经济学人杂志内容

经济学人杂志内容

经济学人》| 为什么美国穷人会支持一个亿万富翁当总统？

马徐骏

《经济学人》| 为什么美国穷人会支持一个亿万富翁当总统？

7月4日是美国独立日，《经济学人》专门为这一天做了一个special report，也就是特别报道，标题叫：《特朗普治下的美国，一个分裂的国家》，Trump’s America，a divided country。我为大家整理出了这次报道的精华，主要讲了两个问题，一个是特朗普到底是怎么获得支持当上总统的，另一个问题是，在当了半年总统，干了无数打脸的事儿之后，为什么他的支持率在美国却几乎没怎么下降？篇幅较长，我会分两期讲述。本期你将听到：

为什么特朗普会当选美国总统？

造成美国分裂的根本原因是什么？

为什么美国的穷人会支持特朗普这样的亿万富翁？

《经济学人》7月1日刊

文章：Trump’s America，A Divided Country

知识清单：

| 今日关键词

Elite：意为精英。在美国可以被叫做Elite的人，都是人中龙凤。他们受过良好的教育，读的是哈佛、耶鲁这样的常春藤名校，有较高的收入和社会地位，处于社会的中上阶层。希拉里就是典型的Elite。

White Trash：Trash意为垃圾，White Trash指的是那些收入比较低的美国穷人，或者说美国的贫困阶级。还有一个不那么文明的叫法，“白人瘪三”。瘪三在江浙一带的方言里，指的是小流氓，或无所事事、游手好闲的人。White Trash是一个侮辱性的称呼。

Elite和White Trash这两个表达，正好是对应的。理解这两个单词，就能理解美国的分裂到底是怎么回事。

| 美国的分裂是特朗普造成的吗？

很多人说，特朗普当上总统，造成了美国的分裂。但《经济学人》的文章说，其实，是由于美国的分裂，特朗普才当上了总统。换句话说，特朗普的当选是美国分裂的结果，而不是起因。

美国的分裂，并不完全是民主党和共和党这两个党派的分裂。文章说，真正关心政治的美国人很少，4/5的美国人压根不关心政治，很多人连民主党和共和党，哪个是保守党，哪个是自由党，各有什么政治主张都搞不清楚。

有人说，美国总统选举更像是一场大的明星真人秀，不是没有道理。选民其实是凭着个人好恶投票而已。

|美国真正的分裂

民主党和共和党的政见不合，并不是造成美国分裂的根本原因。美国真正的分裂，是贫富两个阶级的分裂，也就是精英（Elite）和美国贫困阶级（White Trash）的分裂。

精英学历高，喜欢户外运动，支持全球化，拥护民主党。贫困阶级学历低，很多人没上过大学，喜欢听乡村音乐，讨厌移民，普遍支持共和党。

美国贫困阶级特别不喜欢高学历的精英人士，比如教授、知识分子、记者、明星、硅谷大佬。

不过这不是反智或轻视知识，而是在美国，教育很昂贵，能读得起名校，说明你是来自于一个相对富裕的家庭。而穷人收入低，没钱接受更好的教育，也基本没有机会改变自己。

文章说，现在的美国，基本可以从一个人的收入状况，判断出这个人的政治倾向，他会投票给民主党还是共和党。希拉里就是典型的精英，有非常强的优越感。所以，希拉里在美国受教育程度最高的50个选区，支持率也最高，而在教育程度最低的50个选区，支持率最低，她不受底层老百姓的待见。

但是在一个正常的国家，社会结构都是金字塔型的，精英永远是少数，大多数都是社会底层，在民主国家一人一票的选举机制下，肯定是底层人数多，力量大，所以希拉里败了。

| 为什么美国穷人会支持一个亿万富翁？

文章认为，美国贫困阶级讨厌高学历的精英人士，但他们喜欢有钱人。特朗普就是有钱人，而且是个任性的有钱人。

贫困阶级并不想成为中上层阶级，他们只想更舒服地留在自己的阶级里，变得更有钱而已。因为要知道，跨越阶层不单是钱的问题。作为中上层阶级，生活方式是完全不一样的，要承担更多的社会责任，也必须更加自律。在名校读书很辛苦，精英阶层的竞争也更残酷。贫困阶级不想受这个罪，这样的生活方式他们不要。他们只是看着特朗普觉得爽，有钱有名、身边美女如云，怼他们讨厌的精英人物。而且特朗普当了总统之后依然我行我素，毫不收敛。

之前的美国总统选举，两个党派的候选人都来自精英阶层，怎么选总统都是精英。贫困阶级一直觉得自己没有代言人，积怨已久。而特朗普完全没有精英阶层的做派，处处跟精英们唱反调，还有钱任性，贫困阶级自然更喜欢他。

所以，半年之后，咱们再来看尘埃落定的美国大选，你会发现，就像文章里说的，美国的分裂，不只是党派的政见不同，而是贫富阶级之间的分裂。

特朗普的当选，只是这种分裂的结果。

而在今天的内容里，我对文章描述的，美国的这样一种现状很有感触，就是穷人的梦想，并不是成为中上阶层的一份子，因为他们觉得，保持现状过得更舒服，他们只是想变得更有钱。

（The dream is not to become upper-middle-class, the dream is to live in your own class milieu, where you feel comfortable—just with more money. ）

这让我想起一句话，“越精英，就越自制；越贫穷，就越放纵”，这是对这种状况很精确的描述，精英有精英的骄傲，是因为让他们骄傲的理由，不仅仅是因为有钱而已，还有对自我的高要求。

本期金句：

美国的分裂，不只是党派间的政见不同，而是贫富阶级之间的分裂。

——《经济学人》

Americans are riven by mutual incomprehension: between Republicans and Democrats, yes, but also between factory workers and university students, country folk and city dwellers.

—— The Economist

本期杂志：《经济学人》

一份由伦敦经济学人报纸有限公司出版的杂志，创办于1843年9月，主要内容涉及政治、商业、科技、艺术、书评等。杂志中所有文章都不署名，往往带有鲜明的立场，处处用事实说话。

《经济学人》精读41：Data and medicine

A revolution in healthcare is coming

Welcome to Doctor You

Feb 1st 2018

NO WONDER they are called “patients”.When people enter the health-care systems of rich countries today, they know what they will get: prodding doctors, endless tests, baffling jargon, rising costs and, above all, long waits. Some stoicism will always be needed, because health care is complex and diligence matters. But frustration is boiling week three of the biggest names in American business—Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase—announced a new venture to provide better, cheaper health care for their employees. A fundamental problem with today’s system is that patients lack knowledge and control. Access to data can bestow both.

The internet already enables patients to seek online consultations when and where it suits them. You can take over-the-counter tests to analyse your blood, sequence your genome and check on the bacteria in your gut. Yet radical change demands a shift in emphasis, from providers to patients and from doctors to data. That shift is happening. Technologies such as the smartphone allow people to monitor their own health. The possibilities multiply when you add the crucial missing ingredients—access to your own medical records and the ability easily to share information with those you trust. That allows you to reduce inefficiencies in your own treatment and also to provide data to help train medical algorithms. You can enhance your own care and everyone else’s, too.

jargon: the language used for a particular activity or by a particular group of people

stoicism: the quality or behavior of a person who accepts what happens without complaining or showing emotion

现在病人走进一家医院，都能预料到会是什么样的：仓促的医生，数不清的检测，看不懂的病例，涨不停的费用和无尽的等待... 病人的问题就是他们不清楚状况和缺乏对自己病情的控制

所以亚马逊和JPMorgan还有Berkshire Hathaway 成立了一个新的公司，为他们的员工提供更好更廉价的医疗

The doctor will be you now

Medical data may not seem like the type of kindling to spark a revolution. But the flow of information is likely to bear fruit in several ways. One is better diagnosis. Someone worried about their heart can now buy a watch strap containing a medical-grade monitor that will detect arrhythmias. Apps are vying to see if they can diagnose everything from skin cancer and concussion to Parkinson’s disease. Research is under way to see whether sweat can be analysed for molecular biomarkers without the need for an invasive blood test. Some think that changes in how quickly a person swipes a phone’s touchscreen might signal the onset of cognitive problems.

A second benefit lies in the management of complex diseases. Diabetes apps can change the way patients cope, by monitoring blood-glucose levels and food intake, potentially reducing long-run harm such as blindness and gangrene. Akili Interactive, a startup, plans to seek regulatory approval for a video game designed to stimulate an area of the brain implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (see article).

医疗数据可能不会带来一个伟大的变革，但是会有非常多的好处，这四段分别讲了四个有用的地方，看经济学人重要的是看清楚文章的逻辑！

第一个好处是：更好地诊断

第二个好处是：管理复杂的疾病

Patients can also improve the efficiency of their care. Although health records are increasingly electronic, they are often still trapped in silos. Many contain data that machines cannot read. This can lead to delays in treatment, or worse. Many of the 250,000 deaths in America attributable to medical error each year can be traced to poorly co-ordinated care. With data at their fingertips, common standards to enable sharing and a strong incentive to get things right, patients are more likely to spot errors. On January 24th Apple laid out its plans to ask organisations to let patients use their smartphones to download their own medical records (see article).

A final benefit of putting patients in charge stems from the generation and aggregation of their data. Artificial intelligence (AI) is already being trained by a unit of Alphabet, Google’s parent company, to identify cancerous tissues and retinal damage. As patients’data stream from smartphones and “wearables”, they will teach AIs to do ever more. Future AIs could, for instance, provide automated medical diagnosis from a description of your symptoms, spot behavioural traits that suggest you are depressed or identify if you are at special risk of cardiac disease. The aggregation of data will also make it easier for you to find other people with similar diseases and to see how they responded to various treatments.

第三个好处是提高医疗效率

第四个好处是病人掌控自己的数据整合等

讲完了好处接下来讲坏处...

An Apple a day

As with all new technologies, pitfalls accompany the promise. Hucksters will launch apps that do not work. But with regulators demanding oversight of apps that present risks to patients, users will harm only their wallets. Not everyone will want to take active control of their own health care; plenty will want the professionals to manage . Data can be pored over by those who are interested, while those who are not can opt to share data automatically with trusted providers.

The benefits of new technologies often flow disproportionately to the rich. Those fears are mitigated by the incentives that employers, governments and insurers have to invest in cost-efficient preventive care for all. Alphabet has recently launched a firm called Cityblock Health, for example, which plans to trawl through patients’ data to provide better care for low-income city dwellers, many of them covered by Medicaid, an insurance programme for poorer Americans.

pitfall: a danger or problem that is hidden or not obvious at first

pore over: to read or study something very carefully

trawl: to search through something in order to find someone or something

很多先进的技术都是益了富人，因此这需要纳税人，政府和保险公司一起想出保障到所有人的医疗制度

Google在这方面有做出了努力，成立了一各公司Cityblock Health，为低收入人群提供更好的医疗！（真心觉得googlers 是为了人类进步而发展的公司...)

Other risks are harder to deal r transparency may encourage the hale and hearty not to take out health insurance. They may even make it harder for the unwell to find cover. Regulations can slow that process—by requiring insurers to ignore genetic data, for example—but not stop it. Security is another worry. The more patient data are analysed in the cloud or shared with different firms, the greater the potential threat of hacking or misuse. Almost a quarter of all data breaches in America happen in health care. Health firms should face stringent penalties if they are slapdash about security, but it is naive to expect that breaches will never happen.

Will the benefits of making data more widely available outweigh such risks? The signs are that they will. Plenty of countries are now opening up their medical records, but few have gone as far as Sweden. It aims to give all its citizens electronic access to their medical records by 2020; over a third of Swedes have already set up accounts. Studies show that patients with such access have a better understanding of their illnesses, and that their treatment is more successful. Trials in America and Canada have produced not just happier patients but lower costs, as clinicians fielded fewer inquiries. That should be no surprise. No one has a greater interest in your health than you do. Trust in Doctor You.

hale: healthy and strong, usually used in the phrase hale and hearty 

一个坏处就是让那些身体情况良好的人不会再买保险，而让那些身体不好的人很难买到保险；还有分享的数据越多，就越有可能发生数据泄露和被黑客黑的可能

stringent: very strict or severe

slapdash: quick and careless

那分享这些医疗数据到底是不是利大于弊还是弊大于利？种种迹象标明是 利大于弊的！

总结：科技改变生活，本文是这期经济学人杂志的封面文章

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Results

Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L

Mean Sentence Length: 16.04

Mean Log Word Frequency: 3.16

Word Count: 1030

这篇文章的蓝思值是在1100-1200L， 适合英语专业大二的水平学习，是经济学人里比较简单的

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经济学人杂志上是什么意思

经济学人是指从事经济学研究与工作的人，包括经济学家、经济学者、经济学研究者、经济学工作者
《经济学人》是一份由伦敦经济学人报纸有限公司出版的杂志，于1843年9月由詹姆士·威尔逊创办。杂志的大多数文章写得机智，幽默，有力度，严肃又不失诙谐，并且注重于如何在最小的篇幅内告诉读者最多的信息。
杂志主要关注政治和商业方面的新闻，但是每期也有一两篇针对科技和艺术的报导，以及一些书评。杂志中所有文章都不署名，而且往往带有鲜明的立场，但又处处用事实说话。主编们认为：写出了什么东西，比出自谁的手笔更重要。从2012年1月28日的那一期杂志开始《经济学人》杂志开辟了中国专栏，为有关中国的文章提供更多的版面。
杂志最早于1843年9月由詹姆士·威尔逊创办，创办的目的是“参与一场推动前进的智慧与阻碍我们进步的胆怯无知之间的较量”，这句话被印在每一期《经济学人》杂志的目录页上。在杂志创刊之初，“经济主义”（economism）意思是经济保守主义，但是今天该杂志无论是在经济还是政治上的立场都是倾自由主义的，反对政府在经济和政治方面过度的介入。不过当然不同的作者立场也会有所不同。
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