桥梁与隧道工程论文
桥梁与隧道工程论文
桥梁与隧道工程论文参考文献
参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。那么,桥梁与隧道工程论文参考文献有哪些呢?下面我为大家收集一些优秀的范例,大家不妨多加参考!
桥梁与隧道工程论文参考文献一
[1] Measor E.O.,New, D.R The design and construction of the Royal Festival Hall, South Bank[J] Journal Instn Civ. Engrs, 1951,36241-318.
[2]曹艳梅,夏禾,王鲲鹏.紧邻既有铁路桥基础施工对行车影响的预评估.铁道学报.2013.35(3):95-101.
[3]饶明贵,既有线旁钻孔灌注桩施工方法[J].铁道工程学报.2003,(1):145-149.
[4]罗鹏,邻近既有线路桥梁挖孔桩基础施工安全性分析[J].施工技术与测技术.2008,28 249-252.
[5]吴庆润,邻近既有铁路的.大直径超深钻孔桩施工关键技术[J].地基基础.2012,34 (3):176-179.
[6]朱建才,许明来,朱剑锋,徐日庆,周群建,钻孔桩施工对既有桥桥墩安全性影响试验研究[J].工程勘察.2012,(3): 27-32.
[7] Gunn M J,Yan,R W M. Stress transfer and isms around a di^)hragm wallpanel [J]. ,Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental &igineering, 1998,124(7):638-648.
[8] der, , brooke. The Influence Of Pile Group Loading On ExistingTunnels [J], Geotechniqe, 2004,54(6)351 -362.
[9]陈隆,叶涛,群桩施工全过程模拟,工业建筑,2010. (40): 1011-1017.
[10]李智彦,丁振明,钻孔灌注桩施工对邻近桥桩基影响的数值模拟.公路交通科技.2013.(4):70-76.
[11]高晓燕,钻孔灌注桩施工对既有并行高铁线桥梁的影响.山西建筑.2015,(3):163-164.
[12] Ming-Fang, Chang, P.E., Hong Zhu. Construction effect on toad transfer along bored piles [J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2004,130(4):426-437.
[13] Burland, LB. Shaft friction of piles in clay-a simple fundamental approach! J]. GroundEngineering. 1973, 6(3): 30-42.
[14] Skempton, A.W. Cast in-situ bored piles in London Clay [J] . Geotechnique, 1959,9(4):153-173.
桥梁与隧道工程论文参考文献二
[15] Meyerhof,GG,Murdock, L.J. An investigation of the bearing capacity of some bored and drivenpiles in London Clay [J].Geotechnique, 1953,3(7)267-282.
[16] Clayton, C. R. I,Milititsky, J. Installation effects and the performance of bored piles in stiffClay[J]. Ground Engineering, 1983,16(2): 17-22.
[17] Clear.C.A. Ffcrrison.T.A, Concrete pressures on formwork. CIRIA association. Report 108,1985.
[18] Lings,M.L., Ng, CW.W^Nash, DJ.T. The lateral pressure of wet concrete in diaphragm wallpanels cast und^ bentonite [C]. Civ. Engrs Geotech. Engng, 1994,107:163-172.
[19] Symons, I.F, Carder, D. R. Stress changes in stiff clay caused by the installation of embeddedretaining walls [M]. Retaining structures. Thomas Telford, London, UK, 1993,227-236.
[20] DeBeer E E & WaOays M. Forces induced in piles by unsymmetrical surcharges on the soilaround the pfles[A]. Proc 5thECSM FE[C].Madrid :1972,325-332.
[21] Leussink, K And Wenz, K.P., 1969,Storage Yard Foundatio on Soft Coheesive dings, Seventh international Conference on Sofl Mechanics,\bL9,1972,149-155.
[22] tfcyman L,Boersm a F. Bending moments in piles due to lateral earth pressure[A].Proc 5ThICSMFE[C], Paris:1961:425-429.
[23] Wenz K P. Large scale tests for determination of lateral loads on piles in soft cohesive soils[A].Proc 8thICSMFE[C]. Moscow:19732-5.
[24]梁发云,于峰.土体水平位移对邻近既有桩基承载性状影响分析.岩土力学,2010,32:449—454.
[25]杨敏,朱碧堂,陈福全.堆载引起某厂房坍塌事故的初步分析[J].岩土工程学报,2002^24(4): 446-450.
[26]张陈蓉,黄茂松,李早.被动群桩的分析方法与验证[C].中国土木工程学会第十届土力学及岩土工程学术会议论文集.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2007.
[27] Matsui hong W P& I to T. Earth pressure on piles in a row due to lateral soil movements [ J]. Soiland Foundations. 1982,22( 2):71-81.
[28] Poulos H G, Chen L T& Hull T S. Model tests on single piles subjected to lateral soilmovement[ J]. Soil and Foundations. 1995,35(4) :85-92.
wind 作动词,蜿蜒,英式音标、怎么写?请问
adj.
过去式:wound; winded; 过去分词:wound; winded; 现在分词:winding; 复数形式:winds; wind 基本解释
名词风; 气流; 吞下的气; 管乐器
及物动词蜿蜒; 缠绕; 上发条; 使喘不过气来
形容词管乐的
wind的反义词
wind 同义词
wind
动词pivotrollturnspiralswiveltwistcoilbend
名词breathtwistrespirationgustdraftbreezeair
wind 反义词
wind的反义词
及物动词unwind
wind 相关词组
wind的近义词
1. break wind : 放屁;
wind
wind 相关例句
及物动词
1. Tom wound his clock before he went to bed.
汤姆睡觉之前给钟上发条。
2. wind的反义词
2. I was winded when I got to the top of the hill.
我爬到山顶时喘不过气来了。
不及物动词
1. wind什么意思
1. The stream winds through the village.
小溪蜿蜒曲折流过村庄。
名词
1. wind的意思
1. She paused for wind after climbing those stairs.
爬了那几级楼梯后,她停下来喘口气。
2.
2. A cold wind blew from northwest.
冷风从西北方向吹来。
wind 网络解释
1. (风力):利用可持续发展能源(Sustainable Energy): 诸如太阳能(Solar),风力(wind),生物能(Biomass),地热(Geothermal),氢燃料(Hydrogen Fuel Cells)等等. 这个个人实现比较困难,需要政府的大力支持才行.
2. wind的近义词
2. 管乐器:从物理特性上来说,管乐器(wind)、弦乐器(string)、长笛(flute)等可以用一维PDE来描述,鼓(drum)、锣(gong)、钹(cymbal)等可以用二维PDE来描述. 由于它可以精确地描述物体的发声及其发声过程,精确地再现乐器的基波、高次谐波、非谐波以及ASDR过程,
3. 阵风:有的学生通过亲眼看见教室里或者建筑物的窗户或者借助图片媒介,把图片和读音联系在一起才能牢记单词,有的学生则用手指在天空中比画出一个窗户形状就能记住单词,有的学生通过头脑中构想一幅图画:一阵风(wind)从圆型的窗口(o)吹过,
4. wind
4. wind:weather information network and display; 气象情报网及显示
wind 双语例句
1. wind的解释
1. It was a root pairs of strains of holly, higher than the eaves, leaves dense seamless, dark green light, in the winter, with bamboo light green color of show scenery, giving a good impression to leave, it will enable you germinal Prose The inspiration, though not as earth-shattering story of the source, from the cuttings to grow together in prayer for the two thick trees, the growth of its history, after the number of wind and rain, how many spent the winter and spring, winter does not fade dark green in color, hair can not count the new spring shoots, there are hundreds of thousands of young leaves crowded old leaves, people unknown knowing it.
那是一个根的双株冬青,高过房檐,叶密无缝,墨绿发光,在冬天里,与竹的淡绿各展色景,给人留下美好的印像,它能令你生发散文的灵感,虽然不会成为惊天动地的故事之源,从插枝到成长为两根合掌粗的树,它的生长史,经过了多少风和雨,度过了几多冬与春,冬不褪墨绿的本色,春发不可计数的新枝条,又有千千万万的幼叶挤老叶,人不可知它自知。
2. In this research at first the six factors affecting rainfall were chosen, as the input variables. They are the minimum atomospheric pressure, maximum wind velocity near typhoon center, move speed of typhoon center, the radius of typhoon, the shortest distance between typhoon center and Taipei monitoring station, station humidity.
本研究先选取影响台风雨之因子,选用钟型函将中心最低气压、近中心最大风速、移动速度、暴风半径、台风中心距测站最短距离、测站湿度做为六个输入变,建模糊属函。
3. On a dark highway, cool wind in my hair.
在漆黑荒凉的高速公路上,凉风吹散了我的头发
4. wind什么意思
4. First of all, this paper establishes the simulation method for fluctuating wind with a multivariate normal distribution model and an autoregressive filter. On the basis of simulation results of the wind field, the time dispersion of the buffeting forces by turbulent wind is achieved.
首先,本文利用多变量正态分布模型并结合线性滤波法的自回归模型建立了脉动风的仿真模拟方法,从而实现了对紊流抖振力的时间离散。
5. Turbulent wind characteristics; ; turbulent field; ; bridge buffeting; ; section model test; ; frequency domain analysis; ; time domain analysis; ; aerodynamic admittance
论文导师葛耀君;赵林,论文学位硕士,论文专业桥梁与隧道工程论文单位同济大学,点击次数 6,论文页数 122页File Size6277K
6. wind的意思
6. Women do not care about too much, only in the wind and rain comes, he can cover for you the rain, that is good man, you are operating a family, in the conquest of a man, living out your style of bar.
女人不要计较太多,只有在风雨来临的时候,他能为你遮风雨,就是个好男人,你是在经营一个家庭,在征服一个男人,活出你的风采了吧。
7. A thermal column constitutes an obstacle for the wind. There is a lee side to it.
当上升热气流带像一条管子时,对水平风而言它就像是一个障碍物,其后方有下风处。
8.
8. We play skyscraping annulus first, skyscraping annulus can reach very tall place, we play corsair later, corsair left and right sides shakes special stimulation, we still have go playing very resemble rotating the You Le establishment of coffee cup, establishment of this You Le is very amused, if did not help good armrest up to be able to slip all the time, will slip, this I feel very interesting, we still have go playing imperial crown swing, establishment of this one You Le won't be very exciting, when rotating, have slightly wind is blown, this feeling seems to blowing fanner, nevertheless, the fanner of its nature, besides this a few swim interestingly again amusedly outside happy establishment, still have a lot of amused You Le establishment!
首先,我们玩极高的环可达到很高极高的环,我们玩之后,左右摇特殊的刺激,我们还去打得非常像旋转您建立的咖啡杯,建立该你乐是很好玩,如果没有帮助好扶手上能够滑滑的时间,我觉得很有趣,我们还去玩,皇冠秋千,建立这一您不会很令人兴奋,当转动,略微风吹,这种感觉似乎吹电风扇,不过,农民的实质,除此之外,还有一部分有趣又快乐的建立,愉快地外还有很多好玩您建立!
9. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to every- body.
人们所熟悉的是悬挂在天花板上、造型奇特、随风飘荡的雕塑品。群众的回答是一阵叫人心抖的呼噪。
10. Without special refrigeration air-condition house, it uses a jalousie window to circle airflow. The central air-conditioning system uses an inconstant wind system, to keep the control quality of temperature and humidity in the whole workshop.
整个中央空调系统采用了九台空调机组进行温、湿度控制,为了节省费用,该系统没有设置专门的空调制冷机房,气流组织选用了百叶式风口上送上回的方式。
11. wind的近义词
11. The wind speed of this generating plant is controlled by a computer chip, and can be set according to the car speed and charge capacity.
这个发电装置的风速可以控制,控制体系由电脑芯片来控制,可根据汽车的速度,需要充电的量的要求来设置。
12. The experiments are conducted with small parallelepiped samples vertically placed in a wind tunnel.
试验中,我们把呈平行六面体的样品竖向放置在风道中。
13. wind的解释
13. I braved severely cold to return to be separated by 2, 000 miles morethan 20 years hometowns not to go Time is a severe winter, advancesgradually when the hometown the weather cloudy has been filthy Thecold wind blows in the cabin hum the sound As soon as looks from theloose crack to outside, under the greenish yellow nadir far and nearthe horizontal several Xiao Suo deserted village, is not having someliveliness My heart be out of control dismal to get up!
我冒着严寒回到相隔两千余里别了20余年的故乡去。时候即是深冬,渐进故乡时天气又阴秽了。冷风吹进船舱中呜呜的响。从蓬隙向外一望,苍黄的天底下远近横着几个萧索的荒村,没有一些活气。我的心禁不住悲凉起来。
14.
14. The wind rose, and from a fresh breeze it soon increasedto a regular gale; that is to say, it acquired a speed of from forty toforty-five miles an hour, before which a ship in the open sea would haverun under close-reefed topsails.
风愈刮愈大,很快就由微风一变而为正式的暴风了;它的速度达到每小时四十到四十五英里,船如在海里遇到这种风,即使紧收着中桅的帆,也会象飞似的前进的,乘风破浪号在将近六点钟的时候到了港湾口,可是这时候潮势变了,因此它不能入港。
15. wind的反义词
15. This paper introduces and automatic method to judge geostrophic wind principle and its application in weather analysis.
提出一种在计算机上自动判定地转风原则的简易方法,并介绍了该方法在天气分析系统中的应
16. In summer, it can bring wind to you....
在夏天,它能为你。
17. Because I like to play in the wind.
因为我喜欢在风里玩。
18. I think it`s time to wind up the meeting.
我认为会议该结束了。
19. I think you forgot to wind it.
我想你是忘记上链了。
20. And I don`t want it to be the wind that said them!
我可不想它们是风说的!
wind 词典解释
气流(AIR)
1.
2. 风
A wind is a current of air that is moving across the earth's surface.
e.g. There was a strong wind blowing...
狂风肆虐。
e.g. Then the wind dropped and the surface of the sea was still...
后来风势渐弱,海面重归平静。
3. (影响事件的)趋势(或因素)(常作新闻用语)
Journalists often refer to a trend or factor that influences events as a wind of a particular kind.
e.g. The winds of change are blowing across the country...
改革之风吹遍全国。
e.g. The world's entire aerospace industry is feeling the chill winds of recession.
全世界的航空航天工业都感受到了经济衰退的寒意。
4. 使气急;使呼吸困难
If you are winded by something such as a blow, the air is suddenly knocked out of your lungs so that you have difficulty breathing for a short time.
e.g. He was winded and shaken...
他呼吸困难,身体发抖。
e.g. The cow stamped on his side, winding him.
牛重重地踩在他的肋部,使他喘不上气来。
5. (胃肠中的)气
Wind is the air that you sometimes swallow with food or drink, or gas that is produced in your intestines, which causes an uncomfortable feeling.
wind什么意思
6. 给(婴儿)拍嗝儿
If you wind a baby, you hit its back gently in order to help it to release air from its stomach.
wind在线翻译
e.g. If he cries when you put him down after a feed, try winding him.
如果你喂完后把他放下时他哭,给他拍拍嗝儿。
in AM, use 美国英语用 burp
7. 管乐的
The wind section of an orchestra or band is the group of people who produce musical sounds by blowing into their instruments.
wind
8. 放屁
If someone breaks wind, they release gas from their intestines through their anus.
9. 听到…的风声
If you get wind of something, you hear about it, especially when someone else did not want you to know about it.
e.g. I don't want the public, and especially not the press, to get wind of it at this stage.
我不想让公众,尤其是新闻界,在这个阶段听到什么风声。
10. 可能发生
If something is in the wind, it is likely to happen.
e.g. By the mid-1980s, change was in the wind again.
20世纪80年代中期,变革又呈山雨欲来之势。
11. 吓唬;使焦虑
If something or someone puts the wind up you, they frighten or worry you.
e.g. 'I heard you had some funny phone calls.' — 'Yeah, that's why yours rather put the wind up me.'
“我听说你接到了一些骚扰电话。”——“没错儿,所以你的电话把我吓坏了。”
12. 冒险做事(或说话)
If you sail close to the wind, you take a risk by doing or saying something that may get you into trouble.
e.g. Max warned her she was sailing dangerously close to the wind and risked prosecution.
马克斯警告她说她这是在玩火,有被起诉的危险。
13. 给…泼冷水(或当头一棒)
If something takes the wind out of your sails, it suddenly makes you much less confident in what you are doing or saying.
14. 可能发生何事;事态的发展
If you realize or find out which way the wind is blowing or how the wind is blowing, you realize or find out what is likely to happen, for example whether something is likely to succeed.
wind什么意思
e.g. He didn't like to make pronouncements before he was sure which way the wind was blowing.
在没有弄清事态的走向前,他不想发表声明。
15. to throw caution to the wind -> see caution
卷绕;包裹(TURNING OR WRAPPING)
1. (道路、河流或一队人)蜿蜒向前,曲折而行,迂回
If a road, river, or line of people winds in a particular direction, it goes in that direction with a lot of bends or twists in it.
e.g. The Moselle winds through some 160 miles of tranquil countryside...
摩泽尔河在宁静的乡间蜿蜒穿行约160英里。
e.g. The road winds uphill...
道路沿山坡蜿蜒而上。
2. 卷绕;缠绕
When you wind something flexible around something else, you wrap it around it several times.
e.g. The horse jumped forwards and round her, winding the rope round her waist.
那匹马围着她向前跳,把绳子绕在了她腰上。
3. 给(钟表等)上发条;给…上弦
When you wind a mechanical device, for example a watch or a clock, you turn a knob, key, or handle on it several times in order to make it operate.
e.g. I still hadn't wound my watch so I didn't know the time.
我还没有给表上发条,所以不知道时间。
4. 倒/进(磁带或胶卷)
To wind a tape or film back or forward means to make it move towards its starting or ending position.
e.g. The camcorder winds the tape back or forward at high speed.
这款便携式摄像机可以使录像带快速倒回或前进。
相关词组:wind downwind up
wind 单语例句
1. China's wind energy resources represent a significant new energy business opportunity and are considered to be among the world's best.
2. He said Longyuan will expand its business in the US mainly by buying existing wind power plants and investing in its own projects.
3. However, it dropped by almost 10 degrees today accompanied by strong wind and rainfall.
4. Strong wind will make temperatures in northeastern regions fall by six to ten degrees Celsius on Sunday.
5. China's wind power industry has developed by leaps and bounds in recent years, boosted by the promulgation of the Renewable Energy Law in February 2005.
6. They are by nature a timid species - a whiff of strong wind or a squeak too loud will frighten them.
7. The proposed wind farm may even be located by the East China Sea Bridge to fuel a new residential area to be constructed nearby.
8. The layers could have been laid down by water, wind or the buildup of volcanic ash.
9. The wind whistling by your ear and the spray and crunch of hitting the ground are things you experience by yourself.
10. The large dance performance Wind of Colorful Guizhou first staged in 2005 has become a calling card for the province.
wind 英英释义
noun
1. the act of winding or twisting
e.g. he put the key in the old clock and gave it a good wind
Synonym: windingtwist
2. breath
e.g. the collision knocked the wind out of him
3. a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus
Synonym: fartfartingflatusbreaking wind
4. a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by an enclosed column of air that is moved by the breath
Synonym: wind instrument
5. an indication of potential opportunity
e.g. he got a tip on the stock market
a good lead for a job
Synonym: tipleadsteerconfidential informationhint
6. empty rhetoric or insincere or exaggerated talk
e.g. that's a lot of wind
don't give me any of that jazz
Synonym: malarkeymalarkyidle wordsjazznothingness
7. a tendency or force that influences events
e.g. the winds of change
8. air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
e.g. trees bent under the fierce winds
when there is no wind, row
the radioactivity was being swept upwards by the air current and out into the atmosphere
Synonym: air currentcurrent of air
verb
1. raise or haul up with or as if with mechanical help
e.g. hoist the bicycle onto the roof of the car
Synonym: hoistlift
2. form into a wreath
Synonym: wreathe
3. coil the spring of (some mechanical device) by turning a stem
e.g. wind your watch
Synonym: wind up
4. arrange or or coil around
e.g. roll your hair around your finger
Twine the thread around the spool
She wrapped her arms around the child
Synonym: wraprolltwine
5. to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course
e.g. the river winds through the hills
the path meanders through the vineyards
sometimes, the gout wanders through the entire body
Synonym: weavethreadmeanderwander
6. catch the scent of
get wind of
e.g. The dog nosed out the drugs
Synonym: scentnose
7. extend in curves and turns
e.g. The road winds around the lake
the path twisted through the forest
Synonym: twistcurve
桥梁工程概论论文
桥梁工程概论论文
桥梁工程指桥梁勘测、设计、施工、养护和检定等的工作过程,以及研究这一过程的科学和工程技术,它是土木工程中属于结构工程的一个分支。下面是我整理的桥梁工程概论论文,欢迎阅读参考!
摘要: 通过对《道路与桥梁工程概论》的学习阅读,对课程基本体系进行梳理,系统扼要的概括了道路路线平、纵、横断面和定线设计的原理和方法、路基路面和桥梁工程的分类构造、设计方法和建筑技术;对笔者较感兴趣的桥梁基础工程以较大篇幅介绍;通过课程学习,进一步加深对路桥工程的认识,为后续学习深造奠定基础。
关键词: 道路线形、路基路面工程、桥梁工程、桥梁基础工程
1. 课程总结
本课程系统扼要的阐述了道路路线平、纵、横断面和定线设计的原理和方法、路基路面和桥梁工程的分类构造、设计方法和建筑技术,采用的现行的道路与桥梁工程有关设计施工规范和标准,并适当介绍了当前我国工程实践中应用的新技术、新材料及新方法,对路桥的发展史作了系统的简述。
1.1. 道路线形
道路是三维空间的工程实体,需由平面、纵断面和横断面来确定其方向、高程和几何形状。
1.1.1. 道路平面线形
路线的平面是道路的中线在水平上的投影。现代道路平面线形要素包括直线、圆曲线、缓和曲线。平面曲线必须与地形、环境、景观等相协调,同时应注意线形的连续与均衡性,并同纵面线形相互配合。
1.1.2. 道路纵面线形
路线的纵断面是路线的中线在竖直面上的投影。纵断面的设计成果有路线纵断面图和路基设计表。纵断面图是道路纵断面设计的主要成果,将其与平面图结合起来,就能准确地定出道路的空间位置。在纵断面图上有两条主要的线:一条是地面线,另一条是设计线。道路纵断面线形设计要素包括纵坡度、竖曲线等。纵坡及坡长、竖曲线的设计应以《公路工程技术标准》为基础,从经济、气候、地理环境等方面综合考虑通过计算进行设计。
1.1.3. 道路横断面
道路的横断面是沿道路中线上任意一点作的法向切面,它是由横断面设计线和地面线所构成的。其中横断面设计线包括行车道、路肩、分隔带、边沟、边坡、护坡道以及取土坑、弃土堆、环境保护等设施。城市道路横断面由车行道、人行道和绿化等部分组成。路幅由公路和城市道路组成。根据不同的路幅,它们的特点不同,设计要求也不相同。路幅的宽度是根据它的布置类型和组成部分得出的各组成部分的宽度来确定的。横断面设计成果有横断面图、路基土石方数量计算与调配表。
1.1.4. 道路路线交叉
道路与道路或道路与铁路相交部位称为道路交叉口。它是道路系统的重要组成部分,是道路交通的咽喉。道路交叉口设计的基本要求为:一是保证车辆和行人在交叉口处能以最少的时间顺利、安全通过,即使交叉口的通行能力适应各条道路的行车要求;二是正确设计交叉口立面,保证转弯车辆行驶稳定;三满足排水要求。
道路交叉口类型:
立体交叉
分离式立体交叉
隧道式、跨路式 互通式立体交叉
部分互通 菱形、环形立体交叉口 完全互通
苜蓿叶式、完全定向式、 喇叭口互通式、Y形互通式
2. 路基路面工程
路基是在天然地表面按照道路设计线形和设计横断面的要求开挖或堆填而成的带状土工结构物,起承受行驶车辆荷载、路面及自身重量的作用,是道路工程的重要组成部分路基工程质量直接影响到结构物的排水稳定、公路的使用品质、旅客的舒适和正常的行车交通。 路面是在路基表面上用各种不同材料分层铺筑而成的结构物。路面工程的发展趋势为:设计自动化、施工机械化、设计和质检规范化、测量自动化、材料和结构多样化。
2.1. 路基工程
路基工程的特点是路线长、通过的地带类型多,技术条件复杂,受地形、气候和水文地质条件影响很大。道路路基的设计原则是受路基土的土体及其工程性质、水温状况与干湿类型、受力状况与工作区所影响的,土基的各种设计参数都是根据当地当时的环境条件以及试验等方式得出的结果运用公式加以计算推断出来的。其设计需满足(1)足够的强度(2)足够的水温稳定性(3)足够的整体稳定性
路基的变形是由于土在自重和车轮荷载的作用下,通过土基内水温变化及风化作用产生的弹性和不可恢复的残余变形。破坏形式如下:
由岩土所筑成的路基,受外界环境的影响,因此需要防护与加固,其主要内容有:边坡坡面防护(植物防护和矿料防护)、沿河路堤冲涮防护与加固(石砌防护和抛石防护)以及湿软地基的加固处治。
2.1.1. 路基稳定性设计与施工
2.1.1.1. 路基边坡稳定性分析
路基是工路的'承重主体,一般路基设计有路基的宽度、高度、边坡坡度以及它的附属设施。为保证路基的强度和稳定性,一般对路基的设计有以下要求:(1)路基设计之前,应做好全面调查研究;(2)路基设计应根据当地自然条件和工程地质条件,选择适当的路基横断面形式和边坡坡度。路基的横断面形势包括路堤、路堑和半填半挖路基。(3)陡坡上的半填半挖路基;(4)沿河路基边缘标高符合要求。 路基边坡稳定性分析的计算参数:土的计算参数(容重、粘聚力和内摩擦角)、边坡的取值、汽车荷载当量换算。路基边坡稳定性分析方法:工程地质法和力学分析法(直线滑动面法和圆弧滑动面法)。
2.1.1.2. 挡土墙
挡土墙是用来支撑天然边坡或人工填土边坡以保持土体稳定的建筑物。其作用是承受支挡土体的侧压力,稳定边坡、防治滑坡,防止路堤冲刷,并节省路基土方数量。在公路工程中,它广泛应用于支撑路堤和路堑边坡、隧道洞口、桥梁两端及河流岸壁等。挡土墙的类型可按照设置位置、墙体材料、结构形式等进行分门别类。它的结构类型包括:实心式、悬臂式、锚杆式、加筋土式。挡土墙一般由墙身、基础、排水设施和伸缩缝等部分组成。挡土墙土压力包括静止土压力、主动土压力、被动土压力,需进行结构承载能力验算、稳定性验算。
2.1.1.3. 路基的施工
路基压实是路基工程的关键工作,影响压实的主要因素有含水量、土质、压实功、温度。
路基施工采用机械施工或辅以人工施工。施工要点如下:(1)边坡放样,树起标杆(2)斩草除根,陡坡挖阶(3)清淤排水,铺设盲沟(4)土质良好,清除杂物(7)削拍边坡,整型验收。
2.2. 路面工程
在路基顶面铺筑路面结构层,路基横断面沿宽度方向由行车道、中间带、硬路肩和土路肩所组成。各部分的宽度及组成与道路等级、设计行车速度等有关。路面横断面形式有槽式和全铺式。路面等级有高级、次高级、中级和低级四种。路面应保证具有下列性能:强度和刚度、水温稳定性、耐久性、表面平整性、抗滑性、环保性。
路面类型可以从不同角度来划分,从路面的力学性能分为刚性路面、柔性路面和半刚性路面;按照面层所用材料区分,可分为水泥混凝土、沥青、砂石,不同材料其设计参数、路面特点也完全不同。沥青路面使是用沥青材料作结合料粘结矿料修筑面层与各类基层和垫层所组成的路面结构。水泥混凝土路面有较沥青路面使用寿命长、造价低等优点。
2.3. 路基路面排水系统
路基路面的强度与稳定性同水的关系十分密切。
路基排水的目的是减少路基的湿度,保证路基常年处于干燥或中湿状态,确保路基路面的结构稳定。路基排水设计应遵循功能完善、自然和谐、维修便利以及造价合理等原则。它包括填方段排水和挖方段排水。
路面排水包括路面表面排水和路面结构排水。
3. 桥梁工程
各种桥梁造型精巧别致,将美学与工程技术完美的结合,看到巧夺天工般的各种桥梁,我们不能惊叹设计者、建造者的智慧。桥梁是供铁路、道路、渠道、管线、车辆、行人等跨越河流、山谷、湖泊、低地或其他交通线路时使用的建筑结构,它是交通线的重要组成部分。
3.1. 桥梁的基本组成和分类
3.1.1. 桥梁的基本组成
桥梁由五大部件和五小部件组成,五大部件:桥跨结构、支座系统、桥墩、桥台和墩台基础。五小部件:桥面铺装、排水防水系统、栏杆、伸缩缝和灯光照明。
3.1.2. 桥梁的分类
桥梁种类繁多,按结构体系划分,桥梁分为梁式桥、拱式桥、刚架桥、悬索桥(吊桥)、斜拉桥等五种基本体系。按用途划分,有公路桥、铁路桥、公铁两用桥、农桥、人行桥、运水桥及其他专用桥梁。按桥梁全长和跨径划分,分为特大桥、大桥、中桥和小桥。
3.2. 桥梁的总体设计要点
桥梁的设计根据其使用任务、性质和所在路线的发展远景,应符合技术先进、安全可靠、适用耐久、经济合理的要求,还应造型美观、有利于环保;同时应该因地制宜、就地取材、便于施工和养护等因素。设计内容包括桥梁纵、横断面设计和平面布置。设计程序为:(1)“预可”和“工可”研究阶段(2)初步设计(3)技术设计(4)施工图设计 。通过比较设计方案,选取最佳方案付诸实施。
3.3. 桥梁的施工技术
为了多快好省地进行桥梁施工,通常应对全桥的工程根据技术状况、水文条件、机械设备能力、劳动力等条件作出全面规划,包括拟定切实可行的施工方法、安排施工进度计划、确定合理的施工场地布置等,以便对桥梁施工的全过程做到心中有数,有利于加强施工管理工作,并有计划、科学地指导施工。
介绍了混凝土简支梁的制造工艺、各种运输安装方法、以及大中跨径桥梁悬臂法施工工艺。
3.4. 桥梁的基础工程
通过学习了解了桥梁基础的相关知识,有机会将加强对于基础部分的技术与施工问题的学习与研究。桥梁基础分为:刚性基础、桩基础、管柱、沉井、地下连续墙等。
3.4.1. 各类基础适用条件
3.4.1.1. 刚性基础:
适用于地基承载力较好的各类土层,根据土质情况分别采用铁镐、十字镐、爆破等设备和方法开挖。
3.4.1.2. 桩基础
按施工方法可分为沉桩、钻孔灌注桩、挖孔桩,其中沉桩又分为锤击沉桩法、振动沉桩法、射水沉桩法、静力压桩法。
3.4.1.2.1. 沉桩
(1)锤击沉桩法一般适用于松散、中密砂土、黏性土,根据土质情况选用适用的桩锤;
(2)振动沉桩法一般适用于砂土,硬塑及软塑的黏性土和中密及较松的碎石土;
(3)射水沉桩法适用在密实砂土,碎石土的土层中,用锤击法或振动法沉桩有困难时,可用射水法配合进行;
(4)静力压桩法在标准贯入度N<20的软黏土中,可用特制的液压机或机力千斤顶或卷扬机等设备沉人各种类型的桩;
(5)钻孔埋置桩为钻孔后,将预制的钢筋混凝土圆形有底空心桩埋人,并在桩周压注水泥砂浆固结而成,适用于在黏性土、砂土、碎石土中埋置大量的大直径圆桩。
3.4.1.2.2. 钻孔灌注桩适用于黏性土、砂土、砾卵石、碎石、岩石等各类土层。
3.4.1.2.3. 挖孔灌注桩适用于无地下水或少量地下水,且较密实的土层或风化岩层,如空气污染物超标,必须采取通风措施。
3.4.1.3. 管柱、沉井 适用于各种土质的基底,尤其在深水、岩面不平、无覆盖层或覆盖层很厚的自然条件下,不宜修建其他类型基础时,均可采用。
3.4.1.4. 地下连续墙
适用于作地下挡土墙、挡水围堰、承受竖向和侧向荷载的桥梁基础、平面尺寸大或形状复杂的地下构造物基础,可用于除岩溶和地下承压水很高处的其他各类土层中施工。
3.4.2. 施工方法
3.4.2.1. 明挖扩大基础施工
明挖扩大基础施工的内容包括:基础的定位放样、基坑开挖、基坑排水、基底处理以及砌筑(浇筑)基础结构物等。
3.4.2.2. 钻孔灌注桩基础施工
钻孔灌注桩的特点是桩长可以根据持力土层的起伏面变化,并按使用期间可能出现的最不利内力组合配置钢筋,钢筋用量较少,便于施工,且承载能力强,故应用较为普遍。 钻孔注桩施工的主要工序有:埋设护筒、制备泥浆、钻孔、成孔检查与清孔、钢筋笼制作与吊装、灌注水下混凝土等。
4. 学习心得
学习《道路与桥梁工程概论》这门课程,对于道路与桥梁有了更多感性直观的接触,加深了理性认识,得了许多道路与桥梁工程方面的相关知识,不仅对将来的工作有很大的帮 助,有些知识甚至能运用到日常生活中,这大大提高了我们的工程和人文素养,开卷有益,受益良多。
5. 参考文献
[1]叶国铮、姚玲森、李秩民.道路与桥梁工程概论(第二版)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2006.2
[2]应惠清、曾进伦、谈至明、魏红一.土木工程施工(第二版)[M].上海:同济大学出版社2009.9
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