nature管理类文章

nature管理类文章

能在nature发文章。

nature研究即可以发表的系列刊物有：

研究刊物

我要一篇毕业用来翻译的文章,管理类,最好涉及危机管理,帮忙啊帮忙啊

Management of human activities is the most important one. Human society face a sharp contradiction : On the one hand, the availability of various resources are scarce; The other hand, Human desires are unlimited, will not remain at a level. Thus, by its very nature, is the choice to appropriate allocation, and full use of scarce resources to produce products, and allocated to the social groups and members to meet their growing needs and desires. From this view of the idea of management, we have a deeper understanding. The so-called management is to adapt the Organization external environment and internal conditions change, effective distribution and use of the limited available resources, integration, to achieve the stated objectives of the Organization of the dynamic creative activity. Such creative activities, including the integration of the target tissue. System, and market various aspects. 1, management innovation is the essence of traditional management theory that the management is through the planning, organization, personnel, command, all kinds of control functions of the play, and to guarantee social organizations in accordance with predetermined rules and the direction of operation. We think this argument has obvious limitations. not because the real nature of the management of innovation --- --- exposed. The so-called innovation, including its implications for several aspects : the development of a new process, the introduction of new things in the process, new things themselves. We start with the integration of resources management perspective. Any society organizations in the process of integration of resources encountered problems can be divided into two categories : Procedural issues with non-procedural issues. Whether the former or the latter, their proper management solutions must rely on innovation must rely on the main creative management, and put into practice. To the surface, procedural issues, As long as the main management in accordance with established procedures or to regulate the use of inputs and the allocation of resources needed to achieve the intended objectives. But if we start the selection process and change the whole process to observe, analyze, we will know. any of the procedures are now past the countless achievements of accumulation, and any procedure now is the starting point for future innovation. As for non-procedural issues and the management of the principal, there is no established procedures for the light, we must rely on their own creativity, discovered and the allocation of resources to implement the new programs and ways to achieve the intended goals. Its proper solution can only rely on the innovation of management. From the social system operation management of view. Any social system (social) are several subsystems (or elements) of a dynamic, open non-equilibrium systems. The so-called dynamic that the system of internal subsystem (or elements) is constantly changing, and caused changes in the overall system; The so-called open system and it refers to the external environment must be occurring material, energy and information exchange. The social system's external environment is constantly changing (this is well known), it is bound to the system's activity, activity, activity elements have different degrees of impact, Elements within the system is also changing. Therefore, the system does not change in a timely manner in accordance with internal and external requirements, timely local or global adjustment others may be ordered from the disorder and to change the environment out, or to change the internal elements would not tolerate. To meet this and outside the system and the changes in local or global adjustment is management innovation. From the social development management trends. As human society is about to enter the 21st century, Managers can not impose their own vision will be limited to the effective integration of scarce resources, More attention should be sustainable development ". As Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out : In modern construction, must take the realization of sustainable development as an important strategy. It is necessary to control the population, resource conservation, protection of the environment in an important position, so that population growth and the development of social productive forces which correspond to the economic construction and resources, the environment, achieve a virtuous cycle. "United Nations Environment Development Committee in the" Our Common Future ", Sustainable development refers to : not only satisfy the needs of the contemporary people. without right of future generations to meet their needs against the ability of the development. "This must rely on management innovation can be made : both moderate economic development, but also the eradication of poverty; It can be used to control population growth, the effective development of human resources; can extend the life of the supply of resources, and constantly open up new resources; protection of human survival environment, maintaining ecological balance; implementation of the fair and equitable distribution of employment and meet the basic requirements of life; to promote scientific and technological progress and risk control. Mankind is about to enter the era of knowledge economy, Knowledge and information have become the most important resource knowledge production and use has become a new industry of the knowledge industry. The value of intellectual capital has been higher than that of traditional funding The value of the time, managers of ideas is undergoing fundamental changes, Management of innovation will be more people's attention. In the new century, China must implement a comprehensive strategy of national rejuvenation through science and education and the strategy of sustainable development building with the market economy and the development of science and technology innovation system and the national knowledge innovation system, enhance our knowledge innovation capability and efficiency. in the management of work should pay attention to the innovation and the pursuit of new discoveries. exploring new laws, the creation of new theories, and create new methods, accumulation of new knowledge. With innovation is the practice of the launch of increased emphasis strengthen the growing process. Management Innovation by the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation motive drives. Management Innovation internal motivation includes the following aspects : first, the psychological characteristics. Maslow put people's need to be divided between a number of levels, and the first level to cope with the need to meet the specific objects of desire is infinitely more. Therefore, by physiological needs, security needs, social interaction, respect for the needs of self-actualization needs to have specific desires are boundless. This has become the people's pursuit of the meet to create new objects, to meet these endless desire of the everlasting energy sources. Secondly, realize the aspirations of self-worth. Innovation of the main achievements in the pursuit of self-realization of the value of aspiration on the moral responsibility of the community desire, but also strengthen their innovative impulses. Under the hierarchy of needs theory, the multi-level needs of a low to high strive to strengthen the process, physiological, safety, communication, respect for the basic needs met by stages, self-actualization needs will become more prominent. become the pursuit of innovation. It is hoped that the success of innovation gain a sense of achievement, to show their value thus been met. and the realization of self-worth is associated to society, to the strong sense of responsibility, This will be the main innovation of thinking of producing powerful incentive force, in order to promote innovation of this noble community, the organization's mission and unremitting efforts to carry out innovation activities. Management Innovation also has various external causes, This impact, inspiring innovation to the inner cause, a common role to play. to a specific organization, Innovation external motivation from the following aspects : first, social and cultural changes in the environment. people's values, interests, behavior, social groups, with the passage of time, are in the midst of change. This requires community organizations to act been adjusted accordingly to accommodate these changes. If rigid and conservative, will fall behind, or even be eliminated. Secondly, economic development and changes. economic development to the most direct impact on people's lifestyles, consumer choices, Calling for new consumer products, new services, new fashion, new models, new functional pursuit. This greatly promote innovative talent. development of the productive forces to satisfy the desires of the rich. Therefore, it requires continuous management innovation, to promote the development of productive forces. Third, the natural constraints. There is a growing attention to the challenges of the natural conditions, and the growing shortage of raw materials, increasing operating costs increase, and environmental pollution is worsening, the government of the natural resources of the intervention, on the ecological environment management has been continuously strengthened, these enterprises have formed tremendous pressure to force the management of enterprise innovation to adapt to a severe situation. Fourth, the development of science and technology. On one hand, Scientific and technological progress for mankind has opened up a newer and more extensive way. as the main management, It is the responsibility of continuous innovation, to guide and accelerate scientific and technological progress. the other hand, Advances in technology management to form a strong challenge : most of the products of the life cycle is shortened significantly trend; Information technology and increasing the proportion of trade; labor-intensive industries will face greater pressure, China's low labor cost advantage will gradually decline; circulation to a more modern way in the direction of evolution; to the leadership of social organizations and personnel structure imposes higher requirements. above, We have been asked to management innovation through innovation to meet the challenges. 3. management of the content of innovation management innovation is the creation of a new, more efficient resource integration paradigm, It could be an effective integration of resources to achieve organizational goals of the whole process management, it can also be a specific details of the management. Therefore, management innovations include the following aspects : first, A new operational ideas and effective implementation. Second, the creation of a new organization, make it function effectively. Third, the invention or the introduction of a new technology, and make it into practice. Fourth, create or introduce a new system. Fifth, the design of a new management style. Therefore, management innovations include the innovative ideas, organizational innovation, system innovation, technological innovation, management innovations with regard to innovation. among these are also closely linked. system innovation is mainly to resolve the property rights systems, and organizational forms; Technology innovation is mainly used a new method, the new process and new technology; Innovation is the main market for, and strengthen the new needs and new marketing mix; After all, These are to bring the various resources, and various production elements of integration " create new and more effective operational paradigm, in pursuit of a more efficient organization operating results. These belong to the actual front of the stated management underlying meaning. (1) technological innovation technological innovation, including new invention, the creation of new research results and the process it also includes a new invention, the creation of new applications and the implementation process, which also includes the results of new technology commercialization, Industrialization of the diffusion process that results from the new technology research and development and marketing as a whole. The process of technological innovation can be attributed to management problems. Further inspection technological innovation, we can see it mainly manifested in the elements of innovation, The combination of elements of innovation and product innovation aspects. 1. Innovation elements of the operation of a business process lies in the essential resources for reasonable allocation of its resources elements include materials, equipment, personnel and other categories. Therefore, elements of innovation including innovative materials, equipment innovation, human resources innovation. Materials innovation : opening up new sources of material; Development and use of a lower cost alternative materials; Improve the quality of the material; improved material properties. Equipment innovation : an advanced scientific and technological achievements for innovative equipment; Adopt new equipment to replace the original equipment. Human resources management innovation : from the outside constantly absorbing high-quality human resources, of the existing enterprises, training of staff to improve. 2. Combination elements of the innovation portfolio including elements of the production process and the composition of the production process. Technological innovation mainly refers to the creation of new processing methods and technological conditions. The production process is a combination of innovative research and refers to a more reasonable distribution of space and time mix to improve labor productivity, shorten production cycles. 3. Product innovation of new products including varieties, structure, the effectiveness of many innovations. Variety innovation requirements for enterprises to the changing market demands timely adjustments to production programs, development welcomed by the market, marketable product varieties. Innovation is through improved product structure is more reasonable and more to improve performance, the use of safer, more convenient operation. more competitive on the market. Effectiveness of innovation is through understanding the user's preferences, and use it as the basis for improving existing products and developing new products, so that their products can give users more satisfied, more popular with users and love. (2) system innovation and innovation is the introduction of the new system (the structure and operation norms), big like the entire country's economic system, small enterprises such as specific forms of organization, operation mechanism. Institutional Innovation virtually attributed to management problems. China's economic reform is to abandon the traditional planned economy system and the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system. This new system includes the following aspects : ① foundation -- change the operational mechanisms of enterprises. meets the requirements of the market economy clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of government from enterprises, and scientific management of the modern enterprise system; ② market system -- Establishing a unified market system, urban and rural markets to achieve seamless integration the domestic market and the international market mutual convergence of resources, optimizing the allocation through the market; ③ macro-management -- completely change the government's economic management functions, and establish indirect means. improve the macro-control system; ④ income distribution -- Establishing work with the Law of the combination, giving priority to efficiency, fair balance between the distribution system, encourage some areas and some people to get rich first, and follow the road of common prosperity; ⑤ social security -- the establishment of a multi-level social security system, promote economic development and social stability. As the market for micro-based enterprises to deepen reform, the introduction of a modern enterprise system, as a new institutional arrangements, its specific contents : ① clear property rights -- refers to the investor on the capital invested by the legal right of ownership, and the enterprises invested by the investor capital to the corporate property rights (this is by possession, use, beneficial, the right to dispose of transferring the right to a common form of empowerment group), to be a civil rights, civil liability of legal entities. ② enterprises have clear rights and responsibilities -- all corporate assets with the law on their own, pay taxes according to regulations. on the investor's investment commitments in space, value-added responsibility. The investor to put their capital to the interests of owners : beneficial assets, the right to participate in major decisions, Managers of the right to choose. Losses, and even bankruptcy, the investor only to the capital invested enterprises for the debts of the enterprises with limited liability. ③ separation of enterprises -- in line with market demand an independent organization of production and operation, to improve labor productivity and operating efficiency for the purpose, the government will no longer directly manage the enterprise, but the enterprise supervision according to law. Enterprises in market competition survival of the fittest, chronically loss-making enterprises to go bankrupt according to law. ④ scientific management -- implementation of a standardized corporate governance structure, the highest authority of the general meeting of shareholders, decision-making bodies to the Board, the executing agency for the management level managers, the supervisory authority for the board of supervisors, various scientific competence to set up and checks and balances. In the state economy in the strategic restructuring of enterprises and the establishment of the process, Reform has begun the most difficult stage -- property rights revolution, the new system of property rights arrangements for the introduction of economy and enterprises. In theory and practice breakthrough cling to the original title "limited understanding of the rights and property rights, from the investor derived from the ownership of the rights of the various acts sum; It is not limited to production resources, and refers people to have exclusive everything himself or others by profit or loss; property is divisible, realize the rights can be separated, the same property and property rights can be divided into a number of shares. Thus, Property transactions on the property rights movement so that the market plays in allocating resources based, helped by robust economic growth prosperous. Meanwhile, as the market's main operating mechanism of enterprises have experienced innovation as on their own self-development, self-restraint truly independent operators. Construction of the market economy as the foundation qualified. (3) organizational innovation economic organizations and social organizations are required as the situation changing innovation. In the past management theory, often enterprises as production function, thus organizational innovation as technical innovation. In fact, This understanding is the right of technical innovation activities of the organization, instead of organizational innovation itself. we focus more research to the organization itself can be seen in this organizational innovation : refers to the organization of regulation by means of trading, the means or procedures change. Such changes can be divided into two categories : One is not to change the original structure of the nature of the rules under the premise organizations metric Innovation; another one is the fundamental change in regulatory structure completely innovative. Management Innovation, through changes

求关于nature的英文文章

嗯，可以帮你一把~！

【参考文章】
第一篇
Caring For Nature
What is nature? It’s everything that exists in the world independently of people, such as pants and animals, earth and rocks, and the weather. Now more and more people are focusing on the nature. It is no doubt that the nature is important to every human being. No nature, no life. Because of the supplies of the nature, we have lived happily for a long time. And we started to gain every thing available from the nature. And this lasted so long a time. Today, people have discovered that the nature around is getting worse and worse.
What is threatening the nature? Air and water pollution, overharvesting of plant and animal species, overpopulation and so on. Overpopulation is the biggest source of pollution. Let’s take overpopulation as an example.
　　What does overpopulation feel like? When we move slowly through the city in a tazi. When we enter a crowded slum district. When the temperature is high and when the air is thick with dust and smoke. The streets are crowded with people. The streets seem alive with people. People eating. People washing. People talking. People sleeping. People visiting each other, arguing and screaming. People relieving themselves. People pushing their hands through the taxi windows, begging. People leading animals. People, people, people, people. As we drive slowly through the crowd, sounding the taxi’s horn, the dust, heat, noise and cooking fires made it like a scene from hell! I admit, frightening.
To the nature, overpopulation is a big problem. More people, more pollution. And the big population is threatening th
The rapid rise in world population is not creating problems only for the developing countries. The whole world faces the problem that raw materials are being used up at an increasing rate and food production can not keep up with the population increase. People in rich countries make the heaviest demands on the world’s resources, its food, fuel and land, and cause the most pollution. A baby born in the United States will use in his lifetime 30 times more of the world’s resources than a baby born in India. Unless all the countries of the world take united action to deal with the population explosion there will be more and more people fighting for a share of less and less land, food and fuel, and the future will bring poverty, misery and war to us all.
　　For most of the developing countries, it is a good idea to control the population growth. For example, China has carried out birth control for years. And this plan has a great effect on the world population.
If the population continues to increase, if the air and water continue to be polluted, if we don’t do something to protect wild-plant and wildlife species will be declining. Species and biological communities have difficulty adapting to change. Economic opportunities and the quality of life of future generations are also put at risk. By protecting nature, we protect ourselves.
Let’s unite together, hand in hand we stand all across the land.
　　We can make this world in which to live. Hand in hand. Control the population growth. Take good care of our nature

第二篇
Human and Nature
Nature, the environment which human beings live by, is magnificent and unique. There si only one earth with super living conditions in the universe. We should have cherished nature and preserved it. Conversely, however, we have been continually spoiling it, even to a shocking degree. Now let's see what we have dong.
Thousands of trees have been cut down per year, which has caused soil erosion. Hundreds of thousands of tons of CFCS have been left in the higher sky in the last decade which has led to the ozone layer leak above the South Pole that covers an area of that of the United States. Million tons of fuel containing nitrogen and sulphur have been consumed per year, which has eventually resulted in acid rain throughout the world.
Similarly, ecology has been affected as well. And considerable number of species have been extinct as the years go by many creatures which were common in the past are becoming less and less, even rare. The Tibet antelope, for instance, is a good example. Since the antelopes of Tibet have a part of fur on their body which can be made into a precious cape, driven by some lawless dealers many villagers killed antelopes excessively and shocking for the large suns of fortune. Because of this, the number of the antelopes of Tibet has sharply fallen from over one million to less than one hundred thousand. And what's more, the number has now decreased by 20 thousand per year. Qing Zang Platean, which was their homeland, is their tombs now.
This is how nature has suffered what we have done to it. However, nature and suffer any more. She lost her temper and could no longer possibly put up with humans. She gave humans harsh punishment, which she thought they deserved. The acid rain has caused the less of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertisation, soil is becoming more and more barren. The soil of many planes is now until for growing plants. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many stranger diseases. Those are all the punishment of nature to human's pollution. On the other hand, human being suffer a lot as well.
So it leads to a serious of questions--
Why can't we live harmoniously with nature?
Why can't we set a balance between human and nature?
Why can't we pay more attention to nature and try to reserve it?
Therefore, before we take immediate measures to do something, we should be aware of the fact that "Conquering the nature" will never be our goal, instead, we should take the nature as our intimate friend. Preserving nature is not only preserving our home, but the civilization of human community as well.

第三篇
keep the Balance of Nature
Everybody knows that the balance of nature is very important. Because the biology supply chain supports everything being ore,we should keep the balance of nature.
It is to be regretted that some people are ruining the balance of nature; they cut down the trees for profit, kill many precious a result,green-house effect is making the global warmer and warmer. To change this situation,I have the following two measures.
Firstly, the government should improve citizens`consciousness of keeping the balance of nature. For example, the government should tell citizens what disasters we will take if we continue damaging the nature.
Secondly, the government must consummate the laws and regulations to protected them from being can find a lot of precious animals and plants before. But we will never see them again.
Above all keep the balance of Nature,the earth will provide us with what we need.

第四篇
Protect Nature,Protect Ourselves
The preservation of intact ecosystems and natural unspoiled regions is among the most urgent tasks facing our generation. Its importance is primordial among the multiple imperatives that determine the future of a post-industrial society capable of ensuring sustainable development….
We can start out by asking ourselves how to justify the protection of nature, and why we must replace some biocenoses with human intervention, even though similar questions can seem inappropriate to any reader of this work. To protect our natural environment we must work for systemical cultural changes both big and small. There are many things you can do to help. No one can do it all, but each of us can do something. Here are some practical strategies for developing partnership relations with our natural world: at home, at school, at work.
At Home， we should obtain a list of environmentally and socially responsible companies from Co-Op America and buy from them. Recycle and reuse when possible and buy biodegradable soaps and pesticide-free s, use nontoxic methods of pest and weed control and use energy-efficient light bulbs and drive a car that has fewer emissions and better gas mileage.
At School, we should support Partnership Education that includes environmental education and ask our school district to replace diesel school buses with natural gas, or better still, with electric school buses.
At Work, we should adopt manufacturing methods to recycle materials and avoid waste and join environmentally responsible professional and business organizations such as Businesses for Social, the Social Venture Network, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, and the World Business Academy. We can encourage our workplace to conserve energy and water use recycled paper products.
By protecting nature, we are actually protecting ourselves since the nature and human are co-dependent.

O(∩_∩)O哈哈~，尽力了，采纳吧~！

nature 作文

People make friends with nature

Once upon a time , people didn’t kown the nature is important for us. We thought plants and animals is less important than people . But this answer is wrong . We did many wrong things for the other living things .For example , in 1850 ,millions of Pesserger Pigeon live in the USA. Every year, When the Pigeon flew north to spend the summer in Canada ,peopleKilled them quckily . At the end ,The Pigeon were nearly none left . The last Pesserger Pigeon in the world died in a zoo in 1914. Why did Pigeons die in this nature ?Because people killed them , people thought the animals died that they had meat to eat and skins to make a closeth .If the Pigeon live in nature ,I think people can make some medicine ,send a letter of the Pigeons. So all living things in this nature have their’s advantages .Befor we do anythings , we must think ice .

Today , We learn more about other living things . We know the plant and animal is useful for as the plants ,it has many advantages. Some plants for us can help me do somethings .We use wood and bamboo to build houses , We use other plants for food ,others to make clothes and others for medicine . If all the green plants die , Earth will bae a very different place .The air will change and neither animals nor people will be able to live in that air .People must look after green plants ,we can do little things ,we can put garbage in the midden .we don’t paly in the grass,we don’t make the air dirty .Although we are little child , we are able to make the city clean . Because Guangzhou is my home ,clean is our duty.

Most of people like keeping pets . We know some pets is people’s helper Like dog ,it can tell to people what things will happen . On 26th ,December,2004, the India ocean had a big sea ,many peole had dead in that trageby . But one child very lucky. He had one clever dog , when the trageby began , the dog help the boy to climb the mountain ,the dog ate the boy’s clothes ,ran quckily to the tall place .At last ,the boy maked friends with his dog , the boy very happy . Ha said to people : anilmals is people ‘s good friends .We don't kill them, Because it’s one of the important living things in the world .

People think , when we make friends whit animals , we will have a good time ,animal is a very kind things in the world .We don’t killed them , If we kill them , that is bad for ourselves .So today we must think ,how to make friends with other living things . This answer is very eary . I think if eveyone do a liitle things for the living things , do anythings thinks ice ,hand in hand to make a beautiful world.

Secondly, the earthquake, if we respect the nature, we can get the harmonious surroundings, If we donot respect the nature, like the typhoon. Firstly, we live on the condition that we can not leave the nature, the tsunami and so on. Fainlly. We can reduce the unecessary natural up, I think that people and environment should be in harmony as an anic whole.会不会不太符合初一， it will revenge our people by the natural my opinion, we should love and repect the nature like our families and home. There is no other place can contain us except the nature in the Earth, the water, the oxygen and the landPeople and natureMore and more people want to separate the people from the nature, they think that we can live without the nature. So they destory the nature, including the forest and the river. They built so many buildings in the surface of the Earth. Don't respect the ecological banlance

要交代明白。

无论记人记事，还是写景状物，一般都要交代明白时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果。

否则文章就不完整。

第二，线索清楚。

虽然观察的角度、记述的方式可以不同，但每一篇文章都应当有一条关联材料、统贯全篇的中心线索，否则文章就会松散。

第三，人称要一致。

无论用第一人称“我”记述，还是用第三人称“他”记述，都要通篇一贯。

第四，要有条理。

一篇好的论文，最重要的就是条理。

乱七八糟的文章，就算是字字珠玑、妙语连珠也不受青睐。

I sometimes stare at the sky and wonder why we have made such a mess of things. I wonder how we can tear up the seas and use up the trees all in the name of progress. It is such a tragedy that we are damaging things so fast and they will soon be way beyond is very sad to think future generations will not have the natural things to enjoy as we have had, and that they will be paupers when it es to the offerings of the natural , preserving nature is one thing ... appreciating it is quite another. There is so very much beauty all around us to see, touch, and hear. Nature is so miraculous because it is always changing. No matter how many times you look at something, it is always can set a sky aflame at sunset or magically transform a familiar landscape into a snow-white wonderland. It can paint a rainbow in the sky, paint beautiful autumn colors on trees, or paint a clump of daffodils in the grass with glow of soft can bring a lot of beauty into our lives. Nature has a way of affecting our moods and it can force us to change our plans. Nature is responsible for the sun, clouds, rain, and snow. When it is sunny and bright outside, we feel cheerful inside. When it is cloudy and rainy, we often feel gloomy. When there is a beautiful and starry night, the moonlight makes us feel we see the leaves budding on a tree or when a timid flower pushes through the frozen ground, or when we *** ell the freshness of spring, new hope will always e to us. Nature is truly an intrinsic part of our we wake and see a sunrise, when we walk and feel a breeze, when we gaze at the mountains and the splendor of the seas, when we see the earth renew its beauty at each season of the year, and when the stars shine at night, we should be so very thankful to the Lord for giving us all these wonderful and miraculous things. Learning to bee more aware of nature can truly have a good effect on our lives in the way we look at things and in the way we feel about is with much love that I dedicate these pages to a very special and wonderful person, Ginny Ellis. If it hadn't been for her, these pages would not be possible. I truly appreciate every beautiful poem that she has ever written. I thank you from the bottom of my heart, Ginny, for bringing so much beauty into the world.I would now like to share with you some of Ginny's and other poets verses and other things that capture Nature's moods and majesty. They may evoke some memories and dreams I do hope you will find something that you will of the authors are unknown but if you know the correct source of items listed, I will appreciate hearing from you so corrections can be made and proper credit given.够了吧，好像有点长

his is a nature park. it's beautiful. the sky is blue and the air is fresh. look! the elephants are drinking water near the river. there are many animals in it. the kangaroos are leaping over the river. wow! the monkey is swinging. there are o birds in the tree. they are singing. i see o pretty bears. one is snoring on the stone. it has a sweet dream. the other is playing on the happy they are! his is a nature park. it's beautiful. There are woods around are also many kinds of flowers, some are red, some are yellow and others are blue...

stantly caused by the destruction of the of all, the human huge unbridled deforestation and forest to decrease, which causes a lot of natural problems, such as soil erosion, desertification, dust storms... Human beings should protect the forest environment, thus preventing many natural , with thedevelopment of industry, to a large number of harmful gas emissions, lead to air quality drop, global warming, the atmosphere loophole, even causes acid rain. Human beings should be to prevent the harmful gas disorderly emissions, protection of natural disasters, beforehuman always appears to be very *** all. So I think that human beings should protect the natural environment, so as to reduce the occurrence of natural disasters. At the same time also to improve human natur

Everyone can do something for our ys,our school students prepare to hold an english show about protecting the do you know how can we protect the environment?First,we can use less example,we can turn off all the lights when there are none in the less electricis a good wayto prevent the ,we also can protect the forest can bring more free we can have fresh air and healthy , we can use both sides of g is a bad thing,we should we can use fewer paper cups and disposable are not only hit the trees,but also hit ,let us save the environment!We can do!

1. 做研究之前，必须想清楚：结果能不能发表？发表在哪里？ 2. 先把文章大框写好，空出数据，等做完实验填完空就可以发了；正所谓心中有沟壑！ 3. 在未搞清“写什么、发哪里、自己研究与同类研究有何出色之处”之前，就不要动手做！ 4. 继续去看文献，去想；想不清楚就做还不如不做！ 5. 要想这样做，就得先看文献！要知道如何把文章架起来、要知道别人是如何讨论的、要知道自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不同的东东或别人没有做过……这个过程就是阅读文献及思考的过程，这些搞清楚了，写就简单了！ 6. 要是先做事，做完发现别人做过，或无法用理论来解释，岂不是冤大头？

下面谈一下投稿的基本过程，特别是与Cell、Nature、Science、PNAS等影响因子比较高的杂志有关的一些技术性问题，也许可以打破其神秘感。

其实这些杂志的主编，编辑们都经常在介绍其政策，评审标准，过程，等等。

他们也经常来中国访问。

今天我来代替他们介绍一下。

一个系列杂志叫Cell、Neuron、Immunity…..等等，原来都是从Cell分出来的。

这个杂志的基本特点是它有一个非常强的编委Editorial Board。

怎样的人可以当编委呢？他们往往是有名的科学家，而且也愿意并能够非常快地对投稿做出评估。

这些科学家也经常被选来做评审reviewer。

大家都知道每篇文章送到杂志社后，都要请该领域的2-3专家看，并匿名写出评审意见给作者。

你不知道是谁写的，但这些专家会给你提出批评，哪些地方不好，哪些地方需要进一步做实验，怎么样做，这就叫杂志评审。

Cell、Neuron、Immunity等这些杂志的评审不少就是编委做的。

因为现在杂志竞争的重要因素是发表要快，而做编委的专家能很快写出评审意见来。

还有一个特点，Cell等杂志主编，编辑有非常大的权利，他们甚至可以象追星族那样去追科学家，去参加各种各样的科学会议，当看到你有非常重要的最新成果，他们会去竞争，会问你，你的文章写出来了没有，我保证给你多少时间发表，等等。

另一个系列是Nature衍生出来的，这些杂志的特点是没有一个编委，但有一个评审专家库， 也就是说谁来评审，不是乱选的。

这些杂志主编，编辑也有相当大的权利。

这些是什么人呢？他们一般是读完博士，然后到非常好的实验室做博士后，这些人也许自己没有做出什么特别重大的贡献，没有什么好的文章，但他们欣赏能力特别好，文笔非常好，写得又快。

你可不要小看他们，虽然自己没有做出什么伟大的工作来，但他们的思想水平学术水平都相当不错，看得多，写得快，Nature、Science的编辑大同小异，都是这样一批年纪不大的人，很活跃，经常参加各种各样的会议和活动。

Science杂志的编辑权利相对小些，因为他们还有一个编委会editorial board，有相当大的权利。

一般过程是，当你的文章送到Science杂志社后，编辑先做一个初审，看一下是不是基本够格，然后他还要把文章的摘要Abstract送到编委会的某一个人那里，认可以后，才可以拿出去评审。

两道关卡，大部分文章一下子就这样被砍掉了。

PNAS杂志是美国科学院院刊，文章有好有坏，院士自己投稿就不需要经过评审，叫做contribute。

院士原来一年可以五篇，后来减到四篇、三篇，就是院士自己写的文章，只要你投就给你发表，不需要经过评审，相信你是院士，投科学论文应该有责任心的。

第二种叫做Communicate，不是院士自己的文章，是你的文章，院士觉得你的文章不错，他来给你通讯，投到PNAS杂志，这文章要评审，但是评审专家由院士自己来选。

所以这个也不怎么样。

还有一种叫Track C，就象一般杂志，你只要投过去，然后编辑部来给你选一个院士， 由他来找评审专家，相对来说，这比较客观些，所以Track C的文章质量就相对好一些。

我不是说院士的文章都很差，但院士有特权，可以把在其他杂志发不出去的文章，投到PNAS上去，所以在PNAS上有很多不怎么样的文章。

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