经济方面的文章

经济方面的文章

1930年，米达尔发表了《经济理论发展中的政治因素》，接着又出版了《周期和财政》、《财政政策的经济效果》等著作。1933年，年仅34岁的他便被任命为斯德哥尔摩大学政治经济学和公共财政学希尔塔讲座的教授，接替了国际上知名的经济学家、瑞典学派创始人之一卡塞尔的职务。同时，米达尔积极参与政治活动，成为瑞典政治舞台上相当活跃的人物。

想写一些关于经济学方面的文章，请问发表到那些地方合适？

根据需要呗，如果是纯粹理论研究的文章，并且有很深的造诣，当然应该发表到《经济研究》，《经济学动态》《管理世界》等权威杂志了，这些杂志也基本是各高校教师评职称所认可的权威类经济杂志。

如果只是就一些问题发表自己的观点，并没有很深刻的经济理论背景和知识，那么我想发到一些报纸上更合适。《21世纪经济报道》，《南方周末》等，也是很好的选择，但这些报纸也是很专业的，恐怕也不容易。其实地方报纸也是个选择。看你写文章的目的和水平作出选择吧^_^

求经济类英文文章(带中文翻译)

Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels.
In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries.
Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments.
Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior.
Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist .
One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980.
Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong.
The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis.
The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation.
• Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies.
• Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.
• Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time.
• New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management.
• Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest.
• Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics.
• New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- i.e. its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium.
宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。

相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。

宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。

宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。

直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。

经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。

理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。

各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。

传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。

•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。

•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。

•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。

凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。

•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。

•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。

•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。

大学经济学常识有关的文章（3000字）

科技小论文
——警惕全球变暖
最近这几年，大家觉得天气一下子就变热了，原本凉爽的秋天现在几乎要到10月下旬才开始，8月份最热的天居然达到了40度以上。这是为什么呢？原来，是人类自己惹的祸。
随着人类高科技发展进程越来越快，科学随之产生的副作用逐渐体现出来，全球变暖就是一个例子。天气炎热，在酷暑里泡空调成为了一项新的“业余爱好”，但人们可曾想过，空调会带来什么负面影响呢？答案当然是肯定的，空调排放的气体中含有大量的甲烷，输送到外面，甲烷也是导致全球变暖的气体。同时，空调还会浪费掉许多电，所以要尽量避免用空调，适当即可。
而另一个原因就是：二氧化碳！汽车尾气与工厂废气中含有大量二氧化碳，而二氧化碳最可能导致温室效应（即全球变暖）现在汽车逐渐增多，据有关方面统计，到21世纪，汽车在全世界已有7亿辆，大量的尾气严重影响着我们，咳嗽，喉咙发炎……最重要的是全球变暖。有人统计，美国人均二氧化碳排放量已达到了20吨一年！中国每年的二氧化碳排放量人均排放量也有2.51吨一年！我们周围的环境在恶劣地变化。
更重要的原因就是：森林锐减，水资源破坏，生态链严重被破坏，大量土地贫瘠，水污染严重，据统计全世界10%的河水被污染，新鲜的淡水供应成了问题，同时由于矿物质被大量使用，燃烧出的CO2气体导致了大气污染，同时臭氧层被严重破环，南北极出现臭氧层洞，加剧了环境的恶化。这样恶性循环的话，最终会导致人们的生活被严重影响。
这样一来的悲剧是什么呢？当然是显而易见了！天气加热，海平面上涨，南北极冰川融化，海滨城市，岛国被淹。这一切，都严重影响了人类的生存，实验证明，以后300年，海平面将上涨半米多，这还是最乐观的数据。再过7年，全球变暖将会无可逆转地持续。更可怕的是，由于北极冰融化，降雨量加强，大量淡水汇入北大西洋，破坏了墨西哥暖流，一旦墨西哥暖流被切断后，欧洲西北部温度将会下降5—8度之多，从而造成的影响，很可能引发新的冰河时期！想必大家一定看过《后天》这部电影，剧中的情景正是几百年后对我们地球的一个真实写照：龙卷风，冰层断裂，温度急剧下降，冰风暴，冻雨，地震，洪水，海啸……这并不是疯狂的幻想，如果人类不停止毁坏环境的话，这将成为现实！全球变暖不仅仅是天气变热，更会牵连出许多负面影响！
为了拯救地球，我们应该尽量做到：不开空调，使用回收环保纸张，舍弃肉类（牛排）食品（牛消化中含有一氧化二氮，如果你转为素食主义者，每年二氧化碳的排放量将减少1.5吨！）不用塑料袋，乘公交车……生活中的点点滴滴。其实环保并不难，只要你支持环保，就是你给这个星球的最好礼物，不需要太多言辞，只要每个人都行动起来，就会是一股强大的力量！如今，日本，英国，美国等国家纷纷行动起来，我们虽然也采取了行动，但，对于一个有13亿人口的泱泱大国，这一点，还是不够的。
所以，警惕全球变暖，是全人类为了挽救地球的唯一方法，有人也许会说：我们不是可以移居到别的星球上去吗？答案虽是肯定的，但那又能容纳多少人呢？有人说：治理温室效应的资金太大了，对金融来说是天价。但，如果一直拖延，最终的结果，是我们的地球面目全非，别说金