随着我国的经济和科技的不断发展，电气技术也渐渐地被人们所关注。下面是由我整理的电气技术论文题目，谢谢你的阅读。 电气技术论文题目 1......浅议电气工程的质量控制和安全管理 2......浅议建筑电气工程防雷 3......浅议PLC在机床电气控制系统改造中的应用 4......机电安装工程电气施工关键工序控制与管理 5......浅议电气误操作事故的原因及对策 6......火力发电厂电气控制系统浅探 7......浅述母差保护基本原理 8......建筑电气工程电线管敷设的质量问题及防范 9......浅议高层民用建筑设计中给排水对电气专业提资要求 10.....浅议钳工一体化实习教学 11.....浅议220kV银湖变电站#2主变压器安装施工技术 12.....电气工程施工常见问题及处理 13.....新建黑龙江伊春林都机场防雷改造工程技术方案浅述 14.....浅议提高自备电厂机组利用小时的措施 15.....浅议某垃圾处理厂的电气与自控设计 16.....浅议我国大型水电机组的发展 17.....浅谈电气工程师的作用 18.....浅谈装修工程中电气施工质量控制要点 19.....电气工程及其自动化专业规范研究 20.....浅议变电站设备检修 21.....学习新《安规》的几点初浅体会 22.....电气工程的管理措施研究 23.....浅议汽轮机组的振动故障和处理、保护措施 24.....电气工程与自动化学院介绍(一) 25.....浅议继电保护装置改进后的运行 26.....浅淡10kV配电网建设与改造方案 27.....永磁电机制造关键工艺浅议 电气技术论文 浅谈电气施工技术 摘要：建筑工程的机电安装是施工工程的重要组成部分，并且贯穿于整个建筑工程施工的各个阶段当中。通过介绍电气工程的施工内容，阐述了各个分部公司的施工方法，重点说明了关键工序的主要细节及控制措施。 关键词：电气工程;施工技术;质量措施 在建筑工程当中，机电安装工程是关键的技术环节，其施工主要包括电气工程、空调和暖通工程、建筑消防工程、弱电工程等具体形式的施工。而这些具体的机电施工，都需要从施工的设备和技术材料的统筹、采购、安装、调试、试运行及竣工后的验收活动等几个步骤进行安排。而每个施工的环节，都会牵扯到技术和质量的有效控制。因此，建筑工程机电施工的整体质量，将直接影响到整个建筑工程的质量，对电气工程的施工技术进行总结，用于指导施工很有意义。 1 施工准备工作 在进行建筑工程机电安装施工工程之前，针对此工程施工对象的基本要求和特点，并根据需要，组织与工程有关的相关部门，并按照部门的设置为其选择部门的管理人员，然后根据图纸绘制的设计要求，派技术人员、管理人员进入施工现场进行工作的交接，并根据人员设置和工程的具体情况，进行施工场所的平面布置和平面规划，更有效的管理和监督施工的工作人员严格按照施工计划和施工图纸进行合理施工。 2 电气工程 电气工程技术特征 建筑工程电气工程施工一般包括高压变电系统、低压配电系统、后备供电系统、照明供电系统、消防控制系统设备、应急的出口指示供电系统、停车场等各个单位的强电供电系统和建筑智能控制、防雷接地等弱电系统。 在电气工程施工之前，需要做好一系列的准备工作，比如技术人员和管理人员分配问题、施工设备和施工材料的合理配置、施工图纸、设计和施工资料等方面。对结构造型及预埋管线完成线面标定，按照预先做好的电气专业管线图预留和预埋电气管线，利用专业的技术和工艺进行开线槽、桥架穿越楼板、剪力墙处开孔洞处理以及防雷设备的接地焊接。在土建中进行底板结构施工、电气工程在连接时，一般会采用镀锌的电线管丝扣进行连接，并在各个环节要严格按照建筑安装工艺技术的标准和要求要求进行安装工作。 在墙壁的内部暗敷管线，需要从楼板引上或引下，这是需要处理各种墙壁出现的问题。而在对墙壁进行砌体时，首先要保证终端线盒的定位满足图纸的设计要求，并按照相关规定和业主的要求进行相应操作。在完成砌体后，线盒的位置与尺寸将不能改正，所以砌体钱需要充分统筹，而且最好能一次性准确恰当的完成。接着，由于很多工程环节也会有打孔工作，所以需要作好建筑外部明显的标记，避免其他打孔活动会损坏管线。在安装电气的管线后需要进行整齐排列，管理对支架的牢固程度和管卡的均匀程度，注意线管的弯曲半径、电缆管的半径标准，而且要注意保护关口成喇叭形状，注意关口边缘的光滑程度。在电缆穿管之后 ，要进行密封。 3 电源电路 在建筑工程的施工过程当中，对于天花的布置和设计，首先应该充分地考虑到灯具所具有的的照明的效果。除了在设计上要符合使用者需要并注重其外观的美观大方外，在进行其相应的安装环节之前，首先应该合理布置和安排照明的灯具、风口、消防的喷头，并且灯具要坚持在风管的下面进行安装。对于一些具有特殊要求等方面的特殊灯具，需要进行密封处理，才能保证灯具功能的发挥。在线路问题上，一般采用镀锌钢管、防水线盒进行敷设。所有建筑场所的开关、插座、疏散等局的安装都需要符合设计高度并保持一致美观。 线路的检测和调试 电气工程在线路测试与调试包括 ：低压配电柜屏、动力设备、照明设备与控制设备的一、二次回路的各项电参数测试 ，有对地绝缘电阻、线路通断、控制器灵敏度调试及继电保护装置检测调试 ，各项检验与调试必须严格按设备安规与使用说明进行。 4 空调电气系统 鉴于暖通空调系统在机电安装施工中的重要性，除了在技术更新上实现节能降耗外，工程建设业主单位还必须加强多方面的综合管理，全面提升建筑电气工程施工的质量。结合自身的施工经验，现提出优化机电安装施工的综合策略。 优化设计。暖通空调系统是一项复杂性的机电结构，在安装之前必须做好多方面的设计评估，对机电设备的结构形式进行优化改进。设计阶段发现任何异常问题时，都必须对安装施工方案加以改进，这样才能为后期施工创造有利条件。暖通空调系统需对于每个器件的设计给予重视。 优化功能。施工单位要对建筑物本身质量实施优化处理，不断提高建筑自身的使用性能为机电安装施工带来便利。暖通空调节能效果的实现要借助于建筑内部功能的优化，这是现代暖通空调系统正常运行的保证。建筑功能优化可借助保温技术、节能技术等方面调整，这对于机电安装是很有利的。 优化产品。机电安装施工技术调整之后，工程建设业主单位必须严格把关机电设备的质量，对暖通空调设备采取严格的质量审核制度。如此一来，不仅能避免因设备质量问题而影响到机电装置的运行，还能防止暖通空调系统出现各种质量问题，保证了机电安装施工的有序开展。 5 弱电系统 弱电系统主要包含综合布线、计算机网络系统、数字有线电视系统、语音程控交换系统、安防系统、背景音乐 / 消防广播系统、多媒体会议系统、前台公共信息发布系统、防雷接地和 UPS 电源系统等建筑智能化系统以及消防自动警报的系统等。 随着科技的发展，业主对软垫系统的功能要求越来越细致和先进，所以，在进行配置的功能主机模块的选择当中中，要坚持选择技术成熟且先进的品牌产品为先导，在进行综合布线施工工作中，要注意线管材质，一般来说，选用 KBG类金属管子，并有效地做好接地防护工作，注意强电线管间的规范间距问题，这在很大程度上能有效地防止回路干扰的影响。 6 结语 综上所述，电气工程非常重要，需加强技术质量管理，重视施工技术的运用与总结，提高质量把控能力，重视施工工序，确保电气工程的整体质量。 参考文献： [1] 叶卫军.建筑工程机电安装施工技术管理浅析[J].科技传播，2011(2). [2] 小军.中小型水电站机电安装工程预埋阶段监理对质量的控制[M].水电站设计，2010(3). [3] 邓怀智，郗艳梅 .设备安装工程与土建工程的施工配合策略浅析[J]河北工程技术高等专科学校学报 [4]庄贤才，蔡蔚，魏晓斌，尧靖秋.浅谈建筑智能化系统工程督导管理[J].智能建筑.2008(4). 作者简介：张利勇()，男，身份证号码4107278，从事施工管理。 看了“电气技术论文题目”的人还看： 1. 电气专业论文范文 2. 电气工程前沿技术论文 3. 电气工程方面的论文 4. 电气自动化技术论文范文 5. 电子技术论文题目
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy , the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and technical edge that the MS would provide is I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with 's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？
关键词 城市防洪规划 防洪应急预案 防洪减灾技术 措施武汉市位于长江、汉江交汇处，是长江中游的一座特大中心城市，和长江流域其他众多城市一样，发达的水系和多雨的气候特征，使武汉市的历史成为一部得益于水而又忧于水患的历史。’98年大水过后，党中央国务院投入大量资金，下决心治理长江水患，为沿江城市加强防洪工程建设创造了空前的大好机遇。随着城市建设多功能、高品位的要求不断提高和可持续发展战略的实施，使城市赖以生存和发展的“水”显得尤为重要，围绕水安全、水环境的建设日益深入，实现从传统水利向现代水利、可持续发展水利转变已形成共识。在这难得的历史机遇面前，武汉市积极调整思路，加快传统水利向现代水利的转变步伐，在防洪工程建设方面，注重新型堤防建设，强调防洪工程的环境效益、生态效益和社会效益，充分凸现滨江特色，开发沿江景观带，实施立体绿化，修筑堤顶道路，整治堤防滩涂，以达到改善城市环境，提升城市品位，拓宽投资空间的目的，在推进城市防洪与环境创新协调发展上形成了新的思路。 一、加强城市防洪工程建设，对实施环境创新战略具有重要意义1．推进防洪工程建设，是改善城市投资环境的重要保证推进防洪工程建设，不仅是改善城市投资环境需要，也是重要保证。同时，城市投资环境的改善，也将进一步推动防洪工程的建设。堤防是城市赖以生存和发展的生命线。推进防洪工程建设，打造长江沿岸的铁堤铜墙，抵御洪水肆虐，将使城市更安全。同时，在推进防洪工程建设过程中，以城市防洪安全为根本，以发展为主题，适应传统水利向现代水利、可持续发展水利的转变，将堤防建设与城市景观建设相结合，促进城市亲水环境建设，凸现滨江特色，丰富水文化内涵，打造城市景观新靓点，将极大地改善城市滨水环境，提升城市综合品位，使之更具魅力和引力，将进一步增强各方投资的安全性和可靠性，从而创造更加广阔的投资空间。2．推进防洪工程建设，是推动区域经济发展的历史机遇“发展是硬道理”。通过防洪工程建设，实施环境创新战略，是促进经济发展的有效途径。防洪工程建设，必将进一步保障城市安全，美化城市环境，大力推动区域经济的发展。巨大的投资是拉动城市经济发展内需的有力支撑，大规模的堤防整险加固建设，可解决众多人的短期就业问题，刺激砂、石、水泥、钢筋等建材市场的发展。移民拆迁，使部分人摆脱洪水的直接威胁，改善居住条件，提高生产、生活水平。随着防洪工程建设的推进，历史上的险点逐步变为景点，环绕城市沿江景观带逐渐形成，必将带来巨大的环境效益，带动区域旅游业的发展。防洪工程将成为一笔巨大的良性资产，为促进城市的经济发展发挥持久的作用。3．推进防洪工程建设，为突出城市滨江特色创造条件防洪工程具有滨水的特点，它为突出城市滨江特色提供了空间和条件。同时，为了更好的突出城市滨江特色，要求城市的防洪工程建设更加体现城市特色的展示和扩张，防洪工程不应仅仅成为城市防治水患的记录，也应在除水害的基础上，充分弘扬城市亲水特色。因此，很有必要改变旧有的只注重防洪效益的防洪工程建设模式，将防洪工程建设本身与改善城市滨江环境密切结合起来，开发新型堤防的多功能性。它首先要求我们更新观念，防洪工程建设必须要同时兼顾保障功能、防洪效益和环境效益，走可持续发展之路，变防洪工程的单一性为多功能性，力求在工程建设及施工中考虑资源的保护、开发、利用，考虑城市景观建设，讲究社会效果和经济效益。也只有在这种观念的指导下，才有可能下大决心一改江滩旧貌，解决乱搭乱盖等历史遗留问题，综合规划进行江滩整治，凸现城市的滨江特色。武汉市堤防长达800km，岸线长，滩地宽。但由于常年的洪枯水位差均在10m以上，一年中的大部分时间江滩裸露、杂草、钉螺滋生，乱堆、乱放、乱倒严重，加之占滩者各自为政，致使岸滩杂乱无章，既影响行洪，又破坏了自然景观，与欣欣向荣、日臻美化的市区形成强烈的反差，因此，在新的观念的指导下，根据武汉市的实际情况，大力推进防洪工程建设，必然要求防洪工程建设与环境创新紧密联系。防洪工程建设，为改善滨江环境，突出滨江特色提供了可能。4．推进防洪工程建设，是构筑城市历史文化的有效途径城市环境创新�要求城市文化要有更丰富的精神内容。大规模的防洪建设，前所未有的投资形成的城市堤防，将无不打上城市文化的烙印。防洪工程，必将折射出城市历史文化特点。长期以来，武汉人民在与水相搏的实践中，形成了独特的抗洪文化。体现了自强不息，坚韧不拔，敢于挑战的拼搏精神。’98年抗洪就是一次集中体现。千军万马战大洪，誓与大堤共存亡，“万众一心，众志成城，不怕困难，顽强拼搏，坚韧不拔，敢于胜利”的伟大抗洪精神得以升华。体现了党和国家的强大凝聚力和人民群众革命英雄主义气概、坚强意志和必胜信念，是爱国主义、集体主义和社会主义精神的大发扬。把这种精神体现在防洪工程建设中，就是要形成像龙王庙综合整治工程那样的防洪工程，处处蕴含抗洪文化的真谛，通过今昔对比，充分展现抗洪文化的历史演变，成为抗洪精神的教育基地。二、全面打造城市新型堤防，努力挖掘滨江环境的综合功能1．凸现滨江特色，开发景观功能城市沿江的滩地，是可利用的一项重要资源，对它进行合理规划、设计、利用，就能与城市堤防建设相辅相成、协调统一，形成服务于民的亲水景观带。近几年来，武汉市对两江四岸的江滩进行综合整治，完善了环绕市区的绿色长廊，充分利用两桥呼应、龟蛇对峙、两江交汇、三镇鼎立的自然景观优势，建成龙王庙、南岸嘴、汉阳门、月亮湾等一批江城景观品牌，形成滨江特色突出的高起点、高品位的城市中心景观区。特别是龙王庙综合整治工程，开了我市堤防景观建设的先河。南、北两岸总面积达2万M2的驳岸平台，成为人们观江休闲的好去处，两江交汇，龟蛇锁大江的城市景观一览无遗。龙王庙由险点变为景点，已成为我市著名的旅游品牌。在加强重要险点抗洪工程建设的同时，我市以点带面，沿两江四岸开发水文化景观。我市青山地区为重工业基地，游乐场所明显不足。为了弥补这一缺陷，利用临江优势，进行青山临江公园建设。结合堤外防浪平台建设，沿堤新辟出12HM2公共休闲游乐用地，布置一些游乐设施，成为青山地区居民群众休闲娱乐的好去处。与此同时，启动汉口江滩防洪及环境综合治理工程。该工程上起武汉客运港，下至丹水池后湖船厂，全长7007M，拆迁阻水建筑23万M2，结合河道疏浚，整理出宽100～200M的江滩景观平台，平台面积114．62万M2。平台以大面积的绿化和滨江公共休闲活动空间为主，满足市民活动需要。工程总投资3．8亿元，分三期实施。第一期工程长1．04KM，于2002年10月1日竣工开放，国庆期间，共接纳游人120余万人，已成为市民最佳的休闲亲水空间。第二、三期工程正在继续进行，规划绿地面积100万M2，分别以体育娱乐活动场地和生态林带为主，全部工程计划在“十五”期间完成。汉口江滩防洪及环境综合治理工程，立足于防汛、行洪，突出以人为本、以绿为主的思想，注重文化品位，注意与汉口滨江区的历史建筑、堤内景观有机地融为一体，为市民在中心城区提供丰富的休闲、娱乐和亲水活动场所。在启动长江两岸水文化景观建设的同时，还即将启动汉江两岸环境综合整治工程。计划对两岸30KM的堤岸进行综合治理，拆除江滩阻水建筑，修筑亲水平台和游览观江带，改造、美化堤防前后戗台，绿化江滩，从而提高城市堤防的综合功能，改善汉江水环境，为市民创造更多的滨水休闲空间。实践证明，在推动防洪工程建设中，结合环境创新，合理整治利用江滩，可凸现城市滨江特色。 论文抓住机遇着力推进城市防洪与环境创新协调发展来自免费论文网CxS `^{@OqkRc7hRzB=+G yC:17yjJ+T论文格式/L)9L�k+F]vIIZ �dfml L? l2．实施立体绿化，发挥生态功能以往，由于对生态环境重视不够，城市在快速发展的同时，也在一定程度上破坏了环境。在全面建设小康社会过程中，随着人们对生活质量、生存环境要求的不断提高，对城市生态环境也提出了越来越高的要求。对防洪工程实施立体绿化，在一定程度上符合了这一要求，同时也满足了防洪工程不允许存在阻水物及泄洪的要求。另外，经过绿化后的城市防洪工程，不仅能发挥强大的生态功能，其本身也成为赏心悦目的一道景观。我市以每年30余万株的速度发展堤内护林、堤外防浪林，市区防护林木已达150余万株，堤身草皮5000万M2，大大改善了堤防面貌，形成了两条环绕市区的绿色长廊。引进鹅绒草、牵牛花、扬州红等具有观赏性的花卉、苗木，建成三季有花、四季常青的窗口堤段30KM，同时兴建堤防小景点40余处，收到很好的美化效果，堤防面貌焕然一新。在江岸、江汉�口、汉阳、武昌、青山等城区繁华地段40余KM的堤防上，种植女贞、黄扬、金柏、紫薇、一串红等20余种观赏苗木、花卉50余万株，防水墙立体绿化达35KM。计划在2～3年内沿堤再植树230万株，增加绿化面积1700万M2。两江四岸全部披上绿装，将有效地改善城市生态环境，使武汉市更绿更美。因此，对防洪工程实施立体绿化，不仅符合城市环境创新的要求，也能最大限度地发挥它的生态效益，造福城市人民。3．修筑堤顶道路，扩展市政功能防洪工程建设中修筑的大堤，其本身就是一条天然的道路，随着堤防的延伸而不断延伸。在堤顶修筑道路不仅不影响堤防防洪的功能，还充分发掘了堤防延伸的特点，是对防洪工程更加有效的利用，使堤防所到之处，无需再占用大量的土地资源另外修筑道路，是对资源的节约。近年武汉市长江、汉江堤防加固工程的建设，促使总长达300KM的高标准的堤顶道路建成。堤顶道路与市区道路相连接，实现了城乡互通，总体改善了城市的交通状况，促进了城乡经济的交流与发展，堤顶道路就是沿堤乡村经济起飞之路、发展之路，它必将对沿堤的经济发展产生巨大影响。道路的延伸以及新型堤防的建设，改善了沿堤的环境，带动了沿岸房地产开发的热潮，使沿江成为投资开发的热点，对沿江经济带的逐渐形成起到了推动作用。因此，修筑堤顶道路，是对防洪工程的另一种功能的发掘，它不仅合理开发了资源，也节约了资源，促进了区域经济的发展，是一项一举多得的举措。4．利用堤防滩涂，发掘产业功能堤防建设向来是一项纯公益性的事业，防洪工程除了直接发挥防洪效益，间接发挥景观效益、生态效益外，很难将它与经济效益直接挂钩。对堤防滩涂的合理开发利用，就能直接发挥经济效益。在推进防洪工程建设的同时，科学利用堤防建设资源，促进相关产业的发展。利用禁脚地发展经济林，在3000万m2的堤防禁脚地上种植了130万株林木，其中60万株已成材，林木蓄积量约为5．13万m3。堤防林木树种较多，除大面积速生意杨外，还有水杉、落叶松、杨树、桃树、梨树、银杏等树种，均有较高经济价值。1999年以来，全市堤防林木更新约100余万株，林木更新量约1万m3，取得了一定经济效益。堤防苗圃以培育观赏苗木和花卉为主，在满足堤防自身绿化、美化需求的同时，面向社会，服务社会。武昌、青山、汉阳等地堤防共有马尼拉草皮种植基地30万m2，亦可用于更新堤防植被，并同时有偿服务社会。多功能箱式防水墙的建设，为发展商贸、服务等产业提供了条件，几年来共开发各类商业经营门面8000余m2，使原本沉寂的堤防沿线增添了商业生机，并为城市职工再就业创造了更多的空间。因此，在防洪工程建设中，充分利用各种与防洪工程相关的资源，就能发掘产业功能，发挥直接的经济效益。将防洪工程与环境创新紧密结合、协调发展，就是充分开发了防洪工程中可利用的各种资源，全方位、多渠道的发掘了防洪工程建设的多项功能，不仅打造了新型堤防，也是实现传统水利向现代水利、可持续发展水利转变有益而成功的尝试。三、促进城市防洪工程与滨江环境协调发展，必须正确处理好几个方面的关系1．正确处理防洪保安与环境改造的关系城市防洪工程建设的根本点是为了防洪保安，因此，在处理防洪保安与环境改造的关系时，必须在确保防洪安全的基础上实施环境改造。在对环境改造进行规划设计时，必须充分考虑防洪保安的先决条件，服从防洪保安的要求，切不可本末倒置。同时，环境改造也是对防洪工程在功能上的延伸和补充，环境改造提升了城市品位和投资环境，产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。正确处理好两者关系，就能使两者相得益彰，在确保城市安全的同时，达到人与自然的和谐统一。2．正确处理规划建设与工程效益的关系城市防洪工程是一项投资巨大的综合性系统工程，是一项功在当代，利在千秋的大工程。因此，在进行规划建设时，必须高起点规划，高标准设计，高质量建设，充分考虑工程建成后发挥的防洪效益，环境效益和社会效益，必须服从长江流域总体规划。在规划时，与城市总体规划相协调，顺应城市化发展趋势，必须统筹兼顾，全方位考虑各项工程效益的发挥，既要有创新的思想，更要坚持科学技术的支撑。在建设时，时刻牢记百年大计，质量第一的思想，确保工程质量。好的规划建设是发挥工程效益的先决条件，工程效益的充分发挥又是规划建设的目标和要求，两者有机结合，就能充分发挥防洪工程的多方位功能，促进城市环境创新。3．正确处理堤防建设与维护管养的关系一笔丰厚的优良资产形成后，如何使其效益最大化并永续利用，必须要有适应新形势的管理体制予以保障。堤防设施的维护管养至关重要。堤防建设发挥的防洪效益，环境效益都必须靠维护保养来持久发挥作用，这是防洪安全的需要，也是环境创新战略的需要。要科学运用市场经济的机制，探索和建立新的堤防设施管养体制，强化职能，科学管理，才能实现堤防设施持久地发挥效益。武汉市作为长江中游的滨江大城市，将努力抓住新《水法》颁布的机遇，在长江流域综合发展规划的指导下，着力推进城市防洪建设与城市环境创新协调发展，为建设具有滨江滨湖特色的现代化城市不懈奋斗。黄河已经是一条被人类深刻影响和干扰的河流，未来应如何治理，才能既保障区域经济社会的可持续发展，又能保障这条古老而又伟大的河流生生不息，造福于人民，是一个值得深思而又亟待解决的重大课题，也是制定国家中长期科技发展规划的重要内容。未来黄河治理的核心难题有三个：一是黄河的巨量泥沙如何处理和利用，这是黄河难治的症结，它不仅关系到黄河的防洪安全，也关系到水土流失的治理和水资源的开发利用。二是依据黄河水资源的变化，如何合理配置、有效解决国民经济和社会可持续发展，以及维持河流生命对水资源的需求。三是如何保护和改善黄河的生态环境。解决这三个问题的关键是：合理配置，高效利用，有效保护，增水减沙。为此，需要重点研究和解决以下问题：一、变化环境下的黄河流域产水产沙情势分析1．黄河兰州以上地区径流变异原因分析黄河兰州以上是流域水资源的主要来源区，多年平均（1950～2001年）天然径流量332亿m3。1986年以来仅为295亿m3，比1985年以前的年均值减少15．5％，而同期降雨仅减少2．9％，其中1997年以来减少22．2％，而同期降雨反而增加了4．5％，变化原因不清。 2．黄河中游典型支流地下水开发和雨水截流等对地表径流的影响黄河中游的渭河和汾河，近五六年降雨减少14％，但实测径流量却减少了40％～50％；伊洛河和沁河近10年降雨比五六十年代减少11％～15％，但实测径流却减少了60％～70％。这些重点产水支流的径流量减少，势必影响全河水资源的供需形势。通过对典型支流地表水—地下水—降雨的循环过程研究，摸清地下水开发和雨水截流对地表径流的影响。3．水保措施对入黄径流泥沙的影响和发展趋势通过对植被的耗水规律、耗水量和沟道坝系工程的蓄水拦沙能力的研究，提出黄土高原水土保持和自然修复等措施的基本耗水量、减蚀拦沙能力和发展趋势。4．水利工程对黄河下游洪水的调节程度和发展趋势重点研究下游洪水来源区大中型水利工程对洪水量级和过程的调节程度，预测汛期水量的可能变化，包括普通洪水、大洪水和特大洪水的变化趋势。5．气候变化对黄河中游径流量的影响以上5个专题研究内容基本概括了影响黄河水沙变化的基本因素，地域上覆盖了黄河产流产沙区的90％，将回答因人类活动和气候变化对未来黄河产流产沙的影响及其变化趋势。关键词：黄河治理,科技发展规划,水沙调控二、维持黄河河流生命需水量的研究1．维持黄河健康状况的评价指标和方法的研究提出河流各项基本功能（排洪输沙、水质、生态、供水）的概念，基本因子，维持河流健康状况的评价指标和方法。2．维持黄河下游河槽基本排洪输沙功能的水沙过程研究洪水期流量具有塑造河槽形态和冲刷河道的重要作用，研究未来黄河汛期水沙条件变化情况下，下游河道的冲淤演变规律，提高河道排洪输沙功能的水沙过程，利用水利枢纽工程调控洪水和泥沙的可能性，技术措施和代价。3．黄河河口适度规模湿地淡水需水量研究研究河口湿地典型生物群落发育和更替的时空需水过程与强度，计算不同湿地规模和生态容载量下的需水量，提出维持河口适度规模湿地及其生物多样性保护所需的低限淡水量和季节分布。4．维持黄河河口近海生态平衡的最小需水量研究重点研究黄河淡水补给与近海区域生态平衡的关系，提出有利于近海生态保护和恢复的黄河最小入海水量和季节分布。5．不同功能需水量的迭代耦合关系研究根据维持河流各项基本功能的需水量和时空分布，进行迭代耦合，提出不同河段在不同时段能基本满足河流功能的需水量和过程。三、保障黄河河道生命的水沙调控关键技术研究1．提高黄河水资源承载能力的途径和技术研究挖潜：节水治污、洪水资源化、污水资源化、合理水价、统一调度，经济结构调整等。调水：西线南水北调增加黄河供水量，中、东线南水北调置换黄河下游引黄用水和相机向黄河下游补水的可行性研究；引江济渭等的可行性研究。根据不同水平年国民经济和社会发展需水量预测、黄河水资源的承载能力和维持黄河河道生命的需水量及过程，采用水资源多维临界调控技术，进行多方案论证、比选，提出科学的对策措施，供决策参考。2．处理和利用黄河泥沙的途径和技术研究根据未来黄河水沙条件的变化，进一步研究泥沙运动机理，水库及河道泥沙冲淤演变趋势，考虑河道整治、滩区和河口治理措施、干流梯级控制性工程的开发、中游大规模生态环境的建设以及南水北调工程建设等的影响，充分发挥好“拦、排、放、调、挖”等处理和利用泥沙的作用，并研究谋求黄河河床不抬高，长治久安的治沙思路和其他重大措施的可行性。3．小浪底水库水沙调控运用关键技术研究主要包括：水库异重流排沙、大水相机降水冲刷、逐步抬高水位拦粗排细、调水调沙、防洪调度等运用方式的关键技术研究，充分发挥小浪底水库以防洪减淤为主的综合利用效益。4．有效遏制黄土高原水土流失的关键技术及其减沙效果研究实行退耕还林（草）休牧，利用自然力量恢复植被。沟道坝系治理，以多沙粗沙区为重点，研究沟道坝系的合理布局和相对平衡的关系，拦沙效益，评价指标和筑坝技术，坝地可持续利用技术�坡耕地综合开发利用技术等。5．南水北调工程增加黄河汛期水量的技术途径研究汛期水量减少是造成下游河槽严重淤积和潼关高程居高不下的主要原因，要研究给这两个河段增加汛期水量，特别是增加汛期中小洪水的量级和频次的可行性和措施。6．黄河水沙演进数学模拟技术开发黄河中下游河道二维水沙演进数学模型和水库水沙演进数学模型，用以研究黄河水沙运动规律、预测变化趋势，优选黄河水沙调控技术。
据学术堂了解，水是人类生产和生活必不可少的宝贵资源，但其自然存在的状态并不完全符合人类的需要。只有修建水利工程，才能控制水流，防止洪涝灾害，并进行水量的调节和分配，以满足人民生活和生产对水资源的需要。以下是水利工程论文题目供大家参考。1、水利水电工程成本控制的有效措施探究2、农田水利工程在“生态农业”思路下的设计3、水利施工过程的质量监测方法4、水利工程施工中的防渗新技术及应用研究5、导流技术在水利工程大坝施工中的应用价值6、水利工程隧洞回填的灌浆施工技术浅析7、水利工程隧洞施工坍塌的处理8、矩阵图分析法在水利勘测设计单位质量管理体系内部审核中的应用9、基于BIM技术的可视化水利工程设计仿真10、水利工程管理现代化与精细化分析11、水利工程中通过竖井的物料运输费用计算12、关于基层水利档案管理工作探讨13、基于结构方程的水利施工安全影响因素研究14、大型水利工程信用风险的形成路径及治理对策15、水利水电工程系统的风险评估
也不一定，每个导师的要求不同，有的只要是上知网的期刊就行，有的则要求要是专业的期刊，所有最好还是发在专业相关的期刊上最好了，当然了，不这样其实也无所谓，因为研究生发表论文其实也是一个硬性的要求，好多导师只认你的有没有发论文到期..
让你的导师给你题目吧！选题也是极其费功夫的事情，它需要对这个专业、很多的方向都要熟悉，知道还有哪些问题值得研究？哪些题目适合硕士研究生做？哪些题目适合博士做？哪些题目需要一个项目组去做？只要是别人没做过的，生产或管理中确实需要解决的问题，自然是容易通过的，有些还可申请专利。
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你这边是本科对吧 题目很好选择的
额，说到论文这个问题，首先你要把你的题目定好，题目不能太广了，譬如：轮中国地产开发成本管控；也不能出现负面的：谈当今社会工程造价灰色收入。要向写好你的论文.这个能够写的哦，要不
我觉得选择论文题目~应该以自己擅长的领域为依据吧，所以~你去看下（土木工程），看看你自己的兴趣和擅长的领域是什么~然后再选择题目吧
现代工业工程是以大规模工业生产及社会经济系统为研究对象，在制造工程学、管理科学和系统工程学等学科基础上逐步形成和发展起来的一门交叉的工程学科。下面是学术堂整理有关工业工程论文的题目，供大家参考。1、工效学在企业管理中的应用2、工效学原理在投资决策中的应用3、网络计划在企业生产管理中的应用4、影子价格在生产管理中的应用5、日用品价格体系研究6、JIT与产品功能分析7、制造企业库存问题研究8、我国汽车市场的发展问题分析9、论我国农产品绿色经营10、如何构建以快速物流为核心竞争力的物流组织结构11、物流企业核心竞争力的构建12、实现快速物流对企业管理的价值13、加强物流管理对企业实施低成本战略的价值14、基于ABC+EVA的企业业务外包研究15、绿色供应链环境下供应商的评价与选择研究16、电子商务环境下的第三方物流企业运作模式17、企业业务流程再造（BPR)研究18、基于精益生产的现场改善研究19、TPS在WQ纺织公司织造车间的应用探讨20、JIT在我国中小企业实施条件分析
首先，题目不能太大。其实，题目太大以后，往往会因力不从心，容易失败。这里的"太大"是指：研究的问题"外延"太大，几乎是无所不在其中--不是概论、就是原理、不是数学、就是物理！这种文章表面上看起来很大气，可往往给人言之无物、华而不实之感。同样地，如果选择的题目太小了，则显得轻而易举，不费力气，也不利提高。当然 ，题目的大小，当然也不是绝对的，大题可以小作，小题可以大作。关键还在于如何确定具体的论证角度。一般来说，大题目写起来容易空泛，这往往是由于学力不足，无法深入，写少了象蜻蜒点水，如浮光掠影；写多了则显得又臭又长。相反，如果抓住一个重要的小题，能够深入本质，切中要害，从各个方面把它说深说透，有独到的新见解，那论文就一定有份量。在选题时一般要注意：它的实用性、互异性、准确性、突破性等等三、 材料要充分选材是否合理是文章成败的关键。写论文从整体构思，到题目确定，到论证过程等等，都不能离开选材--客观的资料。选材的目的，是采众家之长，成一已之见。因而，必须注意以下几个方面问题：如何确立论点 即通过资料的收集、汇总、整理，把与自己的想法吻合的论点、论据、论证方法等挑选出来，并且从新的视角，予以新的观察。如何独树一帜同类资料中，不同作者自有其不同的阐述与见解，我们可以把其中富有个性的典型论据、体现各自特点的合理论证，摘录出来，从而为自己独树一帜提供保证。如何表现自我不少文章大同小异，因而，有关资料内容的交叉争议之点，往往也是文章的价值所在，关键之处。如果我们注意把这方面的资料整理出来，对于形成自己的主见，确定文章的论证角度和发展方向，则大有裨益。如何精耕细作不少文章由于种种原因，原作者只是提出了问题。并未作详细而中肯回答。如将文中略写部分归拢在一起，加以扩充分析，我们会从中受到启发，从而修正原有的选题方向，对问题作出定向、定度的思考和研究。总而言之，选材时，一定要注意不去作大而无当的联系和比较。必须有选择、有重点地找一些与我们的论点有关的东西来作对比研究，以便从中提炼出自己的见解。四、 思路要清晰在写论文之前，我们不妨先拟好一个写作提纲，如有可能最好是来一个初稿，然后再动手。提纲可以帮助我们树立全局观，从整体出发，去检验每一个细节所占的地位，所起的作用，展现相互间的逻辑联系是否得当，各个部分之间的比例是否和谐，每一个部分、每一环节是否都是为全局所需要，是否丝丝入扣，配合默契，是否都能为主题服务……初稿提纲只是论文的大致轮廓，不可能对每一细节都考虑周密完善，因而可以先写一个初稿。有了它，很可能发现原来提纲中某些设想有不恰当之处，这时就应加以调整或修改；对于有错误的论点、论据，或发现新的论点、论据，还应及时抽掉与增补，使之逐步完善。初稿的写作通常有两种写法：（一）、按提纲的顺序分段进行，它可以便文章的格调、风格前后保持一致，前后衔接紧凑、自然，避免旁逸斜出，防止语言、文字上的重复；（二）、按内容的熟悉程度分段进行，这种写法有利于作者积极思考，便于捕捉创作的灵感。五、 表达要准确修改--论文的后期制作。反复推敲出佳句，精心修改得华章。只有反复推敲和字斟句酌，文章才会显得具体、准确、生动，才能恰如其分地表述自己的教育、教研成果。修改的范围可大可小，既可以来一个"亡羊补牢"--是发现什么问题，修改什么问题，通过材料的增删，使文章血肉丰满，使观点立之牢固，并与材料达到和统一；又可以"彻头彻尾"--发现问题，该舍就舍、该去则去，决不估息。在内容上包括修改观点，修改材料，在形式上包括修改结构，修改语言等。修改观点在初稿形成后，要再看一看全文的基本观点是否正确，说明它的若干个从属论点，是否有失偏颇、带有片面性或表述得欠准确；同时还要关注一下自己的观点是否与别人类似或雷同，有无创意与新意等等。修改结构从结构上来看，不仅要求论点、论据、论证三者关系处置得当、层次分明、脉络清楚，能使主题内容得到顺畅合理的表达，还要求文章的开头、结尾、段落、层次、过渡、照应、主次、详细等各个环节合理紧凑。修改语言 要在语言的准确性、学术性、可读性等方面下功夫，文字力求准确、精炼、简洁、专业，努力做到字字珠玑、句句充实。文章的最后衷心祝愿：每一位读者都成为锦绣文章的主人！ ——发表吧
很好写啊，光电工程毕业论文，我写的是《LED照明光学系统的设计及其阵列光照度分布研究》，不过几万字的研究生论文自己完成还要工作，肯定没时间。还是同事给我的莫文网，有专业老师帮忙写就是快，专业的说
论文的题目思路的问题，我们最常用的解决办法就是多找资料，看别人的题目能给自己什么灵感，（现_代物_理、应_用物_理、生_物物理_学）这些资料你自己百度下都可以找到，
不管是导师还是读者，评判论文的第一感是先审核题目，选题是撰写论文的奠基工程，在一定程度上决定着论文的优劣。下面我给大家带来2021各方向硕士论文题目写作参考，希望能帮助到大家!
计算机硕士论文题目选题参考
1、基于特征提取的图像质量评价及计算机辅助诊断
2、多功能体育馆音质控制计算机仿真实例对比研究
3、中职计算机应用基础课游戏化学习软件的设计研究
4、基于图像的计算机物体识别研究
5、中职计算机生态课堂高效教学策略的实践性研究
6、基于计算机视觉的胶囊缺陷检测系统的设计与实现
7、计算机网络信息安全风险评估标准与 方法 研究
8、基于计算机视觉的表面缺陷检测及应用
9、擦窗机伸缩臂计算机辅助设计系统研究
10、基于乳腺癌计算机辅助诊断的病理图像分析
11、面向创新创业的民办高校计算机基础课程教学改革研究
12、中职学校计算机类课程作业提交与评价系统研究
13、基于物联网的计算机监控系统设计与开发
14、基于计算机视觉的皮革测配色研究
15、基于计算机视觉的杂草种子鉴别
16、基于计算机视觉的花卉分级系统研究
17、计算机辅助景观表现研究
18、基于计算机视觉的水面智能监控研究
19、计算机辅助飞机铆钉连接优化设计
20、非相似平台管理计算机的余度管理技术研究
21、基于图像形状特征量的计算机辅助肝硬化检测研究
22、乳腺肿瘤超声剪切波弹性图像的计算机辅助诊断
23、面向老龄用户的计算机界面交互模式研究
24、培养中职计算机网络专业学生综合实践能力的 措施 研究
25、基于动态部分可重构FPGA的计算机组成原理实验平台设计
26、三值光学计算机解码器中并行感光阵列的设计
27、基于中国虹计算机的文件管理系统设计与研究
28、计算机网络虚拟实验教学平台的设计与实现
29、基于计算机视觉的油菜生长过程自动识别研究
30、基于计算机视觉的火焰三维重建算法的研究
31、企业内网计算机终端软件补丁管理系统的研究与设计
32、治安监控中基于计算机视觉的异常行为检测技术研究
33、集成无线体域网穿戴式计算机设计
34、基于计算机视觉的疲劳驾驶检测技术研究
35、基于MRI的肝脏病变计算机辅助诊断
36、基于模糊认知图的计算机在线证据智能分析技术研究
37、基于录像分析的高职计算机微课设计的案例研究
38、动态可重构穿戴计算机软件平台的设计与实现
39、计算机视觉中可变特征目标检测的研究与应用
40、基于计算机视觉的单体猪喘气行为视频特征表达方法研究
41、基于计算机视觉的指针式电表校验的关键技术研究
42、基于计算机视觉的车牌识别系统的算法研究
43、乐山计算机学校学生管理系统设计与实现
44、基于计算机视觉微测量技术研究
45、基于计算机视觉的枸杞分级方法研究
46、基于计算机视觉的外膜厚度测量方法的研究
47、基于计算机视觉的车道偏离预警算法研究
48、节能监管计算机联网多参数计量控制系统
49、点状开发建设项目水土保持方案计算机辅助编制系统研发
50、大学计算机课程实验教学平台的设计与实现
51、肠癌计算机辅助识别算法的研究
52、计算机联锁安全关键软件可靠性设计
53、计算机视觉在织物疵点自动检测中的应用研究
54、数字水印技术在计算机辅助评卷系统中的应用研究
教育 硕士论文题目
1、帮助学生掌握数学解题策略的实验与研究
2、中学数学合情推理教学现状调查和分析
3、中小学数学估算的教与学
4、培养中专生数学应用能力的研究
5、中美高中课程标准下数学探究的比较研究
6、 高中数困生良好数学思维品质培养研究
7、高一学生数学概括能力培养的实验 研究
8、网络环境下高中数学教学模式研究
9、新课标下促进学生数学学习正迁移的研究
10、基于新课程的初中数学自主学习课堂教学的实践与研究
11、中学生对数学公式的记忆特点研究
12、TI-92技术在高中数学新课程算法教学中的应用
13、数学史在中学数学教育中的教学价值
14、在数学教学中，指导学生掌握数学学习策略的实践研究
15、全国高考试题与高中数学竞赛试题相关性研究
16、新课程下初中数学学习过程评价的实验与研究
17、职高《数学》课程探究性学习的实践研究
18、培养数学学习迁移能力的课堂教学策略
19、在高中数学学习中自我监控能力培养策略的研究
20、中专班《数学实验》选修课的研究与实践
21、初中生数学思维过程的研究及数学思维能力的培养
22、培养高中生数学直觉思维能力的途径
23、论现行初中数学课堂练习及单元测验的改革
24、网络环境下“中学数学实验课”教学设计与评价的实践研究
25、高一学生函数概念学习障碍及教学对策
26、师范生数学语言表达能力的实验研究
27、职业中学数学教学中融入数学史教学的实践研究
28、高中数学教学中小组合作学习的实践与研究
29、高中数学新课程《球面上的几何》的教学实验与研究
30、数学发现法教学的课堂实施研究
31、开展初中“ 反思 性数学学习”的研究与实践
32、初中数学新课程下小组合作学习的研究与实验
33、以“教学反思”为载体的小学数学教师培训的研究
34、技校兴趣缺乏型数困生的现状及教学研究
35、中学数学课堂探究式教学模式的理论和实践研究
36、数学交流探究
37、论数学课程的情感与态度目标
38、数学课堂探究性教学的理论与实践研究
39、中学数学教师评价研究
40、五年一贯制师范数学课程设置研究
41、 高二数学 优秀生与学困生的解题策略比较研究
42、建构主义及其观点下的《全日制义务教育数学课程标准》(初中部分)解析
43、新课程标准下弗赖登塔尔数学教学原则在我国小学及初中低年级数学教学中的应用构想
44、在高中数学教学中运用《几何画板》进行数学实验的探索与实践
45、数学历史名题作为研究性学习的开发与实验研究
46、普通高中几何课程体系实施研究
47、中学数学中非语言表征的应用研究
软件工程专业硕士论文题目
1、 城轨线网数据标准与数据库设计研究
2、 基于秘密共享协议的移动数据库研究
3、 云环境下数据库同步服务的研究与实现
4、 列数据库SQL语言编译器的研究与实现
5、 面向复杂负载特征和性能需求的云数据库弹性动态平衡问题研究
6、 数据资源规划中主题数据库划分研究
7、 某某后方仓库综合数据库管理系统设计与实现
8、 SYBASE数据库的索引压缩的设计与实现
9、 分布式数据库中间件DBScale的设计与实现
10、 PostgreSQL数据库中SSD缓存模块的设计与实现
11、 数据库工具DBTool的设计与实现
12、 基于大型数据库的智能搜索与摘要提取技术研究
13、 基于用户行为分析与识别的数据库入侵检测系统的研究
14、 面向内存数据库的快照机制和持久性支持研究
15、 面向海量高并发数据库中间件的研究与应用
16、 CUBRID数据库自动化测试框架的设计与实现
17、 KingbaseES数据库列存储测试的设计与实现
18、 网络数据库服务质量监测系统的设计与实现
19、 外包数据库完整性验证的研究
20、 云南省宗教基础数据库系统的研究与分析
21、 基于SQL Server数据库的银行 保险 数据管理系统的设计和实现
22、 邮政金融电子稽查系统的数据库设计与实现
23、 文档型数据库的存储模型设计和研究
24、 多数据库环境电子商务信息安全技术研究
25、 多数据库环境数据集成与转换技术研究
26、 应用于网络监控系统的数据库设计与实现研究
27、 车辆特征数据库管理系统设计与实现
28、 数据库共享容灾技术应用研究
29、 非关系数据库加密模型的研究
30、 “数据库原理课程”在线评卷系统的设计与实现
31、 基于日志挖掘的数据库入侵检测方法研究
32、 内存数据库在城市垃圾监控系统中的研究与应用
33、 基于B/S结构的数据库加密技术的研究与应用
34、 省级基础水文数据库的设计与实现
35、 多数据库系统数据仓库集成技术应用研究
36、 多数据库环境下数据迁移技术的研究与应用
37、 基于J2EE数据库业务系统代码生成工具的设计与实现
38、 基于智能设备的嵌入式数据库安全性研究
39、 基于药用动物图像数据库的设计与实现
40、 地震预警地质构造条件数据库管理系统的设计与实现
各方向硕士论文题目写作参考相关 文章 ：
★ 文学硕士论文的写作技巧
★ 心理学类论文大全及写作指导
★ 教育方向专业毕业论文题目有哪些
★ 论文写作格式
★ 硕士论文写作格式要求
★ 大学生论文题目参考2021
★ 经济学毕业论文题目参考2021
★ 大学学科论文范文及写作指导
★ 毕业论文写作心得5篇
★ 硕士论文写作指导方法及要求