服务，建立续期客户服务专员，建立客户关系管理。 6、增强保险意识。政府、保险公司加强对保险的宣传力度，开保险座谈;销售人员要多去为大家讲解商业保险的相关内容，做到最全面的有问就必答。 四、结论 通过利用SWOT和4P理论对新华保险营销策略进行分析让我们了解到，在利用各种优势和机会不断飞跃发展，问题和威胁也在不断被解决，虽然与其他公司还存在一定差距，但差距就意味着潜力，挑战就意味着机遇。相信新华保险会抓住机遇、迎接挑战，全面发展自己，提高公司综合竞争力。 有关保险的毕业论文发表篇2 浅论社会保险欺诈行为法律责任 一、社会保险欺诈及其法律责任 近年来，由于社会保险运行环节较多，社会保险事务关系复杂，社会保险服务提供者与受益人易于形成利益结盟，加之我国现行社会保险基金监管制度不完善、监管手段缺乏、监管经验不足，导致取养老、医疗等社会保险金或者其他社会保险待遇的情况时有发生。这类现象不仅给原本就入不敷出的保险基金造成巨大的支付压力，严重侵害了国家和公民的利益，而且长此以往必将影响社会保险制度的安全运行，甚至从根本上腐蚀社会的公平和正义。 社会保险欺诈行为，指行政机关、法人、公民或其他主体在参加社会保险、监管社会保险、领取社会保险过程中，故意捏造虚假情况，或歪曲、掩盖真实情况的行为。社会保险欺诈法律责任，是指社会保险欺诈行为人因其实施的社会保险欺诈行为所应承担的法律上的不利后果。社会保险欺诈行为由以下要件组成： (一)主体是具备社会保险欺诈法律责任能力的主体 社会保险欺诈主体是指，违反了社会保险法定义务或者契约义务，抑或不行使社会保险法定权利，故意捏造虚假情况，或歪曲、掩盖真实情况，致使社会保险秩序遭受破坏的行为人。主要包括，社会保险投保人及受益人、社会保险经办机构及其工作人员，以及其他协助实施行为的主体。 (二)社会保险欺诈人实施社会保险欺诈行为存在主观故意 社会保险欺诈行为强调行为主体必须存在主观故意，即希望通过向社会保险基金管理机构隐瞒、捏造事实，使社会保险机构陷入错误认识而给付社会保险费用。但若只是工作人员疏忽，社会保险投保人理解错误等过失行为导致的社会保险基金损失不属于社会保险欺诈。 (三)社会保险欺诈行为人已经实施了社会保险欺诈行为 从客观上来说，社会保险欺诈行为人已经实施了社会保险欺诈行为，比如持伪造身份信息领社会保险，医疗保险服务机构与投保人串通伪造资料等。 二、社会保险欺诈实证分析 取社会保险待遇的表现形式是纷繁复杂的，有经办机构及其管理人员职权侵害社会保险基金，涉及社会基金的挪用，有社会保险供方和需方各种的违规行为等等。在此笔者没办法一一罗列，只能通过分析一些主体的主要欺诈行为以及典型案例，与读者共同探讨学习。 案例一：2011年天津市社保中心在对永胜太大药房进行医保结算监控时发现，该药店对药品申报结算的数量远超实际药品销售量。药店还存在以药品换取其他物品，录入系统的药品与参保人购买药品不符的情况。社保局依据《医疗保险条例》第六十七条和双方签订的《市社会医疗保险定点药店服务协议》的内容作出了处罚，责令退回全部违规金额，停止该药房医保联网结算和医保定点资格一年。 案例二：2007年2月16日至4月10日，被告人唐术兵利用伪造的肖丕志、肖丕洪等8人的居民身份证，海宁市亭溪包装有限公司离职证明、授权委托书及盗窃所得的有关职工社会养老保险手册，先后5次从海宁市社会保障管理中心冒领上述8人的养老保险金共计14796.77元。法院审理后认为，被告人唐术兵以非法占有为目的，采用虚构事实、隐瞒真相的方法，取公私财物，数额较大，其行为已构成罪。浙江省海宁市人民法院据此，法院作出一审判决，以罪判处被告人唐术兵有期徒刑十个月，并处罚金7000元。 十二届全国人大会第八次会议，对现行刑法和刑事诉讼法的部分问题作出解释。其中，引起热议的一个解释草案就是，以欺诈、伪造证明材料或者其他手段取养老、医疗、工伤、失业、生育等社会保险金或者其他社会保险待遇的，属于刑法第266条规定的公司财物的行为。也就是说，取社会保险行为已不仅仅以罚金等行政处罚形式进行处罚，对于数额较大者，刑法已参与规制，可能处以监禁甚至无期徒刑的严厉刑事处罚。 三、增设社会保险基金罪并无必要 虽然将此种欺诈行为专门入刑的做法呼声很高，也有学者支持《刑法》增设社会保险基金罪，但笔者认为基于刑法的谦抑性，此举没有必要，因为对于目前已有的刑法体例以及社会法相关法律法规，已经可以加以规制。 (一)增设社会保险基金罪不符合刑法的最后性和补充性 刑罚制裁的严厉性不言而喻，正是这也决定了刑法在维护社会秩序上的补充性和最后性。平野龙一认为，“即使犯罪侵害或威胁了他人的生活利益，也不是必须直接动用刑法。可能的话，采用其他社会统制手段不充分，或者其他社会统制手段过于强烈、有代之以刑罚的必要时，动用刑法。”我们应当注意部门法之间的运用。 民法、行政法等第一防线的法律能发挥重要作用时，就没有必要动用刑法。第一防线的法律不像刑法那样，采用刑罚方式压制某种行为的发生，而只是以财产处罚、短时间限制人身自由等方式评价某种行为，主要采用鼓励和轻微制裁两种方式。当然，现在的第一防线法律还有很大的完善空间，但是用鼓励和制止双管齐下的方式，规定更加严厉的赔偿责任，不失为一种合理的做法。 (二)针对法律责任竞合，现有《刑法》亦能规制社会保险欺诈行为 很多学者认为应当增设社会保险基金罪的原因是目前的《刑法》和其他法律法规体系无法规制出现的日益复杂的法律竞合问题。但笔者认为，就目前的司法实践和《刑法》理论来说，对于出现的法律责任竞合的情况，也是可以分情况处理的。在此，笔者也就几类情况加以说明： (1)个人提供虚假证明，如伪造的特殊工种证明办理提前退休，该负什么法律责任?《刑法》第二百六十六条规定：“公私财物，数额较大的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金;数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金;数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产。本法另有规定的，依照规定。”因此，对于通过提供虚假证明文件等虚构事实、隐瞒真相的方式，取社保基金的，应按罪追究刑事责任。另外，按照最高人民法院《关于审理案件具体应用法律的若干问题的解释》，个人公私财物2000元以上的，属于“数额较大”;个人公私财物3万元以上的，属于“数额巨大”;个人公私财物20万元以上的，属于“数额特别巨大”。 (2)为保者伪造印章的，该负什么法律责任?《治安管理处罚法》第五十二条：“有下列行为之一的，处十日以上十五日以下拘留，可以并处一千元以下罚款;情节较轻的，处五日以上十日以下拘留，可以并处五百元以下罚款：伪造、变造或者买卖国家机关、人民团体、企业、事业单位或者其他组织的公文、证件、证明文件、印章的。”《刑法》第二百八十条：“伪造、变造、买卖或者盗窃、抢夺、毁灭国家机关的公文、证件、印章的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利;情节严重的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。伪造公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体的印章的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。”因此，对于为保者伪造印章的，应按伪造对象，按照伪造国家机关印章罪或伪造公司印章罪追究刑事责任;尚不构成犯罪的，按照《治安管理处罚法》有关规定处理。另外，与保者事先通谋，为其伪造相关印章，供之用，应当以共犯处理。 (3)企业工作人员收受个人钱财，为个人保提供方便者，该负什么法律责任?《刑法》第一百六十三条规定：“公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员利用职务上的便利，索取他人财物或者非法收受他人财物，为他人谋取利益，数额较大的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;数额巨大的，处五年以上有期徒刑，可以并处没收财产。公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员在经济往来中，利用职务上的便利，违反国家规定，收受各种名义的回扣、手续费，归个人所有的，依照前款的规定处罚。国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位中从事公务的人员和国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位委派到非国有公司、企业以及其他单位从事公务的人员有前两款行为的，依照本法第三百八十五条、第三百八十六条的规定定罪处罚。”因此，对于公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员收受个人钱财，为保者提供方便的，应按非国家工作人员受贿罪追究刑事责任。如果是国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位中从事公务的人员和国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位委派到非国有公司、企业以及其他单位从事公务的人员收受个人钱财，为保者提供方便的，则要按受贿罪追究刑事责任。 (4)社保机构工作人员，利用职务之便，与个人内外勾结取社保基金，该如何追究刑事责任?《刑法》第三百八十二条规定：“国家工作人员利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、取或者以其他手段非法占有公共财物的，是贪污罪。受国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体委托管理、经营国有财产的人员，利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、取或者以其他手段非法占有国有财物的，以贪污论。与前两款所列人员勾结，伙同贪污的，以共犯论处。”因此，如果社保机构工作人员利用职务之便，与非社保机构工作人员内外勾结取社保基金的，应按贪污罪追究刑事责任。 四、总结 社会保险行为应当得到进一步的规制，无疑是所有人的共识，《社会保险法》对于此类案件的法律责任认定后果规制较轻，社会保险监管薄弱，社会反欺诈力度不够等问题也一直为社会所诟病。事实证明，在任何国家，单靠经济、行政等其他法律手段并不能有效解决领社会保险金等福利的问题，必须把刑罚手段与其他法律手段相结合，进行综合治理。立法机关在现有法律框架下，既不创设新的法律制度，也不对现行法律修改，仅通过出台法律解释的形式，是最为实用的做法。 同时，也应完善对于防止取社会保险待遇的执法对策。例如，建立社会保险反欺诈行政协调机制，这个协调机制不仅包括社会保险相关主体之间的监管协调，还应包括社会保险系统与商业保险之间的监管协调机制，其核心是信息共享平台和机制的建立;建立专门的社会保险基金管理制度，为了不断提高预防和打击社会保险欺诈的能力和效果，除了继续完善信息披露、外部审计、财会规则等现行社会保险基金监管制度外，还应建立和完善社会保险基金基础信息管理制度、社会保险业务档案管理制度等。 猜你喜欢： 1. 关于保险的毕业论文 2. 保险毕业论文参考 3. 关于保险论文范文 4. 保险毕业论文范文参考 5. 保险毕业论文范文 6. 有关保险的论文范本
你文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。 如何做文献综述首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Background Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵，现在说说怎么做文献综述。虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一：瞄准主流。主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。二是利用学校图书馆的“中国期刊网”、“外文期刊数据库检索”和外文过刊阅览室，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少（国内出版的所有图书都要送缴国家图书馆），不仅如此，国图还收藏了很多研究中国政治和政府的外文书籍，从互联网上可以轻松查询到。技巧二：随时整理，如对文献进行分类，记录文献信息和藏书地点。做博士论文的时间很长，有的文献看过了当时不一定有用，事后想起来却找不着了，所以有时记录是很有必要的。罗仆人就积累有一份研究中国政策过程的书单，还特别记录了图书分类号码和藏书地点。同时，对于特别重要的文献，不妨做一个读书笔记，摘录其中的重要观点和论述。这样一步一个脚印，到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干货”，可以随时享用。技巧三：要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后，我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来，像“竹筒倒豆子”一样，洋洋洒洒，蔚为壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。我写过十多万字的文献综述，后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”，“曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。你的午间新闻方面方面文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。三、如何撰写开题报告问题清楚了，文献综述也做过了，开题报告便呼之欲出。事实也是如此，一个清晰的问题，往往已经隐含着论文的基本结论；对现有文献的缺点的评论，也基本暗含着改进的方向。开题报告就是要把这些暗含的结论、论证结论的逻辑推理，清楚地展现出来。写开题报告的目的，是要请老师和专家帮我们判断一下：这个问题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。因此，开题报告的主要内容，就要按照“研究目的和意义”、“文献综述和理论空间”、“基本论点和研究方法”、“资料收集方法和工作步骤”这样几个方面展开。其中，“基本论点和研究方法”是重点，许多人往往花费大量笔墨铺陈文献综述，但一谈到自己的研究方法时但寥寥数语、一掠而过。这样的话，评审老师怎么能判断出你的研究前景呢？又怎么能对你的研究方法给予切实的指导和建议呢？对于不同的选题，研究方法有很大的差异。一个严谨规范的学术研究，必须以严谨规范的方法为支撑。在博士生课程的日常教学中，有些老师致力于传授研究方法；有的则突出讨论方法论的问题。这都有利于我们每一个人提高自己对研究方法的认识、理解、选择与应用，并具体实施于自己的论文工作中。一、文献综述概述文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。二、文献综述的格式文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。三、文献综述规定1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号"[ ]"括起来置于引用词的右上角。6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。
保险论文英文参考文献
下面是我整理的保险论文英文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。
[1]Syed M.Ahsan， Ali A.G.Ali，and NJohn Kurian. Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics，Vol. 64， No.3，Aug，1982
[2]Carl H.Nelson and Edna T.Loehman. Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[ J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics， Vol. 69’ No.3， Aug， 1987
[3] Barry K.Goodwin. An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75，No. 2，May， 1993
[5] J.Lafrance，J.Shimshack and S.Wu. "Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin"University of California，Berkeley，Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy，2
[6] Moschini G and Hennessy D.A. Uncertainty，Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics.21
[7] Barry K.Goodwin，Monte L.Vandeveer，and John L.Deal. An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86， No. 4，Nov， 24
[8] Keith H. Coble，Thomas O.Knight， Rulon D.Pope，and Jeffery R. Williams.An Expected-IndemnityApproach to the Measurement of Moral Hazard in Crop InsurancefJ] .American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics. Vol. 79，No. 1，Feb， 1997
论文国外文献综述怎么写内容如下：
外文综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。而外文综述则是用汉语以外的语言来完成综述的写作。
1、首先根据你的论文主题想出5个关键词，依次输入谷歌学术搜索引擎（或者其他学校资源论文库）
2、在电脑里准备两个参考文献文件夹，一 个文件名写useful （有用），另一个文件名写maybe useful（可能有用）。
3、接下来浏览搜索到的文献的标题，看到和自己研究方向相关的题目就点进去， -目十行扫视文献，其中最主要看Abstract , Introduction和Conclusion三部分，也就是头和尾。
4、把扫视后觉得和自己的论文主题相关度高的，保存放进useful文件夹，如果看完觉得emmm（这个语气词是我导师给我讲的时候的原话，哈哈哈这种感觉只可意会不可言传）大概就是觉得有那么点关系，但又不舍得pass的文献，就放进maybe useful文件夹。
网络保险 Internet Insurance Network insuranceNet Insurance保险学 Insurance http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=uO8F501cxuoC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=2KPcc5u3X0&sig=bRLwUXiMe3TPmu-8v1DrVW5G9vg&hl=enhttp://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LsbY6WPo41oC&pg=PT323&lpg=PT323&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=gVkdB3wlNS&sig=pQXWstUk4boO4TcpHZOh4bKJyzY&hl=enhttp://books.google.com.sg/books?id=xP5d0OcQDScC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Net+Insurance&source=web&ots=dFsvdx1W4f&sig=6tPP8qP_A04ViEF7nN2fP7jtc04&hl=enInsurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.Principles of insuranceA large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable. Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market. [edit] IndemnificationMain article: IndemnityThe technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; i.e. a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the policy.When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.[edit] Insurer’s business modelProfit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses.Insurers make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from insureds.The most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss.Insurance companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid out.In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, due to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.Finally, claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome.Types of insuranceAny risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]HealthHealth insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.[edit] DisabilityDisability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury. CasualtyCasualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement. Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. [edit] Life insuranceMain article: Life insuranceLife insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment return.PropertyProperty insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.字数超限了。。。
中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 8 条[1]杨松. 新保险法修改的主要内容浅析[J]. 红河学院学报, 2004,(02) . [2]何杨彪. 试论新《保险法》对消费者权益的保护[J]. 湖南财经高等专科学校学报, 2009,(04) . [3]黄曼妮. 关于新《保险法》不可抗辩条款的思考[J]. 黑龙江金融, 2009,(09) . [4]方志平. 试论新《保险法》背景下寿险的合规营销[J]. 上海保险, 2009,(04) . [5]胡滨. 新《保险法》——彰显被保险人的利益保护[J]. 中国金融, 2009,(06) . [6]李斌. 新《保险法》更注重投保人权益[J]. 新财经, 2009,(05) . [7]袁建华. 2009新《保险法》的显著特点与实施效果预测[J]. 现代财经-天津财经大学学报, 2009,(09) . [8]夏益国. 中国保险业规范发展的新起点——写在新《中华人民共和国保险法》颁布实施之际[J]. 中国保险, 2009,(09) .中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 5 条[1]钟诚. 浅析新《保险法》的修订内容[J]. 北方经济, 2009,(14) . [2]熊悠云. 浅谈保险企业如何应对新《保险法》带来的巨大挑战——基于风险管理的角度[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(16) . [3]李莎,符芸榕. 浅析法律对保险经营的影响[J]. 技术与市场, 2009,(09) . [4]胡滨. 《保险法》修订及其对中国保险业的影响[J]. 金融与经济, 2009,(08) . [5]李然. 从新保险法的几大变化谈保护保险消费者利益[J]. 金卡工程(经济与法), 2010,(03) . 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 2 条[1]徐敏峰. 开放背景下我国保险资金运用研究[D]. 河海大学, 2005 . [2]唐余. 我国保险合同纠纷解决机制探索[D]. 西南财经大学, 2007 . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 6 条[1]张响贤,宣鸣,王勉. 论汽车保险费率市场化的趋势——从日本汽车保险费率的变迁谈起[J]. 保险研究, 2002,(01) . [2]雷定安,刘学宁. 对人身保险不可抗辩条款的深层思考[J]. 东方论坛.青岛大学学报, 2002,(01) . [3]侯刚. 对中国人寿保险中“不可抗辩条款”的思考[J]. 经营管理者, 2008,(16) . [4]李莎,张建刚. 不可抗辩条款在我国的应用前景展望[J]. 当代经济, 2009,(07) . [5]何惠珍. 保险投资:发展障碍与发展路径[J]. 广东金融学院学报, 2005,(04) . [6]魏薇. 金融监管立法日趋成熟——解读新《保险法修订草案》[J]. 中国金融家, 2008,(09) .
网络营销论文参考文献
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。下面是我整理的网络营销论文参考文献，欢迎大家阅览。
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1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。是否可以解决您的问题？
种植业风险区域划分及费率区域划分
2. 我国政策性农业保险主体有效合作的博弈分析
3. 新型农村合作医疗供给的PPP模式研究
4. 我国银保业务投资激励的博弈分析
5. 我国寿险增长影响因素分析
6. 反垄断法在中国保险业的适用性分析
7. 论保险金融化现象
8. 我国寿险公司内部控制问题研究
9. 西方保险监管制度的比较与启示
10. 保险公司治理结构及监管问题研究
11. 保险企业文化与品牌建设
12. 我国保险中介市场结构及其优化研究
13. 论保险公估业发展的瓶颈及出路
14. 财政补贴对农户农业保险参保决策影响的实证分析
15. 论再保险要素的保险商品均衡价格形成
16. 保险业双重角色下的政府责任
17. 论保险市场中的纵向关系与再保险市场的发展
18. 论保险资金投资股票市场的风险与防范
19. 论新型农村社会养老保险制度的创新和突破
20. 失地农民养老保险的困境与出路
21. 巨灾债券—巨灾风险分散的新选择
22. 存款保险制度中的道德风险与防范
23. 中国保险业制度创新研究
24. 中国保险基金的困境及其出路
25. 道德风险与逆向选择：存款保险制度问题规避
26. 保险公司规模经济的实证检验
27. 中国保险业制度变迁与经营绩效分析
28. 保险产业组织变迁与保险产业组织政策研究
论文的提纲，是 保险 论文行为与课题研究“提纲挈领”的任务所在。下文是我为大家整理的关于保险论文提纲的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!.
论文题目：........
1. 绪论
1.1研究背景—以互联网为代表的新技术，特别是移动支付、社交网络、搜索引擎和云计算
1.2研究意义
1.3研究目的
1.4国内外研究综述
1.5本文的经济学理论
1.5.1货币经济学
1.5.2金融经济学
1.6本文的创新与研究 方法
1.6.1创新
1.6.2研究方法
案例分析法、文献研究法、比较研究法。
2. 保险基本原理和目前趋势
2.1主要寿险产品分类
2.2主要财险产品分类
2.3寿险主要销售 渠道
2.4财险主要销售渠道
2.5目前保险公司正积极探索新渠道
2.6 总结
3. 互联网保险概述
3.1互联网保险的概念
3.2互联网保险的分类
3.2.1传统网络
3.2.2手机微信
3.3互联网保险的特点及优缺点
3.3.1特点
3.3.2优缺点
3.4互联网保险的发展历程
3.5互联网保险在我国的发展状况
3.6互联网保险对保险业的贡献
3.7总结
4. 互联网保险的法律问题
4.1保险合同的书面形式问题
4.2电子签名的有效性问题
4.3客户隐私权保护问题
4.4总结
5. 互联网保险的营销问题研究
5.1我国互联网保险发展的有利因素
5.1.1政策因素
5.1.2网络因素
5.1.3成本因素
4.1.4法规因素
5.1.5市场因素
5.2我国互联网保险营销问题
5.2.1网络安全性问题
5.2.2信息建设问题
5.2.3互联网保险产品条款专业性问题
5.2.4互联网保险产品创新问题
5.2.5互联网推广问题
5.3互联网保险营销问题的策略
5.3.1加快实施互联网保险营销安全交易环境的建设
5.3.2加快信息基础设施建设和关键技术研究
5.3.3保险互联网营销保险产品条款通俗化处理
5.3.4开发和推广适合互联网销售产品，加大新产品的开发
5.3.5提高保险产品创新能力
5.3.6加强互联网推广方式—社会化媒体的微营销时代
5.4总结
6. 互联网保险的监管问题研究
6.1互联网保险监管的内涵
6.2公共利益与互联网保险监管
6.2.1保险监管的基础理论
6.2.2公共利益论与保险监管
6.2.3对于互联网保险监管的重要意义
6.3我国互联网保险监管的现状
6.4我国互联网保险监管问题
6.4.1法律法规滞后
6.4.2组织管理不健全
6.4.3监管方式有待改进
6.4.4监管人才缺乏
6.5发达国家或地区互联网保险监管的借鉴
6.6完善我国互联网保险监管的建议
6.6.1明确监管原则和监管目标
6.6.2调整监管主体和监管范围
6.6.3改革监管内容和监管方式
6.7总结
7. 国内外互联网保险的例子：INSWEB和大童网、众安在线
7.1国外互联网保险的案例--INSWEB
7.1.1经营模式
7.1.2网站特色
7.1.3为投保人带来的好处
7.1.4为保险公司带来的好处
7.1.5最终被收购
7.1.6互联网保险规模较小的本质原因
7.2国内互联网保险案例
7.2.1类型
(1)大童网
(2)保险公司门户网站
(3)众安在线财险
7.2.2国内互联网保险的未来走向
(1)综合类金融平台：平安陆金所
(2)未来可能形成两类互联网保险的大趋势
7.3总结
8. 结论
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