cancers杂志官网

cancers杂志官网

不高。根据查询相关公开信息显示，underreview接受概率是百分之30，UnderReview的状态持续一两个月算正常。杂志（Magazine），有固定刊名，以期、卷、号或年、月为序，定期或不定期连续出版的印刷读物，根据一定的编辑方针，将众多作者的作品汇集成册出版，定期出版的，又称期刊，杂志的形成来源于罢工、罢课或战争中的宣传小册子。

手把手教你三步写好一篇不拿高分没道理的SAT ESSAY

sat考试改革 01 在准备新SAT写作考试时，无论是日常习作或是考试现场，考生首先要做的一件事都是仔细揣摩作者意图。思考作者是怎样在文中搭建论据论点，并最终为全文逻辑服务的。
而你行文时使用的论点应当同时满足两个条件，一是恰好能为作者的问题给出答案，二是在表意清楚的前提下尽可能地简明扼要，避免为了追求语句华丽而堆叠词句。考生需要始终记住的一点是，一个强有力的论点应当首先是为整篇文章逻辑服务的一部分，其次才是赢取满意分数的工具。
美国大学理事会认为考生在组织语言成文前应当考虑加入文章中的几点是：证据、有逻辑的论据和有说服力的文体风格。在修辞学上，以上几点都是成就一篇文章不可或缺的因素。
以美国大学理事会官网给出的例题为例：
prompt：
As you read the passage below, consider how Paul Bogard uses
evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.
reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.
stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.
Adapted from Paul Bogard, Let There Be Dark. 2012 by Los Angeles Times. Originally published December 21, 2012.
At my family s cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry we are rapidly losing night s natural darkness before realizing its worth. This winter solstice, as we cheer the days gradual movement back toward light, let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.
All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights. Today, though, when we feel the closeness of nightfall, we reach quickly for a light switch. And too little darkness, meaning too much artificial light at night, spells trouble for all.
Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical Association has voiced its unanimous support for light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels. Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep. Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression, and recent research suggests one main cause of short sleep is long light. Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets, notebooks and smartphones to bed, there isn t a place for this much artificial light in our lives.
The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world s flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. Simply put, without darkness, Earth s ecology would collapse....
In today s crowded, louder, more fast-paced world, night s darkness can provide solitude, quiet and stillness, qualities increasingly in short supply. Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life, and the chance to witness the universe has inspired artists, philosophers and everyday stargazers since time began. In a world awash with electric light...how would Van Gogh have given the world his Starry Night ? Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?
Yet all over the world, our nights are growing brighter. In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year. Computer images of the United States at night, based on NASA photographs, show that what was a very dark country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. Much of this light is wasted energy, which means wasted dollars. Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights. Even the northern lake wher I was lucky to spend my summers has seen its darkness diminish.
It doesn t have to be this way. Light pollution is readily within our ability to solve, using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights. Already, many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to LED streetlights, which offer dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted light. Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of their public lighting after midnight. Even Paris, the famed city of light, which already turns off its monument lighting after 1 a.m., will this summer start to require its shops, offices and public buildings to turn off lights after 2 a.m. Though primarily designed to save energy, such reductions in light will also go far in addressing light pollution. But we will never truly address the problem of light pollution until we become aware of the irreplaceable value and beauty of the darkness we are losing.
Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features in the directions that precede the passage (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.
Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard s claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience.

看完这篇文章，你也许会被Paul Bogard晦涩的行文风格难住，无法理解他究竟是怎么论证自己的观点 Let There Be Dark 。你破题的中心观点也许是Paul Bogard在本文中使用了一些事实来渲染情绪。这个想法看起来有点粗糙，但确实表达了你对文章和作者的理解。值得注意的一点是，这句话并不涉及你是否同意作者的观点，也并不要求你表达自己对黑暗的理解和感受。不同于2016年之前SAT考试中对写作的要求，新版写作的评分体系中考生本人的观点除了分析文章和修辞技巧以外，并没有什么发挥的余地。 第一步，简明扼要的论点 01 在准备新SAT写作考试时，无论是日常习作或是考试现场，考生首先要做的一件事都是仔细揣摩作者意图。思考作者是怎样在文中搭建论据论点，并最终为全文逻辑服务的。
而你行文时使用的论点应当同时满足两个条件，一是恰好能为作者的问题给出答案，二是在表意清楚的前提下尽可能地简明扼要，避免为了追求语句华丽而堆叠词句。考生需要始终记住的一点是，一个强有力的论点应当首先是为整篇文章逻辑服务的一部分，其次才是赢取满意分数的工具。
美国大学理事会认为考生在组织语言成文前应当考虑加入文章中的几点是：证据、有逻辑的论据和有说服力的文体风格。在修辞学上，以上几点都是成就一篇文章不可或缺的因素。
以美国大学理事会官网给出的例题为例：
prompt：
As you read the passage below, consider how Paul Bogard uses
evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.
reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.
stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.
Adapted from Paul Bogard, Let There Be Dark. 2012 by Los Angeles Times. Originally published December 21, 2012.
At my family s cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry we are rapidly losing night s natural darkness before realizing its worth. This winter solstice, as we cheer the days gradual movement back toward light, let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.
All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights. Today, though, when we feel the closeness of nightfall, we reach quickly for a light switch. And too little darkness, meaning too much artificial light at night, spells trouble for all.
Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical Association has voiced its unanimous support for light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels. Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep. Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression, and recent research suggests one main cause of short sleep is long light. Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets, notebooks and smartphones to bed, there isn t a place for this much artificial light in our lives.
The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world s flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. Simply put, without darkness, Earth s ecology would collapse....
In today s crowded, louder, more fast-paced world, night s darkness can provide solitude, quiet and stillness, qualities increasingly in short supply. Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life, and the chance to witness the universe has inspired artists, philosophers and everyday stargazers since time began. In a world awash with electric light...how would Van Gogh have given the world his Starry Night ? Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?
Yet all over the world, our nights are growing brighter. In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year. Computer images of the United States at night, based on NASA photographs, show that what was a very dark country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. Much of this light is wasted energy, which means wasted dollars. Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights. Even the northern lake wher I was lucky to spend my summers has seen its darkness diminish.
It doesn t have to be this way. Light pollution is readily within our ability to solve, using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights. Already, many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to LED streetlights, which offer dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted light. Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of their public lighting after midnight. Even Paris, the famed city of light, which already turns off its monument lighting after 1 a.m., will this summer start to require its shops, offices and public buildings to turn off lights after 2 a.m. Though primarily designed to save energy, such reductions in light will also go far in addressing light pollution. But we will never truly address the problem of light pollution until we become aware of the irreplaceable value and beauty of the darkness we are losing.
Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features in the directions that precede the passage (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.
Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard s claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience.

看完这篇文章，你也许会被Paul Bogard晦涩的行文风格难住，无法理解他究竟是怎么论证自己的观点 Let There Be Dark 。你破题的中心观点也许是Paul Bogard在本文中使用了一些事实来渲染情绪。这个想法看起来有点粗糙，但确实表达了你对文章和作者的理解。值得注意的一点是，这句话并不涉及你是否同意作者的观点，也并不要求你表达自己对黑暗的理解和感受。不同于2016年之前SAT考试中对写作的要求，新版写作的评分体系中考生本人的观点除了分析文章和修辞技巧以外，并没有什么发挥的余地。 第二步，完整严密的证据链条 01 你的论点应当是整篇文章的灵魂和支撑点，为全文的主体结构指定了方向。仅就上文提到的例题而言，仅仅摘录原文作为依据提供 动人的语言 和 有据可查的事实 是远远不够的，你还需要分析你自己的例子来佐证作者总领全文的论点。
在 Let There Be Dark 这篇文章的开篇，Bogard回忆了他在明尼苏达州度过的童年，他使用了 meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. 来形容童年记忆中天空的黑暗。
这是一段典型的、十分动人的文字。效用是可以迅速营造场景，同化读者的思绪，让读者从文字里感受到他脑海中再现的童年景致。他描述的场面被文字生动起来，并帮助读者感受到了几十年前，光污染还不甚严重时那个黑漆漆的曼妙夜空。而你可能也需要注意到Bogard使用了sugar这个词，与童年相呼应，强调了仙境的梦幻感。
需要再次重申，一定不要仅仅只是在文中罗列范例，相反，应当提出一个简单明晰的二级论点来总结你的废话。以上文举例，对于上一段我们着意分析的这句话，你可以这样在文中体现你的观点，即， The author uses powerful imagery that calls readers to imagine a vanishing world of childlike awe rooted in the beauty and mystery of the night sky.
你需要做的是重复作者说了什么，怎么说的，这句话的深意是什么以及这个片段是怎样与全文融为一体的。
而在考试作文提示(prompts)中提及的元素通常是最容易被考生化为己用的行文结构，如果时间实在紧迫，阅读全文有困难，也可以从prompts中敲定你的二级论点，你需要关注的是作者选择了哪些事实来支持他的观点，你的分析就应当主要围绕这些事实展开。
而往下梳理例题线索，我们不难发现作者使用的论据出现了导向分化，所以需要马上为这个现象做一个总结， Certain facts establish that the night sky is growing brighter and that lack of darkness has a negative impact on health.
最后，你需要关注的地方则是作者为什么选择这些论据来支持自己的观点，为什么又提到了健康而非只说美学这一个观点?他本可以简单的论证光污染使我们失去了美丽的夜空，但他又提到了光污染对健康的影响，那么根据这些证据判断，他的文章说服力是更强了还是更弱了呢?
这都是考生需要思考并融入文中的。最后，需要考生确保自己留足了时间来撰写一个说服力足够强大的结论，用以收拢前文千头万绪的线索文思。这一点说起来容易做起来却难，考生常常由于时间紧迫或是全局观欠缺等因素，在文章的最后只是简单总结了自己的观点，而忽略了一个点睛之笔对全文的升华作用。 第三步，无懈可击的结论 01 最后，需要考生确保自己留足了时间来撰写一个说服力足够强大的结论，用以收拢前文千头万绪的线索文思。这一点说起来容易做起来却难，考生常常由于时间紧迫或是全局观欠缺等因素，在文章的最后只是简单总结了自己的观点，而忽略了一个点睛之笔对全文的升华作用。
也许会有考生抱怨自己文采不够，很难在有限的时间里想出一个足够耀眼的点睛之笔，那么不如尝试使用一个总结段落来代替。相信我，即使文采不够亮眼，但总结段落的重要性是不言而喻的 这是一个让结论与正文粘合在一起的绝佳方法。
而对于例题来说，结尾段可以这样写： Bogard's essay called on powerful imagery of a magical childhood under assault from a flood of wasteful and unnecessary light. The mix of cold, hard facts with emotionally intense language builds to a whole that is stronger than the sum of its parts.

给爸爸的一封信

You Know Smoking Kills

Why Can't You Stop!

How To Kick It

By Tania A Prince

Illness And Smoking
It is estimated that approximately 50 million Americans smoke.

400,000 people are thought to die in America each year from smoking related causes. Yet even when smokers are presented with these figures they still smoke.

In the UK, it is estimated that 1/4 of the populace smoke, approximately 13 million adults. As smoking decreases in the older population the trend is increasing amongst the young.

Comparison of The Different Techniques For Stopping Smoking

There are many techniques available to help you stop smoking. But which of these is the most effective. In a scientific comparison of differing techniques used for stopping smoking (conducted by researchers at the university of Iowa, America), New Scientist reported that:

"Hypnosis is the most effective way of giving up smoking"

It is interesting to note that companies that produce chemical products, such as nicotine patches, also offer psychological help packages.

Physical And Psychological Addiction

When a person develops an addiction there are two components to it. One of these is a physical addiction to the substances themselves. The other is a psychological dependence. Surprisingly enough breaking the physical addiction with cigarettes is very easy. In fact if you think about it you sleep through the night for about eight hours without thinking or waking up for a cigarette. Yet when you are awake you may be a chain smoker, lighting one after the other. If the physical need was that great, you would wake up in the night. Any physical need dissipates within days.

Psychological need can go on for years. Hypnotherapists can eliminate with the psychological need.

Which Is The Most Effective Form Of Therapy?

There are many forms of therapy available today that all claim to help you give up smoking. The difference between them is the speed and ease with which they help. Another major difference is if they require will power in order to be effective. The most effective techniques do not require will power. Will power implies conscious effort. Habits and addictions are controlled by the subconscious mind. It is very difficult if not impossible to over power the unconscious mind by will power. A hypnotherapist works with the unconscious mind gaining its support. That is why smokers can generally stop incredibly quickly and easily when hypnosis is used.

Acupressure or acupuncture is also a technique widely used to help people stop smoking. It can be very effective. EFT, (Emotional Freedom Technique) is a very advanced yet simplistic form of acupressure. Used with hypnosis or by itself it can be extremely effective and fast in helping a person quit.

EFT can be used to address the psychological and physical parts of the addiction. It is such a simple technique that the client can be taught how to use it during the session and if they need to use it after, they have a back up tool to help them get the result they want, and stop smoking.

I worked with a client a couple of years back to help her eliminate a chocolate addiction. It worked really well. When I phoned her up for feedback some time later she told me an interesting story. Her husband had recently given up smoking using the will power method. He was driving her "nuts". So finally getting fed up, she said, "come on" and taught him how to do the technique. At first he felt a little uncomfortable, because if you've ever used EFT it is so simplistic you have to think "how on earth does this work", well after he got over that thought he said to his wife, "your not going to believe this but it's working". She told me that was the moment when it really sunk in for her how powerful the technique was.

Will Power Versus Smoking

No contest, smoking will win every time. Some people actually think they have used will power when what they have really done is called reframing. Reframing is when you generate a shift in thinking about something. Reframing is the basis of all therapy. The thing is you generally can not just tell yourself to think smoking in a different way. It's as if something has to "click" and suddenly you feel an automatic shift in your thinking.

A therapist who knows how to reframe, needs to get their timing right, but when you do the results can be spectacular. I generally do reframing whilst I'm using EFT it seems to work more effectively.

A client I worked with recently told me how he had made so many half hearted attempts to stop smoking, because he really didn't want to stop. He was only doing it for the other members of his family. He liked smoking.

After going to the doctor about a medical problem something clicked inside of him and he finally decided he wanted to stop for himself, for his health. (Note, he wanted too, but he still loved smoking)

Even though he wanted to stop, he felt envious of others who were able to smoke. He tried to reason out that other smokers also probably wanted to stop, but it didn't make him feel less envious, because it hadn't clicked, he still needed to make an effort to think this and if you'd really been able to listen to his thoughts you'd have probably heard a big ....but....(I like smoking...you don't really want to stop, you just don't want to get ill), at the end of that thought. Working through the problem, it also became evident that he felt great loss at the thought of never being able to smoke again. He felt a tight feeling in his chest. The question becomes what was he losing? The nice feeling he had when he smoked. The one that relieved the tight feeling in his chest. The tight feeling that wouldn't be there if he hadn't smoked.

Long Term Effectiveness Of Hypnosis

T Von Dedenroth found that 94% of 1000 subjects were still not smoking 18 months after completion of hypnotherapy. 1000 Subjects were used in the trial. (American Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy (1968)).

New Scientist, Magazine (October 1992)

A Personal Account, Stopping Smoking Using Hypnosis And EFT

".....(It's) normally such a battle with yourself (to give up smoking without hypnosis, but the) biggest thing I found was that I didn't think about them anymore. I had no cravings. I felt more confident and calm in situations. Before I had often felt anxious going out, but after the session I felt more level headed. Usually certain triggers set you off, (but) there was just nothing. Interesting thing was that the underlying reasons were dealt with, not just the smoking......It's just lovely ...even my health problems have sorted themselves out. My nails were always brittle and weak and always cracked- now they are a lot stronger and my lungs are better......generally overall I'm a lot better"

JB , Macclesfield

Why do people smoke?

This is a very interesting question. There are many reasons why a person may begin to smoke, these include: Trauma
Peer Pressure
Rebellion
Glamour

When people are under extreme stress they often look for ways of alleviating the anxiety. This can often lead to them taking up smoking. One client I worked with only began smoking in her forties when her husband was struck down with a major illness. She was under massive ongoing stress.

Stopping Smoking The Facts

Within eight hours

Oxygen levels in the blood return to normal and the concentration of nicotine is now halved

Within 48 Hours

Your sense of taste sharpens and nicotine is completely out of your body

10 Years After Stopping

The risk of having a heart attack has now diminished to the same level as a non smoker
[1]Before Dr. Luther L. Terry, then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued his office's first "Report on Smoking and Health" more than 30 years ago, thousands of articles had already been written on the effects of tobacco use on the human body.

[2] Tobacco companies had countered the reports--which purported to show links between smoking and cancer and other serious diseases--with denials and competing studies.

[3] So in 1964, Terry and his Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health knew they were stepping into a major pit of controversy when they announced "cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action".

[4] It was America's first widely publicized acknowledgment that smoking cigarettes is a cause of serious diseases.

[5] But the issue wasn't settled in 1964, nor is it settled in 1997, despite literally thousands more studies--and litigation that has forced at least one tobacco company to admit what some activists say they knew all along: cigarette smoke is hazardous to your health.

[6] More than 30 years--and more than 20 Surgeon General reports--later, the issue appears headed for settlement in the courtroom rather than the laboratory.

[1]30多年前，在当时美国的卫生局局长路德·L·特里博士发表他上任以来的第一份“有关吸烟与健康的报告”之前，已经有成千上万篇关于吸烟对人体健康影响的文章发表了。

[2]烟草公司对这些旨在表明吸烟和癌症以及其他疾病之间有关系的报告采取抵制的态度——予以否认，并提出分庭抗礼的研究报告。

[3]所以，在1964年，特里和他的吸烟与健康咨询委员会就明白了，在他们宣布“吸烟危害健康，在美国应引起人们足够的重视，有必要采取适当的补救措施”时，他们就踏人了一个争论的大坑中了。

[4]那是美国第一次广泛宣传，承认吸烟会导致严重的疾病。

[5]但是这个问题在1964年没有得到解决，在1997年还是没有解决，尽管确实又进行了数千项研究——且提起的诉讼已迫使至少一家烟草公司承认一些禁烟活动积极分子的说法，其实也是他们一直都明白的：吸烟对人体有危害。

[6]30多年以来，有20多位卫生局局长提出报告，此后，这个问题似乎是走向法庭解决，而不是在实验室解决。

So what are the risks? Here's what tobacco's critics say:

CANCER

[7] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says cigarette smoking is responsible for 151,322 cancer deaths annually in the United States. Most of those--116,920--are from lung cancer. The CDC says men who smoke are 22 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers. Women who smoke are 12 times more likely to die from the disease.

[8] Statistical studies have long shown that people who don't smoke live longer than people who do and scientists have seen statistically the correlation between smoking and incidences of lung cancer since the 1950s.

[9] But a study earlier this year by Gerd Pfeifer of the Beckman Research Institute pinpointed specific carcinogens in cigarette smoke that target parts of a gene already known to be prominent in some cancers.

[10] Pfeifer wrote in Science that cigarette smoke causes changes in the gene p53, which protects against cancer when normal but promotes cancer growth when mutated .

[11] Another study, published by the American Cancer Society, said that low-tar cigarettes offered no relief from the potential of cancer, and in fact were responsible for a type of cancer that reaches deeper into lung tissue.

[12] Other cancers are also affected by cigarette smoke. An American Cancer Society researcher reported earlier this year that smoking increased men's risk of dying of prostate cancer, while other studies have linked tobacco use to increased risk of other cancers, including throat, breast and bowel cancer.

那么吸烟究竟有什么危害呢?还是听听烟草批评家们的说法：

癌症

[7]疾病防治中心说，吸烟是导致美国每年151322位癌症患者死亡的罪魁祸首。这些死亡者中的大多数——116990人是死于肺癌。疾病防治中心认为，男性烟民死于肺癌的可能性是非吸烟者的22倍。女性烟民死于肺癌的可能性是非吸烟者的12倍。

[8]统计数据研究早就表明，不吸烟的人比烟民长寿，而且自20世纪50年代以来，科学家们通过统计资料，已经发现了吸烟和肺癌发病率之间的相互关系。

[9]而今年早些时候，贝克曼研究所的格尔德·普法伊费尔所作的一项研究确切地指出了卷烟烟雾中固有的致癌物，这些致癌物袭击的目标是一种基因的某些部分，人们已经发现，这种基因在一些癌症中很突出。

[10]普法伊费尔在《科学》杂志上写道，吸烟使p53基因发生改变，这种基因在正常情况下起着防癌的作用，但在发生突变时，就会加快癌症的发展。

[11]美国癌症协会发表的另一份研究报告说，尼古丁含量低的卷烟并不能减少患癌症的可能性，它们实际上是引起一种进入到肺组织深层的癌症的罪魁祸首。

[12]而其他的癌症也受吸烟的影响。今年年初，美国癌症协会的一份研究报告表明，吸烟使男性死于前列腺癌的危险增加了，而其他的一些研究把吸烟同患上其他癌症（包括喉癌、乳腺癌和结肠癌）的危险的增加联系到了一起。

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

[13] Smoking also has been linked time and again to cardiovascular diseases. Among these, the biggest killer is heart disease: according to the CDC, smoking triples the risk of dying from heart disease among middle-aged men and women.

[14] Studies also show an increased risk of death from stroke, aneurysms, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular illnesses.

RESPIRATORY DISEASES

[15] Smoking is cited as a risk for dying of pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. The CDC says people who smoke increase their risk of death from bronchitis and emphysema by nearly 10 times.

OTHER ILLNESSES

[16] A report recently published in the American Journal of Epidemiology suggested that smoking increased the risk of developing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by more than three times.

[17] Studies have pointed to smoking as a risk in vision loss among older people, mental impairment later in life, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.

EFFECT ON PREGNANCY

[18] Pregnant women who smoke can pass nicotine and carbon monoxide to their baby through the placenta. Research indicates this can prevent the baby from getting the oxygen and nutrients it needs to grow--potentially leading to fetal injury, premature birth, or low birth weight. According to the American Lung Association, smoking during pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 to 30 percent of low birthweight babies, up to 14 percent of premature deliveries, and about 10 percent of all infant deaths.

心血管疾病

[13]吸烟还被一再地和心血管疾病联系在一起，其中最大的杀手是心脏病。根据疾病防治中心的说法，吸烟使中年男女烟民死于心脏病的危险增至3倍。

[14]研究还表明，死于中风、动脉瘤、高血压和其他心血管疾病的危险也有所增加。

呼吸系统疾病

[15]吸烟被引证为导致死于肺炎、慢性气管炎或肺气肿的一种隐患。疾病防治中心说，吸烟的人死于支气管炎和肺气肿的危险比不吸烟的人高出将近10倍。

其他疾病

[16]美国《流行病学杂志》最近发表的一份报告表明，吸烟使人们患非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的危险增加了3倍多。

[17]研究指出，吸烟有导致老年人中的失明、晚年大脑损伤、早老性痴呆病和其他类型的痴呆病的危险。 吸烟对妊娠的影响

[18]抽烟的怀孕女性会通过胎盘把尼古丁和一氧化碳传给胎儿。研究表明，这会妨碍胎儿获得发育所需要的氧气和营养物质，这可能对胎儿造成伤害，引起早产或胎儿体重不足。根据美国肺器官协会的说法，估计有20％至30％的体重不足的婴儿，多达14％的早产以及约10％的婴儿死亡都是由于女性在孕期吸烟引起的。吸烟的母亲还有可能通过喂母乳把尼古丁传给婴儿。

SECONDHAND SMOKE

[19] The studies didn't just point to the ill effects of smoking on those who smoke--non-smokers, too, are apparently affected by the smoke from their friends, family members and strangers who light up in their presence.

[20] A steady stream of reports documented the statistical risks of contracting cancer or suffering from heart disease, even if you've never put a cigarette to your lips.

[21] The American Heart Association last fall released a seven-year study showing that never-smoking spouses of smokers have more than a 20 percent greater chance of death from coronary heart disease than those who have never smoked who live with non-smokers. That study gave more impetus to the drive to make workplaces and other public areas smoke-free.

[22] The effects of smoking are hard on the children of smokers as well, the studies say. Dr. Claude Hanet of the St. Luc University Hospital in Brussels, Belgium, said earlier this year that a baby born to a smoking mother "should be considered an ex-smoker",

[23] Hanet's study cautioned that cigarette smoke was more detrimental with decreasing age.

[24] And a University of Birmingham, England, study, published in the British Journal of Cancer showed a possible link between fathers who smoked and an increased incidence of cancels in their children, while studies in the U.S. showed a possible link between smoking and DNA damage.

被动吸烟

[19)研究不光指出了吸烟给烟民自己造成的危害，还指出了非吸烟者显然也会受到他们吸烟的朋友、家人或在他们面前吸烟的陌生人的伤害。

[20]持续不断的报告通过统计数字证明，即使你从来就没有吸过烟，也有患癌症或心脏病的危险。

[21]去年秋季，美国心脏协会发表丁一份历时7年的研究报告，该报告指出，烟民的配偶虽然从不吸烟，但是和那些与非吸烟者生活的配偶相比，他们死于冠心病的危险要高出20％。这项调查进一步推动了在工作场所和公共场所禁烟活动的开展。

[22]调查还表明，烟民的孩子也深受吸烟之害。今年年初，比利时布鲁塞尔圣·卢卡大学医院的克劳德·哈内特博士说，吸烟的母亲生下的孩于“应被看作是有吸烟史的人”。

[23]哈内特的研究提请人们注意：年龄越小，吸烟的危害越大。

[24]《英国癌症杂志》发表的一份英格兰伯明翰大学的报告显示，吸烟的父亲与其孩子患癌症比率的增加可能有联系；同时美国的研究则显示吸烟和脱氧核糖核酸受损可能有关系。

SECONDHAND SMOKE

ADDICTION

[25] Of all the diseases associated with smoking, addiction is perhaps the one that receives the least attention. But President Clinton declared nicotine an addictive drug last August. In March, the Liggett Group, makers of Chesterfield and Lark brand cigarettes, admitted that cigarettes were addictive and cause cancer and agreed to pay about $750 million total to 22 states that had filed suit to force tobacco companies to pay for Medicaid for smoking-related illnesses.

[26] Scott Harshbarger, the Massachusetts attorney general and president of the National Association of Attorneys General, told reporters that the Liggett deal "will produce information that indicates major tobacco companies were fully aware that the product they were selling is addictive, that the product they were selling had great impact on public health".

[27] Other tobacco companies are clearly none too keen on the Liggett deal. For them, nicotine remains what they call a harmless flavor enhancement.

烟瘾

[25]在所有和吸烟有关的疾病中，也许人们最容易忽略的就是吸烟上瘾。然而，去年8月，克林顿总统宣布尼古丁为使人上瘾的麻醉药物。今年（指2000--编者注）3月，生产切斯特菲尔德和云雀牌香烟的利格特集团承认吸烟使人上瘾并会引发癌症，并且同意向22个州支付总额为7．5亿美元的赔偿金，这22个州提起了诉讼，要求烟草公司向治疗与吸烟有关的疾病的医疗补助制度进行赔偿。

[26]马萨诸塞州首席检察官、全美首席检察官协会会长斯哥特·哈什伯杰对记者说，对利格特集团的处理“将带来这样一个信息，那就是，大烟草公司充分意识到了他们出售的产品会使人上瘾，他们出售的产品对大众的健康影响极大”。

[27]很显然，其他烟草公司中没有一家对利格特集团的处理感兴趣。对他们来说，尼古丁仍然是他们所称的无害的提味剂。

关于烟的英语文章

Why quit smoking?
Most people know that smoking can cause lung cancer, but it can also cause many other cancers and illnesses.
Smoking kills around 114,000 people in the UK each year.
Of these deaths, about 42,800 are from smoking-related cancers, 30,600 from cardiovascular disease and 29,100 die slowly from emphysema and other chronic lung diseases.

How do cigarettes damage health?
Cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemical compounds and at least 400 toxic substances.
When you inhale, a cigarette burns at 700°C at the tip and around 60°C in the core. This heat breaks down the tobacco to produce various toxins.
As a cigarette burns, the residues are concentrated towards the butt.
The products that are most damaging are:
tar, a carcinogen (substance that causes cancer)
nicotine is addictive and increases cholesterol levels in your body
carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in the body
components of the gas and particulate phases cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).
The damage caused by smoking is influenced by:
the number of cigarettes smoked
whether the cigarette has a filter
how the tobacco has been prepared.

Smoking affects how long you live
Research has shown that smoking reduces life expectancy by seven to eight years.
Of the 300 people who die every day in the UK as a result of smoking, many are comparatively young smokers.
The number of people under the age of 70 who die from smoking-related diseases exceeds the total figure for deaths caused by breast cancer, AIDS, traffic accidents and drug addiction.
Non-smokers and ex-smokers can also look forward to a healthier old age than smokers.

Major diseases caused by smoking
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death due to smoking.
Hardening of the arteries is a process that develops over years, when cholesterol and other fats deposit in the arteries, leaving them narrow, blocked or rigid. When the arteries narrow (atherosclerosis), blood clots are likely to form.
Smoking accelerates the hardening and narrowing process in your arteries: it starts earlier and blood clots are two to four times more likely.
Cardiovasular disease can take many forms depending on which blood vessels are involved, and all of them are more common in people who smoke.
Coronary thrombosis: a blood clot in the arteries supplying the heart, which can lead to a heart attack. Around 30 per cent are caused by smoking.
Cerebral thrombosis: the vessels to the brain can become blocked, which can lead to collapse, stroke and paralysis.
If the kidney arteries are affected, then high blood pressure or kidney failure results.
Blockage to the vascular supply to the legs may lead to gangrene and amputation.
Smokers tend to develop coronary thrombosis 10 years earlier than non-smokers, and make up 9 out of 10 heart bypass patients.
Cancer
Smokers are more likely to get cancer than non-smokers. This is particularly true of lung cancer, throat cancer and mouth cancer, which hardly ever affect non-smokers.
The link between smoking and lung cancer is clear.
Ninety percent of lung cancer cases are due to smoking.
If no-one smoked, lung cancer would be a rare diagnosis - only 0.5 per cent of people who've never touched a cigarette develop lung cancer.
One in ten moderate smokers and almost one in five heavy smokers (more than 15 cigarettes a day) will die of lung cancer.
The more cigarettes you smoke in a day, and the longer you've smoked, the higher your risk of lung cancer. Similarly, the risk rises the deeper you inhale and the earlier in life you started smoking.
For ex-smokers, it takes approximately 15 years before the risk of lung cancer drops to the same as that of a non-smoker.
If you smoke, the risk of contracting mouth cancer is four times higher than for a non-smoker. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips.
Other types of cancer that are more common in smokers are:
bladder cancer
cancer of the oesophagus
cancer of the kidneys
cancer of the pancreas
cervical cancer

Other risks caused by smoking
Smoking raises blood pressure, which can cause hypertension (high blood pressure) - a risk factor for heart attacks and stroke.
Couples who smoke are more likely to have fertility problems than couples who are non-smokers.
Smoking worsens asthma and counteracts asthma medication by worsening the inflammation of the airways that the medicine tries to ease.
The blood vessels in the eye are sensitive and can be easily damaged by smoke, causing a bloodshot appearance and itchiness.
Heavy smokers are twice as likely to get macular degeneration, resulting in the gradual loss of eyesight.
Smokers run an increased risk of cataracts.
Smokers take 25 per cent more sick days year than non-smokers.
Smoking stains your teeth and gums.
Smoking increases your risk of periodontal disease, which causes swollen gums, bad breath and teeth to fall out.
Smoking causes an acid taste in the mouth and contributes to the development of ulcers.
Smoking also affects your looks: smokers have paler skin and more wrinkles. This is because smoking reduces the blood supply to the skin and lowers levels of vitamin A.

Smoking and impotence
For men in their 30s and 40s, smoking increases the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) by about 50 per cent.
Erection can't occur unless blood can flow freely into the penis, so these blood vessels have to be in good condition.
Smoking can damage the blood vessels and cause them to degenerate: nicotine narrows the arteries that lead to the penis, reducing blood flow and the pressure of blood in the penis.
This narrowing effect increases over time, so if you haven't got problems now, things could change later.
Erection problems in smokers may be an early warning signal that cigarettes are already damaging other areas of the body - such as the blood vessels that supply the heart.

Smoking and others
There are many health-related reasons to give up cigarettes - not just for smokers, but to protect those around you.
Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to be born prematurely and with a low birth weight.

Passive smoking
The 'side-stream' smoke that comes off a cigarette between puffs carries a higher risk than directly inhaled smoke.
Children who grow up in a home where one or both of their parents smoke have twice the risk of getting asthma and asthmatic bronchitis. They also have a higher risk of developing allergies.
Infants under two years old are more prone to severe respiratory infections and cot death.
For adults, passive smoking seems to increase the risk of lung cancer, but the evidence for an increased risk of heart disease is not yet conclusive.

Thinking about quitting?
As well as reducing your risk of getting a smoking-related illness, there are other benefits to quitting smoking.
General health improves - tiredness and headaches can be linked to smoking.
Your sense of taste and smell improve.
Your heart will be less strained and work more efficiently.
Stopping smoking is the single biggest thing you can do to improve your health, but it's a difficult task.
Smokers who are trying to kick their habit may be disappointed to find there's no single quit method that guarantees success.
The weight of evidence suggests that smokers should set a date to stop, and do their best to quit completely from this point.
On average it takes four to five attempts to give up, and there are a number of things that can help willpower:
nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) in the form of gum, skin patches or nasal spray
Zyban (bupropion) is a medicine that's licensed to help smoking cessation
behaviour modification programmes
alternative therapies such as acupuncture and hypnosis.

cancers参考文献格式

文献格式:[序号]前3位作者名.文题[J].杂志名称，年份，卷（期）：起页-止页
比如KobayashiH,OoiH,YamadaY,A125levelbeforethedevelopmentofovariancancer[J].IntJGynaecolObstet，2007，99(2):95-99.