风险投资论文英文文献

风险投资论文英文文献

　　你好，类似的参考文献也比较多，我们简单写出几条。
　　
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　　欢迎交流，如果我的回答能帮到你一点，请及时采纳，也是一份鼓励吧。

急救~~~~~~急救~~~~~~~~~帮忙翻译一段风投论文

2000c risk investment decision analysis
Venture investment decision analysis method

1, the traditional methods. The traditional project evaluation standard in the corresponding optimization under the corresponding to a series of static and dynamic evaluation method. Static evaluation method without considering the time value of money at risk for the project, including the use of evaluation, the dynamic evaluation method is briefly introduced in the two main dynamic evaluation method. (1) NPV method (NPV) net present value calculation method is to project the life with inflow minus the outflow cash flow is obtained from the net, and then press, using a discount rate of compound formula calculating the present one, add value and its value. A single project evaluation, NPV greater than zero, scheme, when compared to more scheme, the optimal scheme NPV. (2) internal rate of return (IRR). Is that a plan to study period, the revenue and expenditure of cash flow when NPV is zero discount rate. Scheme selection, IRR than benchmark returns, scheme is feasible, and the bigger the better. IRR And not feasible.
Using traditional methods of risk investment decisions in a defect analysis. First, the discount rate and yield of subjectivity has benchmark, risk investment return than traditional project, with an average yields to determine the risk investment yields are inappropriate. Secondly, risk investment has high uncertainty, using traditional evaluation method of uncertainty, the higher the discount rate, the value of investment projects, denied the characteristics of venture capital investment. Venture investment is a high-risk investment with high yields, it brings the expected future cash flow, the uncertainty is ten times, the return on investment is often more difficult to obtain accurate, the profit, so in the risk evaluation decision when still can use the following methods.
2, the real option method (on practical). The value of investment projects that are not only from a single investment project cash flow, directly from the growth opportunities. Still Practical option method in foreign gradually become the important basis of risk investment, have relatively successful cases. Investors in venture capital investment, due to the investment projects in general is not mature industry, the uncertainty of the project, with high risk investor at what stage investment, whether for the next round of investment and whether more or less investment, and in what way investment options. Also, the risk is that investors, they are usually in the camera options after the end of each stage of investment project evaluation, in order to decide whether the next round of investment or termination of investment. Whether the risk of investment risk is only an option, investors is an investment projects in different stages of several options, investment is transformed into the problem of real option pricing. The value of risk investment projects by the project should value net present value and flexibility. Namely: options adjustment (NPV) NPV = traditional values (VO + option).
One option "value" factor can use options premia (i.e., the option premium value and the poor) said.
In practice, the risk of real options method of investors have a form. A: the investment period of delay. In the investment environment and condition of the project can be postponed, investing time, wait. 2: investment reduced options. In the project operation condition, can reduce investment. Three: investment revoked options. In the project operation state, from poor investment. Four: investment conversion option. When the new situation, the investment can be converted to fit the new state. Five: to expand investment options. When a project is good condition and market expectations appeared more optimistic, can expand investment.
3, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The former two evaluation methods are the profits from the project, however, if the respects from profits, risk investment project is successful. Analytical hierarchy process (ahp) is a kind of multi-objective evaluation decision method. The basic principle is: the complex problem into several elements, according to their mutual correlation and affiliate relationships a multi-level structure model, and analyses the factors of comparison, judgment, the calculation for different elements, weight, and provide basis for decision making. Venture investment project factors include: product idea, market prospect, management ability, environmental factors as adaptability. Analytic hierarchy process based on four kinds of factors, and then build hierarchical analysis model of the weight of each factor, the sequence, thus obtains the hierarchy.
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The essence of the project evaluation of the project can get even the risk faced by income and two board to decide whether investment. In the venture investment project evaluation, and several common wind is cast decision analysis method.
Example: the American investors first consider the project risk management ability, will also consider the uniqueness of product technology and market potential factors such as the size, return.
Long-term since, our country investment always reflect the government behavior, and makes the investment risk investment by the government behavior into market behavior, risk investment company must be independent risk, investment decision-making must adhere to the market orientation, and be good at risk and return to choose between optimization. The screening of the invested enterprise competition and reflects the advanced standard, but also helps to improve the investment risk of social resources use efficiency. Venture capitalists through the comprehensive assessment, reduce the risks and benefits, promote the resources advantage, industrial flow to the adjustment of economic structure.

急求！一篇关于股票价值投资或投资风险方面的外文文献翻译！要中英文对照的，中文3000字以上外文10000字符

我国民营企业融资难原因是多层次多方面的。具体而言，主要有以下几个方面：
2.1 企业自身原因
2.1.1 民营企业缺乏信誉
在一个竞争激烈的市场经济环境下，企业信誉是非常重要的。然而从国外到国内，从“安然”到“蓝田”，国际国内大型企业及企业集团都面临危机，更何况普通的民营企业。谈到给中国企业诚信打分的问题的话，著名的经济学家张维迎认为，是不及格的5分以下，连6分都达不到。民营企业的分数更低，其深层次的原因有以下几个方面：
1、 从民企自身来看，管理水平不高，账目不清，一个公司内部有好几本帐，内部法人治理机构不健全，生产效率不高。这是导致中小企业信誉缺乏的基本原因。
2、 政府政策不稳定，即政府的短期行为导致企业尤其是民营企业缺乏建立企业信誉的积极性。政府政策的变化太多，朝令夕改，导致民营企业有种草的积极性，而没有种树的积极性，而企业信誉是一棵树，十年树木，民营企业缺乏积极性这也是导致民企信誉缺乏的重要原因。
3、 民营企业没有明确的产权。产权是信誉的载体，我们企业讲信誉，它的价值就增加，但是这个企业不是我的，增加了也没有用，古人云：无恒产者无恒心，现在是无恒产这无信任。如果破坏了产权也就破坏了企业的信誉基础。
4、 政府的监管越多，企业就越不讲信誉，企业越不讲信誉，政府的监管就越多，最终形成一个恶性循环。监管与信誉是有关系的，政府监管越多，意味着政府的权利就越大，政府的自由度就越大，未来就越不稳定，未来越不稳定，企业就越不考虑未来，从而自然而然形成了不讲信誉的态度。如在我国大量的中小煤矿，许多都不考虑大量投资安全设备，因为他投资安全设备需要几百万甚至几千万，但不知那一天随着政府规定变化而可能被叫停。这就是政府的权利过大的导致的不考虑未来而缺乏信誉。
5、 腐败，政府管得太多，从而导致腐败，使企业不在乎市场和消费者而在乎政府，于是中小企业缺乏建立信誉的基础。
2.1.2 民营企业受环境影响大
民营企业易受经营环境的影响，变数大，风险大，无法准确预测，难以吸收投资者注意，并且民企的生命周期短使得投资者投资的风险过大而不愿意投资。同时，民企的资产相对的较少，负债能力有限，不能吸引太多的投资。
2.1.3 民营企业基础薄弱
民营企业管理基础薄弱，产权高度集中，导致内部决策缺乏灵活，机制僵化。董事会构成不合理直接影响到重大问题的决策，独立董事形同虚设，监事会的地位不高，难以发挥监督作用。缺乏合理的法人内部治理机构，管理经验缺乏，管理水平不高，财会制度落后，信息不透明，缺乏审计部门确认的财务报表和良好的经营业绩，增加了银行对民企财务信息审查难度。同时家族管理模式很大程度上制约了民营企业的二次创业。
综上所述，由于民营企业管理水平不高、缺乏信誉，加之风险变数大，使得其资信等级底，加之内部供应水平不足，这是其融资难的根本原因。
2.2 社会金融环境方面
1、银行贷款管理体制的制约。目前，企业获取资金的主渠道依旧是银行。现行的金融体系中，国有商业银行贷款给国有大中型企业似乎天经地义，而面对广大民企的贷款请求，往往不予支持，基层的银行贷款权限受到严格的限制，同时贷款审批程序烦琐。一些县级商业银行变成了纯储蓄机构，只能吸收储蓄，做一些基层的调查工作，没有贷款权。地市级只有流动资金贷款权限，中国大多数民企在基层，需要一层层上报到总行，审批程序烦琐，而且，商业银行激励与约束机制不对称，内部的存款利率不合理，导致银行“伪市场化”，制约了基层银行贷款的积极性和主动性。同时，国家严格限制中小金融机构和民间金融活动，使民企借贷无门。
2、银行经营上的“惜贷”。银行在为大企业和中小企业经办贷款业务的时候，所花费的时间和人力相差无几。但产生的效益明显不同，民企贷款绝大部分是流动资金贷款，贷款要得急，频率高，户均数量少。贷款风险大且管理成本高。因此，银行宁愿做“批发”业务而不愿做“零售”业务。对大企业是“争贷”而对民营企业是“惜贷”。同时，银行贷款资金向个人贷款和建设项目集中对企业尤其是民企贷款大幅度减少。如“2001年金融机构新增贷款12900亿元，其中用于个人贷款2755亿元，占17.7%”。这意味着所有金融机构所吸收的存款越来越少用于贷款的同时，对企业尤其是民企的贷款比重减少的幅度更大。根据有关资料的显示，辽宁省大连市的民营企业90%在银行的没有借款，上海复星高科技集团有限公司从创业直至公司年利润近千万，始终未能得到银行一分钱的贷款和支持，1996年在中关村的上千家科技型企业中，能得到银行贷款的仅仅只是200家左右。
3、金融中介机构缺乏。我国融资市场目前是过剩与缺乏并存：一方面金融机构和投资公司还有大量资金没有投入；另一方面，民营企业却告贷无门。许多民营企业由于没有足够的自有资本进行抵押贷款，只能依赖担保性贷款，但是，专门为民营企业提供的担保服务的担保机构不多，即使有的地区建立了这种机构，也因担保资金来源不足，担保基金不能规避自身风险等方面的问题而难以有效运作。同时，担保机构都非常明显有参考政府的行为，在操作上，不是根据市场的实际和民营企业的现状作为担保的标准，商业行为不充分，资金投向不够明确，从而导致扶持中小企业的成功率不高。并没有从根本上解决民营企业的融资问题。
4、我国证券市场融资门槛过高。我国证券市场的建立和运作，同时也被赋予了着重为国有企业服务的特定功能。特别是在目前大多数国企处于困境的情况下，我国股票市场以促进国企改革为宗旨，重点扶持国有企业上市融资，政策严重向国有企业倾斜，在实行“额度管理”的股票发行机制下，民营企业要从相当紧张的发行额度中分得一杯羹，实在是难于上青天。直至目前为止，发行A股股票在深沪两方证券交易所上市的企业没有超过千家，但是民营企业寥寥无几，且大多不是通过正常途径直接上市，而是以高昂的代价购买一家已上市公司的部分或全部股权而直接上市的。至于民营企业进入债券市场，管理层也基本上持排斥态度。目前，我国公司债券发行实行的是规模管理，债券发行的年度规模管理、债券发行的年度规模及各项指标均由国务院统一确定且发行时优先考虑农业能源交通及城市公共措施项目。同时，要求发行债券的企业、股份有限公司净资产不低于三千万，有限责任公司净资产不低于六千万；累计债券总额不超过公司净资产40%，最近三年平均可分配利润足以支付公司一年的债券利息，债券发行公司必须有实力雄厚，信誉好的单位做担保等，这一系列条件，限制了民营企业进入债券市场并通过债券方式融资。
总之，民营企业的保证缺乏、辅导薄弱以及一贯以来的银行在体制上的歧视是其融资难的重要原因。
2.3 政府原因
政府的法律、法规、政策对中小企业的融资缺乏法力，各种政策法规没有得到有效的执行。
1、不具备公平竞争的市场环境。扶持、鼓励个体私营经济发展的政策措施不到位，许多政策法规没落到实处，或者在落实上打了折扣。与国有集体和外商投资企业相比，个体私营经济在许多方面还处于不利地位，缺乏公平竞争的市场环境，如市场准入方面，许多行业和部门仍然不允许个体私营经济进入，拥有进出口经营权的私营企业是凤毛麟角，也不能设分支机构等。
2、政府管理不规范，宏观调控乏力，许多有利于民企融资的政策未得到有效执行。政府对个体私营经济的管理，涉及到工商、税务、物价、城建、环保、卫生、计量、质量监督等多个部门，在对个体私营经济管理中，往往出现相互交叉，缺乏协调的现象，增加了个体私营企业的负担，又使他们无所适从。在对经济机构协调方面，由于政府调控不力，致使私营经济重复生产，处于粗放经营状态。在监督方面，有的政府部门未能很好的履行监督职能，致使个体私营企业本身行动不规范。
3、“三乱”现象仍然较严重，社会保障体制不完善，不利于民企的内部积累。将个体私营企业的入社会保障范围的力度不够。目前，私营企业中从业人员的工资待遇、劳保福利得不到保障的现象带有一定普遍性，导致个体私营企业在引进人才，留住人才方面有很大的困难。企业因人才流动过大而影响其稳定持续发展。此外，个体私营企业从业人员在申报户籍管理、档案存放、计算工龄、评职定级、子女入学等方面尚存在许多障碍。
由此，我们可以看到，政府在对待国有企业和民营企业体制上的不平等造成了在竞争上的不平等，造成了民企在融资上的劣势。