国际经济与贸易毕业论文外文翻译
国际经济与贸易毕业论文外文翻译
国际经济与贸易 International Economics and Trade
专科英语 English for junior college students
国际经济与贸易,翻译成英文是?1= International Economy and Trade; 2=International Economic and Trade?
答案是:1= International Economy and Trade
谁那有关于国际经济与贸易专业的论文啊三千字的就行!
不管是写什么样的论文,都是有一定的格式的,尤其是文科性质的论文.我是国际贸易专业的研究生,不过本科毕业时和你写的不是一个主题.但是格式还是可以套用的.
写论文肯定是要先提出问题然后才解决问题,就一般的写法就是:一,参考教科书或者相关的专业书籍具体讲清什么是贸易壁垒,有一些什么样的特点,也就是说概念那一块,要讲的清楚,这样才有利于你继续写下去. 二,全球及我国的国际贸易壁垒的现状及趋势.最好是举一些例子,分别说明国际和国内的情况.三,提出我国局势有那些情况,国际上对我们国家设置的壁垒是什么原因造成的,我们不足的地方在哪里.四,提出解决方案.就如何应对这些壁垒,或是改善国际上对我们的不利. 大概的内容就是这些,具体的说法还是要看你是如何组织本篇论文或是用何种方式写了.祝你顺利.
内容要求
毕业设计报告正文要求:
(一)理、工科类专业毕业设计报告正文内容应包括:问题的提出;设计的指导思想;方案的选择和比较论证;根据任务书指出的内容和指标要求写出设计过程、课题所涉及元件结构和相关参数的设计计算,有关基本原理的说明与理论分析;给出所设计课题实际运行的数据或参数,并与理论设计参数进行比较和分析,说明产生误差的原因。最后要对所设计课题实用价值做出评估说明;设计过程中存在的问题,改进意见或其它更好的方案设想及未能采纳的原因等。
(二)经济、管理类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括:问题的提出、设计的指导思想;设计方案提出的依据,设计方案的选择和比较;设计过程;所运用的技术经济分析指标和方法;数学模型及其依据,数据计算方法;对设计方案的实用性和经济效益等方面做出评估;对设计实施过程中存在的问题 ( 或可能发生的问题 )提出合理化建议。毕业论文的基本论点、主要论据;根据国家有关方针、政策及规定联系实际展开理论分析。
(三)文科类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括:问题的提出、解决问题的指导思想;解决方案提出的依据,解决方案的选择和比较,结论。
二、论文印装
毕业论文用毕业设计专用纸打印。正文用宋体小四号字,行间距为24磅;版面页边距上3cm,下、左2.5cm,右2cm。
三、论文结构、装订顺序及要求
毕业论文由以下部分组成:
(一)封面。论文题目不得超过20个字,要简练、准确,可分为两行。
(二)内容。
1、毕业设计(论文)任务书。任务书由指导教师填写,经系主任、教务部审查签字后生效。
2、毕业设计(论文)开题报告;
3、毕业设计(论文)学生申请答辩表与指导教师毕业设计(论文)评审表;
4、毕业设计(论文)评阅人评审表;
5、毕业设计(论文)答辩表;
6、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定总表;
7、中英文内容摘要和关键词。
(1)摘要是论文内容的简要陈述,应尽量反映论文的主要信息,内容包括研究目的、方法、成果和结论,不含图表,不加注释,具有独立性和完整性。中文摘要一般为200-400字左右,英文摘要应与中文摘要内容完全相同。“摘要”字样位置居中。
(2)关键词是反映毕业设计(论文)主题内容的名词,是供检索使用的。主题词条应为通用技术词汇,不得自造关键词。关键词一般为3-5个,按词条外延层次(学科目录分类),由高至低顺序排列。关键词排在摘要正文部分下方。
(3)中文摘要与关键词在前,英文的在后。
8、目录。
目录按三级标题编写,要求层次清晰,且要与正文标题一致。主要包括绪论、正文主体、结论、致谢、主要参考文献及附录等。
9、正文。论文正文部分包括:绪论(或前言、序言)、论文主体及结论。
(1)绪论。综合评述前人工作,说明论文工作的选题目的和意义,国内外文献综述,以及论文所要研究的内容。
(2)论文主体。论文的主要组成部分,主要包括选题背景、方案论证、过程论述、结果分析、结论或总结等内容。要求层次清楚,文字简练、通顺,重点突出,毕业设计(论文)文字数,一般应不少于8000字(或20个页码)。外文翻译不少于3000字符,外文参考资料阅读量不少于3万字符。
中文论文撰写通行的题序层次采用以下格式:
1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1
格式是保证文章结构清晰、纲目分明的编辑手段,毕业论文所采用的格式必须符合上表规定,并前后统一,不得混杂使用。格式除题序层次外,还应包括分段、行距、字体和字号等。
第一层次(章)题序和标题居中放置,其余各层次(节、条、款)题序和标题一律沿版面左侧边线顶格安排。第一层次(章)题序和标题距下文双倍行距。段落开始后缩两个字。行与行之间,段落和层次标题以及各段落之间均为24磅行间距。
第一层次(章)题序和标题用小二号黑体字。题序和标题之间空两个字,不加标点,下同。
第二层次(节)题序和标题用小三号黑体字。
第三层次(条)题序和标题用四号黑体字。
第四层次及以下各层次题序及标题一律用小四号黑体字。
(3)结论(或结束语)。作为单独一章排列,但标题前不加“第XXX章”字样。结论是整个论文的总结,应以简练的文字说明论文所做的工作,一般不超过两页。
10、致谢。对导师和给予指导或协助完成毕业设计(论文)工作的组织和个人表示感谢。文字要简洁、实事求是,切忌浮夸和庸俗之词。
11、参考文献及引用资料目录(规范格式见附文)。
12、附录。
13、实验数据表、有关图纸(大于3#图幅时单独装订)。
(三)封底。
附:规范的参考文献格式
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识:M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。
参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为:
1、专著
示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989.
[2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956.
[3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997.
2、论文集
示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979.
[2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选:下册[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979.
凡引专著的页码,加圆括号置于文中序号之后。
3、报纸文章
示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27,(3)
4、期刊文章
示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3).
5、学位论文
示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学心理系,1998.
6、报告
示例 [1] 白秀水,刘敢,任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安:陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心,1998.
7、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释,置于本页地脚,前面用圈码标识。
8、其他要求
(1)文字
论文中汉字应采用严格执行汉字的规范。所有文字字面清晰,不得涂改。
(2)表格
论文的表格可以统一编序,也可以逐章单独编序,采用哪种方式应和插图及公式的编序方式统一。表序必须连续,不得重复或跳跃。表格的结构应简洁。
表格中各栏都应标注量和相应的单位。表格内数字须上下对齐,相邻栏内的数值相同时,不能用‘同上’、‘同左’和其它类似用词,应一一重新标注。
表序和表题置于表格上方中间位置,无表题的表序置于表格的左上方或右上方(同一篇论文位置应一致)。
(3)插图
插图要精选。图序可以连续编序,也可以逐章单独编序,采用哪种方式应与表格、公式的编序方式统一,图序必须连续,不得重复或跳跃。仅有一图时,在图题前加‘附图’字样。毕业设计(论文)中的插图以及图中文字符号应打印,无法打印时一律用钢笔绘制和标出。
由若干个分图组成的插图,分图用a,b,c,……标出。
图序和图题置于图下方中间位置。
(4)公式
论文中重要的或者后文中须重新提及的公式应注序号并加圆括号,序号一律用阿拉伯数字连续编序,或逐章编序,序号排在版面右侧,且距右边距离相等。公式与序号之间不加虚线。
(5)数字用法
公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时间和各种计数、计量,均用阿拉伯数字。年份不能简写。数值的有效数字应全部写出。
(6)软件
软件流程图和源程序清单要按软件文档格式附在论文后面,特殊情况可在答辩时展示,不附在论文内。
(7)工程图按国标规定装订
图幅小于或等于3#图幅时应装订在论文内,大于3#图幅时按国标规定单独装订作为附图。
(8)艺术设计作品
无法用纸质文档保存的艺术设计作品应用光盘或照片保存。
(9)计量单位的定义和使用方法按国家计量局规定执行。
以上是我的毕业论文要求,全国各个学校其实都是一样的.
求一篇5000字的英文翻译,关于国际金融与贸易的
First, WTO accession on China's financial industry the great challenges
China's huge, high-speed growth of financial markets and lack of financial deepening, long-term policy to protect China's financial sector to foreign financial consortium constitute the immense attraction of trying to a good opportunity for China's accession to the WTO to enter China's financial market has been the focus of their efforts direction. The United States Commerce Secretary William Daley said the Sino-US WTO negotiations fell the most crucial questions, such as banking and insurance areas of financial services.
April 9, 1999, the United States Trade Representative Office unilaterally announced the so-called Chinese date for accession to WTO and the United States reached an open market protocol. These measures, according to the United States in China's accession to the WTO that it would begin to implement. In fact, these so-called Protocol of the United States in fact just the asking price, of which only the agricultural part of complete agreement, other not yet fully reached. The United States Trade Representative Office unilaterally announced the so-called China's accession to the WTO after the financial markets, the openness of the list, from which we can see that the United States and China, asking for specific financial services industry may be subject to the impact of the extent of:
(1) Banking
Between the two countries will continue negotiations on this project. However, China has agreed to join WTO, US-owned banks to foreign customers can immediately provide all the foreign exchange business. One year after WTO accession, the United States to the Chinese bank can provide customers with foreign exchange business, Sino-US joint-venture banks will be allowed to operate wholly foreign-owned banks will be allowed to operate at 5 years, foreign banks in two years will be allowed to conduct RMB business at 5 During the year the finance retail business.
(2) the securities industry
At present, the securities, the Chinese will still insist open B-share market, but the A shares should not open. The U.S. side insists that the opening of the stock market. For this requirement, China still insists that financial sector liberalization must be gradual and orderly progress, if we do not do so, it will be further subjected to the crisis in Southeast Asian countries to follow.
(3) the insurance industry
U.S. demands China's accession to the WTO, life insurance companies in the foreign shareholding ratio can be up to 50%, add a year later, increased to 51%. Non-life insurance companies and reinsurance companies will be allowed at a joint venture insurance companies hold 51 percent stake, and at two years to set up wholly-owned branch offices.
With China's accession to the WTO will become the truth, China is striving to provide open financial markets to prepare:
(1) Chinese department director has been fixed for the opening of RMB business timetable. Open RMB business faster than most people probably would exceed expectations, in the "foreseeable future" is very likely at all large and medium-sized city open RMB business.
(2) add at WTO, China will be the first to open RMB business in life insurance and property & casualty insurance market. As capital markets belong to the securities industry, opening up the speed will be relatively slow. March 20, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission Ma Yongwei, chairman, said the opening up of China's insurance market is a foregone conclusion in the near future, there will be a number of foreign insurance companies enter the Chinese market.
(3) foreign banks will be one year after China's accession to the WTO, China allowed to provide foreign exchange business customers, and two years later for the enterprise business to provide renminbi business activity, and after five years for Chinese individuals to provide financial services. People's Bank of China will be lifted this year, foreign banks operating branches geographical restrictions, from the current Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Shenzhen and other 23 city extended to all central cities, while the United States formally approved the Shenzhen branch of Citibank, Bank of Tokyo JAPAN Shenzhen sub - Bank to conduct RMB business.
(4) of the securities market, foreign capital eager to enter, but the domestic securities market is not mature enough, and the RMB is not freely convertible, direct foreign investment and opening up is unlikely, in recent years, the China Securities Regulatory Commission once the proposal to examine the formation of Sino-foreign joint investment fund the possibility of us to consider the form of foreign investment funds to enter and take the establishment of Sino-foreign cooperative fund the possibility of greatly.
From the above analysis we can already feel that China's accession to the WTO, China's financial industry by the face of international financial integration of the great challenges:
(1) China's financial industry in the long-term barriers to retaining a high degree of policy evaluation, the WT O to add a high degree of market competition after the situation has required a process of adaptation. Chinese bankers are much, for opening up banking reacted strongly consider in the next five years to completely open up the banking industry, time is very urgent. According to the World Bank has long been known as one pairs of Chinese banking industry experts Radi said that the need for around ten years, China's banking sector in order to prepare, in the face of foreign competition in the industry, and not in danger. First of all, the Chinese banking system has yet to be market-oriented reforms to further deepen, at present, four major Chinese state-owned commercial banks are all the Ministry of Finance, the national bank assets accounted for more than 90% of Shenzhen Development Bank are so far the only listed bank. Secondly, non-performing loans of domestic banks within five years, it is difficult to remove. National plans to discount the portion of the debt or sell securities, but this process may be will need to spend a few years or even longer. Reconstruction of the fragile Chinese banking system is that the Chinese Government to allow foreign financial institutions to gain full access to their markets, while domestic financial crisis will not lead to an important prerequisite.
(2) the financial services sector in our country's industry has been opening sequence in a relatively backward part of the opening of international financial competition environment has a process of adaptation. China's financial industry must be limited to opening up the market to prevent the Asian financial turmoil the price of a repeat in China.
(3) China's financial sector, especially state-owned commercial banks in the past the process of non-market operators have accumulated a lot of non-performing loans, which makes U.S. financial sector competition in the market relatively heavy historical burden.
Second, actively respond to
(1) Expand the financial inspection of assets and liabilities of financial institutions to find out the Chinese Government to further guard against financial risks, as well as opening up financial markets to meet the challenges faced, had started a period of 5 months of a general inspection of national financial work out a comprehensive financial institution's assets and the debt situation. Work focused on financial institutions to check the financial position and its non-performing assets in order to regulators of financial institutions nationwide to find out the true state of debt. This will not only help regulators assess the financial risks effectively, and to take appropriate response measures, the gradual elimination of financial institutions, large non-performing assets.
(2) in an open domestic market before the director of China's financial department to deal with banks to restructure or to inject more funds into the bank to improve the operation and management principles and the rule of law and set up appropriate regulatory framework. Too fast, opening up the financial industry risk is probably much higher than the strength of foreign investment China's domestic financial system, we should fully absorb the lessons of the Asian crisis: liberalization in the financial industry before, we must strictly regulate the domestic financial system, commercial banks are required to have proper access to capital injection and operation and management.
(3) change their concepts, to face up to the international financial integration of great challenge. International financial integration is one of the world inevitable trend of economic development, we are opening up the financial industry overall strategy is unchanged, just add WTO so that the subject had placed earlier in front of us. At the previous monopoly of the soil protection grew up China's financial industry should face up to the international financial integration of the enormous challenges, we must seriously examine their own point whether there is really strong enough to contend with transnational corporations, the core of our competitiveness where扬长up short, a positive response.
一、加入WTO对中国金融业的巨大挑战
中国庞大的、高速增长的金融市场和金融深化不足、长期为政策 保护的中国金融业,对外国金融财团构成了巨大的吸引力,试图通过 中国加入WTO的良机进入中国金融市场一直是它们重点努力的方向。 美国商务部长戴利称,中美入世谈判最关键的问题落在银行和保险等 金融服务领域中。
1999年4月9日,美国贸易代表处单方面公布了所谓中国迄今为加 入WTO与美国达成的市场开放协议。这些措施据美国称将在中国加入 WTO时开始实施。其实这些所谓的协议实际上只是美国的要价,其中 只有农业部分完全达成协议,其他仍未完全达成。美国贸易代表处单 方面公布了所谓中国加入WTO后金融市场开放程度一览表,我们从中 可以看到美国具体的要价和中国金融业可能会受到的冲击程度:
(1)银行业
两国仍继续此项目的谈判。但中国已经同意,加入WTO后,美资 银行可立即向外国客户提供所有外汇业务。加入WTO一年后,美国的 银行可向中国客户提供外汇业务,中美合资的银行将立即获准经营, 外国独资银行将在5年内获准经营,外资银行在二年内将获准经营人 民币业务,在5年内经营金融零售业务。
(2)证券业
目前就证券而言,中国坚持仍然会开放B股市场,但是A股不能开 放。美方则坚持提出开放整个证券市场。对于这个要求,中国仍然坚 持金融部门的开放必须循序渐进,如果不这样作,就将步遭受危机的 东南亚国家后尘。
(3)保险业
美方要求中国加入WTO后,人寿保险公司中外资持股比例可高达 50%,加入一年后,提高至51%。非人寿保险公司和再保险公司将获 准在合资保险公司中持有51%的股份,并可在二年内成立全资的分支 机构。
随着中国加入世贸组织将成事实,中国也正为开放金融市场做好 准备:
(1)中国主管部门已订出开放人民币业务的时间表。人民币业务 开放速度之快可能会超出多数人的预期,在“可见的未来”极有可能 在所有大中城市开放人民币业务。
(2)在加入WTO后,中国将首先开放人民币业务寿险及产险市场。 至于属于资本市场的证券业,开放的速度则会相对较慢。3月20日, 中国保险监督管理委员会主席马永伟表示,中国保险市场的开放大局 已定,在不久的将来,会有多家外国保险公司进入中国市场。
(3)外资银行将在中国加入WTO一年后,获准为中国客户提供外汇 业务,两年后可为企业商务活动提供人民币业务,而五年后可为中国 个人提供金融服务。中国人民银行今年将取消外资银行营业性分支机 构地域限制,从现在的上海、北京、天津、深圳等23个城市扩大到所 有中心城市,同时正式批准美国花旗银行深圳分行、日本东京银行深 圳分行经营人民币业务。
(4)证券市场方面,外资渴望进入,但国内证券市场并不成熟, 而且人民币尚不能自由兑换,直接开放外资进入的可能性不大,近年 来中国证监会曾经提出研究组建中外合作投资基金的可能性,我们认 为以基金的形式吸收外资进入,采取组建中外合作基金形式的可能性 极大。
我们从上述分析中已经可以感受到中国加入WTO后,中国金融业 所面对国际金融一体化的巨大挑战:
(1)中国金融业长期处于高度的政策壁垒护估之下,对于加入WT O后高度的市场竞争形势需要有个适应过程。 中国许多银行业人士,对于对外开放银行业务反应强烈,认为在 五年内彻底开放银行业,时间是十分急迫的。据世界银行一位对中国 银行业素有研究的专家拉迪指出,大约需要十年,中国银行业才能作 好准备,面对国外同业的竞争,而不致于陷入险境。首先,中国银行 业体制的市场化改革仍有待进一步深化,目前,中国四大国有商业银 行属财政部所有,占全国银行资产的90%以上,深圳发展银行是至今 唯一上市的银行。其次,国内银行不良贷款在五年内难以清除。国家 计划将这部分债务以折价或证券化的方式出售,但此过程也许将需花 上数年甚至更长。重建中国脆弱的银行系统,是中国政府允许外国金 融机构完全进入本国市场,而不致引发国内金融危机的重要先决条件 。
(2)金融业在我国的行业对外开放序列中一直处于较后的部分, 对开放后的国际金融竞争环境也有个适应过程。中国金融业必须有限 制地向外开放市场,以防止亚洲金融风暴的代价在中国重演。
(3)中国金融业特别是国有商业银行在过去的非市场经营过程中 累积了不少不良贷款,这使我们的金融业在市场竞争中历史包袱比较 重。
二、积极应对
(1)展开金融大检查,摸清金融机构资产负债 中国政府为进一步防范金融风险,以及迎接金融市场开放所面临 的挑战,已开始展开为期5个月的全国金融大检查工作,全面摸清金 融机构的资产和债务状况。工作重点在于检查金融机构的财务状况及 其不良资产,以便监管机构能摸清全国金融机构债务的真实状况。此 举不仅有助于监管部门能有效评估金融风险,并可采取适当的应对措 施,逐步消除金融机构庞大的不良资产。
(2)在开放国内市场以前,中国金融主管部门应对银行进行重组 或增加注资,改进银行经营管理方针,并建立适当的法治和规范框架 。过快开放金融业的风险在于外资实力可能大大超过中国国内金融体 系,我们应该充分吸取亚洲危机的教训:在金融业自由化前,必须对 国内金融系统严格规范,商业银行必须妥善获得资本金注入及经营管 理。
(3)转变观念,正视国际金融一体化的巨大挑战。国际金融一体 化是世界经济发展的必然趋势,我们金融业的对外开放的总方略是不 变的,加入WTO只是使这一课题提早摆到了我们的面前。以往在垄断 保护的土壤中成长起来的中国金融业应该正视国际金融一体化的巨大 挑战,要认真审视自己究竟有哪一点足以与真正强大的跨国公司抗衡, 我们的核心竞争力在何处,扬长补短,积极应对。
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