有关物流的外文文章

有关物流的外文文章

In recent years， many newspapers and magazines focus on the activities of film stars， pop singers and some other famous men and women. Reporters disguise their identities， infiltrate the subject's business and family， or even bug and wiretap them——to get the news by whatever means are necessary.

It is not difficult to explain the reason for their surprising amount of interest in famous people's lives. They are in the spotlight， renowned or notorious， they are the topic of ordinary people who like to know everything about them. To satisfy their curiosity， or “the people's right to know”， journalists often find it their duty to report their activities.

More over， what matters to a newspaper or a magazine is the number of readers. A large readership means the rise in the circulation of their publications， hence a huge profit. Since film stars and pop singers are newsworthy figures， and their stories draws far more attention than those of other people， it is natural that the press tries to attract them to buy their magazines by featuring private lives of famous people.

How ever， those exposed people can be severely injured by such press attention. Sensational stories about their private lives cause great unhappiness to them. To escape reporters， they can't even lead a normal life. Sometimes their lives will be in danger. For example， Princess Diana died in a car accident as she attempted to escape photographers in a chase through Paris.

Famous people are also citizens. They have the right to keep their own privacy like ordinary people——the basic right which should be respected， protected and guaranteed by our laws in whatever circumstances.

求物流外文文献

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.

Mode
Main article: Mode of transport
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.

Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries
[edit] Human-powered
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: Animal-powered transport
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.

[edit] Air
Main article: Aviation

Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train
[edit] Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

[edit] Road
Main article: Road transport

Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport

Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil
[edit] Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.

[edit] Elements

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water
[edit] Infrastructure
Main article: Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship
[edit] Vehicles
Main article: Vehicle
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

[edit] Operation

Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13]

[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India
[edit] Passenger
Main article: Travel
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.

[edit] Freight
Main article: Shipping
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18]

Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

[edit] History
Main article: History of transport

Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

有关物流的英文著作

Korchina Logistics Group is a young and reliable Logistic Provider. Since established in 1994, Korchina has grown up very actively. Currently Korchina has 25 Logistics Branches over the worlds, 3 Airlines GSA offices and 4 subsidiary companies in field of Trading, Insurance Brokerage, Newspaper Publishing and E-Goods Maintenance Service. Also more than 500 Korchina staff is ready to serve you at anytime & anywhere.

Korchina Group’s Service Sprit is displayed in our Mott – We want to be your Logistics Solution. Korchina’s Logistics Consulting Team always provides you with Tailor-Made Service and optimum cost. We believe that our effort will become your satisfaction.

Korchina Group History

Korchina Group has very dynamic history. We started logistic business in 1994 under the name of Korchina Freight Limited.

Since 1996 Korchina has been appointed as an cargo handling agent of Global enterprise such as Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, KEC, Microchips, Fujitsu etc. At this moment we are working for over 2,000 large & medium size enterprises.

In 1997 Korchina has lunched Third Party Logistics with its Hong Kong Logistics. Hub. Currently we are operating 4 Distribution Centers in Hong Kong, Singapore Shenzhen and Shanghai.

Also in 1997 Korchina set up its first branch in Singapore, and then in 1998 we opened three China branches in Shanghai, Qingdao and Shenzhen. In order to organize great Asian Network, Korchina expedited to set up overseas branches. So Guangzhou branch opened in 1999, and Taiwan & Thailand branches in 2000.

In 1998 Korchina Group needed to cooperate with other logistics companies in Europe and USA and Korchina affiliated World Cargo Alliance which is Independent Forwarders’ Association. Also in 2001 Korchina has been registered as “IATA Approved Cargo Agent”. This means that our operation facility and manpower are matching with global standard.

Starting from 1999, Korchina has been elected as one of key support agent to Korean Air, and we have maintained “Top Ten Agent Award” for the last 7 years. At present Korchina Group is supporting over 20 international airlines including Korean Air, Cathy Pacific, Polar Air, United Air, Air China and China Airlines and so on.

With start of 2nd Millennium, Korchina Group took up establishment of much more overseas offices. So that Korchina opened Tianjin, Dalian and Xiamen branches in 2001, and Beijing, Ningbo, Yantai and Dongguan in 2003. Furthermore, we set up more Asian offices in Japan, Malaysia, Yantai branches in 2004, and Korchina Group explored USA, Cambodia, Suzhou branches in 2005.

At present of year 2006, Korchina Group has totally 14 branches in China, and 11 branches in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Japan and United States. Therefore, Korchina is acting as one of the leading forwarder in this region.

Service Scope of Korchina Logistics

Korchina has tried to provide total services to our respectable clients, and we are still expanding our service coverage. At present, Korchina handles all of logistics requirement, and your logistics dream will be converted into a real world. Our advanced service scope are ;-

 Logistics Consulting
 Airfreight & Sea Freight Forwarding
 Airline General Sales Agency
 Air & Sea Cargo Consolidation
 Warehouse Management & Inventory Control
 Domestic & Worldwide Distribution
 Container Drayage & Cross-Border Trucking
 Cargo Insurance Agency
 Customs Brokerage
 Worldwide Courier Service

Korchina’s Unique Logistics Solution

Korchina’s Logistics Solution can be represented in three key words that are Tailor-Made Service, IT-Logistics and One Contact Solution.

Tailor Made Service is that the customer’s demand turns into a real world of logistics flow. In order to design the Tailor Made Service, first of all, Korchina’s logistics consulting team studies production environment such as your manufacturing processing, product nature and production schedule. And then we review your supply chain of production material, delivery schedule, import & export cargo flow and your logistics requirement. When we successfully check all of production environment & logistics environment, then we can suggest Your Logistics Solution, that is Tailor-Made Service for only your company.

IT-logistics is to exchange Shipping Information through internet world. Currently Korchina Group has completed our own IT Platform including Internet Booking, Cargo Tracing, Web-based Inventory Control and Electronic Document System. Through Korchina IT Platform, you can monitor actual flow of your shipment whenever you want, wherever you are. If you assign Korchina to handle your property, you can be comfortable because our Cyber office is next to your desk.

One Contact Solution is to give you Easy Access to Korchina Network and Comprehensive Liability. Our One Contact Solution consists of One Network, One Payment Channel and One Responsible Party. Whenever or wherever you touch any Korchina Station or Global Customer Service Center, your shipping request will be in process smoothly. Our global networks will move your shipment safely and accurately, from origin to destination, under only one name of Korchina Logistics. This is the first step of One Contact Solution.

Also Korchina is willing to be a Representative for One Payment Channel and One Responsible Party. On behalf of you, we will manage your multiple logistics partners, according to your instruction. You can appoint Korchina Group as One Payment Channel of all logistics expense. Furthermore, Korchina will act as One Responsible Party of your logistic accidents and cargo claim. When cargo claim or unexpected shipping error happen, Korchina Insurance & legal service team will quickly take action to prevent your property. This is the perfect aspect of One Contact Solution.

Korchina Worldwide Network

Korchina Logistics Group has expanded its worldwide network to maximize the customer’s benefit. At present Korchina has 25 Logistics Branches over the worlds, 3 Airlines GSA offices in Hong Kong, Korea and Cambodia. Korchina Head Office is located in Hong Kong, and Head Office provides our branches with diverse supporting in Management, Financing, Accounting, IT Innovation and Cargo Claim & Legal Advice.

In Hong Kong and China territory, Korchina Group has been running 5 Regional Offices with 13 branches, that is, Bejing, Tianjin and Dailin belong to North China Regional Office. Qingao and Yantai belong to Shangdong Regional Office. Shanghai, Ningbo and Suzhou belong to East China Regional Office. Guangzhou and Xiamen belong to South China. And then Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Dongguan belongs to Greater Hong Kong Regional Office.

In South West Asia, Korchina Group manages its own branch in Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia. For the future 5 years, we will invest more fund and resource in this area. So this region will be Korchina Group’s next growth momentum, in link with Vietnam and India.

In North East Asia, Korchina has branches in Taiwan, Japan and Korea. These countries are well industrialized with Electronics business, and the 3 branches are strategically very important to develop IT related cargo market. Especially our Korea office explores General Sales Agency business for online & offline air carriers.

In United Stats, Korchina Group also expands its network. After opening Los Angel office in 2005, we are eager to increase Trans-pacific cargo from eastbound. We believe that Korchina will secure a new growth engine in this largest cargo market.

Korchina’s Today

Let’s take a look of Korchina’s current location.
We have 26 Korchina Logistics Global Branches, working in Freight Forwarding.
3 GCA Branches, acting as Airline’s General Service Agent.
And we have 4 subsidiary companies like
Korchina Insurance Agency, selling all Property Insurance Products.
Korchina TNC, providing Offshore Company Management & Trading.
Korchina Digital Clinic Ltd, Providing Home Appliance Repair Service.
Wednesday Journal, which is a local Weekly Newspaper.

As per business result of year 2005/2006, Korchina Group generated USD90 Million of Annual Sales Turnover and USD3.5Million of Net Profit.

Also we are proud of Korchina’s Working Culture. “Creative Mind & Innovation”, Korchina Group encourages all company members to have Creative Mind. It makes us review Trouble Shooting from different point of view. Further more, Innovation Concept requests us to change existing work procedure toward better efficiency & higher production. Korchina’s dream is to deliver “the best working formula” to you. And Korchina Logistics Group is always aiming Your Satisfaction.

Thank you.

急求物流外文参考文献,只需要题目、作者、出版社和出版时间,在线等!!!

[14] Frank Plastria,Emilio Carrizosa. Optimal location and design of a competitive facility[J]. Mathematical Programming, 2004,100(2):58-64
[15] Weixin Yao．Logistics Network Structure and Design for a Closed—loop SupplyChain in E．Commerce．International Journal of Business Performance Management，2005(4)：370-380

外文资料
Chain retail enterprises logistics operation mode selection decision-making Research
Frank Plastria,Emilio Carrizosa.
Chain operator, is the world's most important retail format, but also to the main force of China's retail industry. Logistics and distribution chain management has clearly become a focus of corporate management. At present, China's logistics and distribution chain operator mode selection relatively simple, uniform distribution is low, reaching less than scale. Distribution by many scholars to be in the process of distribution center location, distribution, route planning, inventory management, picking paths and other aspects of management information systems research accordingly, but to study the distribution pattern of chain enterprises and the choice is still very less, in fact, a large degree of influence of its corporate and distribution performance. In response to these conditions on the chain of logistics and distribution business model analysis and research and made the following recommendations:
(1) the use of scientific selection method, a variety of active research. Good million supermarket chains should be in the investigation of the environment, on the basis of their ability to use scientific decision-making methods, the optimal choice. In the choice of mode of qualitative plus quantitative methods can be fully considered.
(2) positive change in management thinking. Good thousand supermarkets should change the traditional ideas, large and small but complete, always witnessed and was not conducive to good development of supermarket chains million. Good million of their own needs should be based on the selection and development of current distribution model for their own development, and delivery mode with time and business needs change.
(3) for a wide range of cooperation, a good thousand chain operator to try to implement a common distribution with other companies, sharing of resources. The scale of the local supermarket chain is not large, the cost of self-built large distribution centers, so the small supermarket chain in the distribution should be positive with other retail chains to cooperate, the data show that the joint distribution allows the distribution 20% cost reduction. But this requires the cooperation of participating companies have a strong sense and spirit of cooperation, many enterprises in China, is not very strong sense of cooperation, which is required of chain enterprises continue to run through mutual cooperation, and ultimately achieve a win-win model.
(4) adopt a distribution model-based, supplemented by a mixture of distribution model. Distribution chain outsourcing companies is considered an inevitable development, but third-party logistics development in China lags behind, it will completely outsource distribution chain for some enterprises will encounter some difficulties. China's logistics enterprises are developing, but the chain operator can not wait for third-party logistics development in China. As the international division of labor is getting smaller, distribution outsourcing business for many companies to focus on their own is a general trend. Chain operator at this stage to consider the distribution of some specialized outsourcing in order to focus on their business enterprises.

from Press materials

连锁零售企业物流运作模式选择决策研究
弗兰克.埃米利奥
连锁经营企业是目前世界零售业最重要的业态，也是我国零售业地主力军。物流配送显然已经成为连锁经营企业管理的一个重点。目前我国连锁经营企业的物流配送模式选择比较单一，统一配送率低，达不到规模效益。应经由很多学者针对配送过程中的配送中心选址、配送路径规划、库存管理、分拣路径以及管理信息系统等方面作了相应的研究，但是研究有关的连锁经营企业配送模式及选择的还是很少，而实际上其很大程度的影响了企业配送绩效。针对上述状况，作者对连锁经营企业的物流配送模式进行了分析和研究并提出以下建议：
（1）运用科学的选择方法，积极进行各种调查研究。好万家连锁超市应该在调查分析周围环境，自身能力的基础上采用科学的决策方法，进行最优的选择。在选择模式时可采用定性加定量的方法，全面考虑。
（2）管理层积极改变思想。好万家超市应该改变传统思想，大而全，小而全，凡事亲历而为，不利于好万家连锁超市的发展。好万家应该在分析自身的需要和发展的基础上选择当下适合自身发展的配送模式，且配送模式可随时间和业务需求而改变。
（3）进行广泛的合作，好万家连锁经营企业可以尝试与其他企业实行共同配送，实现资源共享。本土超市的连锁经营规模都不是很大，自建配送中心的花费很大，故连锁规模不大的超市应该积极地在配送方面与其他连锁零售企业展开合作，有数据表明，共同配送可让配送成本减少20%左右。但是这需要参与企业有很强的合作意识与合作精神，在中国的很多企业，合作的意识不是很强，这一点我国连锁经营企业需要经过不断地磨合，互相合作，最终达到双赢的模式。
（4）采用以一种配送模式为主，一种为辅的混合配送模式。连锁经营企业进行配送外包被认为是必然的一个发展，但是中国的第三方物流发展比较滞后，故将配送完全进行外包对一些连锁经营企业来说会遇到一些困难。中国的物流企业正在发展，但是连锁经营企业等不及中国的第三方物流的发展。随着国际分工越来越细，配送外包对很多专注于自身经营的企业来说是一个总的趋势。故在现阶段连锁经营企业可以考虑将部分专业化的配送进行外包，以便企业专注于自身的经营。

源自物资出版社

急求关于物流的外文文献，最好是关于农产品物流的！

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.

Mode
Main article: Mode of transport
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.

Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries
[edit] Human-powered
Main article: Human-powered transport
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: Animal-powered transport
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.

[edit] Air
Main article: Aviation

Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train
[edit] Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

[edit] Road
Main article: Road transport

Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6]

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport

Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil
[edit] Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.

[edit] Elements

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water
[edit] Infrastructure
Main article: Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship
[edit] Vehicles
Main article: Vehicle
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

[edit] Operation

Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13]

[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India
[edit] Passenger
Main article: Travel
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.

International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.

[edit] Freight
Main article: Shipping
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18]

Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

[edit] History
Main article: History of transport

Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.