当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
医学类英语文章1
指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.
Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, ., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.
The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.
"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."
One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.
"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."
Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.
"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."
However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.
医学类英语文章2
西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系
Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.
at a raised risk of diabetes:提高患糖尿病的风险
But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.
bear the same risk:承受同样的风险
the journal Circulation:《循环》杂志
With globalization, fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.
"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.
the University of Minnesota School of Public Health:明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院
"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.
a cultural standpoint: 文化 角度
The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.
Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.
died of cardiaccauses:死于心脏病
Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.
greater odds of:更大的几率
Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.
Western-style fast food:西式快餐
The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.
In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.
physically active:体力活动
Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.
dim sum:中式点心
be not associated with:与……无关
"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.
The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".
a status symbol:身份象征
The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.
hold serious implications for:对……有严重影响
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health:约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院
"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."
maximize profit:追求利润最大化
emerging economies:新兴市场国家
医学类英语文章3
胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快
Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.
据英国某一研究,相比瘦子,胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。
Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.
英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明,那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子,比起瘦子来说,他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。
Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.
这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。
They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.
研究人员对他们称了体重,做了测量,记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量,同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。
In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.
此外,研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验,这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。
Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.
在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中,9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象,这也意味着他们将面临双重危险,高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。
The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.
研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力,而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。
The latter group experienced a percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.
比起健康的胖子,后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达。
Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.
巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说,他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.
英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说:“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加,进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”
“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."
“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱,但先前的研究表明在中年时期,健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”
人食五谷杂粮,总会有生病的时候,这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的,欢迎阅读! Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black edy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel. Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage. Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels. Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take. In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of bat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out. One more bit of rmation about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22. Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning. The most mon kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A or classic hemophilia and hemophilia B or Christmas hemophilia, which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B. Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease. Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes. However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
医学类英语文章1
指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.
Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, ., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.
The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.
"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."
One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.
"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."
Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.
"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."
However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.
医学类英语文章2
西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系
Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.
at a raised risk of diabetes:提高患糖尿病的风险
But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.
bear the same risk:承受同样的风险
the journal Circulation:《循环》杂志
With globalization, fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.
"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.
the University of Minnesota School of Public Health:明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院
"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.
a cultural standpoint: 文化 角度
The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.
Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.
died of cardiaccauses:死于心脏病
Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.
greater odds of:更大的几率
Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.
Western-style fast food:西式快餐
The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.
In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.
physically active:体力活动
Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.
dim sum:中式点心
be not associated with:与……无关
"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.
The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".
a status symbol:身份象征
The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.
hold serious implications for:对……有严重影响
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health:约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院
"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."
maximize profit:追求利润最大化
emerging economies:新兴市场国家
医学类英语文章3
胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快
Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.
据英国某一研究,相比瘦子,胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。
Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.
英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明,那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子,比起瘦子来说,他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。
Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.
这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。
They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.
研究人员对他们称了体重,做了测量,记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量,同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。
In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.
此外,研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验,这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。
Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.
在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中,9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象,这也意味着他们将面临双重危险,高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。
The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.
研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力,而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。
The latter group experienced a percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.
比起健康的胖子,后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达。
Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.
巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说,他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.
英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说:“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加,进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”
“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."
“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱,但先前的研究表明在中年时期,健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”
人食五谷杂粮,总会有生病的时候,这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的关于医学方面的英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
关于医学方面的英语文章
Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black comedy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel.
Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage.
Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels.
Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take.
In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of combat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out.
One more bit of information about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22.
Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning.
The most common kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A (or classic hemophilia) and hemophilia B (or Christmas hemophilia), which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B.
Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease.
Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes.
However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.
心脏压缩食管.这使得人力资源管理色彩轮廓记录从病人吞咽困难和充血性失败.这些是正常的运动功能的使用,辅导,和调整,.约36到45厘米之间从鼻孔有一个区高架休息intaesophageal压力变化节奏的心率,表明它是心脏的来源。是指单一传感器或一组可能失败。因此,一个单一的通道,或一系列相邻的渠道可能不各种文物所产生的传感器模式表明导管需要修理或更换。演示了一个蠕动序列与空气中的卫生套,涵盖了图片是当空气被困之间的导管鞘远端蠕动迫使迫使鞘。
当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
医学类英语文章1
指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.
Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, ., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.
The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.
"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."
One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.
"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."
Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.
"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."
However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.
医学类英语文章2
西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系
Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.
at a raised risk of diabetes:提高患糖尿病的风险
But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.
bear the same risk:承受同样的风险
the journal Circulation:《循环》杂志
With globalization, fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.
"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.
the University of Minnesota School of Public Health:明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院
"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.
a cultural standpoint: 文化 角度
The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.
Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.
died of cardiaccauses:死于心脏病
Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.
greater odds of:更大的几率
Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.
Western-style fast food:西式快餐
The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.
In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.
physically active:体力活动
Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.
dim sum:中式点心
be not associated with:与……无关
"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.
The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".
a status symbol:身份象征
The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.
hold serious implications for:对……有严重影响
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health:约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院
"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."
maximize profit:追求利润最大化
emerging economies:新兴市场国家
医学类英语文章3
胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快
Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.
据英国某一研究,相比瘦子,胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。
Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.
英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明,那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子,比起瘦子来说,他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。
Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.
这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。
They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.
研究人员对他们称了体重,做了测量,记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量,同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。
In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.
此外,研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验,这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。
Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.
在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中,9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象,这也意味着他们将面临双重危险,高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。
The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.
研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力,而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。
The latter group experienced a percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.
比起健康的胖子,后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达。
Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.
巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说,他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.
英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说:“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加,进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”
“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."
“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱,但先前的研究表明在中年时期,健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
在诺丁山,一位46岁的精神科护士帮忙照顾一位老人。她此前曾阅读过一些关于成功使用益生菌控制医院抗药菌的案例的文章。不知是否真的可行?最近,一支由Mary Hickson博士领导的来自于伦敦查灵十字医院营养科的研究团队发表了一项他们与汉姆史密斯医院联合开展的研究的实验结果。报告上称,如果患者饮用一瓶益生菌酸奶饮料,在乳酸菌内的一群无害的乳酸杆菌会聚积在患者的内脏并清除体内潜在致命病菌。Hickson博士还在报告中附上有说服力的证据加以说明。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,通常被认为是一种随时会突袭人类身体的掠夺性病菌,这种说法已被一些普通的英国医院所接受。病人开始拒绝做一些可取的但并不必要的手术,因为他们害怕他们的伤口可能会受耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的感染。而人们同样认为想要一个新臀部或新膝关节可能并不是一个很危险的行为,但确实是件冒风险的事情。当耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌占据了各大新闻标题时,一种潜在的致命内脏感染细菌——艰难梭菌正逐渐在一些卫生条件不佳的医院内蔓延,这些医院病房的床铺、厕所和浴室都不是很干净。这种不断出现的耐抗生素的艰难梭菌会导致严重的腹泻,这对于儿童、老人和身体虚弱的人着实有点危险。通过改善卫生环境以减少感染风险中的一些重要事项中,看病人之前和之后都应洗手这条已被采纳实行。但是,Mary Hickson和她的团队也指出,超过50岁的病人一天两次服食乳酸菌会减少因抗生素引起的腹泻事件,也会减少病人留院的时间和治病的开销,甚至是拯救生命。流体形式的乳酸菌对于有着咀嚼困难的老年病人很有好处。对于一些善于咀嚼药片或其他厌恶糖饮料的患者来说,服食益生菌药丸也能达到同样的效果,就像吃维生素片一样。
A类、B类,一级、二级这些都是每个省或者说是一些单位根据自身情况把核心期刊打乱了重新排列的。这个要看具体的规定。不一定核心期刊就一定在A类期刊里,也不一定普通期刊就不在A类期刊里。要具体看目录。
其作用在于对文章按其内容进行归类、以便于文献的统计、期刊评价、确定文献的检索范围 ,提高检索结果的适用性等。
具体如下:
A、理论与应用研究学术论文(包括综述报告)
B、实用性技术成果报告(科技)、理论学习与社会实践总结(社科)·
C、业务指导与技术管理性文章(包括领导讲话、特约评论等)
D、一般动态性信息(通讯、报道、会议活动、专访等)
E、文件、资料(包括历史资料、统计资料、机构、人物、书刊、知识介绍等)
说明:
1、不属于上述各类的文章以及文摘、零讯、补白、广告、启事等不加文献标志码。
2、中文文章的文献标志码以 "文献标志码:"或"[文献标志码]"作为标志,如:文献标志码:A
3、英文文章的文献标志码以"Document code:"作为标志。
规范对各类文章格式的要求有所不同。A类文章要求有中英文题名、工作单位、摘要、关键词,还要有汉语拼音的作者姓名;B类和C类文章要求有中文题名及作者姓名。
A类文献是期刊质量的一个标志。医学期刊中论著是期刊的核心部分,学术价值较高,一般都被定为A类文献;综述性文章一般篇幅较长,以汇集文献资料为主,或着重评述,具有权威性,对学科的进一步发展有引导作用定为A类。
论著摘要、病例报告、经验交流等类文章,文章标志码的统一存在一定困难,有的定为B,有的定为其它,须根据文章的具体情况分别对待。述评、专题讨论等一般标志定为C;简短的病历报告、短篇报道一般定为D。
问题:
文献标志码一般不需要作者标注,而是由期刊专职人员根据文章内容划分的。因医学期刊有时很难绝对区分各类文献的差异,所以不同时期期刊同样文章格式的标志码有所不同,这与编辑人员对上述规范的理解程度不同有一定的关系。
同一种期刊同类文章的标志码也有不同,这与文章的篇幅及论述的详尽程度有关。如同一期的《临床内科杂志》中,病例报告有的标志为B,有的标志为D。总之,文献标志码还存在一定的问题,还有待进一步的规范和统一。
以上内容参考百度百科--文献标志码
可以在中国知网,维普,龙源期刊网和万方期刊网上现在,应该是A类和B类期刊吧,这些期刊A,B是单位自己分的,网上都可以找到
核心期刊是属于A类。其他的无论是省级还是国家级,都属于B类。《求医问药》目前是属于B类国家级期刊,全文收录中国知网、万方、中国期刊网、维普等权威期刊网
英语教师具有较熟练的英语语言运用能力,要在工作中不断地 反思 ,才能 总结 出更好的 教学 方法 。下面是我为大家整理的小学英语 教育 教学反思,欢迎参阅。小学英语教育教学反思 范文 篇1 英语学习 、英语教学越来越受到人们的普遍重视。随着时代的发展和社会的进步,英语已从一种工具变成了一种思想,一种知识库。没有掌握英语犹如缺乏一种思想,缺少了一个重要的知识源泉。可以这样说,学会英语,不但多了一双眼睛,一对耳朵,和一条舌头,甚至是多了一个头脑!因为语言是人类思维的工具,认识世界的工具,掌握一种语言也即掌握了一种观察和认识世界的方法和习惯。 从日常工作中的点点滴滴,总结以下几点反思: 一、靠持续不断的语言知识,而不是“玩”来培养学生持久的兴趣 小学英语教学是要重视培养兴趣,但单靠 唱歌 游戏不能培养学生持久的兴趣。新鲜劲儿一过,孩子们就会厌倦。所以,唱歌游戏应该作为小学生 学习英语 语言知识、技能的一些手段,而不是培养兴趣的手段。我们可以采用多种手段帮助小学生在 记忆力 强的时期多记单词,多学习语言规则,并尽可能多创造模仿的机会,提高学生的语音和语调。在英语学习中,听、说、读、写、译五种能力是可以互补的。真正做到听说先行,读写跟上。光听说不读写,很难收到高效。只靠模仿不培养学习能力,也难减轻学习负担。所以小学生还是应当认真进行语言学习。 二、英语应用能力需要相应的词汇。 而目前在小学的低年级的英语教学中,不要求学生掌握词汇,而只要求学生能根据提示或图片说出该单词,其本质无非是要学生们死记硬背,鹦鹉学舌。由于小学生们没有相应的读音规则训练,不熟悉词汇的拼写规则,单词的音、形、意三者不能有效的结合在一起,因而导致了单词记忆的困难,并成了小学生学英语的困难。 三、努力培养学习兴趣。 英语教师的教学重点是放在教学内容,教学大纲和考试形式上呢,还是将教学注重点转移到学生的性格、兴趣、情绪等方面的培养和控制?这是,现代教育思想转变的重大原则问题。事实证明,认为自己“民主、开放、平静、友好、体贴、乐于助人、聪明、富于逻辑性和快乐”的人,一般来说,其学习英语成功的可能性要大于与上述性格相反或相差极大的学习者。另外,在外语学习过程中,由于外界因素的影响,学习者会出现焦虑沮丧烦躁不安等情况,英语教师作为教学活动的组织者,应注意对外语学习者情感因素的培养和控制。尤其是在小学的低年级阶段,英语教师要培养对学生的亲近感。在课堂教学中英语教师要十分尊重学生,注意激励学生,关注学生学习过程。在当前“减负”工作中,英语教师尤其要注意体察学生在课堂上的心理感受,亲近学生,使学生喜爱英语教师和英语课,从而提高英语课堂教学的效益。 小学英语教育教学反思范文篇2 小学开设英语课是当代社会发展的需要。小学生模仿力、记忆力、可塑性强,具有许多成年人甚至中学生不具备的优越条件,小学开设英语可以发挥他们学习语言的潜力,可以使小学生了解其他国家和民族的优秀 文化 传统,开阔眼界,扩展他们的知识,提高他们的思想品德修养,树立国际意识。它有助于思想情感教育,中外文化交流,既有国际性也有民族性。 从事第一线英语教学,结合日常工作中的点点滴滴,我总结以下几点反思: 反思一:持续不断的语言知识,而不是“玩”来培养学生持久的兴趣 小学英语教学是要重视培养兴趣,但不能单靠唱歌游戏去学习,因为培养兴趣主要是为了学习英语。小学生学习英语不是英美的移民学习英语,则只有不断学到语言知识,提高语言能力,满足他们的成就感,才可能培养持久的兴趣。否则新鲜劲儿一过,孩子们就会厌倦。所以,唱歌游戏应该作为小学生学习英语语言知识、技能的一些手段,而不是培养兴趣的手段。我们可以采用多种手段帮助小学生在记忆力强的时期多记单词,多学习语言规则,并尽可能多创造模仿的机会,提高学生的语音和语调。在英语学习中,听、说、读、写、译五种能力是可以互补的。真正做到听说先行,读写跟上。光听说不读写,很难收到高效。只模仿不培养学习能力,也难减轻学习负担。所以小学生还是应当认真进行语言学习。 反思二:英语应用能力需要相应的词汇。 目前在小学的低年级的英语教学中,不要求学生掌握词汇,而只要求学生能根据提示或图片说出该单词,其本质无非是要学生们死记硬背,鹦鹉学舌。由于小学生们没有相应的读音规则训练,不熟悉词汇的拼写规则,单词的音、形、意三者不能有效的结合在一起,因而导致了单词记忆的困难,并成了小学生学英语的瓶颈。 反思三:小学英语教师应有发展意识 一直以来,人们小学英语教师的语言知识能力要求不高,认为小学英语简单,不需要太好的语言功底,只要有良好的教学技能就可以了。其实时代在进步,社会在发展,同样英语作为人们最广泛的交际用语之一,更是随着高科技的迅猛发展而日新月异地变化着。如果我们的英语教师固步自封,不求进取,那么不但自己的语言知识很快陈旧落伍,误人子弟,而且会被时代所淘汰。 我们的英语教师不跟上时代的步伐,不坚持不断地学习和接受新事物,不了解现代英语发展的现状和趋势,那么,我们所教出来的学生一旦离开学校走向社会,他们会发现他们所学的英语是多么书呆子气。而教师自己则可能甚至连小学生们所津津乐道的一些常用语也可能会出现理解性的错误。 反思四:小学英语教师应有文化意识 在小学英语的教学中,因为课文的简单易懂,所含的信息量少的缘故,很多小学英语教师忽视了文化对语言的影响,而导致了一些语言情景的不真实,和虚假的语言的产生。跨文化交际意识的培养,是英语教学的一个重要组成部分。词汇是文化信息的主要浓缩。对英语词汇的准确理解,和对语言环境的认识和创设和把握,需要对文化的比较深刻的理解。外族文化知识的获得,主要是通过对该族文化历史的研究和学习,通过对该族语言文学作品的研读,通过对该族文化生活习惯、生活方式的了解。而读原版英语经典著作的学习,是达到这三条的捷径。 课堂、教师、书本,特别是电脑将学生和世界信息知识库连接了起来。强烈的文字、图象和音响效果,会激起学生强烈的求知欲望,学习成为学生自我的需要和乐趣。用电脑作为教学手段可以大大提高学生的学习兴趣,提高教学效率,增强教学效果,减轻教师劳动强度,更增加教学的拓展性、科学性和严谨性。电脑为教师和学生打开了世界世纪之门,提供了最新的信息和知识,为随时掌握世界最新信息创造了先决条件,课堂教学再也不会枯燥。 小学英语教育教学反思范文篇3 小学英语教学是英语教学的初级阶段,这一阶段的教学效果,直接影响学生中学阶段的学习,所以小学英语基础教育至关重要。那么怎样才能提高小学英语的效果呢?要根据 儿童 的心理特点,选择适合小学生口味的教学方式方法。实践证明,注入情感、激发学生热情,培养创新精神、发挥交际能力,培养创新能力和德育、智育相互渗透,完善教学过程是行之有效的教学方法。 一、在英语教学过程中,老师如果总是盯住学生的弱点错误,而不对他们的成功作出正确的评价,就会压抑学生那些朦胧的、零碎的、不成形的思想,从而阻碍了创造性的发展。因此,教师必须正确对待“异想天开”,采用恰当的评价方式,注意客观、公正、热情、诚恳的态度,满足他们成功的需要,调动积极性。在实践中,我注意做到两点: (1)注意评价的鼓励性 面对精彩的回答,我们要舍得"掌声"。但在对学生进行恰当的表扬的基础上,也应注意否定学生错误的方法。教师课堂上经常采用的一句“No,Youarewrong.”常常使回答的学生积极性一落千丈,甚至挫伤了他的自尊心,这样不利于学生发挥创造性,不如把它换成善意的话,如“Idon’tthinkso.”“Pleasethinkitover.”“Maybeyou’reright.”“Really?”它们听起来委婉含蓄,不但使学生容易接受,而且增强了他们的自信心。 (2)注意评价的层次性不同程度的学生,我设以不同程度的要求,并分层次评价要求。优等生往往给予高要求的评价,希望他们不满足于现状,更上一层楼;而后进生往往给予肯定、鼓励的评价,增加他们的自信心,尊重他们的自尊心。教师要把期望带给学生,尊重、理解、宽容地对待学生,相信他们会取得进步,获得成功。给予积极的评价,才能保持他们的积极性,使他们做到"勤思",创造力才能得以继续的发展。 二、激发学生热情,培养创新能力 20世纪90年代以来,国际外语教育研究界提出,当前,外语教学法正处于转变之中,其特点是在教师的直接教授与同伴及小组活动之间寻求平衡。外语毕竟不是我们的母语,如果不注重培养学生热情,往往会使学生觉得寸步难行,从而使学生产生畏难情绪。教师应充分利用小学英语教材内容浅显易懂,贴近生活,富有情趣的特点,创设课堂学习情境,激发学生学习热情。在热烈兴奋、轻松自由的课堂氛围中,在自由地教与学的活动中培养学生的创新能力。通过改变教师“满堂灌”、学生被动接受的单一的教学信息传递方式,有讲有练,精讲精练;有动有静,动静结合;有起伏、有节奏,使课堂上充满生机、挑战与激情。促成情感互动、师生互动的局面。“互动”指在教学过程中,通过师生认知互动、师生情感互动、师生实践性活动的互动等,形成多维互动关系,充分体现了老师的主导作用及学生的主体地位。在实施共同创设的各种情景中,开展丰富多彩的语言实践活动。我们可以借助角色模拟,展现对话情景。例如:在教学小学英语第一册第时,我让学生分别扮演Lishan、Helen、Alice、Tom上台自由发挥即兴表演对话,通过动作、神情及语言,生动形象地呈现教学内容、使较长的对话在轻松、活泼的气氛中学会了。又如:在教学钢笔、铅笔、橡皮擦、卷笔刀、尺子、铅笔盒的一些单词时,教师可准备相关实物放在一个“百宝箱”盒子里,然后一边神秘地出示,一边说:“Look,Whatisthis,doyouknow?”同学们兴致盎然,纷纷争着回答,教师趁机教学单词,使学生在玩中轻松学会了单词。智慧的创造,灵感的激发,成功的喜悦,常常给人心灵以巨大的震撼,在师生的生命长河中,留下永不消逝的痕迹。 三、发挥交际能力,培养创新能力 小学英语教材给教师以充分自由的发挥空间,它贴近生活,我们在学习中要注重实践、体验、感悟、内化、创新的过程,充分调动主观能动性,利用课余生活,设计实践活动,让学生的英语技能运用到实际生活中去,真正发挥英语的交际功能,提高语言能力,培养创新能力。在英语教学中,我注意多角度、全方位地围绕教学内容,设计各种教学形式与方法,发展学生创造力。因为具有创造力的人,对外界的感知比其他人要敏锐得多,他们的显著特点是在于其发现问题的能力,而不仅是解决问题的能力,正如曾获诺贝尔奖的奥.圣洁尔吉医生说的,他们具有“见人之所皆见,思人之所未思”的品质,创造便从此开始。比如:小学四年级课本中一句“Ihaveapencil.”教师可拓展来,列出相似的 句子 :. 再配以相应的实物,经过观察,同学们明白了“Ihavea”的意思是“我有一个” 在课外,老师尽量多和学生在一起,使自己能真正地贴近学生。平时常启发、引导学生用简单的英语交流,并且带头用外语表达。如:一个单元结束后,我要给学生奖励,这时候就说:“Hereyouare!”这时候学生自然会说:“Thankyou!”并带以动作,当相互见面时问声:“Howareyou?”当放学回家时道声:“Bye—Bye!”等等,相互用英语对话。即使在家中,也鼓励学生常用英语来锻炼听说能力。这样,孩子们运用语言的积极性特别高,若能多给孩子们创造一些机会,有意识地调动他们的积极性,就能激发他们更大的学习热情,丰富充分了语言实践活动,培养了外语交际能力。例如:在教学风筝、气球的句子后,请学生们课后准备学具,互相利用句子交谈。同学们兴趣盎然,俨然像个小老外似地对着话。“Ihaveakite.”“Ihaveaballoon.”“Metoo!Look!”通过课外实物练习,学生们学到的是活的语言,就像搭积木一样,把学到的有限的语汇灵活地进行搭配组合,表达出丰富的意思,所以,孩子们对英语学习产生了浓厚的兴趣,他们爱说英语,敢说英语,初步具备了一定的英语表达能力。教学内容紧连生活,课堂延伸到课外,激发了学生的想象能力和学习兴趣,培养了学生的创新能力。 猜你喜欢: 1. 小学英语教师反思随笔 2. 小学生英语教学反思 3. 小学英语教育教学反思论文 4. 小学英语教学反思范文
小学英语的教学目的是培养学生 学习英语 的浓厚兴趣和良好的语言习惯,打好语音语调基础,培养学生听、说、读、写的初步能力和口头交际能力。本文是小学英语教师的 教育 叙事,欢迎阅读。
小学英语教师教育叙事一:
我在走向优秀
记得似乎有人说过:我不能改变生命的长度,但是我可以改变它的宽度。作为一名教育工作者,我曾经为自己的工作而困惑过,但是就在这几天让我突然间顿悟,生活不一定就是我们看到的那个样子,我们其实有足够的能力去改变它!而问题的关键是我们想不想去改变?有没有足够的能力去改变?
“hello,miss zhao!”每当听到孩子们这种真挚而稚嫩的问候,望着孩子们渴望的眼神,我心中的感动油然而生。每天我被身边的一切感动着,特别是孩子们的朴实、纯真,还有善良„„
从教多年来,总是在高教部巡回任课。高年级的孩子无论从课堂纪律 ,还是从课后作业都有较强的自觉性。所以省去了很多很多苦口婆心的叮嘱。今年初教三年级,真让我忧心重重„„忧虑一:孩子们虽说是上三年级了,其实心理年龄仍然停留在八、九岁,太好动、爱闹腾。刚开始的时候,我想用“下马威”,可是,无知者无畏呀,尽管我虎着脸,教棍敲击着桌面“梆梆响”,很多孩子仍然是不屑一顾。整个教室乱哄哄的,有说话的;有作小动作的……,我就使劲喊:“坐端正”,还没静到一分钟,整个教室又像市场一样,我上一节课比原来给高年级上了十节课还费劲。一节课下来,我是筋疲力尽,孩子呢,什么也没听懂,说实话,我很压抑,更是担心,像这样下去,教学成绩肯定是一塌糊涂。课下我就 反思 自己,肯定是自己的 方法 不当,学生是生面孔,我也是生面孔,我不了解学生,学生也不了解我,学生不喜欢我,那肯定就不喜欢我的课了,我想我应该走进学生的心里,要与学生交流,与学生沟通,于是我就利用课余时间找爱讲话的爱做小动作的学生交流,问他们几岁了,家在哪里,喜欢玩什么,并告诉他们,老师也爱玩,很想和他们在课间一起玩,但上课的时候必须好好听讲……,这一着还真灵,上课的时候这些孩子坐的很端正,可是新的问题又出现了,我教他们
读单词读 句子 时,有的捂着嘴,有的不敢张嘴,有的声音像蚊子一样,我被这一幕给逗乐了,我轻轻地走过去抚摸着孩子的头告诉他们:“咱们要对自己有信心,自信会让我们变得很帅、很美。”孩子们笑了……
开学近一个月了,师生间的情感在升华,现在走在校园里,总能听到孩子甜美的英语问好声,我感动他们带给我的快乐和幸福。
偶然在一次下课的时候,我习惯性地走进一堆孩子的中间,问道“你们喜欢上英语课吗?”“喜欢!”孩子很肯定的告诉我。“英语很有意思。”同学们七嘴八舌地议论开了。
记得有一天早晨,我刚走上楼,孩子们就亲切地和我打起招呼来,其中一名平时很腼腆、害羞的孩子突然鼓起勇气,走到我面前,“hello……”话到嘴边似乎想了很久极力记住的话语又咽了回去,过了半晌,感觉突然想起什么似的,很欣喜地从嘴里冒出一句“I’m Miss Xie.”。同学们立刻笑起来,都忙着帮她纠正起来,孩子好象很不好意思的样子,我很开心地摸摸这个孩子的头一边给孩子纠正,一边当着大家的面表扬了她的勇气,孩子们热烈的掌声触动了她的心灵,她抬起头,开心地笑了。
我打量了一下周围,很是融洽,于是准备上课了,这时坐在前排的一个孩子突然举起他的小手,经过我的允许后,站起来,眼睛扑闪扑闪地说,“老师,我们很喜欢英语”,“那你喜欢老师吗?”“嗯。”孩子们都开心地笑了。虽然只是几句话,几分钟的事情,可是这比上一堂精彩的课更让我欣慰。也足以说明了我的努力付出得到了回报。同时我也更加坚信了:亲其师,信其道。只有喜欢你,才会喜欢你的课,喜欢你的课,成绩就自然不用担心了。
因此,课堂是我们育人的舞台,幕后也要不断地鼓励孩子,帮助他们树立信心,尤其是那些需要关爱的留守孩子。同时当你有足够的耐心等待时,说明爱就在你身边。
小学英语教师教育叙事二:
“hello,miss LI!”作为老师的我能听孩子们这么说很是开心。望着孩子渴望的眼神,我心中的感动油然而生。每天我就被身边的一切感动动着,这里的人,这里的事,他们朴实、纯真,还有善良……
刚开始的时候,我感觉很吃力,小学生年龄小,自控力差,另外学生的情况也比较复杂,有分流过来的;有转学过来的;还有相当一部分来自农村,他们的习惯不一样,基础也有很大的差别,特别是上课的时候,我简直受不了,整个教室乱哄哄的,有说话的;有作小动作的……,我就使劲喊:“坐端正”,还没静到一分钟,整个教室又像市场一样,我上一节课就如同上了十节课,我是筋疲力尽,孩子呢,什么也没听懂,说实话,我很压抑,更是担心,像这样下去,教学成绩肯定是一塌糊涂。课下我就反思自己,肯定是自己的方法不当,学生是生面孔,我也是生面孔,我不了解学生,学生也不了解我,学生不喜欢我,那肯定就不喜欢我的课了,我想我应该走进学生的心里,要与学生交流,与学生沟通,我就利用课下专门找爱讲话的爱做小动作的学生,问他们几岁了,家在哪里,喜欢玩什么,并告诉他们,老师也爱玩,很想和他们在课间一起玩,但上课的时候必须好好听讲……,这一着还真灵,上课的时候这些孩子坐的很端正,可是新的问题又出现了,我教他们读单词读句子时,有的捂着嘴,有的不敢张嘴,我被这一幕给逗乐了,我轻轻地走过去抚摸着孩子的头告诉他们:“咱们要对自己有信心,自信会让我们变得很帅、很美。”孩子们笑了……
日子久了,师生间的情感在升华,现在走在学校里,总能听到孩子甜美的英语问好声,我感动他们带给我的快乐和幸福。
偶然在一次下课的时候,我习惯性地走进一堆孩子的中间,问道“你们喜欢上英语课吗?”“喜欢!”孩子很肯定的告诉我。“英语很有意思。”同学们七嘴八舌地议论开。
记得有一天上四年级的课,我刚走上楼,孩子们就亲切地和我打起招呼来,其中一名平时很腼腆、害羞的孩子突然鼓起勇气,走到我面前,“hello……”话到嘴边似乎想了很久极力记住的话语又咽了回去,过了半晌,感觉突然想起什么似的,很欣喜地从嘴里冒出一句“I’m Miss Xie.”。同学们立刻笑起来,都忙着帮她纠正起来,孩子好象很不好意思的样子,我很开心地摸摸这个孩子的头一边给孩子纠正,一边当着大家的面表扬了她的勇气,孩子热烈的掌声触动了她的心灵,她抬起头,开心地笑了。
我打量了一下周围,很是融洽,于是准备上课了,这时坐在前排的一个孩子突然举起他的小手,经过我的允许后,站起来,眼睛扑闪扑闪地说,“老师,我们很喜欢英语”,“那你喜欢老师吗?”“嗯。”孩子们都开心地笑了。虽然只是几句话,几分钟的事情,可是这比上一堂精彩的课给孩子的影响更深。也足以说明了我们的孩子是能学好英语的。兴趣和自信是他们学好英语最好的老师。
因此,老师不仅要在课堂上乃至课外都要随时随地向孩子灌输思想,不断鼓励孩子,树立他们的信心,尤其是这些农村的孩子。同时,在教学中老师的声音、语言的抑扬顿挫、表情和动作都会对孩子产生影响。教师也要不断学习,提高自身的综合素质水平,正所谓 “Never too old to learn!(活到老,学到老)”这也给我上了一堂课。
小学英语教师教育叙事三:
以人为本,给学生营造一个快乐、自主、和谐的英语课堂一直是我的教学理念。在我的英语课堂中,我经常采用多样化活动教学,激发学生的求知欲,活跃课堂气氛,使每堂英语课真正地“活”起来。 越来越相信“兴趣是最好的老师”这句话,这一点在英语教学中尤为重要。首先在课前,我把大家熟知的歌曲和Chant及游戏加以导入。有了好的开头,接下来最重要的事情就是要如何设计好一堂课,我们要抓住学生的心理特点,寓教于乐于课堂之中。另外,我们在教授内容时,可以适当地对教材进行删除添补,可以把一些内容提前或者推后。给学生更多的创作空间,更让他们能真正的做到学以致用.我们要培养孩子的综合能力发展。光会说几个单词、几句简单的日常用语,如“Hello Miss Hu. Bye-Bye!”是远远不够的,学习也会变得僵硬不堪。所以,我们给学生一个好的英语氛围,才能让学生真正的开口说。例如当我走进教室开始的英语教学时,我故意踩一下某个同学, 便说“I’m sorry”,学生说“That’s all right”,这样就很自然地练习了所学内容。除了平时的操练之外.我们也可以学习“一天一词”、“一天一句子”让学生得到更多强化的训练. 此外,对于三年级的学生来说,老师可多加强学生对单词的认读、记忆等强化训练。学习英语一定要重视词汇教学。课后,一定要做到“一一过关”,查漏补缺。也可以以表格形式记录,对学生情况做到心中有数。
我们的英语教学要面向全体学生,突出以学生为主体,我们的课堂教学设计既要顾全到知识接受能力较差的学生,也要满足那些有更多学习潜力的学生的需要,我们要做到因材施教。接受能力较低的学生,简单的问题要尽量留给他们,吸引他们的注意力,逐渐培养他们的思维能力,树立 英语学习 的自信心。难度较大的问题则可以抛给那些能力较突出的学生,培养他们的深层思考能力。另外,在我的课堂里,我实行了“一帮一”的英语活动,当了小老师的小朋友尽职尽责,小学生们也很自觉、努力的学习英语。这样慢慢的就形成了很好的英语氛围。
好的竞争机制也是鼓励孩子学好英语的可行方法之一:所以在我的课堂上我更注重孩子的自主学习.每周会评出 “英语之星”、“英语朗诵小明星”、“英语作业最漂亮书写奖”等奖项,大大增加了孩子的自信心,让孩子成为真正的快乐导体。21世纪是个高科技发展的社会,我们要在创新我教学意识,提高教学质量。我也更加确定了自己以后在英语教学中的道路该怎样走下去,我会继续遵循小学英语教学的亮点“乐趣、趣学”。
小学英语教师教育反思随笔大全7篇
在真正的学习和工作中,你是否看到过很多让你印象深刻的文章?散文是一种非常灵活和随意的音符或风格。你知道什么样的文章受到大家的称赞吗?下面是我为大家整理的关于小学英语教师教育反思随笔大全,欢迎大家来阅读。
高中几年下来,我在学习与教学过程中,在与学生的相处过程中,在向同学科老师学习的过程中,我不断地反思,总结自己在教学上的一些做法,力求不断地完善提高自己的教学水平以便实现高效的教学,现在虽说不是太令我满意,但在教学方面也有了自己的一些心得体会:
首先要不断地激发学生的英语学习兴趣,并消除他们对英语的恐惧感,这对提高英语课堂教学效率起着积极的推动作用。在这方面我努力做到:一)备课时要设计明确而切合实际的使绝大多数学生都能完成的教学任务,让学生感觉到学有所获,有成就感,使他们消除学不好英语的恐惧感,从而慢慢对英语学习产生浓厚的兴趣。二)课堂上尽力做到精神饱满,充满自信,充满激情。用自己的这种状态去感染学生,调动他们的积极性。同时心中装着每一个学生 (承认差异,兼顾差异),目光巡视每一位学生,让每一个学生有参与的机会并且特别关注后排学生和性格内向的学生。让学生感受到老师是用心平等的对待每一个学生。我们都有这样的感觉,学生喜欢哪个老师,她就愿意学习哪一门课,就对哪一门课程感兴趣。学生对英语学习有了兴趣,他们就会变被动的学习为主动自觉的学习。
备课是十分重要的环节,要上好课,就得先备出好课。备课的情况基本上能决定要上的课的质量以及学生将掌握的情况。备课不仅要备教材,而且还要备教法,备教学手段。在开始一个新单元的课程之前,我基本上都是自己先浏览熟悉一遍这一单元课本上以及给老师们发的参考资料上的所有内容,对本单元的知识做到心中有数,再结合学生的实际情况,确定重难点;然后再想一想用什么样的方法去引导学生学习这些新知识。最后认真写好教案,对每一节课都做到“有备而来”。这学期以来,在备课方面较之以前我有所改进的地方有:
一)课文阅读方面,没有像以前对课文的第一遍阅读一带而过把它窄化为知识点,而是注重了语篇教学,设置不同的问题,提高学生的阅读速度及对文章的整体把握和理解;帮助学生理清文章思路,分析文章整体结构。因为试卷中的完型填空,阅读理解,阅读表达部分都会考察学生对语篇的整体领悟能力。
二)备知识点时我力求让有限的课堂时间真正成为学生参与的语言训练过程。语言需要大量的模仿和操练,所以在备课时,所讲的重要知识点后面我都会设法在老师用书上或在网上找些适合学生做的练习题,把以讲为主变为以练为主,让学生通过模仿,练习巩固所学知识,改变学生当听众的习惯,尽量变少数参与为人人参与;变偶尔练为全程练。毕竟不下水是永远也学不会游泳的。
课堂是备课内容的实践与检验。备课越仔细越充分,课堂就越顺畅,才有可能实现高效课堂。只要备好了课,老师才会胸有成竹,满怀自信地去上课。课堂上也是以学生对知识,技能的掌握为落脚点和衡量标准,对此,我有以下做法:一)首先要让学生明确每节课的学习任务,让他们知道老师会听写检查什么,会学哪部分内容。有了目标就有了学习动力,有了责任感、紧迫感及努力方向;二)要调动学生的学习积极性,创造和谐的课堂气氛,一定不把因作业或个别学生的事情而产生的不愉快的个人感情带入课堂,个别问题课下个别解决,因为整体的训斥多数情况下于事无补反而会影响教学进度和和谐的课堂氛围;调动积极性,课堂上要以学生为主体,改变他们当听众的习惯,把讲课变为以练为主,通过学生不断地思考,分析解决问题来巩固所学知识,提高解题技巧和能力。三)对于重难点的讲解部分,举例时,我尽量使例句内容贴近学生生活并使用他们感兴趣的话题,能自己造句就自己进行原创,因为自己造的句子结构简单明了,学生一看就明白。而不是像我以往那样,只是照搬字典上或参考书上的例子,这些例子当然无可挑剔,都是好句子,但一定得结合学生的学情才能拿来用。四)课堂上关注每个学生,尤其是基础差的学生,因为这些学生上课容易分心走神,多叫他们回答问题;如果看到上课有注意力不集中的同学,我会马上叫他起来回答问题。确保每个学生都要认真听讲。
作业是学生对课堂知识掌握程度的检验与巩固,学生学习中所存在的问题都会在作业中体现出来。作业的布置和检查方面,我的原则是一)量要适中,量太少,多数学生会觉得这一科目无事可做;量太大,学生会失去兴趣,甚至会产生厌学情绪。二)作业布置具体化,使学生知道作业要求,不但知道作业是什么,还要知道作业应完成到什么程度,是会写,还是熟读,会写哪些,要熟读哪部分。如果是做题,布置作业时,我基本上都会附上作业要求(认真书写,独立完成等),我觉得这会对学生起到提醒和督促的作用。三)只要布置作业,就一定会检查。尤其是课前的听写和背诵部分,对于这种学生应掌握的基础知识,要坚持抓,不放松;如果做的是习题,课堂上暂无时间处理时,也要收一部分同学做的题看看,主要看他们是否认真完成;发现问题及时与学生沟通;学生交上来的作业我定会认真及时批改,对于作业中出现的问题及时反馈,及时解决;对于难度较大的题目,学生出现错误较多的作业,课上利用时间统一详细讲评每个错误;对于学生不该出现的问题,进行个别指导纠正。
最后一点,也是非常重要的一点:向同学科的前辈们请教学习。以上的个人体会与总结,一些做法就是从他们那里学到的。我很庆幸每次在教学中碰到不明白的地方向老教师请教时,他们都会不厌其烦认真的帮我解决。我内心真的很感激他们,因为我深知我之所以能够在教学上有所进步,除了我个人的努力之外,我觉得更离不开他们的处处帮助和指导,离不开这个良好的团队,是这个团队提供给了我成长所需要的沃土和空间。年级组给我机会去实践自己的教学理念,而我们教学组良好的氛围促进了我的提高,我现在教学上的一些好的做法都得益于同学科组的前辈们:在我平时向他们请教问题的过程中,在听他们上课的过程中,我学到,悟到了很多东西,尤其是以下几点对我教学触动很大。从王老师那里我学到了备课一丝不苟,只有把握好了大纲,自己把文章理解的特别透彻,考试考什么,学生应掌握什么,掌握到什么程度,备课才可能备出重点,备出难点,这一点我们经常都这样说可是要真正做到并不简单,尤其是英语语言知识比较零散。这一点我虽然做的还不是很好,但这是我努力的方向;从他那里我还学到了用生活中简单易懂的实例解释英语中的一些抽象概念,让学生一听就懂。课堂上举例时尽量自己造句使例句内容贴近学生生活并是他们感兴趣的话题,因为自己造的句子结构简单明了,学生一看就明白。这点是听徐老师的课从中学到的,我这学期以来,也是尽力这样做的。彭老师的课注重文章的整体把握和分析,思路清晰,步骤齐全;吴老师注重课前检查环节等我都从中借鉴学习了他们的经验;张老师,李老师等在教学方面都经验丰富各有特点,都值得我学习。
同时,在这里我也感谢同年级的其他老师对我生活和教学上的帮助。希望在未来的日子里,能在各位领导老师,前辈的指导下,取得更好的成绩。
我教的是小学三和六年级英语,通过读教材我深切感悟到教师必须学习“英语新课标”才能适应教材改革的需要,才能适应新教材新教法的需要。能适应当今素质的需要,才能把握新知识体系和学生实际,提高课堂效益达到“英语新课标”设计理念的基本要求。一句话,顺应教育改革发展潮流,当一名合格的小学英语教师。达到教书育人的目的。
反复学习新课程标准理念,深刻领会英语课程的要求。我们要学习把握新课程标准的理念,目标和内容。小学英语教学属于英语启蒙教育,学生通过听、说、动唱、玩具备一定的语言基础。并获得初步的听说能力和一定的语感。基于小学生的心理特点,以及新课标的要求,小学英语教学应该以提高兴趣为主。
一、激发学生学习英语的兴趣
兴趣是最好的老师,学生只有对英语有浓厚的兴趣才会愿意学,要让学生有兴趣,我们首先得让学生感到英语易学,其次让学生乐学,最后培养学生的自学能力,培养他们对英语学习的积极态度。使他们建立初步的学习英语的自信心。
二、教学方式
依据新课标的要求,新教材的教学必须根据小学生的学习特点,创建以活动课为主的教学模式。重点培养学生用语言进行交流的能力。采用听、说、唱、玩、演的方式。鼓励学生积极参与,大胆表达使学生从动脑、动口、积极思维参与教学活动。如低年级学生可灵活处理教材内容,将其编成儿歌、童谣。课堂中多采用游戏教学法,加上教师灵活亲切的身体语言,使得课堂丰富多彩、轻松活跃。培养学生能在图片、手势的帮助下,听懂语速较慢的话语或录音材料。
三、创设情景
用自己充满激情的表情和动作去感染学生,让学生积极的参与到学习中来。变被动学习为主动学习,创设情景,相互交流,启发学习动机,树立学习信心。直观情景教学是小学英语教学之中一种很重要的教学技巧。教师要充分利用教科书中的课文来创设情景,如打电话、购物、生日聚会、旅游、问路等。为学生提供使用英语进行交流的机会。
通过新教材的学习,我们迎接了新理念新考验新挑战。我们只要大胆运用新理念、新方法到课堂实践中。努力落实新课标。就回探出一条用好新教材的新路子
作为一名小学英语教师,要通过对教育经典理论的学习,提升理论和实践水平,提高教育教学创新能力和教育科研能力,推进课程改革,胜任新课程教学,成为符合素质教育要求的充满生机活力的小学教师。苏霍姆林斯基说过:“要天天看书,终生以书为友,这是一天也不能断流的潺潺小溪,它充实着思想。”现特制定个人读书计划。
一、指导思想:
以学校读书计划为行动指南,全面学习、提高整体文化素养,提高教育理论水平并且不断更新教育理念。通过读书锻炼思维能力和对教育问题的批评性思考能力,努力转变思想观念、思维模式,进行教育创新;通过阅读经典,丰富人生,让生命在阅读中更加精彩!在经典读物中汲取营养的同时,用时代的眼光去衡量,把真正优秀的读物用自己的思想去思考、内化为自己的经典;放眼世界,增进国际了解,尊重各国、各族文化,以继承传统文化和光大中华民族精神为主流。
二、个人读书目标:
1、提高自身的理论水平、科研水平,提高教育实践能力,不断适应现代教育发展的需 要。
2、转变教育理念,登高望远,高屋建瓴,积极投身新课程改革,进行教育创新。
3、通过读书进一步提升教师的理念,开阔教师的视野,积累教学经验从而形成自己独特的教学风格。
4 丰富自己的课余生活,丰富自己的内心世界,提高自己的知识素养和人文素养。
三、读书内容:
1. 科研专著
《给教师的一百条建议》
《小学英语教学法》
《教育学和心理学》
2. 自选书籍
《感恩老师》
《赏识你的学生》
《英汉故事一百篇》
四、读书措施:
1利用一切时间积极自学,在学习过程中随时修改自己的教学方式方法,并根据所学认真备课,体现出新颖、大胆、有效的教学风格,课后再以所学理论知识为指导写出反思和随笔。
2、主动与同事交流,讨论读书体会心得。利用集体备课、业务学习、教研活动的时间,积极 和其他老师交流好书,感悟读书心得。由浅入深、由易到难、螺旋上升,与教育教学工作有关的先读、精读,政治理论、古今中外文学名著选读、略读、速读。
3、每天确保半小时的读书时间。每周整理读书笔记,保证读书的效果。
4、充分利用网络,进行网上阅读,了解、把握教育教学的信息和动态。
5、以自学为主,在课外和休息日主动学习、摘录。以教育教学、教育理论、教改理论为主要着力点。以世界名著为辅助,努力提高自己的自身涵养。
一、对小学英语教学的认识
我是一位英语教师,担任小学英语教学已经十六年了。自从参加了小学教师综合素质培训的学习以后,我对小学英语教学有了新的认识,我觉得小学英语课堂教学必须做到“三化”是搞好课堂教学的保证:一是课堂英语化,二是教学情景化,三是步骤规范化。
课堂英语化是因为语言是一种环境的产物,应尽量的给学生营造一个英语的语言气氛,所以在英语的课堂教学教学组织中尽量使用英语,做到课堂英语化,以排除学生对母语的依赖和母语的干扰。我觉得小学阶段是学习英语的关键期之一,尽管他们刚涉及英语,掌握的英语句子和单词还很少,但我觉得应该从第一节课起,坚持用英语进行教学,因为小学阶段所学的单词和句子很简单,我们可以借助于物体直接来教,帮助学生尽快对学习内容的理解,另外,还可以充分运用眼神、手势、动作、表情等形式来帮助教学。
教学情景化是指课堂教学必须最大限度的引起学生的学习兴趣,为学生提供足够的机会用英语进行交流和活动,让学生感受到运用所学英语在课堂上进行交流后产生一种自豪感,心里产生愉悦感。我所教的班有几个小男生,每次在课堂上的表演都十分投入,表演得很好,特别是得到老师的表扬或得到小奖品时,这些学生的心情非常激动,下课时还问你许多东西用英语怎么说,他们的心情久久不能平静。所以英语教学的课堂必须通过各种手段来提高学生的英语兴趣,如歌谣、游戏、猜谜、讲故事等。要让小学生能够在四十分钟的时间内保持良好的学习状态,必须根据不同的教学内容创设各种情景,做到教学情景化。
步骤规范化是指教学的内容和程序的规范化,因为小学英语教学是为以后的中学英语的学习打下良好的基础。教学中我首先让学生形成音和义的联系,其次形成音、义、形的联系,最后让音、形、义形成整体,这是我对小学英语教学步骤规范化的认识。
二、改进后的教学方案
我经过差不多半个学期的小学英语教学工作,我发现小学的英语教学与中学的英语教学有很大的不同。中学英语教学主要是给学生重点讲解语法、句型的运用,课堂气氛活跃性不浓厚,学生学习英语的兴趣不高,这是因为学习的知识性增强的缘故。但是小学英语教学的主要目的是为了激发学生学习英语的兴趣和愿望。
我记得我教三年级英语教材中“动物”那一单元,主要是谈论自己所喜欢的小动物,上课前我布置学生们把平时他们在家里的动物玩具带到教室,课堂上学生非常高兴,他们拿着自己喜欢的动物学会了用英语说自己喜欢的动物的名称。有很大一部分同学还可以拿着自己喜欢的动物进行简单的英语交谈,平时表现不积极的同学也在这堂课里兴趣高涨,到达了很好的教学效果。
另外,课堂上要尽量激发学生的英语学习兴趣,例如教材里有一首歌唱“彩虹”的歌谣,第一次我请七个同学每人画一种颜色,边画边用英语说彩虹的名称,如果说错了就叫这个同学唱一首英语歌曲。第二次上课时,我又叫七个同学穿成像彩虹一样的颜色,站在黑板的前面,其他同学跟随录音机唱彩虹之歌,等学生唱熟了这首歌曲,我就叫七个同学唱和自己的衣服颜色相关的英语句子,其他同学则跟唱,这样的课堂学生很难忘记,学生很快学会了用英语表达七种颜色。学生在有节奏的歌谣中体验语言,在愉快的活动中掌握语言,让他们在做中学,在唱中学,在玩中学,从而为培养他们用英语交流打下良好的基础。
在教案设计中我主要突出激发学生的学习动机和兴趣为宗旨,从小学生的角度考虑问题。基础教育最重要的是教会学生学习,尽量在课堂上开发学生的自主学习、合作交流、合作探究的能力,发展学习策略,培养创新能力。在小学英语教学的课堂上要培养学生自主学习和运用语言去做事的能力,力求用简单生动、通俗易懂的方式来完成教学,鼓励他们多积极表演,在课堂上大胆开口进行交流,发掘他们身上的潜能,引导学生在学习中反思,在反思中学习,增强他们自我评价的意识,以利于学生终身学习和发展。
转眼又是一年,在各位领导和同事的热情帮助和支持下,我认真做好教育教学工作,积极完成学校布置的各项任务。在过去的一个学期我确实在探索之中度过,但经过努力学习,我和学生的英语水平都提高了,也取得了一定的成绩。回顾过去,在以往的教学工作中我还存在着一些不足之处,如:
1、因为时间的关系,无法照顾到每一个学生,无法设计适合所有学生的教学方式。
2、要防止过分强调模仿、死记硬背,机械操作的教学倾向。
3、单词识记还有待加强。
4、作业要求还需更加严格.
为此,在即将到来的新的学期里我将努力做到以下几点:
一、营造活跃的学习氛围,激发学生的学习兴趣,能提高教学效率。
“成功的教学需要的不是强制而是激发学生的学习兴趣”。如果一个学生对所学的科目有了浓厚的兴趣,那么就会认真学习,反之,没有兴趣,被迫进行的学习会扼杀他们掌握知识的意愿。因此,培养、提高、保持学生的学习兴趣是提高学生学习成绩的首要条件。基于这一点,我在教学中比较注重激发学生的学习兴趣,通过运用各种教学方法、设计形式多样的活动,为学生营造一个宽松、和谐的学习氛围,让学生在这种氛围中充分发挥自己的智慧,激发他们的学习兴趣,从而积极快乐地投入到学习中去。
二、创设浓厚的英语学习氛围。
1、坚持英语教学,习惯英语思考。自开学以来,我在课堂上尽量使用简单的英语组织教学,尽可能让学生多听多讲英语,逐步养成英语语言、用英语思考的习惯。这样既能增加课堂中学习英语的氛围,又能为学生创造良好的语言环境,增加了听说英语的机会。
2、创设情景,让学生得到广泛的实践。创设情景的方法有多种,我一般是利用实物、图片、等直观教具创设情景,利用讲故事,扮演角色等等,让学生得到广泛的语言实践,使课堂增添无穷的乐趣。
三、加强学法指导,帮助学生寻找学法规律。
在我的英语课堂教学中,我一般都帮助学生寻找学法规律,使他们能够运用规律,在短时间内,掌握所学的知识,提高学习效率。例如,在教音标时,先出示一些单词,然后逐个读出,要学生听、观察、分析,让他们自己去发现规律,然后再进行小结,得出这些单词中间的字母的发音规律,再进行指导,学生就会学会探索发现规律的学习方法。这样,大大地提高了教学效果。
四、关注学生的学习状况.
1、英语作为一种语言要多在实际中运用,因此,除了课堂练习外,还需要让学生在平常生活中多读、多讲、多练。因此,在班上设了英语领读员和纪律监督员;课后发现学生作业有问题及时讲解;让学生及时消化。另外,对部分不自觉的同学还采取“一对一”的监督方式,确保他们不落后,提高他们的朗读能力。
2、在批改作业方面,要求学生的作业及时完成。我也按时地批改,并详细地做好批注。对普遍性错误,在全班重点讲解、分析。针对个别学生的作业就采取面批方法,单独地讲解,帮助学生解决疑难习题,提高教学质量。
五、关注学困生. 我在教学中很注重学困生的转化工作,采用了“一帮一”的方法。同时,在课堂上,多向学困生提问,让他们感觉到不被遗忘,不产生自卑、自弃的心理,并能主动学习,融入班级,不断追赶他人,把成绩赶上来。
一个学期的教学工作自己付出了很多。学生的进步和对英语兴趣的不断增加,使我信心倍增。我会努力填补自己在教学中的不足,力争在今后的英语教学工作中取得更好的成绩。
本学期,我们英语组在学校领导的带领下,树立起科研兴教观念,以整体落实英语新课程实施为中心,以课题研究为导向,以有效课堂教学为重点,奋力拼搏,开拓进取,在英语教学这片沃土中辛勤地耕耘着,顺利地完成各年级教学任务,并积累了一定的教学和教研工作经验,取得了一定的教育教学成绩,现在把我一学期的工作总结如下:
一、做好计划,扎实工作
开学初,我们全体英语老师学习《新课程标准》,掌握新课程实施的要求,分析各册教材,做好教学前的准备工作。更难得的是在教研活动中,大家都能畅所欲言,积极主动的提出意见和见解。而且每次通过讨论写出来的集体备课记录和活动方案都是我们组的一次飞跃。我们还根据学校总的教学指导思想,制定出有效的英语组教学活动计划,个人教学工作计划,上好组内研讨课并认真做好反思,使各项教学工作开展得有条不紊。
二、优化课堂教学,师生教学相长。
课堂教学是学校教育工作的主阵地,提高课堂教学的实效性关系到学生学习成绩的好坏,学生负担轻重等诸多问题。为此,我们组的教师积极学好教学理论,用理论指导实践,苦练教学基本功,从课堂教学的组织、教学方法的优化,情境的创设等方面都做了大量的研究和准备工作。同时积极参加业务培训和区英语教研活动,不断充实自己。
1、做好课前的备课工作
我在教学之前,能认真做到课前集体钻研教材、集体探讨教法、集体备课,找到的教学方法,让学生在愉快中学会英语如在教学Where is the science museum ? 一课时,进行适时的扩展练习,用Where is your home ? How do you go to school ?提问,让学生用所学英语进行有效的表达,使他们变被动为主动,让这种英语的氛围感染他们,从面提高他们的英语能力。通过这些活动,有力地促进了课堂教学效率的提高。
2、做好授课用课后反思
课中认真上课、听课,课后认真讨论教学得失、反思小结。平时组内教师能经常互相听课,取长补短。在教学中尽量运用英语组织课堂教学,充分利用各种教学手段,努力创设各种英语情景,提高学生学习兴趣。课后,能针对自己的课和所听的课提出自己的建议和想法,大家相互交流,共同提高。
3、参加教研活动,努力提高自身素质
本学期,与全县小学英教师一起参加了福建师大附小小学英语课堂教学研讨。在学习的过程中,广泛的搜集资料,阅读新的教育教学书籍,增长了见识,开阔了视野,使自己的业务能力得到了提高。还参加了陈玉平工作室下乡送教活动——小学英语课堂教学研讨会。
三、营造英语学习的氛围,创设英语学习的语境
在我们学校领导的提议下,本学期我们坚持“英语每日读”活动,还利用下午大课的时间对各班英语朗读背诵的情况进行的抽测,得到了班主任的重视和支持,取得了预期的效果,很好地推动了学生学习英语的积极性。办了英语黑板报和学习园地,开辟了英语角,让学生写一些学习英语的小经验,介绍英语的一些小知识等,还创建了学校英语走廊,这样既能增加学生的见闻,又能促进学生的交流,为学生创造开口讲英语的良好环境。
一分耕耘,一分收获。在学校的关怀培养下,一学期下来取得了喜人的工作业绩。
成绩只能代表过去,未来仍须努力。这必将成为我工作的一个新起点,成为我前进的动力。在今后的岁月里,我们英语组也必将再接再厉,努力创新,在教学方式、教学理念、教学手段上不断地开拓,去争取更加优异的成绩。
本学期,我担任了我校五年级的英语教学工作,在工作中,本人能从各方面严格要求自己,结合各班学生的实际情况,使教学工作有计划、有组织、有步骤地开展,圆满地完成了教学任务。
一、做到了认真备课。小学英语备课我不但备学生,而且备教材、备教法。根据教学内容及学生的实际,设计课的类型,拟定采用的教学方法,并对教学过程的程序及时间安排都做了详细的记录,认真写好教案。每一课都做到“有备而来”,每堂课都在课前做好充分的准备,课后及时对该课做出总结。
二、增强英语上课技能,提高了教育教学质量。在课堂上特别注意调动学生的积极性,加强师生交流,充分体现学生学得容易,学得轻松,觉得愉快,注意精神,培养学生多动口动手动脑的能力。
三、认真批改学生的作业,布置作业有针对性,有层次性。对学生的作业批改及时,认真分析并记录学生的作业情况,将他们在作业过程出现的问题做出分类总结,进行透彻的讲评,并针对有关情况及时改进教学方法,做到有的放矢。
四、做好差生的课后辅导工作,注意了分层教学。在英语课后,为不同层次的学生进行相应的辅导,以满足不同层次的学生的需求,同时加大了对后进生的辅导的力度。对后进生的辅导,并不限于学生知识性的辅导,更重要的是学生思想的辅导,提高后进生的成绩,首
先解决他们的心结,让他们意识到学习的重要性和必要性,使之对学习萌发兴趣。这样,后进生的转化,就由原来的简单粗暴、强制学习转化到自觉的求知上来。
五、积极推进素质教育。为此,我在教学工作中注意了能力的培养,把传授知识、技能和发展智力、能力结合起来,在知识层面上注入了思想情感教育的因素,发挥学生的创新意识和创新能力。让学生的各种素质都得到有较的发展和培养。
总之,一学期的英语教学工作结束了,但今后我将继续努力,以便取得更好的成绩。