无线通信5g介绍英文论文

无线通信5g介绍英文论文

　　5G通信是未来移动通信系统一个新的发展方向，当前这种技术还不是很成熟，处于探索和研发阶段。下面是我带来的关于5g通信技术论文的内容，欢迎阅读参考!

　　5g通信技术论文篇一：《5G无线通信通信系统的关键技术分析》
　　摘要：5G无线通信是未来移动通信系统一个新的发展方向，当前这种技术还不是很成熟，处于探索和研发阶段。笔者在对5G无线通信技术系统进行简要介绍的基础之上，重点针对了5G无线通信系统的大规模MIMO 技术、超密集异构 网络技术 和全双工技术进行论述。

　　关键词：5G无线通信大规模MIMO 技术全双工技术超密集异构网络

　　引言：

　　经过了几十年的发展，移动通信使得人们生活和工作得到了翻天覆地的变化。当今已进入了信息化发展的新时代，由于移动终端越来越普及，使得多媒体数据业务的需求量极具增长。可以预测到，移动通信网络将在2020年增长1000倍的容量和100倍的连接数，众多的用户接入以及很低的营运成本的需求也会随之出现。因此，对5G 无线网络 技术的研究就显得格外重要。鉴于此，笔者希望本文的论述能够对5G无线通信网络技术的研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。

　　一、5G无线通信系统概述

　　5G无线通信和4G相比具有更高的传输速率，其覆盖性能、传输时延以及用户体验方面比4G更加良好，5G通信和4G通信之间有效的结合将贵构成一个全新的无线移动通信网络促进其进一步扩展。当前国内外对5G无线通信技术的研究已经进入到了深入时期，如2013年欧盟建立的5G研研发项目METIS(mobile and wireless communications enablers for the 2020 information society)项目，中国和韩国共同建立的5G技术论坛以及我国的813计划研发工程的启动。

　　由此可以看出5G无线通信是移动互联网在外来发展的最为重要的驱动力，将对移动互联网作为未来新兴业务的基础平台起到了重要的推动作用。而当前在互联网进行的各种业务大多都是通过无线传播的方式进行，而5G技术对这种传输的效率和传输质量提出了更高的要求。而将5G通信系统和 其它 通信系统进行有效的结合以及无缝的对接是5G无线通信技术研究的主要方向和目标。因此，在5G无线蓬勃发展的今天，其技术的发展主要呈现出以下特点：

　　首先，5G通信技术系统更加注重用户体验，而良好的用户体验主要是以传输时延、3D交互游戏为主要支撑来实现。

　　其次，5G无线通信系统以多点和多用户协作的网络组织是其与与其它通信系统相比最为明显的特点和优势，这种网络组织系统使得系统整体的性能得到了极大的提升。

　　再次，5G无线通信系统和其它通信系统相比应用到了较多的高端频谱，但是高端频谱无线电波穿透能力有限，因此，有线和无线相结合是系统采取的最为普遍的组成形式。

　　二、5G无线通信通信系统的关键技术

　　(一)大规模MIMO 技术

　　1技术分析

　　在多种无线通信系统中已经普遍采用了多天线技术，这种技术能够有效的提升通信系统的频谱效率，例如，3G系统、LTE、LTE-A、WLAN 等.频谱效率是随着天线数量的增多而效率随之提高。MIMO信道容量的增加和收发天线的数量呈现出近似线性的关系，因此在5G无线系统内采取较多数量的天线是为了有效的提高系统容量。但是当前系统收发终端配备的收发天线数量不多，这是由于天线数量的增多使得系统的空间容量会被压缩，并且多数量天线技术复杂所造成的。

　　但是，大规模MIMO 技术的优势还是非常明显的，主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，大规模MIMO分辨率更强，能够更加深入挖掘到空间维度资源，从而使得多个用户能够在大规模MIMO的基站平台上实现同一频率资源的同时通信，因此，使得能够实现小规模数量基站的前提下高频谱的信息传输。其次，大规模 MIMO抗干扰性能强，这是由于其能够将波束进行集中。再次，能够极大程度的降低发射功率，提高发射效率。

　　2我国的研究和应用现状

　　我国对大规模MIMO 技术的研究主要是集中在信道模、信道容量以及传输技术等方面，在理论模型和实测模型方面的研究比较少，公认的信道模型当前还没有建立起来，而且传输方案都是采用TTD系统，用户数量少于基站数量使得导频数和用户数呈现出线性增长的关系。除此之外采用矩阵运算等非常复杂的运算技术来进行信号检测和信息编码。因此，我国要充分挖掘MIMO 技术的内在优势，结合实际来对通信信道模型进行深入的研究，并且在频谱效率、无线传输 方法 、合资源调配方法等方面应当进行更多的有效分析和研究。

　　(二)全双工技术

　　所谓全双工技术就是指信息的同时传输和同频率传输的一种通信技术。由于无线网络通信系统在信息传输过程中传输终端和接受终端存在一种固有的信号自干扰。全双工计划苏能够充分的提高频率利用率，以实现多频率的信息的信息传输，从而改变了一般通信系统不能够实现同频率和双向传输的技术现状，因此这种技术已经成为无线通信技术当前研究的一个重要的关键点。这种技术应用在5G无线通信系统中能够实现无线频谱资源得到充分的挖掘和利用。当前5G无线通信系统由于接受信号的终端和发射信号的终端频率之间存在着较大的差异，使得其产生自干扰的现象比较突出，是5G无线通信技术发展的一个主要瓶颈，因此，全双工技术在5G无线通信系统内有效的应用使得信号自干扰的问题能够通过相互抵消的方式得到有效的解决。通过模拟端干扰抵消、对已知的干扰信号的数字端干扰抵消等各种新的干扰技术的发展以及这些技术的有效结合使得极大多数信号之间的自干扰现象都基本上得到了有效的抵消。

　　(三)超密集异构网络技术

　　5G无线通信通信系统不仅包括无线传输技术，而且也包括后续演化的无线接入技术，因此，5G网络系统就是各种无线接入技术，例如，5G，4G，LTE， UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system)以及wireless fidelity等技术共同组成的通信系统，在系统内部，宏站和小站共同存在，例如，Micro，Pico，Relay以及Femot等多层覆盖的异构网络。在异构网络内部，运营商和用户共同部署基站，而用户部署的主要是一些功率较低的小站，并且节点的类型也比较多使得网络拓扑变得相当复杂。并且由于异构网络网络基站的密集程度较高，因此其网络节点和用户终端之间的距离就更为接近，使得功率的效率和频谱的效率以及网络系统容量等方面比一般通信网络系统更为优良。

　　虽然这种技术应用于5G无线网络通信系统中有着非常良好的发展前景，但是也存在着一些缺陷，这种缺陷主要表现在以下几个方面：首先，由于节点之间比较密集使得节点之间的距离相应就比较短，这样就会造成系统内会存在同种无线接入技术之间的同频干扰的现象以及不同无线接入技术在共享频谱之间分层干扰的现象，这种问题的解决有赖于对5G无线通信网络系统进一步的深入研究。其次，由于系统内存在着大量的用户部署的节点，使得拓扑以及干扰图样呈现出范围较大的动态变化。因此，要加强应对这种动态变化的相关技术的研究。

　　结束语

　　5G无线网络系统的建立是建立在现有无线网络技术的进步以及新的无线接入技术的研发的基础之上，通过5G无线网络技术的进一步发展，将会在未来极大的拓展移动通信业务的应用领域和应用范围。

　　参考文献

　　[1]石炯.5G移动通信及其关键技术发展研究[J].石家庄学院学报，2015(06)

　　[2]尤肖虎.5G移动通信发展趋势与若干关键技术[J]中国科学，2014(05).

　　[3]杨绿溪.面向5G无线通信系统的关键技术综述[J]。东南大学学报，2015(09).
　　5g通信技术论文篇二：《试谈5G移动通信发展现状及其关键技术》
　　【摘要】 第5代移动通信(5G)是面向2020年以后的新一代移动通信系统，其愿景和需求已逐步得以确立，但相关技术发展目前仍处于探索阶段。本文简单介绍了5G移动通信的发展前景;概述了国内外5G移动通信的发展现状及相关研发单位和组织的学术活动;重点针对5G移动通信中富有发展前景的若干项关键技术做了详细的阐述，包括Massive MIMO、超密集异构网络、毫米波技术、D2D通信、全双工无线传输、软件定义网络、网络功能虚拟化和自组织网络等。

　　【关键词】 5G 发展现状 关键技术

　　前言

　　社会的进步，使人与人、人与万物的交集越来越大，人们对通信技术的需求和更优性能的追求在当今变得更加迫切。无论是在移动通信起步的伊始，还是迅速发展的当下，人们对移动通信的追求都是更快捷，更低耗，更安全。第五代移动通信为满足2020年以后的通信需求被提出，现今受到无数学人的关注。

　　第5代移动通信(fifth generation mobile communication network，5G)作为新一代的移动通信肩负着演进并创新现有移动通信的使命。它主要通过在当今无线通信技术的基础上演进并开发新技术加以融合从而构建长期的网络社会，是新、旧无线接入技术集成后方案总称，是一种真正意义上的融合网络。

　　一、5G发展现状

　　移动通信界，每一代的移动无线通信技术，从最开始的愿景规划，到技术的研发，标准的制定，商业应用直至其升级换代大致周期都是十年。每一次的周期伊始，谁能抢占技术高地，更早的谋划布局，谁就能在新一轮‘通信大洗牌’中获得领先优势。我国在5G之前的全球通信竞备中一直是落后或慢于发达国家的发展速度，因而在新一轮5G通信的竞备中国家是非常重视并给予了大力支持。2013年初，我国便成立了专项面对5G移动通信研究与发展的IMT-2020推进组，迅速明确了5G移动通信的愿景，技术需求，应用规划。2013年6月，国家863计划启动了5G移动通信系统先期研究一期重大项目。令人振奋的是2016年伊始，我国正式启动5G技术试验，这是我国通信业同国际同步的一个重要信号。

　　同样2013年以来，欧盟、韩国等国家与地区也成立相关组织并启动了针对5G的相关重大的科研计划[1]：1)METIS是欧盟第七框架计划中的一部分，项目研究组由爱立信、法国电信及欧洲部分学术机构共29个成员组成，旨在5G的愿景规划，技术研究等。2)5G PPP是由政府(欧盟)出资管理项目吸引民间企业与组织参加，其机制类似于我国的重大科技专项，计划发展800个成员，包括ICT的各个领域。3)5G Forum是由韩国发起的5G组织，成员涵盖政府，产业，运营商和高校，主要愿景是引领和推进全球5G技术。

　　二、5G关键技术

　　结合当前移动通信的发展势头来看，5G移动通信关键技术的确立仍需要进一步的考量和市场实际需求的检验。未来的技术竞争中哪种技术能更好的适应并满足消费者的需求，谁能够在各项技术中脱颖而出，现阶段仍然不能明确的确立。但结合当前移动通信网络的应用需求和对未来5G移动通信的一些展望，不难从诸多技术中 总结 出几项富有发展和应用前景的关键性技术[1]。

　　2.1 Massive MIMO

　　MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)技术其实在5G之前的通信系统中已经得到了一些应用，可以说它是一种作为提高系统频谱效率和传输可靠性的有效手段。但因天线占据空间问题、实现复杂度大等一系列条件的制约，导致现有MIMO技术应用中的收发装置所配置的天线数量偏少。但在Massive MIMO中，将会对基站配置数目相当大的天线，将把现阶段的天线数量提升一到两个数量级。它所带来的巨大的容量和可靠性吸引了大量通信研究人员的眼球，彰显了该技术的优越性。

　　它的应用能够给我们带来的好处是：1)较于以往的多入多出系统，Massive MIMO可以加大对空间维度资源的利用，为系统提供更多的空间自由度。2)因其系统架构的优越性，可以做到降干扰、提升功率效率等。

　　同时它也存在着一系列问题：1)因缺乏大量理论建模、实测建模方面工作的支撑，当前没有认可度较高的信道模型。2)在获取信道信息时的开销要依靠信道互易性来降低，但是当前的假定方案中使用比较多的是TDD系统，且用户均为单天线，与基站天线数量相比明显不足，当用户数量增加时则会致使导频数量线性增加，冗余数据剧增。3)当前Massive MIMO面对的瓶颈问题主要是导频污染。

　　Massive MIMO在5G移动通信中的应用可以说是被寄予厚望，它将是5G区别以往移动通信的主要核心技术之一。

　　2.2 超密集异构网络

　　应5G网络发展朝着多元、综合、智能等方向发展的要求，同时随着智能终端的普及，数据流的爆炸式增长将逐步彰显出来，减小小区半径、增加低功率节点数等举措将成为满足5G发展需求并支持愿景中提到的网络流量增长的核心技术之一。超密集组网的组建将承担5G网络数据流量提高的重任。未来无线网络中，在宏站覆盖范围内，无线传输技术中的各种低功率的节点密度将会是现有密度5-15倍，站点间的距离将缩小到10米以内，站点与激活用户甚至能够做到一对一的服务，从而形成超密集异构网络[2]。超密集异构组网中，网络的密集化的构造拉近了节点与终端的距离，从而使功率效率和频谱效率加以提升，并且可以让系统容量得到巨幅提升。

　　2.3毫米波技术

　　在5G网络中，与即将面对的巨大的业务需求相冲突的是传统移动通信频谱资源已趋于饱和。如何将移动通信系统部署在6GHz以上的毫米波频段正成为业界广泛研究的课题。相比于传统移动通信频谱的昂贵授权费，MMW频段中包含若干免费频段，这使得其使用成本可能会降低。MMW频谱资源极为丰富可以寻找到带宽为数百兆甚至数千兆的连续频谱，连续频谱部署在降低部署成本的同时也提高了频谱的使用率[3]。 　　2.4 D2D通信

　　在未来5G网络中，无论是网络的容量还是对频谱资源的利用率上都将会得到很大空间的提升，丰富的信道模式以及出色的用户体验也将成为5G重要的研发着力点。D2D通信具有潜在的提升系统性能，增强用户体验，减轻基站压力，提高频谱利用率等前景，因而它也是未来5G网络的关键技术之一。

　　D2D通信是一种在蜂窝系统架构下的近距离数据直接传输技术。用户之间使用的智能终端可以在不经基站转发的情况下直接传输会话数据，且相关的控制信号仍由蜂窝网络负责。这种新型传输技术让终端可以借助D2D在网络覆盖盲区实现端到端甚至接入蜂窝网络，从而实现通信功能。

　　2.5全双工无线传输

　　全双工无线传输是区别于以往同一时段或同一频率下只能单向传输的一种通信技术。能够实现双向同时段、同频传输的全双工无线传输技术在提升频谱利用率上彰显出其优越性，它能够使频谱资源的利用趋于灵活化。全双工无线传输技术为5G系统挖掘无线频谱资源提供了一种很好的手段，使其成为5G移动通信研究的又一个 热点 技术。

　　同样，在全双工无线传输技术的应用上也有很多阻力因素：同频、同时段的传输，在接收端和发射端的直接功率差异是非常大的，会产生严重自干扰。而且全双工技术在同其他5G技术融合利用时，特别是在Massive MIMO条件下的性能差异现在还缺乏深入的理论分析[4]。

　　2.6软件定义网络(SDN)与网络功能虚拟化(NFV)

　　SDN技术是源于Internet的一种新技术。该技术的思路是将网络控制功能从设备上剥离，统一交由中心控制器加以控制，从而实现控、转分离，使控制趋于灵活化，设备简单化。

　　同时在考虑网络运营商的运维实际也提出了一种新型的网络架构体系NFV，该体系利用IT技术及其平台将网元功能虚拟化，根据用户的不同业务需求在VNF(Virtual Network Feature)的基础上进行相应的功能块连接与编排。NFV的核心所在即降低网络逻辑功能块和物理硬件模块的相互依赖，提高重用，利用软件编程实现虚拟化的网络功能，并将多种网元硬件归于标准化，从而实现软件的灵活加载，大幅度降低基础设备硬件成本。

　　2.7自组织网络

　　运营商在传统的移动通信网络中，网络的部署和基站的维护等都需要大量人工去一线维护，这种依赖人力的方式提供的服务低效、高昂等弊端一直深受用户诟病。因此，为了解决网络部署、优化的复杂性问题，降低运维成本相对总收入的比例，便有了自组织网络的概念。

　　SON的应用将会为无线接入技术带来巨大的便利，如实现多种无线接入技术的自我融合配置，网络故障自我愈合，多种网络协同优化等等。但当前在技术的完备上也存在一系列挑战：不支持多网络之间的协调，邻区关系因低功率节点的随机部署和复杂化需发展新的自动邻区关系技术等。

　　三、小结

　　5G移动通信作为下一代移动通信的承载者，肩负着特殊的使命，在完成人们对未来移动通信的诸多憧憬上被寄予厚望。本文概述了当前5G几项富有发展前景的关键性技术，结合5G一系列的发展背景和人们多方面的通信需求，对几项关键技术的利弊加以剖析。可以预计的是未来几年5G的支撑性技术将被确立，其关键技术的实验、标准的制定以及商业化的应用也将逐步展开。

　　参 考 文 献

　　[1]赵国峰，陈婧等.5G移动通信网络关键技术综述[J].重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版)，2015.08 DOI：.1673-825X.2015.04.003

　　[2] Kela，P. Turkka，J. Costa，M. Borderless Mobility in 5G Outdoor Ultra-Dense Networks[J]，Access， IEEE(Volume：3)，2015.08，pages1462-1476.

　　[3] JungSook Bae， Yong Seouk Choi，Architecture and Performance Evaluation of MmWave Based 5G Mobile Communication System[C]，Information and Communication Technology Convergence(ICTC)，2014 International Conference ，2014.10，pages847-851.

　　[4] Wang，，，T. On the Capacity Gain from Full Duplex Communications in A Large Scale Wireless Network[J]， IEEE EARLY ACCESS ARTICLES， 2015.10.
　　5g通信技术论文篇三：《试论5G无线通信技术概念》
　　引言

　　近年来,移动通信技术已经历数次变革,从20世纪80年代速度慢、质量差、安全性小、业务量低的1G通信技术,到20世纪90年代提出的低智能的2G无线通信技术,再到近年来的频谱利用率较低的3G网络,和现在的前三代无可比拟的4G无线通信技术,可谓是长江后浪推前浪,一浪更比一浪高啊!5G无线通信工程技术作为当代最具前景的技术,将可以满足人们近期的对移动无线技术的需求。

　　15G无线网络通信技术的相关概念

　　5G无线网络通信技术实际上就是在前面无线网络技术的基础上不断改进充分利用无线互联网网络。这项技术是最近才在国际通信工程大会上被优点提出的,他将会是一项较为完美的、完善的无线通信技术,他将可能会将纳米技术运用到这种将会在未来占据一席之地的无线互联网网络工程中,运用纳米技术更好的做好防护工作,保护使用者的一切信息。在未来5G无线网络通信技术将会融合之前所有通信工程的优点,他将会是更为灵活与方便的核心网站,在运营过程中将会减少在传输过程中的能量损耗,速度更快。若是在传输信息的过程中受到阻碍,将会被立刻发现且能很好的保护个人信息起到保护作用。

　　5G无线网络通信技术将会有很多优点,不仅融会贯通了在它之前所有通信技术的长处而且集百家之长于一身,是个更加灵活的网络核心平台,也会就有更加激烈的竞争力。在这项网络技术中将会为人类提供更加优秀、比其他平台更优惠的价位,更接近人类生活的服务。它的覆盖面要比现如今的3G、4G的更为广阔,有利于用户更快更好的体验,智能化的服务与网络快速推进进程的核心化的全球无缝隙的连接。为了使人类体验到更优惠的、更先进化的、具有多样性的、保障人类通信质量的服务,我们必须利用有限的无限博频率接受更大的挑战,充分利用现在国家领导人为我们提供的宽松的网络平台,让5G无线网络通信技术在不久的将来更好的服务于我们。

　　25G无线网络通信技术的相关技术优点与特点

　　5G无线网络通信技术也就是指第五代移动网络通用技术,它与前几代通信技术有些许不同之处,他并不是独立存在的而是融合了别的技术的许多优点更为特别的是将现有的无限技术接入其中,它将实现真正意义上的改革,实现“天人合一”达到真正的融合。它的体型会更加的小巧,便于我们随时随地安装。现如今5G无线网络通信技术已经被提上日程,成为了全球相关移动通信讨论热议的话题,互联网公司在争先恐后的提高与改善自身的通信设备,加快创新的步伐,想要在未来的通信技术领域占据一席之地。现在让我么一起来探讨一下他可能具有哪些其他通信技术无可比拟的优点与特点:

　　(1)全新的设计理念:在未来5G无线网络通信技术将会是所有通信工程中的龙头老大,它设计的着重点是室内无限的覆盖面与覆盖能力,这与之前的通信工程的最根本的设计理念都不同。

　　(2)较高的频率利用率:5G无线网络通信技术将会使用较高频率的赫兹,而且会被广泛的使用在生活中但是我们国家现阶段的技术水平还较为低下,达不到这样的层次,所以我们必须先提高我们的科学技术,才能跟上通信技术更新的步伐。

　　(3)耗能、成本投入量较低:之前我们所使用的通信工程技术都是较为简单的将物理层面的知识营运的网络中,没有创新意识,不能够将环保的理念运用到通信工程中,都是一些较为传统的方法与手段,只是一味的追求经济利益。现如今随着科技的进步我们需要做到全方面的考虑,不能只注重眼前利益,所以低耗能、高质量的通信技术将是未来5G无线网络通信技术要面临的主要问题,也是难点问题,我们必须学会适时的对相应状况作出调整。

　　(4)优点:5G无线网络通信技术作为未来世界通信技术的主力,在不久将会得到实质性的开展,他将大大的提高我们的上网速度,将资源合理有效的利用起来,较其他之前的通信技术上升到一个新的层面,安全性也会得到保障不会出现个人信息外漏的现象,总而言之它的各个方面将都会得到改善,成为人们心中理想的模样,它具有较大的灵活程度可以适时更具客户的需求做出合理的调整,它的优点相信不久我们就会有切身的感受.

　　3小结

　　随着现代的快速进步,移动无线通讯技术也紧随时代的进步,呈现着日新月异的变革,现如今我国综合国力已经得到了很大程度的提高,当然在通信技术领域这一块我们也不愿屈居人后,必须加快通信技术改革与创新的脚步,满足人们对互联网的需求,尽快的、更好的发展5G无线网络通信技术才能在未来的通信技术中立于不败之地。

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科学家开发新技术，可使5G系统的频谱带宽翻倍

与木材、铜或硅不同，拓扑绝缘体 (TI) 是一种奇特的物质状态。它表面是导电的，但是整体不导电。这种独特的材料特性具有重大的科学意义，可用于一系列技术，包括无线通信、雷达和量子信息处理。

近日，圣路易斯华盛顿大学的科学家在一项新研究中，首次展示了在集成芯片上实现电磁拓扑绝缘体。

研究作者Nagulu说：“拓扑绝缘体具有非常有趣的特性，并且它们本身很有用。但是，当它们与非互易特性结合时，其真正潜力才会显现出来。”

非互易性确保了电磁 (EM) 波的单向传播。此属性可用于全双工通信，这是一种允许以有效方式同时使用相同频率传输和接收数据的方法，从而使频谱容量增加一倍。此外，如果波与介质内的任何畸形或不规则性接触，具有非互易特性的 TI 可防止由于反向散射而导致的信号强度衰减。

该团队使用精心设计的晶体管，在标准半导体 IC 上实现非互易性和拓扑绝缘特性，而无需特殊材料或极端条件。

这种微型集成芯片将 TI 的奇异领域与实际应用相结合。研究人员演示了如何将可重构集成电路应用于新兴的 5G 无线应用，例如多天线全双工无线通信和多天线脉冲雷达。

该研究论文题为“Chip-scale Floquet topological insulators for 5G wireless systems”，已发表在Nature Electronics上。

前瞻经济学人APP资讯组

论文原文：

求关于通信方面的 英文论文

1

Wireless technology was little more than just a distant idea for the majority of ordinary consumers ten years ago. However, it has exploded over recent years with the use of 3G phones and wireless home computing increasingly commonplace.

It would be foolish to suggest that wireless communication has reached its peak. Whilst mobile phones and home computing will continue to be the major focus in the quest for ever increasing sophistication within the technology, new applications are emerging daily.

One company, Securecom Technologies, based in Ireland, have been at the forefront of harnessing wireless technologies in the area of personal safety. They already have a number of products in the marketplace designed to enable users to activate an alarm signal to a remote emergency centre wirelessly. Their Benefon range of applications are used by vulnerable elderly people, lone workers and VIPs to increase their sense of security and ability to effortlessly get in touch with help at the touch of the button.

They are now in the process of developing PERUSE1, which stands for 'Personal Safety System Utilising Satellite combined with Emerging Technologies'. The Peruse project will develop a Wireless Personal Alarm (WPA) solution which will be carried by or worn on a person and will allow the user to summon help at the touch of a button. When the alarm has been activated, the WPA will transmit a low power signal to a satellite communications headset which will forward a message to an authorised number. This will include the identity of the person in distress, as well as their current location. However, the ingenuity of the technology goes further as it will also have the potential to transmit the user's current state of health and local environmental parameters.

It is envisaged that the recipient of the users SOS signal will be a fully equipped Emergency Monitoring Centre to whom the user will have previously given full instructions as to the steps they would wish to have the Centre take on their behalf in the event of an emergency.

There are two core components that are in the development phase. The wireless personal alarm (WPA) and a 'dongle' which provides the handset for satellite communication use which will have a low power wireless link to the WPA.

The important issues here are that the two components will need to take into account size, cost, accuracy of location and battery autonomy. The main benefits will be that the device will be able to be worn or carried on a person discreetly. This makes it ideal for professions such as personal security, where the ability to communicate a message quickly and without fuss can often be of paramount importance. It will herald a new era in satellite communication. No longer will the user have to tap a keypad to enter a number nor will they have to move the handset for optimal signal strength prior to sending an emergence message. This technology will be invaluable to professions such as mountain rescue and will also be a tremendous benefit to those who enjoy hiking and climbing in the course of their leisure pursuits where conventional mobile phone technology can often be rendered useless.

There are currently no known competitors for this potentially life saving technology for which Securecom has filed for both Irish and European Patent Applications. Prototypes have already been manufactured and pilot programmes and laboratory tests are well under way.

UWB (Ultra Wide Band)2 is another example of emerging wireless technology. Alongside traditional wireless uses, UWB can also detect images through solid objects, such as people on the opposite side of a wall. This has led to an equal number of supporters and opponents.

Although UWB can be used for consumer applications in a similar fashion to Bluetooth technology such as cable elimination between a PC and its peripheral equipment, the more interesting applications focus on its 'radar 'like imagery. These applications could be used to find people trapped in a burning building, locating hostages and captors behind a thick wall and finding objects such as those that might be buried in the ground. Heightened security at airports and other public buildings can use UWB technology to detect weapons on people and bombs in luggage and packages. In this age of heightened security, post 9/11, the benefits of this emerging technology should not be understated.

A few companies have started to develop UWB products, including XtremeSpectrum, Time Domain and Aether Wire. XtremeSpectrum is developing products to enable the sending and receiving of multiple streams of digital audio and video for both battery powered and other consumer devices such as digital cameras, DVDs, DVRs, camcorders, MP3 players and set top boxes. Time Domain has developed a UWB chip set targeting three core technologies: wireless communication, precision location and tracking, and high definition portable radar whilst Aether Wire is working on miniature, distributed-position location and low data-rate communication devices. One of its goals is to develop coin sized devices that are capable of localisation to centimetre accuracy over kilometre distances.

However, privacy violation is one of the major concerns of the technology's opponents. Any technology that can 'see' through solid objects can be used for illegal purposes as well as legitimate ones. In theory, a UWB-enabled system could 'look through' the walls of a house to locate valuable objects and could detect when the occupants are not at home. Supporters, however, could rightly point out that this is a dilemma shared by many technologies that are used to enhance public safety - the juggling act between increased security versus decreased personal freedom. It could be argued that baggage searches at airports via x-ray and metal detection are common examples of us giving up privacy for better security, a price most people are willing to pay.

No other area is more at the forefront of the emergence of innovation in wireless technology than space exploration. Future missions to nearby planets like Mars will require space communication technologies that can provide an interplanetary satellite and navigation infrastructure via space systems that are far more compact and efficient than seen ever before. A longer term commitment will be necessary to resolve the challenges of efficient planetary communication due to the increase in distances involved as space exploration ventures further out into the solar system. To support planetary exploration, techniques developed for Earth-bound usage will be transferred to other planets as well. Exploration of Mars, for example, will require a high accuracy positioning capability such as a 'Martian GPS' as an aid to exploratory roving vehicles.

This very day, the 'Mars Spirit' space rover continues to send data back to Earth, almost 18 months after it touched down on the red planet, surviving more than 4 times its expected mission length. One day it is highly likely that we may see astronauts walking on Mars carting around wi-fi enabled PCs. In a remote Arizona meteor crater, NASA has already begun testing a mobile wi-fi system that could enable those on a Mars mission to easily deploy wireless data connectivity at a transmission rate of just more than a megabit per second over a 2 square mile area, and then change that coverage area at will through the use of mobile access points, making it entirely feasible to explore different terrain on any given day.

Tropos Networks3 developed the technology which NASA has adopted whereby the astronauts could have inter-connectivity via a three node mesh network. They would first establish a base communications station near their spacecraft and then set up an Ethernet connection between that base and a main access point. Then each node in the network would pick up its wireless connectivity from the access point.

Testing is still in its infancy and there is some way to go before astronauts would be strutting their stuff on Mars and communicating wirelessly with one and other and with mission control in this way.

However, the Mars Spirit space rover is still sending back images and data from the red planet today, relying heavily on wireless technology to do so. It may appear that these vehicles have been designed solely for the purpose of space exploration but closer scrutiny reveals applications that could also be modified and used on Earth. Unlike, say, a car manufacturing robot which knows where and when the engine or body appears on the assembly line, the Mars rovers are working in an unstructured and unknown environment. As a result, the rovers have had to learn about their new home through their own sensors, including a set of nine cameras on each rover. The rovers have two navigation cameras for a 3D view of their surroundings, two hazard avoidance cameras for a 3D view of nearby terrain and panoramic cameras to capture the images of the planet's surface. However, the rovers cannot just look around them, process the images and know where to go. Neither can the mission controllers on Earth grab a joystick and start steering the rovers whilst watching images being beamed back from thousands of miles away. A key reason is processing power. The central processor in each rover has a top speed of 20 MHz. Instead, during the Martian night, while a rover is 'asleep', a team on Earth with much more powerful computers programs its activities for the day ahead, and then sends basic instructions on where to go and how to get there. Along with taking pictures, each rover is examining the planet with several instruments on a robotic arm. The arms have 'shoulder', 'elbow' and 'wrist' joints for manoeuvrability and are equipped with four sensors: a microscopic camera for close up pictures of rocks, an alpha particle x ray spectrometer for determining the mineral content of rocks, another spectrometer for detecting iron and a rock abrasion tool for cutting through the layer of oxidation that forms on the surfaces of Martian rocks. As with the movement of the rovers, the arms are controlled mostly via prepared commands from mission control.

Some observers have noted that some of these applications may prove useful here on Earth. For example, a robotic arm that doesn't require real time human control might be good for disabled people who use wheelchairs and can't control a joystick with their hands. Using its own sensors, it could reach out and get things for the person in the wheelchair, for example.

In addition, a robot that can deal with new and unknown environments might save manufacturers money. In current factories with 'robotic' workers, when the company shifts to making a new product, the whole factory floor has to be reconfigured and the robots reprogrammed to deal with the new arrangement. A robot that could use feedback from sensors to figure out where things are could adapt to changes by itself, saving the company the time and effort of building a new structured environment and reprogramming the robots.

With all the emerging technologies around and, inevitably, with more to come, the inevitable hurdle will be one of convergence and integration as the IT industry seeks to develop the tools that will be most sought after. Inevitably, there will be winners and losers.

However, there is no doubt that the wireless phenomenon is reshaping enterprise connectivity worldwide and is definitely here to stay. Business needs information mobility for better customer interaction. Employees will be even more equipped to perform their job functions from their workplace of choice and, though this sounds like utopia, a societal change from office based to 'wherever they feel like being' based might conjure up an horrific vision of the future for company leaders who have enjoyed the traditions of having all their employees working from under the same roof.

Another major issue has to be one of security. There are many issues when it comes to security over wireless networks. Wireless networks do not follow the rules of traditional wired networks. Many times, the signals are carried far beyond the physical parameters they are meant to be controlled within making it easier to intercept signals and capture information.

There will also be the question posed of what happens to the have nots? - Those people and developing countries in particular that don't have the resources to wirelessly interact with others. The same thing could be said about the Internet itself but satellites could alleviate that problem far more quickly than the ability to put broadband connections in every office and home throughout the world.

Another major hurdle has to be that business and society can only adapt at a certain pace. Technology evolves far more quickly and there may be many a product developed for which the demand is not yet there. But the mobile phone and PC market driven by what the consumer wants will determine what the future of wireless holds.

But there is no question that wireless communication is here to stay and will grow even more.

Signs of the new wireless technologies abound. Consumers are setting up wireless local area networks (WLANS) in their homes. These allow multiple computers to hook up to one fast internet connection or laptop users to connect from the comfort of their sofa or back garden patio. Away from home, 'Hotspots' that permit wireless connection to the internet are popping up everywhere, in book stores, coffee shops, airports and even pubs. Within the next year, airlines are expected to announce the availability of wi-fi during flights. However, until there is increased competition in the market place, this new epoch will be there for the privileged few as opposed to the mass market who will still be relying solely on their mobile phones for wireless connectivity on the move. It remains to be seen whether the new generation of 3G phones has arrived too late to push aside wi-fi and it's even conceivable that mobile phone companies could one day find themselves obsolete unless they look for new ways to attract and retain customers.

But issues like security, along with the problems of cost, intrusion on privacy and identifying such things as hotspot locations is not going to hold wireless communication and technology back. In the end, there will always be solutions to problems and wi-fi is no different in this respect.

David Reed, an adjunct professor at MIT's Media Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts has been studying the future of wireless communications. He draws a comparison with the new wi-fi revolution with that of the 'paperless society' which was often mooted in offices and homes all over the world with the advent of the PC. He said, The market will push us towards a wireless future. People love paper but I can't find a single person who can say that about wires.4

As more wi-fi systems are developed which will, in turn, drive the cost down it will become an increasingly less disruptive way to communicate in the future and it will become very difficult for anything else out there to compete with that.

2
It is used by millions of people every minute. For many people the Internet is a "room" that is situated somewhere behind their computer screens in a cyberspace. Though the Internet exists for about a decade it has become the medium of the new network society. The popular and commercial spreading of the Internet has been exceedingly significant - promoting changes in almost every sphere of human activity and society.

From the very beginning of the Internet in 1991, it has completely changed the way firms do business, as well as the way customers buy and use products and services. The Internet gives extra opportunities for marketing. The spreading of the Internet has been so impetuous that it has been the point for well-grounded analysis. The Internet, virtual reality, can or cannot have negative effects on our culture and society? This paper is concentrated on the Internet phenomenon and on the spreading of the Internet culture and its effects on people.

The first ideas appeared in the 1950s. In the 1980s, technologies that became the basis of the modern Internet began to spread worldwide. In the 1990s the World Wide Web was used all over the world. The infrastructure of the Internet spread all over the world and the modern world wide network of computers have appeared. It spread amidst the western countries, then came into the developing countries and created a worldwide admittance to communications and data and a digital divide in admittance to this new infrastructure.

While studying the amount of Internet users, the Internet had 30 million users on 10 million computers linked to over 240,000 networks in about 100 states. The last figures indicate the fact that International Data Corp values that 40 million people are home web users in the USA in 1999, which consists of 15% of the population. “Le Monde” in 1998 published that 100 million people use the Internet all over the world. Jupiter Communications estimates that active Internet users - 4 to 5 million USA customers - shop regularly on the Internet by 2000, which represents 3% of grown-ups.

The Internet is a very attractive marketing tool with the possibility to customize pages, as well as new promotional systems, giving firms the possibility of communication and promotion effectively by adapting to consumers’ likings. Interactive traits of the Internet permit asking customers their likings, and then the firm can adapt product offers and promotions to these likings. It provides the effective recruit of new customers. For instance, some car manufacturers ask Internet users for concrete information and in return give potential customers a $1,000 discount coupon or a free CD player coupon.

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