电气专业英语论文

电气专业英语论文

Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.

First, design basis
The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis:
1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.
2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.
Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishment
Fire detector establishment
Opens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.
The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector.
The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.
The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.
2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment
(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.
In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".
3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishment
The aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.
The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.
4th, fire alarm installment establishment
The establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.
The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly
5th, fire special use telephone establishment
Installs the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.
Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.
Third, fire linkage control
1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).
2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition.
3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.
Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiring
In order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal , concluding remark
The author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.

随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。
首先，设计依据
火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据：
第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。
第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。
其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立
建立火灾探测器
要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。
第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。
电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。
电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。
2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立
（包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。
在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “
第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立
走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。
第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。
第四，建立火灾报警装置
建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。
火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度
第五，消防专用电话设立
安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。
配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。
第三，消防联动控制
第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。
第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。
第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。
第四，火灾自动报警系统布线
为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属 ，结论备注
作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。

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1 距离保护（ZM1-5）1.1 情况 概述距离保护装置是在输电网和变电网中应用得最广泛的一种保护装置。在配电网中它也变得越来越重要。主要原因如下：*它在线路两端之间的通信通道中的独立性，是因为它是利用本地有效电流和电压信息动作的。*距离保护在电力网中形成了一个相互关联的有选择性的保护系统（非单元式的保护系统）。这意味着它也可以作为网络中其他主要元件的远后备保护。现代线路保护的基本要求，比如快速性，灵敏性和选择性，以及在可靠性和安全性方面的严格要求，变得越来越严格。另外，现代距离保护在网络中必须能够与阻抗继电器配合动作，这是一种由不同技术设计而成的继电器（静态或者是机电式继电器）。较早的阻抗继电器在多数情况下只用于电力线路的相间和三相故障的保护，一些其他保护用于接地故障中。由于这些原因现代距离保护的灵活性非常重要，当它用于一个复杂的网络结构时尤其合适。比如并列运行的多回线路和辐射网。距离保护的有选择性动作不是依靠线路两端间的通信设备。距离保护能在远方末端电流互感器处检测到故障。这个功能使它成为那些不能检测到超过反方向末端电流互感器范围以外故障的线路差动保护的一个理想补偿。距离保护范围在线路REX 5XX的保护、控制和终端监测方面的距离保护装置由3到5个独立的距离保护范围组成，每一个包括了3个接地故障的测量元件和3个相间故障的测量元件。对于各种不同电压等级在不同的电网中，不同的终端要适合不同的要求。由于这个原因，距离保护装置的一些特征参数各终端之间是不同的（要了解详细内容，请查阅线路保护终端的分类细节）。距离保护区域5不同于其他段在于它动作的快速性。它比其他距离保护段启动快，而且在不同的系统暂态过程中，由于这个原因误动的可能性就更高了，因此它只适用于以下情况：允许更高越限或者作为具有超过100ms延时的延时距离保护段。线路差动保护的补充在一些线路差动保护终端设备中（如REL 561）距离保护装置能够成为一个有选择性的保护。同时它是超出反方向末端电流互感器以外故障时的主保护，这个功能由带延时段实现（如II段），它覆盖了所有相邻母线，因此形成了母线的主保护或后备保护。所以超越段应处于持续动作状态。保护范围为部分线路的保护段（如I段）可以作为线路差动保护的后备。只要差动保护动作这个功能就不需要了。为了减小I段误动的风险，可以在差动保护拒动时将其投入，差动保护失灵的最大原因就是通信系统故障。由于这个原因用于距离保护的通信方案应该使用另一个通信途径而舍弃用于线路差动保护的那一个方案。简单参数的整定每一距离保护段基本上包含了作为相对地、相间测量的完全独立的整定参数。这是复杂网络结构中和那些被要求使新配置的距离保护装置适应目前其他类型继电器的网络的一个优势情况。一套简明的可选择参数适用于反映各种类型故障的相同最大保护范围是一个标准惯例的场合。参看整定参数和整定操作说明表格。基本特性作为合成到线路REX 5XX保护终端的距离保护装置是一个全方案的距离保护。这意味着在不同范围内对于各种类型故障它都有单独的测量元件。根据终端类型，它至少由5个独立的阻抗测量范围（详情参看通信规则详文）组成，每一个都是四边形特性，示例插图如图38。RL和XL代表线路电阻和电抗，RF代表保护范围的电阻最大值。A1.2 Line impedanceAbout this chapterThis chapter describes the line impedance functions in the terminal.1 Distance protection (ZM1-5)1.1 ApplicationGeneralThe distance protection function is the most widely spread protection function in transmission and subtransmission networks. It is also becoming increasingly important indistribution networks. The main reasons for this are:• Its independence on communication links between the line ends, because for its operation,it uses information about the locally available currents and voltages.• The distance protection forms a relatively selective protection system (non-unit protectionsystem) in the power network. This means that it can also operate as a remoteback-up protection for other primary elements in the basic requirements for modern line protection, such as speed, sensitivity and selectivity, with their strict requirements for dependability and security (availability), aregetting more stringent. In addition, modern distance protections must be able to operate in networks with existing distance relays, which are mostly designed in a different technology (static or even electromechanical relays).Older distance relays protect in many cases power lines only at phase-to-phase and three-phase faults. Some other protection is used for phase-to-earth flexibility of modern distance protection is for this reason very important. This especially applies when it is used in a complex network configuration, for example, on parallel operating multicircuit lines and on multiterminal selective operation of the distance protection does not depend on communication facilities between two line ends. At the same time, the distance protection can detect faults beyond the current transformers at the remote terminal. This functionality makes it an ideal complement to the line differential protection function that cannot detect faults beyond the current transformer at the opposite ce protection zonesThe distance protection function in REx 5xx line protection, control, and monitoring terminals consists of three to five independent distance protection zones, each of them comprising three measuring elements for phase-to-earth (Ph-E) faults and/or three measuring elements for phase-to-phase (Ph-PH) faults. Different terminals suit different requirements in different networks on various voltage levels. For this reason, some characteristic parameters of the distance protection function differ from terminal to terminal. For detailed information, please refer to ordering particulars for each line protection terminal REx 5xx ce protection zone five differs from other zones with respect to its speed of operation. It starts faster than other distance protection zones and might have for this reason higher overreaching for different system transients. It is for this reason suggested to use it only for the applications, which permit higher overreaching, (i.e. switch-onto-fault function) or as a time delayed distance protection zone with time delay longer than 100 ment to the line differential protectionThe distance protection function can become optional protection in some line differential protection terminals (REL 561, for example). At the same time it represents the primary protection for faults beyond the current transformers at the opposite terminal. This functionality is achieved by the time delayed overreaching zone (generally zone 2), which covers at least the adjacent busbar and thus forms a primary or back-up protectionfor the busbar. So the overreaching zone should be continuously in underreaching zone (generally zone 1) can form a back-up to the line differential protection. There is no need for this function as long as the differential protection is in operation. To minimize the risk of unwanted operation from zone 1, this function can be activated only when the differential function is out of operation. The most likelycause to lose the differential protection is a failure within the communication communication scheme used with the distance protection should for this reason use another communication channel than the one used by the line differential of simplified setting parametersEach distance protection zone comprises basically completely independent setting parameters for phase-to-earth, and for phase-to-phase measurement. This is an application advantage in complex network configurations and in networks, where it is required to adjust the newly applied distance protection functions to the existing other types of relays (overcurrent earth fault, for example).A set of simplified optional parameters is available optionally for applications, where equal zone reaches for all kinds of faults are a standard practice. See the table of setting parameters and the setting impedanceBasic characteristicsThe distance protection function, as built into the REx 5xx line protection terminals, is a full-scheme distance protection. This means that it has individual measuring elements for different types of faults within different ing on the type of terminal, it consists of up to five (for details see the corresponding ordering details) independent, impedance-measuring zones, each has a quadrilateral characteristic, as symbolically illustrated in figure 38. RL and XL represent line resistance and reactance and RF represents the resistive reach of a protective zone.