blackmail论文
blackmail论文
It is not good for teenagers to make friends through the Internet.
Nowadays, science and technology are flourishing and thriving. Along with the invention of personal computers and the Internet, more and more teenagers are attracted by the internet deeply. They chat and make many new friends through the Internet. However, making friends through the Internet is not only perilous but wasting time as well. Thus, it is not good but extremely bad to make friends through the Internet.
Making ‘net friends’ is very hazardous. Nowadays, mankind are no longer innocent as before. They deceive and blackmail each other every day. This situation become worse after computers and the Internet are invented. Many innocent teenagers do not have the ability to distinguish who are good and who are evil. If some teenagers make friends with evil ones through the Internet, then everything serious will follow close upon another. Sometimes wicked guys threat or cheat teenagers. They threat or deceive teenagers to give them money or something else. And sometimes, evil people teach bad things to those innocent teenagers and let them get as evil as them. Hence, from here we can see that making friends through the Internet is very hazardous.
Making friends through the Internet is also a waste of time. The most important task for teenagers is study. Making ‘net friends’ is very time-consuming and wasting them much precious time. If one always use the Internet making friends and ignore the study, then in the course of time, they will be ignorant and incompetent. Thus making friend through the internet is a waste of time.
However, some people say that making ‘net friends’ can make teens become sociable. This is good for teens. Even though there is some truth in it, making ‘net friends’ is perilous , wasting time and even make innocent teens become evil, ignorant and incompetent. The disadvantage of making ‘net friends’ is more than its advantage. Therefore, although making ‘net friends’ has advantages, it is still bad for teenagers.
In conclusion, making ‘net friends’ is perilous, wasting time and even making innocent teens evil, ignorant and incompetent. Hence, making friends through the Internet is harmful.
雅思写作法律犯罪类题目解析
雅思写作遇到法律犯罪类的题目该怎么解答,下面我给大家整理了该题目的解析大全,希望对你们有所帮助。
雅思写作典型法律犯罪题目讲解
A类的雅思大 作文 大致可以分为 教育 ,社会,科技,政府政策,大众媒体,法律和犯罪这么六大类的题目,而其中学生们普遍反映最怵的,感觉最无从下手的题目当属法律与犯罪类型的题目。截至到08年12月22日为止,在1月12日,8月16日以及10月11日的考试均出现了法律,犯罪的题目。虽然说出题频率相对来说并不是非常的频繁,但是如果学生在备考中没有进行合理有效的对此类话题具有针对性的 总结 和复习的话,相信很难在写作中取得什么理想的分数(参加了这几次考试中的学员的分数普遍不是非常的理想)。而纵观市面上大量的雅思 写作指导 ,烤鸭备考秘笈这些针对不同层次,不同水平的学生而编辑的雅思丛书中,我们也很难看到针对犯罪这类题目的一些教学及复习指导。在此篇论文中,我将就法律与犯罪所涉及的一些常见话题给大家从其内容,语言逐一进行分析,希望雅思教师们或者烤鸭们能够从中受益。
1. Can capital punishment (death penalty) ever be justified?
是否应该有死刑?
这个题目可以说是一谈到法律犯罪这一大类话题时,最会经常谈到的问题。对于大多数中国雅思考生,尤其是高中生,大学生,如果没有事先经过精心准备的话,对这个题目恐怕只能是傻眼了。关于这个话题,大致可以分成以下这几个分论点来展开:
Arguments against capital punishment
1. 死刑只是对罪犯的一种处罚,而并不能够将犯罪行为中受害者生命挽回,或者赔偿其所遭受的伤害
Capital punishment, which even though manages to bring the criminals to justice, could by no means compensate for physical, mental and psychological sufferings inflicted on victims, or in some extreme cases, bring back their lives.
2. 无论一个人犯多大的错误,其他人都无权剥夺其生命。 (人权)
It is entirely unjustified to deprive one of his/her rights to live regardless of how insanely severe and cruel the offenses he/she has committed are. (This subject matter has boiled to the controversial issue of human rights)
3. 死刑犯的尸体的处理(是否可以用于器官移植等等)将是一个非常具有争议的道德问题。
How the body of the deceased criminal is going to be disposed of (used for organ transplant, for instance) will be bound to raise grave both ethical and social implications.
Arguments for capital punishment
1. 如果死刑犯没有受到最为严厉的惩罚,那么这对受害者是不公平的。
It would be only fair for the victims if the criminals are subject to the greatest fear of all- death.
2. 如果死刑取消的话,那么很多潜在的罪犯就不会顾忌做出一些极为可怕的犯罪行为。
If capital punishment is ever to be done away with, the potential wrong-doers wouldn’t be deterred from committing staggeringly serious offenses among which serial murder proves particularly appalling.
2. Should criminals be sent to prisons or placed on education and job retraining?
类似的题目之前曾经考过,而在今年的1月12日再次出现。对于这个题目,很多学生会非常容易的陷入一个陷阱(pitfall),那就是认为说如果让学生接受教育或就业培训的话,那就是等同于有充分的人身自由了。其实不然,这里的教育或就业培训并不代表说把囚犯与普通的学生或接受培训者一样等同的对待,而是一样的要限制他们的自由,只不过说不像在监狱里整天关在牢房里无所事事,而是要接受教育和培训。关于这个题目,其实就变成了一个两者之间的对比,可以从以下几个方面进行论述。
1. 监狱同教育或就业培训相比有很强的阻吓作用,这样可以有效的抑制犯罪率的上升。
In stark contrast to placing criminals on educational courses or employment retraining, prisons appeared more effective in deterring potential, would-be wrongdoers from committing crimes, thus drastically decreasing the likelihood of rising crime rate.
2. 监狱更多的对罪犯来说是一种惩罚,因此能够避免再犯。
Being locked up behind the bars is a punitive measure imposed on criminals who are highly unlikely to turn into a recidivist in consideration of their fear of setting foot into jails ever again.
Arguments for education and job retraining
1. 罪犯在监狱里所被包围的是一群囚犯,这对罪犯的改造不是好的,反而是不好的影响。接受教育可以让罪犯在一个积极的环境里,真正的意识到对与错。
“Captivity of negativity” is a terminology intended to describe the destructive, rather than constructive impact on criminals who are locked up in prison, surrounded by people who probably have committed even more serious charges. Education serves to correct any misconception or eliminate twisted thoughts they have by immersing them in a positive environment.
2. 大多数罪犯往往是没有什么 文化 知识和生存技能,出狱后通常很难找到工作。教育和就业培训能够让他们在日后的生活中靠自己生存下去,而不至于因为没有收入来源而再次误入歧途。
A significant proportion of criminals are sadly illiterate without adequate fundamental knowledge and survival skills and it wouldn’t be easy for them to find a decent job after being released from the jail. With convenient access to education and job retraining, they are able to survive by themselves, greatly reducing the chance of becoming a recidivist in times when they are financially challenged.
3. Should individual choices interfere with the society that is based on rules and laws
这是今年10月11号的考题,这道题目主要讨论的核心是一种矛盾。那就是社会始终是以法规和法律为基础的,而有时社会的利益往往是与个人的选择相矛盾的。当这种矛盾发生时,应该将哪一个放在首位?为什么?这次考试结束后,我曾经与几个参与考试的学生讨论过,很多学生的反映就是这个题目其实并不难,但就是不知道怎样下手。还有某位学生直接就举了一个我们不能随便杀人,因为这是违反法律的事情的这样一个例子。其实,这个题目最为关键的是两点:怎样去法律的范围还有就是要找到一个合适法律与个人选择发生冲突的这么一个结合点。我对这个题目的段落结构以及内容的理解如下:
1.这种矛盾的产生主要是因为法律法规是从大众和国家的利益出发,而个人利益则绝大多数情况下是站在个人角度考虑问题的。一个有利于个人的问题如果给其他人造成了无谓的伤害,则是不应该允许的。
The conflict of public interest and personal interest accounts largely for the issue of the extent to which is the interference of personal choices justified with the society governed by rules and laws.
这里我们可以举一个例子,就知识产权(Intellectual Property Rights).很多人都会去网络上下载免费电影,音乐以及电子书。这样做的原因就是正版(authentic copy)相对中国消费者来说太贵。虽然说这看起来合情合理,大多数人都会从中受益,但是这也同时伤害到了娱乐明星们(celebrities)和唱片公司的利益,所以这时候应该以法律为根本,杜绝这种行为。
2.反过来说,我们不可否认个别特别情况下法律也应该给正当的个人选择让步
On the other hand, rules and laws should give in to personal choices in some special cases.
比如说,开车送心脏病突然发作的人赶往医院。尽管说途中司机可能会闯红灯(run red lights,会造成一定的交通混乱,甚至说还有发生交通事故的可能。但是这样一种行为我认为应该被理解(tolerated). 这是出于法律之外的,但是又合乎情理的。当然,这种法律的让步是有限的,很多时候确实很难判断。所以,无论是法律还是个人选择,最终都是从应该是整体的利益出发.
以上就是我对三个比较典型的法律犯罪类的题目的讲解,希望能够帮助到在紧张备考雅思的考生们。
雅思大作文解析及 范文 :社会法律规范是否该遵守
Task:Society is based on rules and laws. It could not function if individuals were free to do whatever they wanted. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
思路解析:
应该遵守:法律和法规是社会有序运行的前提,它们规范了人们的行为和思想,让人们的活动能限制在一个安全的,合法的范围。相反,一旦人们恣意妄为地来忽略这些法律的话,整个社会会陷入混乱。举例,如果交通法规不被遵守,则会出现大量的车祸。如果刑法不被遵守的话,则会出现大量的社会犯罪。
不应该遵守:对于那些不公正的法律,人们应该被授予足够的自由来进行对抗。举例,如果美国今天仍然保留着奴隶法案的话,则今天的美国黑人将处境悲惨,没有教育,医疗,工作和投票的权利。可以看到,这样的法律必将引发来自黑人的愤怒,反抗,甚至是战争。
参考范文:
Nowadays, there is an assertion that the freedom of citizens should be limited; otherwise it might harm the social laws and justice system, thus making our society unstable. Personally, this view is psychologically right, while it overlooks the importance of fighting against the unfair laws freely.
Firstly, there is no doubt that obeying social rules and laws is the fundamental obligation for all individuals, for the reason that they serve as a key function of ensuring our society running on the right track. Obviously, these regulations define the borders between the right and the wrong, the social ethics and day-to-day conduct standards, all of which can instruct and regulate citizens to act and think in a lawful, polite and safe way. Otherwise, the ignorance of these regulations, or so-called “an absolute freedom”, will trap our society into chaos and even malfunction. For example, if the traffic laws were disrespected, it is expected that all streets and highways will be full of congestions and car crashes caused by wrongdoings in driving like blind over speed or overtaking. Similarly, if the criminal law were absent, then there will be no concern of punishments for committing crimes. Consequently, illegal activities including thefts, robberies, arson, rapes, vandalism and murders will be overwhelming, which will not only place the poverties and lives of the public in the danger, but also destroy today’s civilization in a long term.
However, there is always a justification that people should be allowed to freely question and topple those unfair laws that are the barriers of democracy development. In history, the typical example is the slavery law in America that defined African-Americans as second-class citizens and deprived their rights of public education, health care and vote. If this evil law were just followed, instead of being eradicated through the pursuit of human freedom, we now can predict clearly that current the community of America would be still full of inequity, discrimination, and massive social disorder caused by conflicts between the black and white.
All in all, I agree that it is very necessary to limit the freedom of the public by confining their behaviors in the bounds of social regulation and laws, which is the pre-condition of social democracy and stability. However, when it comes to unjust laws, the public should have the freedom to eliminate them.
(392 words)
雅思写作重点题目总结:犯罪与法律类
1. 青少年犯罪
母题:In many parts of the world children and teenagers are committing more crimes. Why is this case happening? How should children or teenagers be punished? (100804)
提示:青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency 产生的原因及其解决 方法 。可从家庭、社会、媒体三个角度分析。
子题:很多年轻人有一种反社会行为,原因是什么,如何解决?犯罪是人类本性,还是可以预防的?
2. 犯罪预防
母题:Unlike in most other countries, police in the UK do not commonly carry guns. Some people think it leaves citizens unprotected. But others think it reduces the overall violence in our society. Discuss both sides of the view and give your opinion. (040320, 040619)
提示:这道题目当之无愧地成为母题,因为这道话题自从2010年9月起已经成为了雅思口语话题中的题目。11年8月20日,这道题目以变题的形式再一次出现在雅思写作中。
子题:是否应该严惩违反交规者?城市中采取预防犯罪的 措施 ,利大于弊吗?个人如果为所欲为,社会就无法运转,你同意吗?犯罪是世界问题,无法预防,你同意吗?
3. 罪犯惩处
母题:Sending criminals to prison is not the best method of dealing with them. Education and job training are better ways to help them. Do you agree or disagree? (050618, 080918)
提示:其实囚禁imprisonment和再教育都是一种让囚犯改造rehabilitate的方法。还有community service对于轻犯和初犯都是一种不错的惩处方式。
子题:监狱除了惩罚犯罪,还有什么功能?降低犯罪的最佳方法是延长监狱星期吗?刑满释放人员再犯罪率很高,为什么,如何解决?你认为罪犯应该送到监狱还是应该做一些社区工作或学习一些技能?
雅思写作高难词汇整理:法律专集
犯罪/违反法律:commit a crime , break the law,
law breaking, violate the law, against the law,
罪犯: criminal, law offender, law breaker,
law violator, villain, vermin, convict
守法: abide by the law, comply, compliance with the law,
conform. to the law, abidance by law, keep the law
滥用法律: abuse of law, stretch the law
监狱/关押:jail, prison, imprisonment, imprison, incarcerate, lock up
死刑: capital punishment, death penalty, death sentence
无期徒刑: life sentence, life prisonment, lifelong punishment
受害者: victim, casualty
无辜的: innocent, harmless
改造: rehabilitate
威慑力: deterrent
逮捕: arrest, apprehend
武装抢劫: armed robbery ; 纵火: arson;
敲诈勒索: blackmail; 贩卖 违禁品: bootlegging;
非法闯入: break-in; 行贿受贿:bribery;
窃听: bug; 入室盗窃: burglary;
职业罪犯: career criminal; 虐待 儿童 : child abuse;
伪造: counterfeit; 强奸犯:rapist;
赌博: gamble; 劫持: hijack;
集团犯罪:organized crime; 扒手: pickpocket;
色情商店: pornoshop; 逃税: tax evasion;
仁慈的: lenient, merciful;
开明的: enlightened,
文明的: civilized,
仁慈的: humane
和谐的: harmonious
同情的的: sympathetic
残忍的: cruel, brutal, merciless, inhumane, dispiteous
雅思写作法律犯罪类题目解析相关 文章 :
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2. 雅思写作:高能十大话题题库
3. 快来收藏学习!关于雅思作文的十大类话题大汇总
4. 英语写作:青少年犯罪类范文
5. 雅思大作文审题“三步法”
6. 雅思书信类写作范文赏析
7. 9类雅思写作常见错误解读 以错为鉴可涨分数
8. 50个交通类雅思写作短语汇总
9. 雅思大作文常见论点总结
10. 备考雅思写作必备的4类作文大纲
请问谁有关于中西文化中颜色词的象征意义的英文范文?帮个忙,谢谢
中西文化中颜色词语的象征意义
The symbolic meaning of the color word of between China and western countries
Summary: Show in the Chinese-English language the words of different colors or color is very abundant. We not merely should pay attention to observing themselves' basic meaning, should paying attention to the deep and broad symbolic meaning of their meaning even more, because their symbolic meaning often has different characteristics in different national languages, some characteristics even form people to the advocating and taboo of the color after guiding stretching , transferred meaning. The difference of symbolic meanings of the color between such different culture is because of each national difference and producing of historical background , aesthetic psychology of culture, sanctified by usage in the sediment of development , history in the society, it is a kind of permanent culture phenomenon. The angle that this text attempts to compare from Chinese and Western culture with analysis, probe into various nationalities' culture to develop the impact on symbolic meaning of the color word.
The human language is extensive and profound, different countries, the unique glamour that different and national color words demonstrate, make people regard with special esteem. In Great Britain's Chinese-English language, all very abundant to displaying different colors or the word of the color. We not merely want to understand their each one's own basic meaning, should pay attention to the deep and broad symbolic meaning of their meaning even more. Because often there are different characteristics in different national languages in symbolic meanings of the color, some characteristics have not represented the meaning of its word itself yet, but guide stretching, transferred meaning to it.
First , midwest square color word because of our country and hopeless the greater part English country ten thousand li apart objective cause , symbolic meaning of difference, in the geographical position , scene that history aches , very great difference exists aesthetically psychologically, so the feeling of seeking the color word will not be the same. The symbolic meaning that a color word shows will be various naturally . This text will do some brief contrasts and discussions on the color of the word and symbolic meaning difference in Chinese and Western culture. By the look of definition of the color, color through eyes brain and people a kind of vision effect to the light experience of life produce, it is a vision phenomenon launched , reflecting or causing through certain light wave by the object, it is a kind of basic domestic animal of the human eye vision . About the definition of, it is relatively short to going through the time of the feudal society, and in nearly modern science is popularized and the west of development says at full speed, it is easier they accepted. The west relatively pays attention to the analysis things with rational science from the beginning, display it to the objective world and realistic scientific attitude known objectively. So, the symbolic meaning of the color is often more direct in western culture, generally symbolize some abstract cultural meaning with the concrete color of objective things For example: Western culture " getting red " to point color of " blood " but blood surge forward life liquid of the human body among the mind in westerner mainly, once the blood trickles, the life stops , so, the red make people associate it with the violence , dangerous, thus produced to the red taboo. Western Sinologist translate " Dream of the Red Chamber " may because of the fact that consider " red " make them is it bleed to associate it with, so adopted title " the stone is written " that the novel had used originally, English meant story of the stone to compare with the western civilization, Chinese culture is of long standing and well established, the feudal society that China goes through several thousand years, education and science lag behind relatively, so, in Chinese culture, the thought that the color expresses has strong mystery flavor, the development of the objective reality receives China's social development relatively largely.
Color intension and symbolic meaning are very abundant in Chinese culture, and the symbolic meaning of the color word is plural. For example, the red in Chinese culture comes from the sun. Our ancestor has a kind of instinctive attachment and worships to the sunshine, the red joyous and lucky production naturally of purpose. With getting white as example and then, in mankind initial stage, our ancestor is small and weak and unable, make them completely exposed in broad daylight, an attack of the irresistible fiendish beast of prey, therefore the dialogue color has a kind of instinctive frightened sense, so the white becomes a kind of color and prohibits avoiding as taboo in Chinese culture. It is obvious; the symbolic meaning of the color demonstrates the human psychological characteristics at the same time.
Second, concrete description of different symbolic meanings of the color in Chinese and Western culture. ,
the red advocates the color basically in our country's culture. It is lucky , joyous that it symbolizes; For example facilitate others bright marriage name " matchmaker ", joyous day will be it register for bright red lantern to want, stick to and form uniting red, the red good fortune word: The man sticks the bright red " liking " word while marrying the daughter and is married, one is lively | The prosperity is named " flourishing "; It symbolizes the revolution and progress again, for instance, Communist Party of China's initial regime is named " red regime ", the initial arms are called " the Red Army "; It is it smoothly , succeed to symbolize too, such as to very kind to known as " becoming much more popular " circumstances have people; Trusted unduly and called " the favourite follower " by the superior ; Assign to and manage profits and shout and " share out bonus", load the end with the beautiful woman to call " the beauty " ,etc..
The red is one to demote symbol that the word with quite strong purpose is " fire , blood " in western culture, representatives are cruel and ferocious and bleeding. If (1), is it massacre with violence is it claim for The red rules of tooth and claw (2 ) bloody to revenge for red revenge to ruling to describe; It symbolizes the radical violent revolution again, such as (1)It is a red revolution to describe the red revolution (2)Radical political movement represent for red hot political campaign (3 ) the Left radical activity commendatory as for a getting red one for red activities, for instance joyous day the red carpet of red days, grand reception ,etc., benefit from different culture and exchange and merge.
2, White and red and opposite, it is a basic taboo word; reflect Chinese are in the material and spiritual abandoning and disgust. The white does not have blood color, dead behavior; symbolize the death, ill omen. If the relative has wanted to wrap rough Dai Xiao after dying since ancient times, worn the white mourning dress, is called the funeral, set up the white mourning hall , should hit the white long narrow flag while carrying a coffin to the cemetery . Getting white word is it reach political influence is it fail, be unwise, is it take to have no profit to signify also to like in the course of its development, such as party that fail play " white flag " say that surrenders always among war; Call person with low intelligence " eat free ", exert oneself but make the advantage or come to naught and is named " busy oneself to no purpose " | " waste strength ". Finally, it signifies there is little knowledge, there is not fame and gain, such as calling rank and file “the commoner ", temper being scarce, scholar not deep calls “the pale-faced scholar ",etc. the experience.
Western culture getting white symbolic meaning focus on one's own color their mainly, snow such as being new, fresh milk and color of the lily. Westerners think it white and graceful and pure, so it is the advocating color in the western culture. It is evil that it signifies that too pure to have, such as (1) a white souls, pure white wedding bride's wedding in white full dress of soul (2 ); It is honest , honest that it symbolizes again, such as (1) a white spirit honest soul (2)A white men is noble, an educated person. (3)White hand is honest; It is honest , honest that it symbolizes again, such as (1) a white spirit honest soul (2)A white men is noble, an educated person. (3)White hand is honest; It symbolize lucky too, if (1) somebody, life of one of the white days o f sib’s, it have legal and having hostile meaning lucky day of the life, such as (1) white market legal market,
3, the black has heavy mysterious senses in Chinese culture, it is a kind of serious and serious tone, and its symbolic meaning seems comparatively complicated because of affecting by western culture. On one hand it symbolizes serious , justice, black face Boa Zhen in the popular legend , black type of facial make up of Zhang Fey , Li Chui in traditional Beijing opera ,etc.; It again because a one's own one their dark to give somebody sinisterly , sinister and terrific feeling while being unglazed on the other hand. It symbolizes evilly, reactionary, such as meaning the sinisterly vicious person is a black heart, hidden repulsive inside information is " shady deal ", members of the reactionary group are the reactionary gang, evil backstage manipulator, call the ruler for the list of the dissident that draws up blacklist, (2) legal bright form that white list is sanctioned, (3) a white lie harmless lie. It show crime , break the law, such as is it do bandit conduct shout " walk the underworld " , is it kill robbery of goods , do illegal inn of business name the gangster inn to claim to claim, the violated goods trade calls the black market, is named the dirty money and waited with the money that the illegal means is obtained
It is the basic taboo color in the western culture to be black (black), have reflected westerner's spiritual abandoning and disgust. It symbolizes the death , ill omen , disaster, if (1) Black Mass fits fairy Mass, (2) to wear black for her father is her father Dai Xiao, (3)black words unlucky words, (4) the fierce day of a black letter day; It symbolizes the evilness , crime, such as (1) the evil devil of Black Man, (2) a black de ed extremely abominable black guard ruffian , hooligan of behavior (3 ); It symbolizes shame, inglorious too, if a black eye disgraced , bad reputation of a black mark stain (2 ) of (1 ); Depressed , angry that it still symbolizes, such as (1) black dog depressed mood, (2) The future looks black prospects are dim, (3)He gave me a black look. He is looking at me in a great rage.
4,In a word there is a very great difference in different national culture in the symbolic meaning of the color word. Fundamentally, among Chinese culture, symbol of color based on China in the past ruling of feudalism, feudalistic superstition and primitive, backward science, educational state take shape, so the symbolic meaning of the color has quite strong inclination of politicizing and mystifying. The color in western culture signifies that benefits from the popularization degree of the national opening in the west and science , education more, symbolic meaning its little and mysterious, getting many some reason, make sometime , motivation easy to track the meaning of a word its. Symbolic meanings of the color between different cultures are all sanctified by usage in the sediment of development, history in the society; it is a kind of permanent culture phenomenon. , interesting, humor, cordial that they can make the language more vivid!
List of references:
1, “modern Chinese dictionary ", Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing House. June of 1998
2, Zhang Devin, " informal discussion of Chinese and foreign languages ", the publishing house of university of Henna is 1999.
3, Li Yantis, <>, the 2nd Foreign Language Inst. of Beijing, 1998
4, Jig Mingling, " the social cultural meaning of English color word is analyzed ", the journal of Zhen Zhou University, 1997. 3
5, " 300 Tang poetries ", Jillian People's Press, 1999.
汉英语言中表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词语都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为它们的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。这种不同文化之间颜色象征意义的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的,是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。本文试图从中西文化对比的角度,去分析、探究各民族文化发展对颜色词的象征意义的影响。
在人类语言中,颜色词语表现出的独特魅力,令人刮目相看。在汉英语言中,表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为颜色的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。由于我国与绝大部分英语国家相隔万里,地理位置、自然现象、历史背景、审美心理等千差万别,人们对于颜色的感受和表达不尽相同。这样,颜色的象征意义在中西文化之间自然又会产生很大的差异。本文拟就中西文化中词语的颜色、词语的象征意义作一些对比和探讨,以求教于同行和读者。
从科学的定义来说,颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象,是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。颜色生成的这种定义,对经历封建社会时间相对短,且在近代和现代教育和科学得到普及和飞速发展的西方来说,是比较易于为他们所接受的。西方从文明一开始,就比较注重科学理性的教育和科学方法的发现,对客观世界和客观认识采取现实的科学态度。因此,西方文化中颜色的象征意义往往比较直接,一般是用客观事物的具体颜色来象征某些抽象的文化含义,所以更易追溯其语义理据和逻辑理据。例如:西方文化中的红色(red)主要指鲜血(blood)颜色,而blood在西方人心目中是奔腾在人体内的"生命之液"。一旦鲜血流淌下来,生命之花也就凋谢。所以red使西方人联想到"暴力"和"危险"产生了一种颜色禁忌。美国学者阿思海姆在他的《色彩论》中说:"色彩能有力的表达情感。……红色被认为是令人激动的,因为它能使我们想到火、血和革命的含义。"著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译"红楼梦"时,由于意识到red可能使现代英语读者联想到“暴力"、"流血",所以采用小说原来曾使用的书名《石头记》,译为The story of the stone。但是由于中国经历了几千年的封建社会以及教育和科技的相对落后,在中国文化中,颜色的生成具有强烈的神秘色彩,它的发展受到中国社会文化发展的较大影响。在先秦,颜色词就已经与古人的世界观、哲学思想联系在一起,后来又与政治挂钩。所以中国文化中的颜色内涵和象征意义十分丰富,而且颜色词的象征意义是多元 的。例如,从文化人类学角度来讲,中国文化中的红色源于太阳,因为烈日如火,其色赤红。我们的初祖在祭祈巫舞的过程中,对阳光有一种本能的依恋和崇拜,红色的喜庆和吉祥之意自然而然地产生了。古人还认为"日至而万物生" (《淮南子•天文训》)感到阳光下万物繁茂,生机勃勃,令人振奋,因而对代表太阳的红色产生了特别亲切的感情。再以白色为例,在人类初始阶段,我们的祖先弱小而无力,无法抗拒凶恶猛兽的攻击、光天化日的白昼使他们暴露无遗,有一种随时都有被食肉猛兽扑食的危险,因而对白色有一种本能的恐惧感;另外,我们的初祖还观察到"月到中秋分外明",因而认为明月与萧煞的秋季连在一起,而代表秋天的颜色也就是白色了(银白色的中秋之月)。这样白色在中国文化里就成了一种颜色禁讳。可见颜色的象征意义在漫长的历史进程中的约定俗成的,体现出某种心理功能。下面我们就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具 体描述。
1、红色
红色是我国文化中的基本崇尚色,它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆,如把促 成他人美好婚姻的人叫"红娘",喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字;男娶女嫁时贴大红"喜"字,把热闹、兴旺叫做"红火";形容繁华、热闹的地方叫"红尘";它又象征革命和进步,如中共最初的政权叫“红色政权”,最早的武装叫“红军”,把政治上要求进步、业务上刻苦钻研的人称为“又红又专”等;它也象征顺利、成功,如人的境遇很好被称为"走红"、"红极一时",得到上司宠信的叫"红人",分到合伙经营利润叫"分红",给人发奖金叫"送红包"等;它还象征美丽、漂亮,如指女子盛妆为"红妆"或"红装" ,把艳妆女子称为"红袖",指女子美艳的容颜为"红颜"等。
西方文化中的红色(red)则是一个贬意相当强的词,是"火"、"血"的联想,它象征着残暴、流血,如(1)The red rules oftooth and claw残杀 和暴力统治,(2)red revenge血腥复仇,(3)ared battle血战 ;它又象征激进、暴力革命,如(1)red hotpolitical campaign激烈的政治运动,(2)a red revolution 赤色革命,(3)red activities左派激进活动;它也象征危险、紧张,如(1)red alert空袭报警,(2)a red adventure story一个令人紧张的冒险故事,(3)a red flag危险信号旗;它还象征着放荡、淫秽,如( 1)a red waste of his youth他那因放荡而浪费的青春,(2)ared light district花街柳巷(红灯区),( 3)Is she really sored as she is painted?难到她真的象人们所描绘的那样放荡吗?
至于红色的褒义,如red—letter day喜庆的日子,the red carpet隆重的接待等,则得益于不同文化之间 的交流和融合。据考证,red的褒义是从远东经波斯传到西方的。
2、白色
在中国文化中,白色与红色相反,是一个基本禁忌词,体现了中国人在物质和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。在中国古代的五方说中,西方为白虎,西方是刑天杀神,主萧杀之秋,古代常在秋季征伐不义、处死犯人。所以白色是枯竭而无血色、无生命的表现,象征死亡、凶兆。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝(穿白色孝服)办"白事",要设白色灵堂,出殡时要打白幡;旧时还把白虎视为凶神,所以现在称带给男人厄运的女人为"白虎星"。白色的心理功能在其发展过程中由于受到政治功能的影响,又象征腐朽、反动、落后,如视为"白专道路";它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得,如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗”表示投降,称智力低下的人为"白痴",把出力而得不到好处或没有效果叫做"白忙"、"白费力"、"白干"等,它还象征奸邪、阴险,如"唱白脸"、"白脸"奸雄;最后,它还象征知识浅薄、没有功名,如称平民百姓为"白丁"、"白衣"、"白身",把缺乏锻炼、阅历不深的文人称作"白面书生"等。
西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩,如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为白色高雅纯洁,所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征纯真无邪,如(1)awhitesoul纯洁的心灵,(2)whitewedding新娘穿白礼服的婚礼;它又象征正直、诚实,如(1)awhitespirit正直的精神,(2)whitemen高尚、有教养的人,(3)whitehand廉洁、诚实;它也象征幸运、吉利,如(1)oneofthewhitedaysofsb'slife某人生活中的吉日之一,(2)whitemagic有天使相助的法术;它还有合法、无恶意的意思,如(1)whitemarket合法市场,(2)whitelist经过批准的合法明单,(3)awhitelie无害的谎言。
3、黑色
古代黑色为天玄,原来在中国文化里只有沉重的神秘之感,是一种庄重而严肃的色调,它的象征意义由于受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象征严肃、正义,如民间传说中的"黑脸"包公,传统京剧中的张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱;另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶、反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是"黑心肠",不可告人的丑恶内情是"黑幕",反动集团的成员是"黑帮"、"黑手",把统治者为进行政治迫害而开列的持不同政见者的名单称为"黑名单",它又表示犯罪、违法,如称干盗匪行径叫"走黑道",称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做"黑店",违禁的货物交易叫"黑货"、"黑市",用贪赃受贿等非法手段得来的钱叫"黑钱"等。
黑色(black)是西方文化中的基本禁忌色,体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难,如(1)BlackMass安灵弥撒,(2)towearblackforhcrfather为她父亲戴孝,(3)blackwords不吉利的话,(4)ablackletterday凶日;它象征邪恶、犯罪,如(1)BlackMan邪恶的恶魔,(2)ablackdeed极其恶劣的行为,(3)blackguard恶棍、流氓,(4)blackmail敲榨、勒索;它也象征耻辱、不光彩,如(1)ablackmark污点,(2)blacksheep败家子,(3)ablackeye丢脸、坏名声,它还象征沮丧、愤怒,如(1)blackdog沮丧情绪,(2)Thefuturelooksblack前途暗淡,(3)Hegavemeablacklook。他怒气冲冲地看着我。
4、其他颜色
黄色在中国文化中是红色的一种发展变异,如旧时人们把宜于办大事的日子称为“黄道吉日”,但是它更代表权势、威严,这是因为在古代的五方、五行、五色中,中央为土黄色。黄色象征中央政权、国土之义,所以黄色便为历代封建帝王所专有,普通人是不能随便使用"黄色"的,如"黄袍"是天子的"龙袍","黄钺"是天子的仪仗,"黄榜"是天子的诏书,"黄马褂"是清朝皇帝钦赐文武重臣的官服。至于现在流行的与"性"有关的"黄色"观念,有一种说法是中西文化交流融合的一种现象。据说美国纽约的《世界报》用黄色油墨印刷低级趣味的漫画以争取销路,人们便称这一类不健康的刊物为“黄色刊物”.
求希区柯克 (全名:阿尔弗莱德·希区柯克 )经典电影.
10部最佳影片
希区柯克简介:
阿尔弗莱德·希区·柯克是举世公认的“悬念大师”。他生于伦敦,1925年开始独立执导电影。1939年应邀去好莱坞,次年拍摄了《蝴蝶梦》,获该年度奥斯卡最佳影片金像奖,从此定居美国直到逝世。为了表彰他对电影艺术作出的突出贡献,1979年,美国电影艺术与科学学院授予他终身成就奖。1980年,英国女王伊丽莎白二世封他为爵士。希区·柯克是一位对人类精神世界高度关怀的艺术家,他一生导演监制了59部电影,300多部电视系列剧,绝大多数以人的紧张、焦虑、窥探、恐惧等为叙事主题,设置悬念,故事情节惊险曲折,引人入胜,令人拍案叫绝。
我们从希区·柯克拍摄的电影中挑选出《电话谋杀案》、《群鸟》等10部最佳影片,其中,《群鸟》是希区·柯克电影生涯中在电影技术上受到的一次最有力的挑战。
阿尔弗莱德·希区·柯克,无论在任何时期都可以说是一名最好的导演,他那种远见卓识的创作风格和创新的摄影技巧令许多现代制片人倾倒,竞相学习甚至模仿他。
虽然他的影片并不全都是恐怖电影,其中也没有我们现在所崇尚的各种特技和特效,但是他的影片极具悬念,发人深思,直到现在,人们对它依然持肯定的态度。无论从被认错身份的人到窥阴癖者再到性格孤癖的杀人犯, 希区柯克执导的影片最终的目标是---展现出人性最深层的恐怖和最异常的思想。
以下就是我们认为希区柯克的十部最佳影片。
10.《蝴蝶梦》 (Rebecca)
琼·芳登在希区·柯克1940年的经典影片《蝴蝶梦》中扮演了一个命运悲惨的角色---作为一个新婚妻子却不断的被丈夫前妻的鬼魂纠缠,而表面上又不得不强装欢颜。在这部根据达芙妮·杜·莫里叶的小说《丽贝卡》改编而成的电影中,芳达在和马克西姆·德文特(劳伦斯·奥利弗饰)结婚,成为曼德利庄园新的女主人之后,她那种柔弱的性格使其无所适从,似乎生活中到处都有德文特前妻---丽贝卡的影子,丽贝卡在许多人的心中似乎有着超乎寻常的地位,既让人爱戴又让人畏惧。房屋管家丹弗斯夫人(朱蒂斯·安德森饰)对丽贝卡甚至达到了毕恭毕敬的程度,她一心想悄悄地把现在的德文特夫人赶出曼德利庄园。
9 .《美人计》(Notorious)
希区·柯克在这部1946年拍摄的电影中加入了一点点性感的成分,卡里·格朗特和英格利德·伯格曼在影片中扮演尾随纳粹而双双坠入爱河的两个特工。伯格曼接受了间谍任务后,他最初的情人克劳迪·瑞因斯越来越令格朗特感到气愤,但是格朗特还必须照样为她做外线。就当格朗特和伯格曼的感情将要破裂的时候,他们的关系被瑞因斯发现了。伯格曼开始一点点的毒害瑞因斯,想把她置于死地,最后却是格朗特拯救了她。在希区柯克看来,即使是最好的事物也会有两个相反方面。
8. 《绳索》 (Rope)
虽然本片并不算希区·柯克的成功之作,但是他在影片中运用的连续的、几乎不经任何修改的镜头开创了电影界的先河,使它成为1948年的一部经典作品,因而《绳索》也就成为了那个时代的一个里程碑。这部影片着实有点令人毛骨悚然。两个年轻人认为自己比他们的另外一个朋友戴维·肯特利更加优秀,就密谋把他杀死。他们用绳索将他勒死后,把尸体放进一只书箱中。为了炫耀自己的“智慧”,他们在书箱上铺起台布,置好餐具,然后邀请死者的父母、未婚妻、同学和教师前来赴宴。在客人中,只有茹伯特教授(詹姆士·斯图尔特饰)发觉事情有些蹊跷,或许是因为从书箱中散发出来的异味儿才令茹伯特教授生疑的吧。
7.《火车上的陌生人》(Strangers on the Train)
想象在火车上遇到陌生人,彼此聊上一会儿,了解一些关于他们的事情,如果他们愿意杀死妨碍你的人,你就可以和他们签上一纸协定。在两个相互不认识的人看来,彼此之间只是陌生人的关系而已。
希区·柯克喜欢拍摄一些情节虚构、有关完美谋杀的主题(经常是杀死一个人的妻子)。在这部拍摄于1951年的怪诞恐怖影片中,陌生人盖伊(法雷·格云哲饰)认为这只不过是个黑色的玩笑,而精神病患者布鲁诺(罗伯特·沃克饰)却把这件事看得非常严肃,并且逐步实施计划去杀死盖伊那既令人讨厌又让人疏远的妻子。这部影片给我们一个警示,正像我们要不时提醒孩子们的那句话一样---不要和陌生人讲话。
6.《电话谋杀案》(Dial M for Murder)
希区·柯克喜欢启用那些金发碧眼的漂亮女演员担任主角,在这部戏中格雷斯·凯莉比任何人都更胜任这个主角的位置。她的面部表情非常细腻丰富,于是,希区·柯克从多角度对她的面部进行了拍摄。凯莉塑造的角色虽身处危险境地,意志却越来越坚强。
在这部1945年拍摄的影片中,丈夫(雷·米兰德饰)因为怀疑妻子(凯莉饰)对他不忠而对她顿生杀机。整部影片最让我们感到震惊的就是当妻子快被勒死的时候,丈夫却故意在电话中收听她最后的残喘之声,但是凯莉最终还是挣开了绳索,并且“以其人之道,还治其人之身”。因此,这又是另外一个“完美”的谋杀案。
5.《谍海疑云》(North by Northwest)
这部拍摄于1959年的电影可以说是一部关于弄错身份的经典影片。加里·格兰特在剧中成功的扮演了一名公关部经理的角色,他被政府的情报机构错认为是一名美国间谍,而被全国的间谍追杀。詹姆斯·曼森和杰西·兰迪斯在剧中分别扮演两个间谍。
在影片中有很多有趣的情节,如:在农场上格兰特被喷农药的飞机追杀的一幕,在山上被间谍追杀时的经典动作场面。影片在有关格兰特和另外一位金发美女(艾娃·玛丽·塞恩特饰)的情节上也有一些煽情的画面。希区柯克喜欢在所有的悬念电影中都加入一点点性的成分。
4.《眩晕》 (Vertigo)
许多人认为这部拍摄于1958年的电影是希区·柯克最成功的一部影片,它讲述了一个有关心理恐慌和心理疑惑的复杂故事。
詹姆士·斯图尔特在这本片中一改他以往勇敢的风格,扮演了一名苏格兰警探---斯考蒂。在经历差点从建筑物上掉下来摔死的惊险场面后,斯考蒂患了极度恐高症,于是他被迫从警署辞职。受朋友的委托,斯考蒂去跟踪一名深受往事困扰的女人玛德林(基姆.诺娃克饰,又一名金发碧眼的美人),不久他们双双坠入爱河。此时,玛德林已在斯考蒂的心中占据了非常重要的地位。斯图尔特在本片中的表现可以说是恰到好处。在影片结束之前,观众对他的形象几乎还是不屑一顾,而到最后,当人们明白了事情真相的时候,便开始喜欢上了他。
3.《群鸟》(The Birds)
这是希区·柯克拍摄的一部纯忧郁恐怖电影,本片运用了一些低位摄影手法。希区柯克在这部摄于1963年的影片中向我们表明:人性会非常容易地背叛我们的意愿。
令人惊悚的镜头从蒂比·赫德伦的女友米兰妮(第四位金发碧眼的美人)坐在学校门口看见校园里密密麻麻的聚满了鸟群开始,就出现了。随后当成群的海鸥袭击波德加湾的小镇时,观众不禁感到一阵阵的战栗。然而,希区·柯克真正让我们思考的却是---我们真的要去怪罪飞鸟吗?在人们认为的“人类可以征服大自然”的思想作用之下,这个话题似乎让人感到有些害怕---如果动物王国的动物们都聚集起来对抗我们的话,人类将毫无立足之地。
2.《精神病患者》 (Psycho)
我们对这部拍摄于1960年的影片已经谈论得很多了,因为无论在任何时期希区·柯克的这部《精神病患者》都可说是恐怖惊悚片的代表作,而其中的恐怖镜头亦是经典中的典范。在本片中有被誉为“惊叫皇后”的珍妮特·李和十恶不赦的诺曼·贝茨。当然,在这部电影幕后的精心策划者就是希区·柯克本人。他用自己的摄像机拍摄了这部既让人惊叹又不乏创新的意境,令所有影迷和电影导演都肃然起敬的影片。
这部影片曾经被仔细研究并被分割成小部分进行分析,人们对它的态度褒贬不一,但有一点非常明确--这是一部让人永远都应该记住的经典影片,而希区柯克正是这样一位把它带给我们的天才人物.
1.《后窗》(Rear Window)
这部拍摄于1954年的影片包含了希区·柯克擅长的所有技巧和手法,《后窗》可以说是电影史上的一颗璀璨明珠。
在这部影片中,詹姆士·斯图尔特和格雷斯·凯莉看上去好得如漆似胶,身上散发出性感的气息。斯图尔特的杰弗断了一条腿,不能够四处走动,只好通过观察来感知周围的世界。在影片中还有一个胆小怕事的雷蒙德·布尔,让人吃惊的却是,正是这样一个人,却能用令人发指的手段杀死自己的妻子,如果不是杰弗爱管闲事的话,根本没有人能够发现真相。
在影片的最后我们找到了本片关于窥阴癖者的思想主题---监视自己的邻居并且偷窥他们每天的生活是道德的吗?或许不是。但是希区·柯克希望让你自己来思考这个问题。
在中国各个颜色所代表的含义,最好里面插入一些典型故事,谢了,高倍悬赏
红色---热情
黄色---富贵
兰色---平静
金色---高贵
绿色---和平
白色---纯洁
试论中西文化中颜色词语的象征意义
摘要:汉英语言中表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词语都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为它们的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。这种不同文化之间颜色象征意义的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的,是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。本文试图从中西文化对比的角度,去分析、探究各民族文化发展对颜色词的象征意义的影响。
在人类语言中,颜色词语表现出的独特魅力,令人刮目相看。在汉英语言中,表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为颜色的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。由于我国与绝大部分英语国家相隔万里,地理位置、自然现象、历史背景、审美心理等千差万别,人们对于颜色的感受和表达不尽相同。这样,颜色的象征意义在中西文化之间自然又会产生很大的差异。本文拟就中西文化中词语的颜色、词语的象征意义作一些对比和探讨,以求教于同行和读者。
从科学的定义来说,颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象,是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。颜色生成的这种定义,对经历封建社会时间相对短,且在近代和现代教育和科学得到普及和飞速发展的西方来说,是比较易于为他们所接受的。西方从文明一开始,就比较注重科学理性的教育和科学方法的发现,对客观世界和客观认识采取现实的科学态度。因此,西方文化中颜色的象征意义往往比较直接,一般是用客观事物的具体颜色来象征某些抽象的文化含义,所以更易追溯其语义理据和逻辑理据。例如:西方文化中的红色(red)主要指鲜血(blood)颜色,而blood在西方人心目中是奔腾在人体内的"生命之液"。一旦鲜血流淌下来,生命之花也就凋谢。所以red使西方人联想到"暴力"和"危险"产生了一种颜色禁忌。美国学者阿思海姆在他的《色彩论》中说:"色彩能有力的表达情感。……红色被认为是令人激动的,因为它能使我们想到火、血和革命的含义。"著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译"红楼梦"时,由于意识到red可能使现代英语读者联想到“暴力"、"流血",所以采用小说原来曾使用的书名《石头记》,译为The story of the stone。但是由于中国经历了几千年的封建社会以及教育和科技的相对落后,在中国文化中,颜色的生成具有强烈的神秘色彩,它的发展受到中国社会文化发展的较大影响。在先秦,颜色词就已经与古人的世界观、哲学思想联系在一起,后来又与政治挂钩。所以中国文化中的颜色内涵和象征意义十分丰富,而且颜色词的象征意义是多元 的。例如,从文化人类学角度来讲,中国文化中的红色源于太阳,因为烈日如火,其色赤红。我们的初祖在祭祈巫舞的过程中,对阳光有一种本能的依恋和崇拜,红色的喜庆和吉祥之意自然而然地产生了。古人还认为"日至而万物生" (《淮南子·天文训》)感到阳光下万物繁茂,生机勃勃,令人振奋,因而对代表太阳的红色产生了特别亲切的感情。再以白色为例,在人类初始阶段,我们的祖先弱小而无力,无法抗拒凶恶猛兽的攻击、光天化日的白昼使他们暴露无遗,有一种随时都有被食肉猛兽扑食的危险,因而对白色有一种本能的恐惧感;另外,我们的初祖还观察到"月到中秋分外明",因而认为明月与萧煞的秋季连在一起,而代表秋天的颜色也就是白色了(银白色的中秋之月)。这样白色在中国文化里就成了一种颜色禁讳。可见颜色的象征意义在漫长的历史进程中的约定俗成的,体现出某种心理功能。下面我们就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具 体描述。
1、红色
红色是我国文化中的基本崇尚色,它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆,如把促 成他人美好婚姻的人叫"红娘",喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字;男娶女嫁时贴大红"喜"字,把热闹、兴旺叫做"红火";形容繁华、热闹的地方叫"红尘";它又象征革命和进步,如中共最初的政权叫“红色政权”,最早的武装叫“红军”,把政治上要求进步、业务上刻苦钻研的人称为“又红又专”等;它也象征顺利、成功,如人的境遇很好被称为"走红"、"红极一时",得到上司宠信的叫"红人",分到合伙经营利润叫"分红",给人发奖金叫"送红包"等;它还象征美丽、漂亮,如指女子盛妆为"红妆"或"红装" ,把艳妆女子称为"红袖",指女子美艳的容颜为"红颜"等。
西方文化中的红色(red)则是一个贬意相当强的词,是"火"、"血"的联想,它象征着残暴、流血,如(1)The red rules oftooth and claw残杀 和暴力统治,(2)red revenge血腥复仇,(3)ared battle血战 ;它又象征激进、暴力革命,如(1)red hotpolitical campaign激烈的政治运动,(2)a red revolution 赤色革命,(3)red activities左派激进活动;它也象征危险、紧张,如(1)red alert空袭报警,(2)a red adventure story一个令人紧张的冒险故事,(3)a red flag危险信号旗;它还象征着放荡、淫秽,如( 1)a red waste of his youth他那因放荡而浪费的青春,(2)ared light district花街柳巷(红灯区),( 3)Is she really sored as she is painted?难到她真的象人们所描绘的那样放荡吗?
至于红色的褒义,如red—letter day喜庆的日子,the red carpet隆重的接待等,则得益于不同文化之间 的交流和融合。据考证,red的褒义是从远东经波斯传到西方的。
2、白色
在中国文化中,白色与红色相反,是一个基本禁忌词,体现了中国人在物质 和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。在中 国古代的五方说中,西方为白虎,西方是刑天杀神,主萧杀之秋,古代常在秋季征伐不义、处死犯人。所以白色是枯竭而无血色、无生命的表现,象征死亡、凶兆。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝(穿白色孝服)办 "白事",要设白色灵堂,出殡时要打白幡;旧时还把白虎视为凶神,所以现在称带给男人厄运的女人为"白虎星"。白色的心理功能在其发 展过程中由于受到政治功能的影响,又象征腐朽、反动、落后,如视为"白专道路";它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得,如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗” 表示投降,称智力低下的人为"白痴",把出力而得不到好处或没有效果叫做 "白忙"、"白费力"、"白干"等,它还象征奸邪、阴 险,如"唱白脸"、"白脸"奸雄;最后,它还象征知识浅薄、没有功名,如称平民百姓为"白丁"、 "白衣 "、"白身",把缺乏锻炼、阅历不深的文人称作"白面书生"等。
西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩,如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为 白色高雅纯洁,所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征纯真无邪,如(1)a white soul纯洁的心灵,(2)wh ite wedding新娘 穿白礼服的婚礼;它又象征正直、诚实,如(1)a white spirit正直的精神, (2)white m en高尚、有教养的人,(3)white hand廉洁、诚实;它也象征幸 运、吉利,如(1)one ofthe white days o f sb's life 某人生活中的吉日之 一,(2)whitemagic有天使相助的法术;它还有合法、无恶意的意思,如( 1) whitemarket合法市场,(2)white list经过批准的合法明单,(3)awhite lie 无害的谎言
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3、黑色
古代黑色为天玄,原来在中国文化里只有沉重的神秘之感,是一种庄重而严肃的色调,它的象征意义由于 受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象 征严肃、正义,如民间传说中的"黑脸"包公,传统京剧中的 张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱;另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感 觉。它象征邪 恶、反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是"黑心肠",不可告人的丑恶内 情是"黑幕",反动集团的成员是"黑帮"、 "黑手",把统治者为进行政治 迫害而开列的持不同政见者的名单称为"黑名单",它又表示犯罪、违法,如 称 干盗匪行径叫"走黑道",称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做"黑店",违禁 的货物交易叫"黑货"、" 黑市",用贪赃受贿等非法手段得来的钱叫"黑钱" 等。
黑色(black)是西方文化中的基本禁忌色,体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难 ,如(1)BlackMass安灵弥撒,(2)to wear black for hcr father为她父亲戴孝,(3)blackwords不吉利 的话,(4)a black letter day凶日;它象征邪恶、犯罪,如(1)Black Man邪恶的恶魔,(2)a black de ed极其恶劣的行为,(3)black guard恶棍、流氓,(4)blackmail敲榨、勒索;它也象征耻辱、不光彩,如 (1)a black mark污点,(2)black sheep败家子, (3)a black eye丢脸、坏名声,它还象征沮丧、愤怒, 如(1)black dog沮 丧情绪,(2)The future looks black前途暗淡,(3)He gave me a black look。 他怒气冲冲地看着我。
4、其他颜色
黄色在中国文化中是红色的一种发展变异,如旧时人们把宜于办大事的日子 称为“黄道吉日”,但是它更 代表权势、威严,这是因为在古代的五方、五行、五色中,中央为土黄色。黄色象征中央政权、国土之义,所以黄色便为历代封 建帝王所专有,普通人是不能随便使用"黄色"的,如"黄袍"是天子的"龙 袍","黄钺 "是天子的仪仗,"黄榜"是天子的诏书,"黄马褂"是清朝皇 帝钦赐文武重臣的官服。至于现在流行的与" 性"有关的"黄色"观念,有一种说法是中西文化交流融合的一种现象。据说美国纽约的《世界报》用黄色油 墨 印刷低级趣味的漫画以争取销路,人们便称这一类不健康的刊物为“黄色刊物”,还有《纽约新闻》以夸大 、渲染的手法报道色情、仇杀、犯罪等新闻,人们也称这一类的新闻为"黄色新闻"。其实中国古代的黄色已 与"性"有关。东汉末年黄巾起义时有《黄书》,现书虽之佚,便确知该书重在"房中之术";另有唐代孙思 邈在其《千金要方》之"房内补益"中有"赤日黄月"之说。张清常 据此在他的《汉语的颜色词》一书中指出 :"则中国古代之'黄'与'性'有 关系。此说甚是,只不过中断千余年,人们早已忘记而已"。西方文化中 的黄 (yellow)使人联想到背叛耶稣的犹太(Judas)所穿衣服的颜色,所以黄色带 有不好的象征意义,它除了表示低级趣味的报刊、毫无文学价值的书籍(如 yellow press黄色报刊,yellow journalism黄色办报作风,y ellow back廉 价轰动一时的小说)外,主要表示卑鄙、胆怯,如(1)yellow dog卑鄙的人, (2)yellow str eak胆怯,(3)yellow-livered胆小的。
在中国传统文化中,绿色有两重性,它除了表示义侠外,还表示野恶。这是 因为在人类初始时代以及其以 后的漫长生活过程中,人类借助绿色保护自己,赖以生存下来;但同时,绿色也保护着人类的天敌及其它猛残 的食人动物。这样一来,义狭是正义的,如人们泛指聚集山林、劫富济贫的人为"绿林好汉"; 恶野是邪恶,所以旧时也指"绿林"为占山为王、拦路抢劫、骚扰百姓的盗匪; 绿色还象征低贱,如汉朝时的仆役着绿帻,元朝以后凡娼妓都得着绿头巾,以示地位低下,因妻子有外遇而使丈夫脸上无光,低人一等,叫给丈夫戴"绿帽子"。西方文化中的绿色(green)象征意义跟青绿的草木颜色有很大的联系,是植物的生命色。阿思海姆说 :"绿色唤起自然的爽快的想法。"它不仅象征着青春、活力,如(1)in the green wood在青春旺盛的时代,(2)inthe green 血气方刚,(3)a green old age老当益壮;而且表示新鲜,如(1)green recollectio n记忆犹新,(2)keep the memorygreen永远不忘,(3)a green wound新伤口; 但是它也表示幼稚、没有经 验,如(1)a green hand生手,(2)as green as grass幼稚,(3)a green horn容易上当的糊涂虫;它也象征妒忌,如(1) thegreen-eyed monster妒忌,(2)green with envy充满妒嫉,(3)agreen eye 妒嫉的眼睛。
在中国民间传说中,天帝居于天上的"紫微宫"(星座),故而以天帝为父 的人间帝王(天子)和以天帝 为信凶的道教都以紫为瑞。紫色作为祥瑞、高贵 的象征,更多地被封建帝王和道教所采用,如称吉瑞之气为" 紫气"、"紫电", 皇宫叫做"紫禁宫"、"紫禁城"。历代皇帝为了笼络人,往往将"紫袍"赐予 品位低的 臣下,而"著紫"则成为封建文人奋力追求的荣禄;人们还把道书称为"紫书",把神仙居所称为“紫台”。 无独有偶,英语中的紫色(purple)象征意义也跟帝王将相和宗教有关,这是一个有趣的文化巧合,如(1)t he purple 帝位、王权,(2)be born in the purple生在王侯贵族之家,(3)marryin the purple嫁到显贵人家,(4)be raised to the pruple升为红衣主教。
蓝色(blue)在中国文化中几乎没有什么象征意义,相对而言,它在西方文 化中的象征意义稍多一些。阿 斯海姆在评析蓝色时说:"蓝色象水那样清凉。" 是“阴性或消极的颜色”。它能象征高贵、高远、深沉、严 厉,如(1)blue blood 名门望族,(2)blue ribbon最高荣誉的标志,(3)blue nose严守教规的卫道 士;( 4)blue laws严格的法规;它又象征忧郁、沮丧,如(1)feel blue不 高兴,(2)a blueoutlook悲观的人生 观。(3)Things look blue。事不称心, (4)blue Monday不开心的星期一, 它也象征猥亵、下流,如(1) bluemovie 色情电影,(2)blue revolution“性解放”,(3)blue talk下流言论;它还有 突然迅速的意思,如(1)out of the blue突爆冷门,(2)have the blue晴 天劈雳,(3)blue streak一闪即逝的东西
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粉红色(pink)是红色的一种变异,可以将其视为红色的一种应合或复归。 在中国文化中,粉红色又叫桃 花色。唐代诗人崔护写下"人面桃花相映红"的诗句,以桃花与女人相比,究其根由,是女子为修饰自己而施 用粉红色胭脂,脸色白中透红,可与美丽的桃花相比之故。粉红色(桃色)可以象征女性,如白居易《长恨歌 》中有:“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色”,青年男子把心爱的女子称为“红颜知已”。称男女之间不正当的性关系为"桃色事件"。在西方文化中,粉红色象征精华,极致,如(1)the pink of perfection十全十美的东西或人,(2)the pink of politeness十分彬彬有礼;它又象征上流社会, 如(1)pink lady高格调鸡尾酒,(2)pink tea上流社交活动,(3)apink-collar worker高层次女秘书。
颜色词的象征意义在不同的民族文化里有着很大的差异。从根本上讲,在中国文化中,颜色的象征是基于 过去中国的封建统治、封建迷信及其原始、落后的科学、教育状况而形成的,所以颜色的象征意义有相当强烈 的政治化和神秘化倾向。而西方文化中的颜色象征则更多地得益于西方民族开放性及科学、教育的普及程度,其象征意义少了神秘,多了些理性,使其语义、词义理据更易追踪。不同文化之间颜色象征意义又都是在社会 的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。它们能够使语言更生动、有趣、幽默、亲切, 所 以我们应该予以足够的注意。
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