啤酒外文文献期刊

啤酒外文文献期刊

Beer . of Guizhou Maotai Group, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China

英文摘要： Beer foam is an important index for beer quality. It has the properties of foamability, stability and cup-hanging. It is produced by multiple foamy substances and carbon dioxide gas in beer. The foamy substances cover foam protein, polypeptide, isohumulone, melanoid, metal ions, amylase, alcohol and barm etc. The substances influencing beer foam cover fatty acid, higher ethanols and alkali ?琢-amino acid. Beer foam could be improved through proper control on raw materials selection, saccharifying techniques, fermenting techniques, beer filtration measures, the transportation of wort and beer, and sanitary conditions etc. (Tran. by YUE Yang)
英文关键词： beer; beer foam; influencing factors; production control

啤酒泡沫是啤酒质量的一项重要指标，有人称泡沫是啤酒之花，也有人将洁白细腻的啤酒泡沫誉为啤酒的“皇冠”，它是优质啤酒的重要外观标志之一。
1 啤酒泡沫的性能
按照欧洲啤酒酿造协会的规定，泡沫可分为起泡性、稳定性、泡沫质量3个方面，而在我国通常还增加一项挂杯性。
1.1 起泡性
是指啤酒按照一定的方法、标准倒入杯中时形成泡沫的高度（多少）。
1.2 泡沫稳定性（又叫泡持性）
即泡沫形成后消失的时间。按照GB4927-2001的规定，优质浅色啤酒的泡持性应在200 s以上。
1.3 泡沫质量
指泡沫的色泽和细腻程度。啤酒泡沫越细腻，啤酒口感越好，即醇厚性越强。
1.4 挂杯性
指泡沫附着于酒杯壁上的能力。
以上4项指标是相互联系的，只有起泡性和泡沫质量好的啤酒，其泡持性和挂杯性才可能好。泡沫质量差的啤酒其泡持性和挂杯性不可能好。
世界上绝大多数国家和地区（包括中国）的啤酒消费者都喜欢丰富的、稳定的、奶油状的泡沫，只有少数地方的消费者认为泡沫对啤酒而言无关紧要，甚至有消费者喜欢没有泡沫的啤酒。
2 啤酒泡沫的成因
2.1 啤酒起泡成分物质
由于啤酒是一种含有高、中分子蛋白质分解产物、?茁-葡聚糖、酒花树脂、类黑素、糖蛋白、戊聚糖、低分子多酚、重金属离子等的胶体溶液，使其具有比水小的表面张力，从而具备了起泡条件。
2.2 二氧化碳气体
啤酒中含有一定量的处于过饱和状的CO2气体，使其具备了起泡能量。当装啤酒的容器开启后，处于过饱和状的CO2在压力差的作用下，形成均匀的气泡晶核，从酒体中释放出来，微小的CO2气泡逐渐膨胀增大而上浮，最终形成泡盖。
3 啤酒中形成泡沫的物质
3.1 泡沫蛋白和多肽
目前，国际上啤酒界对泡沫蛋白和多肽的认识仍处于混沌状态，观点不一而足，甚至有一些完全相反的学术观点。但就生产控制而言，如下几点是形成的基本共识。
3.1.1 啤酒中的蛋白质
这些蛋白质业界称为泡沫蛋白或起泡蛋白，其造就了优质的泡沫稳定性，这些决定泡沫稳定性的蛋白质或多肽的基本特性具有较好的疏水性。疏水性越大，生成的泡沫越稳定。
3.1.2 多肽的疏水性
多肽的疏水性和其分子量大小没有直接关系。就泡沫稳定性而言，疏水性较其分子量更重要。
3.1.3 蛋白成分比例
按照隆丁区分法，A区分和B区分蛋白质高能增加泡沫蛋白的比例，可作为生产控制指标。
3.2 异葎草酮
实验证明，?琢-酸、异?琢-酸和希鲁酮都能提高啤酒泡沫的生成能力。无酒花啤酒的起泡性很差。
3.3 类黑素
类黑素使泡沫稳定是通过类黑素上的负电荷和肽类物质的正电荷发生离子反应完成的。但麦汁煮沸时间越长，由类黑素产生泡沫稳定性的有效性越低。
3.4 金属离子
在加酒花啤酒中，泡沫稳定性和黏附性受到金属离子的刺激后而增强。实验表明，啤酒中的镍、钴、铁等离子可增强啤酒表面黏度，从而提高泡持值。与多肽一样，金属离子可能与高浓度的异?琢-酸结合生成不容性物质，使得泡沫挂于杯壁上。但金属离子添加过量容易导致啤酒胶体和风味稳定性变差，甚至有毒负作用。
3.5 多糖（如?茁-葡聚糖、戊聚糖）
多糖是高黏度性物质，易使啤酒形成较大的极限薄膜，使气泡不易消失，从而提高泡沫稳定性。
3.6 酒精
没有酒精的啤酒泡沫极不稳定，如无醇啤酒的泡沫和泡持性都较差，而加入乙醇后起泡性和泡沫稳定性都可以提高。但啤酒中乙醇含量过高或过低又对泡沫有害。一般认为1 %vol～3 %vol的乙醇对挂杯有利。
加酒花的麦汁泡沫并不挂杯，但加入乙醇后就能做到这点，这说明乙醇增加了泡沫的黏度。酒精能降低啤酒中CO2的溶解度，这可能是由于降低了啤酒的表面张力或乙醇和多肽之间发生了某种作用而引起的。
3.7 二氧化碳
CO2促使啤酒形成细微的气泡，使泡沫呈奶油状。应该说CO2是啤酒产生泡沫的载体。啤酒中CO2含量越丰富，啤酒的起泡性就越好。
3.8 酵母物质
酵母细胞壁的外层物质有着很强的泡沫稳定性，并因菌种及其生长不同而异。细胞壁的主要成分是多糖，并含有极少量的蛋白质。
4 啤酒中影响啤酒泡沫的物质
4.1 脂肪酸
啤酒中含有多种饱和与不饱和脂肪酸，这些脂肪酸对啤酒泡沫影响很大，特别是不饱和脂肪酸的影响更大。实验还证明，脂肪酸对泡沫挂杯性的影响比对泡沫持久性的影响更大。
4.2 高级醇
高级醇是啤酒发酵的代谢产物，也是一种消泡剂。如果含量过高，会影响啤酒泡沫。但只要工艺合理，啤酒中的高级醇含量一般不会影响到啤酒的泡沫。
4.3 碱性?琢-氨基酸
某些碱性的?琢-氨基酸，如精氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸等对啤酒泡沫有负面影响，尤以精氨酸为最。这些氨基酸对异?琢-酸和蛋白质之间形成的离子键有抑制作用，从而对泡沫产生影响。
5 改善啤酒泡沫的生产控制
5.1 原料的选择与控制
5.1.1 大麦蛋白质含量
由于我国大多数啤酒企业从成本的角度考虑，现在的辅料比都较大，因此应选用蛋白质含量适当高一些且皮薄的大麦。建议蛋白质含量在10.5 %～11.5 %较好。
5.1.2 工艺控制措施
为了降低制麦过程中蛋白质，特别是泡沫活性多肽的过多消耗，同时适当生成有利泡沫的类黑素，可在制麦过程中采取如下工艺措施。
5.1.2.1 浸麦、降温、发芽
采用长断水浸麦工艺和降温发芽工艺，提高大麦发芽水分。采用15 ℃→13 ℃的低温、降温发芽工艺，发芽3 d后提高回风使用量，用较高的CO2含量抑制根芽和叶芽的生长。
5.1.2.2 干燥、凋萎
干燥、凋萎阶段采用低温、大风量工艺，以使麦芽快速脱水，避免麦芽蛋白质过度分解。干燥温度控制在80～83 ℃，时间2～3 h，既能形成适量类黑素，同时又防止高分子氮过多凝固，泡沫蛋白过多消耗。
5.1.2.3 麦芽除根
麦芽除根要干净。因为麦芽的根芽含有脂肪酸和能导致啤酒混浊的高分子可溶性氮。
5.1.3 辅料选择
选择适当、适量的辅料。如用大米作辅料，建议比例不超过42 %，如果用量超过45 %，应适当加一点小麦或小麦芽、焦香麦芽（类黑素含量高），以改善啤酒泡沫性能。因为小麦或小麦芽含糖蛋白比较高，对改善啤酒泡沫的性能效果比较显著。
5.2 糖化工艺控制
5.2.1 投料温度、醪液pH值
较高的投料温度（50～55 ℃）和较低的醪液pH值（5.4～5.6）有利于内肽酶的作用，可产生较多的高、中分子蛋白分解产物，使啤酒的起泡性和泡持性提高。
5.2.2 高温、短时糖化法
如果麦芽质量较好，采用高短（高温、短时间）糖化法，如60 ℃投料，68～73 ℃休止30～40 min，越过蛋白质休止阶段，可增加麦汁中高、中分子蛋白以及糖蛋白的含量，也能获得较好的泡沫性能。
5.2.3 洗糟水pH值
洗糟水pH值控制在6.5～6.8，防止多酚、色素物质过多的溶出。洗糟水温不高于78 ℃，洗糟不要过度（残糖控制在0.8 %～1.5 %），麦汁要清亮，防止过多脂肪酸进入麦汁而影响啤酒泡持性。
5.2.4 ?茁-葡聚糖酶的使用
?茁-葡聚糖酶不可随便添加，应根据麦芽的脆度、黏度和粗细粉差作小试验而定，因为?茁-葡聚糖酶加量过高，会导致麦汁黏度过低，而使啤酒的起泡性和泡持性变差。
5.2.5 底部进醪和密闭糖化
底部进醪和密闭糖化可避免醪液氧化，能使麦汁中保留更多的酚类物质，有利于泡持性。
5.2.6 煮沸时间
控制好满锅浓度，严格控制煮沸时间。长时间煮沸会使麦汁中起泡蛋白过度凝聚析出，对泡沫不利。
5.2.7 酒花
严格控制酒花加量、质量和品种。酒花加量过大对泡沫不利；越新鲜、?茁-酸含量越高的酒花对泡沫越有利。
5.2.8 冷、热凝固物含量
定性麦汁中，热凝固物应＜25 mg/L，冷凝固物控制在50～100 mg/L。若冷、热凝固物含量过高，它们所含的脂肪、脂肪酸有损啤酒泡沫性能。
5.3 发酵工艺及生产控制
5.3.1 通风充氧量
冷麦汁通风充氧时会产生泡沫，导致异?琢-酸及起泡蛋白的含量下降，因此通风要适量。
5.3.2 酵母菌种
应选择分泌二糖酶和酵母蛋白酶A少的酵母菌种。
5.3.3 酵母使用
高浓发酵的酵母应在高浓和低浓麦汁中交替使用，这对恢复酵母的生理调节能力有好处。同时，尽早回收酵母，尽可能低温贮存酵母，尽可能在短时间内使用酵母，能提高酵母活力，对啤酒泡沫有利。
5.3.4 低温接种、低温主酵
采用低温接种（6～7 ℃），低温主酵（9～10 ℃），高温还原双乙酰（12～13 ℃）的发酵工艺，可减少各种醇、醛、酸、酯、酮的产生，降低对泡沫的损害。
5.3.5 降温
均匀、缓慢的降温，低温、稳压下充足的贮藏时间，让CO2 充分饱和，可提高啤酒起泡性和泡沫稳定性。若CO2含量不足，将直接影响啤酒的起泡性和泡持性。
5.4 啤酒过滤控制措施
啤酒过滤时，添加泡沫稳定剂（如蛋白水解物）或四氢异构酒花浸膏，都能改善啤酒泡沫性能。添加蛋白吸附剂要谨慎、适量，以防泡沫蛋白析出过多，影响啤酒泡沫。
5.5 麦汁、啤酒转移输送要求
在从糖化到啤酒灌装的各个生产环节，要保证麦汁、发酵液以及啤酒的输送稳定，压力波动小，尽量减少泡沫的形成，以减少起泡物质的损失。因为啤酒中的起泡物质具有不可逆性，在各个生产环节起泡越多，啤酒中的起泡物质损失就越大。
5.6 清洁卫生要求
生产过程中必须杜绝各种油脂类物质进入半成品、成品中；清洗发酵罐、清酒罐、管道、酒机和灌装容器时要用清水或无菌水冲洗彻底，避免清洗剂残留。因为脂类物质和一些清洗剂都具有消泡性，影响啤酒的泡持性。
事实上，啤酒泡沫是一个很复杂的问题，目前仍是全球酿酒师和科研人员的一个重要攻关课题。本文只是介绍了一些到目前为止经生产实践证实了的改善啤酒泡沫的工艺和生产控制措施，而我们对啤酒泡沫内在特性的认识，尤其是对泡沫活性多肽的分布和作用机理的认识还十分有限，甚至还存在不少分歧，这些都有待广大酿酒和科研工作者继续进行深入的研究。
参考文献：
[1] （德）Ludwig Narziss 著，孙明波译.啤酒厂麦芽汁制备工艺技术[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社，1991.
[2] 慕尼黑理工大学Weihenstephan学院 Werner Back 教授，啤酒泡沫稳定性以及存在的问题.
[3] 雒亚静.啤酒泡沫的影响因素及控制措施[J].啤酒科技，2005，（1）：38-39.

100分求关于酒的英文文献

China's wine culture has 5000 years of history, has a long history of wine in our wine culture, the development of long-term process, making many as the "Shen Pin" 'Qiongjiang "wine treasures. I am the principal of Liquor comparison of Chinese and Western culture, and focus on understanding the culture of wine in China history of the development.

I think in a different cultural background and different walks of life, different people, and even different frame of mind which was to understand the extent of different ways. For Chinese and Western culture, a different understanding of wine, the key is to make the best wine culture development, better for our services, which require the integration of Chinese and Western cultures of wine. Today, the West's wine culture to a large extent, the impact of China's wine culture, particularly in the tasting the mood in the West tend to be more, can hope to make more Westerners to understand China's fine tradition of wine culture.

Talking about China's fine tradition of wine culture, wine and poetry had mentioned the close relationship between the poetry of wine is given a new interpretation of the source of origin so that the culture of wine in a long, and is deeply rooted. From ancient times people do not know the number of Jie Jiu literati ink to write a good poem passed down until today, to express his or hi or bad feelings, a lot of people describe the beauty away. Such as: "grape wine Remanbar" scenery, "Doujiu 100 poems," the passion, "Jiejiuxiaochou worry even more unhappy" analogy, "When the wine song, geometry of life?" Free and easy, "Do not make Jinzun Air-to-month "spirit,"酒逢知己千杯少"the joy of" non-intoxicating liquor drunk people from "conception," ulterior motives "of the Miao Yu," live for today "no alternative , "Yao Zhi Heng Fa Chuen shepherd boy" sad, "hand-crisp red, yellow wine tie up" suffering "Yizuifangxiu" happy, as well, "Zhu Jiuge" Bold, "The Divine Comedy wine," the rough ... ...

Liquor heroes were also given to the extraordinary feat, given the strong cultural flavor of life, Cao Cao Quiz cooking wine, toast the invitation of Li Bai's moon, burning the midnight oil to see Zuili Xin Jian, Su asked the Liquor blue sky, Li Qingzhao sleep of course, very strong residual liquor, Huang Fei determined to swig (Southern Song Dynasty in the early years of anti-gold star, and Yue Fei was drinking too much at fault, Emperor Zhao Gou and his mother have let him quit drinking, he listened to the advice immediately broken wine However, he has made under the vows: "Huang Zhi Dao House (the capital of the Jin), and those who swig ears!" In which "those who swig and ears" Hero is full of pride.), In fact, no matter Beixi, those who drink In the wine in the pursuit of life is freedom, forget the life and death for whom the honor easily, in the wine itself to be a real, I think this is what most people understand the essence of the spirit of wine in it!

In Europe, especially in the wine and romance to that of France, drink what kind of wine samples with what the wine glass, is the Yidingzhigui. General with a complete set of wine should include a Jiuzun, a set of glass, a set of red wine, a set of champagne glasses, a white wine cup, a liquor glasses. In the glass on the table are also placed special attention. From left to right, the largest number in the cup on the left side, the smallest number in the right side of the cup. So far the most popular European wine is still visible pure crystal cup. Each of the different cup mouth and body shape of the Cup, Cup of different thickness and different designs and different floriation family of Crystal Cup, seemed to represent a beautiful feeling.

China in the table, we usually drink the wine of beer, such as Hapi, Qingdao beer, beer and so on snow, or white wine, such as Maotai, Wuliangye, Beijing Wotou II, and so on. In the United States, a lot of people who drink beer. However, I see very few Americans have a direct high concentrations of fine drinking wine, and this is very different from China. Also, I see very few Americans are on the table in a toast each other, we usually drink all of the. Only in certain occasions, we will toast together. This time is usually in a person after the speech, we cross a toast, a person wishing for a person something to celebrate. Think carefully, can be found: the Chinese people are drinking seriously, and look who drink to drink is the atmosphere; in the West attaches great importance to drink wine, depends on what wine to drink, it is necessary to the full enjoyment of wine The delicious.

China's ceremonial drinking of alcohol reflects the respect for human beings. Masters of the guests have a fixed seat, have a fixed order of toast. When a toast from the beginning of the master King, owner of disrespect End, is not eligible for other people's respect, if the order of the chaos to deserve to be punished. And a toast from some of the most distinguished guests began to King, a toast to wine full time, that the toast was also a respect for human beings. The younger generation of elders, the lower a toast to the higher authorities to take the initiative to propose a toast, but also pay attention to the first King to do. The Hang Jiuling, Hua Quan, such as drinking etiquette, but also to allow people to drink more alcohol and enjoy the came into being. It is clear that the Chinese wine culture by young and old hierarchy of traditional Chinese culture, ethics, in the course of drinking alcohol on the respect for human beings on the most important position. The rituals of wine drinking in the West, reflect the respect for alcohol. Kam goods to wine and watch their color, smell their fragrance, flavor of their products, to mobilize all kinds of sensory enjoyment of wine. Goods in order to drink, pay attention to drink white wine after drinking red wine, the first products of light and then liquor products of the rich wine, to drink young wine to drink in the long years of wine, in accordance with the laws of taste changes gradually and in-depth Enjoy the taste of wine. The wine's choice, but also around how to fight the full enjoyment of those who drink wine to the requirements of choice. Aroma Cup together so that the tulip-mouth goblet, so full of wine-Shu start of the wine decanter, as well as to master the temperature of wine and drink products specially designed for the thermometer, all in the West reflect on the respect for alcohol, and their Ceremonial drinking, drinking culture is better to appreciate the delicious have been made.

In China, wine is often used as a tool, the so-called ulterior motives. Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero; Cup Mo Jiang Jinjiu stop in order to eliminate forever the same and Seoul worry; bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages, in order to Jiejiu asylum. Wine in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's wine culture of wine for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, but also about drinking after he brought a wonderful role . In the West, often drinking purpose is very simple, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol. Of course, wine in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of wine to enjoy.

Comparison of wine culture in the West, can be found, the difference between the culture of wine is actually a way of thinking in the West differences.

Whether China is the booze or the West tasting, wine culture can all hope that the next time a relatively more and better wine, wine culture can be developed and inheritance, so that more people understand the culture of wine, Enjoy the wine culture!

中译:
中国的酒文化有着5000多年的历史，悠久的酿酒历史使我国酒文化在长期的发展过程中，酿造出许多被誉为“神品”、‘琼浆”的酒类珍品。我这次主要对中西酒文化进行比较，并侧重理解中国酒文化的发展历史。

我觉得一种文化在不同的时代背景，不同的阶层，不同的人们，甚至不同的心情当中被理解的程度，方式也不同。对于中西酒文化的不同理解，关键在于能够使酒文化得到最充分的发展，更好的为我们服务，这就需要中西酒文化相互融合。如今，西方的酒文化很大程度上影响了中国酒文化，尤其在品酒的意境方面更趋向于西方,希望也可以使更多的西方人了解中国酒文化的优良传统。

说到中国酒文化的优良传统，就不得不提到酒与诗的密切关系，诗赋予酒的是全新的诠释，使酒文化源源流长，根深叶茂。从古至今不知多少文人墨士借酒写出流传至今的好诗篇，抒发了自己或喜或忧的感情，描绘了很多让人流连忘返的美景。如：“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的景色，“斗酒诗百篇”的激情，“借酒消愁愁更愁”的比喻，“对酒当歌，人生几何？”的洒脱，“莫使金樽空对月”的气概，“酒逢知己千杯少”的喜悦，“酒不醉人人自醉”的意境，“醉翁之意不在酒”的妙喻，“今朝有酒今朝醉”的无奈，“牧童遥指杏花村”的悲伤，“红酥手，黄縢酒”的苦痛，“一醉方休”的痛快，还有《祝酒歌》的豪放，《酒神曲》的粗犷……

酒也赋予英雄豪杰们以不凡的壮举，赐予文化浓厚的生活气息，曹操煮酒论英雄，李白举杯邀明月，辛弃疾醉里挑灯看剑，苏东坡把酒问青天，李清照浓睡不消残酒，岳飞立志痛饮黄龙（南宋初年的抗金名将，岳飞曾因饮酒过多而过失，其母及高宗赵构都让他戒酒，他也听从了劝告，立即断了酒，但他却发下誓愿：“直捣黄龙府（金国的都城），与诸君痛饮耳！”其中“与诸君痛饮耳”充满英雄豪情。），其实无论悲喜，醉酒者在酒中所追求的是生活的自由、忘记生死利禄荣辱的轻松，在酒中做一个真正的自己，我想这也是大多数人对酒精神的精髓理解吧！

在欧洲，尤其是在以美酒和浪漫著称的法国，饮什么样品类的美酒，配用什么样相应的酒杯，是有一定之规的。一般一套完整的酒具应包括一只酒樽，一套水杯，一套红酒杯，一套香槟杯，一套白葡萄酒杯，一套烈性酒酒杯。酒杯在餐桌上的摆放也有特别的讲究。从左到右，最大号杯在最左边，最小号杯在最右边。至今最受欧洲人喜爱的酒杯依然是纯净剔透的水晶杯。每一只不同杯口及杯身形状，不同杯壁厚度，不同花饰及不同设计家族的水晶杯，似乎都代表一份美丽的心情。

在中国的餐桌上，大家喝的酒一般是啤酒，如哈啤，青岛啤酒，雪花啤酒等等，或是白酒，如茅台，五粮液，北京二窝头等等。在美国，喝啤酒的人很多。但是，我很少见到美国人有直接喝酒精浓度很高的白酒，这和中国很不同。还有，我极少见到美国人在餐桌上互相敬酒，大家通常都是各喝各的。只有在某些特定场合，大家才会一同举杯。这样的时刻通常是在某人致辞之后，大家交相举杯，祝福某人，为某人某事庆贺。仔细想想，可以发现：中国人饮酒重视的是人，要看和谁喝，要的是饮酒的气氛；西方人饮酒重视的酒，要看喝什么酒，要的是充分享受酒的美味。

中国的饮酒礼仪体现了对饮酒人的尊重。主人，客人都有固定的座位，都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒时要从主人开始敬，主人不敬完，别人是没有资格敬的，如果乱了次序是要受罚的。而敬酒一定是从最尊贵的客人开始敬起，敬酒时酒杯要满，表示的也是对被敬酒人的尊重。晚辈对长辈、下级对上级敬酒要主动敬酒，而且讲究的是先干为敬。而行酒令、划拳等饮酒礼仪，也是为了让饮酒人喝的更尽兴而应运而生的。显然，中国酒文化深受中国尊卑长幼传统伦理文化的影响，在饮酒过程中把对饮酒人的尊重摆在最重要的位置上。而西方人饮用葡萄酒的礼仪，则反应出对酒的尊重。品鉴葡萄酒要观其色、闻其香、品其味，调动各种感官享受美酒。在品饮顺序上，讲究先喝白葡萄酒后喝红葡萄酒、先品较淡的酒再品浓郁的酒、先饮年轻的酒在饮较长年份的酒，按照味觉规律的变化，逐渐深入地享受酒中风味的变化。而对葡萄酒器的选择上，也是围绕着如何让拼饮者充分享受葡萄酒的要求来选择的。让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒体充分舒展开的滗酒器、乃至为掌握葡萄酒温度而为品饮专门设计的温度计，无不体现出西方人对酒的尊重，他们的饮酒礼仪、饮酒文化都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。

在中国，酒常常被当做一种工具，所谓醉翁之意不在酒。如青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄；杯莫停的将进酒，为的是与尔同消万古愁；竹林里狂歌的七贤，为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具，所以在中国的酒文化中缺乏对于酒本身进行科学而系统的理论分析和品评，更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。在西方，饮酒的目的往往很简单，为了欣赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然，在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能，但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。

比较中西方酒文化，可以发现，酒文化之间的差异其实就是中西方思维方式的差异。

无论是中国的豪饮，还是西方的品酒，都希望酒文化能够在以后的时间里比较出更多更好的酒，也可以是酒文化得到发展和继承，让更多的人了解酒文化，欣赏酒文化！

50分求啤酒废水处理相关的外文文献同翻译。

Wastewater, mainly from beer malt shop (wheat wastewater Baptist), glycosylated workshop (glycosylated, filter wash water), fermentation plant (fermentation tank washing, washing water filter), filling plant (bottle washing, sterilizing and wastewater outflow broken bottle beer), and the production such as cooling water. Change the water quality and the scope of its general: pH = 5.5 ~ 7.

0 (micro-acid), water temperature is 20 ~ 25 ℃, CODCr = 1200 ~ 2300mg / L, BOD5 = 700 ~ 1400mg / L, SS = 300 ~ 600mg / L, TN = 30 ~ 70mg / L. 1t of water for every beer production capacity of waste water 10 ~ 20m3, an average of about 15m3, beer nationwide in emissions of waste water at more than 250 million m3. Beer by the organic content of wastewater can be divided into 3 categories: ① freezer such as clean waste water cooling water, cooling water, such as wort. Basically, this kind of non-contaminated wastewater.

② clean water rinse yeast such as water, bottle-washing water, production of devices such as clean water, such waste water pollution are subject to varying degrees. ③ slag containing liquid waste such as wheat bad, hot and cold coagulum. The remaining yeast and so on, such a large number of organic wastewater containing suspended solids. The main sugar industrial waste beer category, alcohols and other organic material, the higher the concentration of organic matter, although the drug-free, but easy to corruption, into the water body to consume a large amount of dissolved oxygen, water environment causing serious harm.

Biochemical methods commonly used in activated sludge process has, biofilm, the combination of anaerobic and aerobic method, acid hydrolysis combined with a variety of SBR treatment process. Such treatment methods and technology have their own characteristics and deficiencies, but their success has more experience. At present, there are many new treatment methods and technology optimization portfolio and is being tested, and some have achieved the desired results, will soon be applied in practice. At present, the main brewery wastewater treatment process has the following: 1.

Acidification-SBR method brewery wastewater treatment -aerobic contact oxidation process of brewery wastewater treatment 3. Bio-contact oxidation treatment of brewery wastewater 4. UASB reactor loop + oxidation ditch process brewery wastewater treatment + SBR Act of beer -CIRCOX wastewater treatment of brewery wastewater treatment process 7. new contact oxidation treatment of brewery wastewater

Beer, one of the main characteristics of wastewater BOD5/CODCr values are high, generally at 50% and above, there is very conducive to biochemical treatment, while biochemical and general physico-chemical treatment method, chemical method comparison: First, deal with more mature technology; are two efficient treatment, CODCr, BOD5 removal rate high, usually ranging from 80% to 90%; are three low-cost treatment (operation cost the province). Brewery wastewater treatment: China's beer wastewater treatment processes and technologies for a large number of research and exploration, the treatment of brewery wastewater to the various aspects of testing, research and practice, has been proven successful experience, and gradually formed a mainly biochemical, biochemical and physico-chemical treatment process of combining.
啤酒废水主要来自麦芽车间（浸麦废水），糖化车间（糖化，过滤洗涤废水），发酵车间（发酵罐洗涤，过滤洗涤废水），灌装车间（洗瓶，灭菌废水及瓶子破碎流出的啤酒）以及生产用冷却废水等。其水质及变幅范围一般为：pH=5.5～7.0(显微酸性)，水温为20～25℃，CODCr=1200～2300mg/L, BOD5=700～1400mg/L, SS=300～600mg/L, TN=30～70mg/L。水量为每生产1t啤酒废水排放量为10～20m3,平均约15m3，目前全国啤酒废水年排放量在2.5亿m3以上。
啤酒废水按有机物含量可分为3类：①清洁废水如冷冻机冷却水，麦汁冷却水等。这类废水基本上未受污染。②清洗废水如漂洗酵母水、洗瓶水、生产装置清洗水等，这类废水受到不同程度污染。③含渣废水如麦糟液、冷热凝固物。剩余酵母等，这类废水含有大量有机悬浮性固体。啤酒工业废水主要含糖类，醇类等有机物，有机物浓度较高，虽然无毒，但易于腐败，排入水体要消耗大量的溶解氧，对水体环境造成严重危害。

啤酒废水的主要特点之一是BOD5/CODCr值高，一般在50%及以上，非常有利于生化处理，同时生化处理与普通物化法、化学法相比较：一是处理工艺比较成熟；二是处理效率高，CODCr、BOD5去除率高，一般可达80%～90%以上；三是处理成本低(运行费用省)。

啤酒废水处理:

我国对啤酒废水的处理工艺和技术进行了大量的研究和探索，对啤酒废水的处理进行了各方面的试验、研究和实践，取得了行之有效的成功经验，逐渐形成了以生化为主、生化与物化相结合的处理工艺。生化法中常用的有活性污泥法、生物膜法、厌氧与好氧相结合法、水解酸化与SBR相组合等各种处理工艺。这些处理方法与工艺各有其特点和不足之处，但各自都有较为成功的经验。目前还有不少新的处理方法和工艺优化组合正在试验和研究，有的已取得了理想的成效，不久将应用于实践中。

目前来说，主要的啤酒废水处理有以下几种工艺：

1.酸化—SBR法处理啤酒废水

—好氧接触氧化工艺处理啤酒废水

3.生物接触氧化法处理啤酒废水

4.内循环UASB反应器＋氧化沟工艺处理啤酒废水

+SBR法处理啤酒废水

-CIRCOX处理工艺处理啤酒废水

7.新型接触氧化法处理啤酒废水
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