中英文化差距论文题目不是想一个就能写一个的,也不是别人给你一个就能写一个的,想当初我写毕业论文的时候,题目想了至少五六次,才算让指导老师通过。 选定论文题目应该是这样的,先定大的类别,就像楼上两位讲的,文学,翻译,语言学等。然后再往下分,比如文学,你写一个时期还是写一位作家,语言学,写哪个方面。 这样算起来的话,能写出来的题目成百上千,但最重要的一点就是,题目一定要细,不能泛泛而谈,比如,你不能写“论合作原则”,那样的题目导师肯定不通过的。 楼主可以先想想自己想写哪方面的,不用急着想好题目,可以先去图书馆里找找资料,看看别人都写哪方面的,都怎么写的。这个学期才刚开始,时间是一定够的啦。不用着急。
Decades ago, Chairman Mao succinctly settled the age-old debate about gender equality when he stated that "woman holds up half of the sky". Male superiority so out of place in this age, when women are said to be equal to men in many aspects. However, we very grieved discovery already said goodbye to feudalism several hundred years China to be still unable get rid of the treatment of woman as inferiors thought the fetter. In this advanced society, phenomenon of female inferiors not only existing stably but also taking control of our minds and indicates in many fields. To begin with, take employment for example, women are excluded from the major department of productions. Many significant occupations such as executive or professional jobs prefer hiring male rather than woman. Moreover, man still holds perception that women should do more household routine, nurture their offspring and take care of pets. Last but not the least, people living in remote areas believed that men are superior to women, until this status does not also get thorough improvement now. When a woman got pregnant, they were begging for a son instead of a daughter.
To prevent these troublesome already mentioned from happen again, we should create feministic atmosphere, promote gender equality and ask man to do household chores, because in a family where roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a certain extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.
Household Servants
When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family. When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is a girl because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying, "The servant of your household has been born."
A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to be second-rate.
A combination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse. These "servants of the household" come to accept that life will never be any different.
Neglect
The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament困境. That attitude has resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and South America. In many communities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their resistance to disease.
Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they become women. Tradition calls for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.
Abuse
Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every society are vulnerable to abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in societies where women's rights mean practically nothing. Mothers who lack their own rights have little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In 1998, 48 percent of Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the past year.
In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is compounded by an additional stigma. In cultures that maintain strict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of bounds—by choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partner—she has brought dishonor to her family and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families commit "honor killings" to salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.
Appallingly, this "disobedience" includes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the victim and her attacker had been arrested, the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of publicity at the time, is not unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every day—including victims of rape. In areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by default, to women. How to Help You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces families to take their children out of school in the first place.
Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people. By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help and encouragement, girls are more likely to enroll and stay in school.
encouraging all international organizations to come up with strategies for girls' education as part of their initial development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials, facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a quality education that promotes appropriate perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.
You can help begin to change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or raising awareness about girls in the developing world who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact children. You can The need is clear, and though the obstacles to ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.
Educated
women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.
Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children complete school. They also understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.
Girls' education also means comprehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in their communities. Status translates into the power to influence their families and societies.
Even bigger changes become possible as girls' education becomes the cultural norm. Women can't defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary education defends women against HIV/AIDS infection—disproportionately high for women in developing countries—by giving "the most marginalized groups in society—notably young women—the status and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe sex."
论点,是正确、鲜明阐述作者观点的句子,是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅。任何一篇文章只有一个中心论点,一般可以有分论点。论点应该正确、鲜明、概括,是一个完整的判断句,绝不可模棱两可。①正确性:论点的说服力根植于对客观事物的正确反映,而这又取决于作者的立场、观点、态度、方法是否正确,如果论点本身不正确,甚至是荒谬的,再怎么论证也不能说服人。因此,论点正确是议论文的最起码的要求。②鲜明性:赞成什么、反对什么,要非常鲜明,千万不能模棱两可,含糊不清。③新颖性:论点应该尽可能新颖、深刻,能超出他人的见解,不是重复他人的老生常谈,也不是无关痛痒、流于一般的泛泛而谈,应该尽可能独特、新颖。论点的位置一般有四个:文题、开头、文章中间、结尾。但较多情况是在文章的开头,段落论点也是如此。当开始与结尾出现类似的语句时,开头的为论点,结尾处的是呼应论点。有的议论文的论点在文章中用明确的语句表达出来,我们只要把它们找出来即可;有的则没有用明确的语句直接表述出来,需要读者自己去提取、概括。概括出的句子不应含有修辞等手法。
标题1:如何利用辞典学习英语 目的:找到利用辞典学习英语的方法。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内期刊:《现代外语》、《外语教学》、《外语研究》;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题2:英语口语练习中的语音训练 目的:探索语音训练的方法以提高英语口语。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内主要期刊:《中小学英语教学》、《中国教育》、《外语界》、《外语教学》等;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题3:英汉翻译中的“信”的原则 目的:了解英汉翻译练习的“信”的本质并遵循此原则。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内期刊:《现代外语》、《外语教学》、《外语研究》;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题4:幼儿英语教学中的智力开发 目的:探索幼儿学习英语与智力开发的关系。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内主要期刊:《中小学英语教学》、《中国教育》;2、书籍;3、互联网。 标题5:新时代报刊阅读的特点 目的:了解新时代报刊的新特点并探讨如何更好地阅读报刊。 内容:1、调查;2、查资料;3、写作;4、修改。 参考资料:1、国内期刊:《现代外语》、《外语教学》、《外语研究》;2、书籍;3、互联网
提供一些英语专业的毕业论文题目,供参考。
关于英语专业的论文题目,学术堂整理了十五个好写的,供大家参考:1.《红字》中海丝特 白兰不理智的一面(The Irrational Side of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter)2. 《董贝父子》中的矛盾冲突(The Conflict in Donbey and Son)3. 论文化不同对联想意义及翻译的影响(On Influence of Cultural Differences on Associative Meanings and Translation)4. 美国教育的衰弱(The Drop of American Education)5. 19世纪欧洲移民对美国工业化的积极影响(The Positive Impacts of European Immigration on American Industrialization in the 19th Century。6. 朱丽叶之人物分析(Character Studies in Juliet)7. 主述理论在文学中的运用(The Application of the Thematic Theory in Literature)8. 语用学中的会话含义理论(Conversational Implicature Theory in Pragmatics)9. 英语语音简析及对提高初学者口语的指导(A Brief Analysis of English Phonetics as well as a Guide to Improve Learners’ Oral English)10. 比较两种对于哈姆雷特复仇的评论(Comparison on Two Kinds of Comments on Hamlet’s Revenge)11. 英语语言中的性别歧视 (Sexism in English Language)12. 英语的学与教 (English Learning and Teaching)13. 由美国2004年总统选举所想到的 (More than 2004 Presidential Election)14. 论腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——关于《雾都孤儿》的赏析 (The Purity in a Corrupt World—An Analysis of Oliver Twister)15. 论理智与情感之关系——对《理智与情感》的人物分析
论文写作,先不说内容,首先格式要正确,=========现在的论文,只要是原创都要收费,一篇完整的论文,题目,摘要(中英文),=========商业社会也没办法谁愿意免费给你写论文目录,正文(引言,正文,结语),致谢,=========你在这问也没用,我去年的论文找参考文献。规定的格式,字体,段落,页眉=========【4930页脚,开始写之前,都得清楚的,你的论文=============92524写的】算是写好了五分之一。然后,选题,你的题==================质量还不错,你可以去看下目时间宽裕,那就好好考虑,选一个你思考最成熟的,可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献,从里面获得思路,确定一个模板性质的东西,照着来,写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急,那就随便找一个参考文献,然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献,拼出一篇,再改改。正文,语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲,这就是框定每一部分些什么,保证内容不乱
中英文化差距论文题目不是想一个就能写一个的,也不是别人给你一个就能写一个的,想当初我写毕业论文的时候,题目想了至少五六次,才算让指导老师通过。 选定论文题目应该是这样的,先定大的类别,就像楼上两位讲的,文学,翻译,语言学等。然后再往下分,比如文学,你写一个时期还是写一位作家,语言学,写哪个方面。 这样算起来的话,能写出来的题目成百上千,但最重要的一点就是,题目一定要细,不能泛泛而谈,比如,你不能写“论合作原则”,那样的题目导师肯定不通过的。 楼主可以先想想自己想写哪方面的,不用急着想好题目,可以先去图书馆里找找资料,看看别人都写哪方面的,都怎么写的。这个学期才刚开始,时间是一定够的啦。不用着急。
写些关于各地语言文化的异同怎么样?
社会语言学论文题目:中国社会语言学的新发展 视觉语言学视阈下的聋人手语研究粤语提示词“呢嗱”的语用特点关于词类多功能性的思考跨语种交际中话语的解码--无共同使用语言前提下以俄汉语为例论现代流行语中体现的语言美学特质系统功能语言学发展的维度与向度马丁内的功能语言学体系网络语言中的方言因素中西民族语言对话篇 语言与文化的关系及其在交际中的作用从《正名》篇管窥荀子的社会语言学思想符号与跨文化交际 网络时代的新“语言”--网络语言现象分析网络流行语研究 委婉语研究:回顾与前瞻美国俚语与美国文化 话语分析的新发展--多模态话语分析 从礼貌角度对跨文化交际中禁忌语的动态研究语言性别差异研究综述语码转换的语用学研究 公益广告用语的社会语言学探析委婉语--社会文化域的语言映射从社会语言学视角论网络语言试论语篇分析的理论与方法 语篇研究的批评视角:从批评语言学到批评话语分析话语风格上的性别差异研究跨文化交际与对外汉语教学 社会语言学的语言观和方法论语言变异的部分原因及变异种类 权势关系与话轮转换:从社会语言学角度分析《雾都孤儿》中的会话外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示冲突性话语的语用学研究概述“同志”一词的社会语言学研究系统功能语言学的社会语言学渊源英汉谚语中的性别歧视 面子:中西文化差异探讨语码转换和社会语言学因素 北京话话语标记“这个”、“那个”的社会语言学分析模糊限制语与言语交际香港粤语与英语的语码转换语域理论视角下的微博语言研究中国网络语言研究现状分析 “门”后的思考:“××门”的社会语言学解读社会语言学理论与对外汉语教学实践 “美女”面称的争议及其社会语言学调查网络词语的性质及特点中西文化中的礼貌探究言语幽默的语言学研究综述近三十年话语分析研究述评恭维语的性别差异研究性别歧视在谚语中的表现
语言是社会的一面镜子。1975年著名社会语言学家Robin Lakoff引入了 “women’s register” (女性语域)这个概念,她观察到,美国女性为了缓和谈话或者为了减弱表达观点时的侵略性,会出现以下这些特征:❶Tag questions使用很多反义疑问句“This election mess is terrible, isn’t it?”“这届选举乱套了,是吧?”❷ Rising intonation on declaratives陈述句也用升调结尾A: “When will dinner be ready?”“晚饭什么时候好啊?”B:“Six o’clock.”↑“六点。”↑❸ The use of various kinds of hedges.用插入成分避免过分直接的表达“That’s kinda sad.” Vs. “That’s sad.”“是有点可怜”Vs.“可怜”“It’s probably dinner time.” Vs. “It’s dinner time.”“或许该吃饭了吧”Vs.“该吃饭了”“I don’t really want it.” Vs. “I don’t want it.”“我不太想这么做”Vs.“我不想这么做”“I wondered if I could have a word with you.” Vs. “Can I have a word with you?”“我在想是否可以借一步说话”Vs.“我能跟你聊聊吗”“The answer could be that the trees have some sort of disease.” Vs. “The answer is that...”“答案可能是这些树得了某种病”Vs.“答案是……”❹ Boosters or amplifiers.加重语气,放大情感“I am so glad you are here.”“你在这儿,我太高兴了。”❺ Indirection.迂回表述Saying “Well, I’ve got a dentist appointment then” in order to convey a reluctance
code-switching
,TheapplicationoftheTheme-basedplusCommunication-basedinEnglishclass英语课堂中交际主题的应用2,中文:汉字“好”的语义功能研究英文:AStudyontheFunctionsofChineseCharacterHAO3,中文:浅析凯特·肖邦《觉醒》中的女性主题英文:ABriefAnalysisofFemaleConsciousnessinKateChopin'sTheAwakening4,中文:初中英语口语的错误类型及其对策英文:ErrortypesinJuniorstudents'oralenglishandtheircountermeasures5,中文:试论艾米莉?迪金森自然诗中的女性意识英文:OnFemaleConsciousnessinEmilyDickinson'sNaturePoetry
英语歧义现象探讨 吴秀玲(上海电力学院 外语系,上海 200090)摘 要:从语音、词汇、语法和语用4个方面探讨了英语歧义现象,提出歧义是一种普遍而重要的语言现象,歧义分析有助于提高理解和运用语言的能力.
论文关键词: 英语 歧义类型 语法歧义 词汇歧义 语音歧义 论文摘要: 在 英语学习 的过程中,常常会遇到歧义现象。歧义产生的原因有多种,本文试从语法、词汇和语音三个方面对英语中的歧义类型作一浅析。 在英语中常常会遇到一些模棱两可的 句子 ,即一句话可以作两种或多种解释,这就是通常所说的“歧义”。歧义的产生有多种情况,本文试从语法、词汇和语音的层面对英语中的歧义类型作一简要的归纳和分析。 1.语法歧义(Grammatical Ambiguity) Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure)一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6)”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199)认为:“‘语法歧义’是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例: 词性 一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。 (1)College demands change. 很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1)大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2)大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。 名词(修饰语)+名词 复合名词或名词 短语 (2)an English teacher 此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1)一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2)一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。 名词 (3)Flying planes can be dangerous. 此句也产生了两种意思:(1)驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2)正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。 带有’s的名词所有格 (4)This is his teacher’s book. 句子中teacher’s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1)这是他的教师用书。(2)这是他老师的书。 不定式动词短语 (5)The tiger is too small to kill. 此例也有两种含义:(1)这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2)这只老虎太小了,还不能被杀。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。 “及物动词+宾语”结构 (6)I found Jim an experienced teacher. 及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1)我发现吉姆原来是一位有 经验 的老师。(2)我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。 并列连词and (7)Tom and Lucy are married. 此句可理解为:(1)汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2)汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。 悬挂式否定词not (8)His object is not to eat. 此句产生的两种意思为:(1)他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn’t。(2)他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动)。 悬挂式代词 (9)The man informed his brother that he should lose weight. 人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1)这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2)这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。 悬挂式状语修饰成分 (10)The people who saw the play frequently praised it. 这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1)经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2)看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。 悬挂式定语修饰成分 (11)Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday. 此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1)莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2)莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。 2.词汇歧义(Lexical Ambiguity) 伍谦光(1995∶199)指出:“‘词汇歧义’是指由于对句子中某一个词的意义有不同的理解而产生的歧义。” 因“一词多义”(Polysemy)引起的歧义 指出“人们在各种不同场合赋予一个词以各种不同的意义。这些意义自然也就是这个词的真正涵义”(周立人,1997∶4)。由此可见,一个词的词义往往是多义的。侯国金(1998∶66)说:“一个词若具备两个或两个以上的意义便是‘多义词’。”因此,用多义词 造句 就可能产生歧义。当然,只要我们把多义词放到一定的语境里,一般可以避免歧义。不过有时我们会遇到一个多义词的两个不同意义在句子中都讲得通,这样,句子就产生了歧义。下面是一些实例: 名词 (12) gave me a ring yesterday. 句子中的ring可理解为“戒指”,也可理解为“打电话”。 动词 (13)He painted a tree. 此句中的painted可作“涂上油漆”解,也可作“用颜料画”解。 形容词 (14)It is hard. 句中的hard可作“艰难的”解,又可作“坚硬的”解。 副词 (15)The man was walking backwards. 句中的backwards可作“向后”解,又可作“背朝后”解。 介词 (16)The vase is on the television. 此句中的on,可作“在……之上”解,也可作“上了电视屏幕”解。 连词 (17)Oil the machine in case it gets rusty. 句中的in case可解释为“以防”,也可解释为“如果”或“当……时候(尤其在美国英语中)”。 代词 (18)You should be quiet. 句中的You可以是主格第二人称代词“你,你们”,也可以是不定人称代词,泛指“任何人”。 数词 (19)She is a mother of sixteen. 句中的基数词sixteen既可作“十六岁”解,又可作“十六个孩子”解。 冠词 (20)It can be moved by a child. 句中的不定冠词a既有数量的概念,即“one”的意义,也有种类的概念,即指孩子,而不是大人或 其它 什么东西。 因“完全同形同音异义词”(Perfect homonyms)引起的歧义 林承璋(1997∶82)认为:“同形同音异义是指两个或两个以上的词具有相同形式不同意义的现象。”具体来说,同形同音异义词是指意义不同、读音和拼写都相同或意义不同、但在读音或拼写某一方 面相 同的词。 完全同形同音异义中的B类由于读音、拼写和词性都相同,所以易引起歧义。下面是一些实例: (21) drove to the bank. was attracted by the ball. tourists passed the port at midnight. 这三个例句中的bank,ball,port都属于完全同形同音异义词,即读音、拼写和词性都相同,但由于意义不同而引起了歧义。例(21)a中的bank既可以理解为“银行”,又可以理解为“河岸”。例(21)b中的ball既可以理解为“球”,又可以理解为“正式舞会”。例(21)c中的port既可以理解为“港口”,又可以理解为“葡萄酒”。 3.语音歧义(Phonological Ambiguity) 伍谦光(1995∶200)指出:“‘语音歧义’往往是由于句中词语的‘连续’而产生的歧义。”语音歧义多出现于口语中,主要是由上图表中的同音异义词以及部分同形同音异义中的C类(即一些意义不同,但某些语法形式相同的词(Homoforms))造成的。下面是一实例: (22)“面包是怎么做的?” “这我知道!”阿丽丝热心地叫道。 “准备一些面粉(flour)——” “到哪儿去采花(flower)?”白女王问道,“花园里还是树篱上?” “咦,面粉不是采(picked)来的,”阿丽丝解释道, “它是磨(ground)出来的——” “那要多少英亩土地(ground)呢?”白女王又问道。 ——刘易士·卡罗尔《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》 上面这一段文字因为运用了语音歧义,造成了很好的幽默效果。首先flour与flower是同音异义词,因此白女王把面粉flour理解成了花粉flower。其次阿丽丝用的ground是动词grind(磨碎、碾碎)的过去分词,而白女王把ground理解成了“土地”。这一组就是笔者认为的由意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词(Homoforms)造成的语音歧义。 4.结论 许多研究语言中的歧义现象的学者都认为,我们说话和写 文章 都应力求“准确、简明、生动”,避免歧义。不过歧义也并不只有消极的作用。在我们的日常生活中,歧义同样也产生了积极的作用,如在商业 广告 、政治宣传中,歧义都达到了很好的幽默诙谐的效果。本文从语法、词汇和语音的角度分析了英语中的歧义类型。当然,有些提法还有待商榷(比如因“完全同形同音异义词”引起的词汇歧义,由“意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词”引起的语音歧义等),以便进一步探讨。 参考文献: [1]Lyons, Semantics: An Introduction[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995. [2]Saeed,[M].Oxford:Blackwell Publisher Itd,1997. [3]陈汉生.基础英语中的几种歧义现象[J].外国语,1994,(4):72-74. [4]侯国金.英语语言学精要回答与考试指南[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998. [5]胡壮麟,刘润清,李延福.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988. [6]林承璋.英语词汇学引论(修订版)[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1997. [7]维多利亚·弗罗姆金,罗伯特·罗德曼.语言导论[M].北京:北京语言学院出版社,1994. [8]伍谦光.语义学导论[M].长沙:湖南 教育 出版社,1995. [9]周立人.英语歧义类例论析[J].国外外语教学,1997,(1):1-7.
左右逢源看歧义随着时代的发展,高考题型也日渐成熟,单纯考查语法的题型正在被淘汰,而词语使用方面的内容则越来越受到命题者的重视,并且考题越出越细,考查面越来越广。其中,大纲基础知识部分的“病句”部分中“歧义”一项一直是近些年考查的重点。通过对这类题的深入探究,我们发现了一些近似于规律性的东西,现归纳如下。 《现代汉语词典》中对“歧义”一词的解释是:(语言文字)两歧或多歧的意义,有两种或多种可能的解释。歧义的发生有多种原因,这里我们姑且把它分成六类。 第一类,断句造成的歧义。 例(1) “歧义”绝不是一个现代的概念,这一点我们可以从古代的许多经典传说中获得佐证。如一则古代小故事中这样讲道: “一位秀才到朋友家做客,不巧的是快要返家时天下起了大雨,眼看着无法回家,客人希望主人留自己住宿,于是就写了一行字来探问:下雨天(,)留客天(。)留我不留(?)由于古代文章中没有标点,于是主人就故意和他开了一个玩笑,把这句话读成了:下雨天(,)留客(。)天留(,)我不留(。)心有灵犀的客人哈哈一笑,重新读道:下雨天(,)留客天(。)留我不(?)留(。)” 释例:(1)这一句话(下雨天留客天留我不留)三种断句法,就有三种合情合理的解释,正是一个“断句歧义”的经典案例。 例(2) 妈妈想远在国外的女儿夜夜难眠。 释例:(2)这句话有两种句内停顿,表示两种不同的意思: 妈妈想远在国外的女儿/夜夜难眠。 (妈妈难眠) 妈妈想/远在国外的女儿夜夜难眠。 (女儿难眠) 若想消除歧义,在口语表达时,就不要一气读完这个句子,应在斜线处略作停顿;书面表达时,则必须在斜线处加上逗号,以明确语意,消除歧义。 第二类,一词多义造成的歧义。 例(1) 鸡吃了吗? 例(2) 这批种子保管没问题。 例(3) 走进屋里,只见主人坐在一把太师椅上,一边站着一个孩子。 释例:(1)中的“吃”是一个主动与被动合一的词。因此,句中的主语“鸡” 既可以是动作的发出者(即“鸡吃(饲料)了吗?”),又可以是动作的被动承受者(即“(你们把)鸡吃了吗?”)。 (2)中的“保管”有两种意义,一是“保证”,一是“保存和管理”。因此,句意可以是“这批种子保证没问题”,也可以是“这批种子保存和管理没问题”。 (3)“一边”有两种意思,一个是“只有一边”(左边或右边),一个是“两边”。 对于在做此类题目过程中出现的一词多义现象,我们必须多加注意,以便更准确地把握这类因词义而起的歧义。 第三类,一词多性造成的歧义。 汉语的词汇非常丰富,语法也极为复杂。许多词的词性都并非单纯的一种,这种一个词多种词性的情况也是歧义发生的潜在因素。 例(1) 一道传统的脑筋急转弯题目是这样的:“铁锤锤碗锤不碎,这是为什么?”它的答案是:“因为铁锤比碗结实,所以铁锤锤碗锤(子)不碎。” 例(2) 这车没有锁。 例(3) 班长背着老师和同学们把教室打扫得干干净净。 释例:(1)这道题的题眼正是“锤”字的两种词性,即名词和动词。 (2)“锁”字有两种词性,即名词和动词。 (3)这道题的题眼在于“和”字的两种词性,即介词与连词。是介词,则句子中打扫教室的是“班长”和“同学们”;是连词,那么句子中打扫教室的是“班长”自己。 这一类的词还有许多,如“钉”、“扣”、“盖”(都兼有名词和动词的词性),“跟”“同”“与”(都兼有连词和介词词性)。做练习时碰到这类词语应该提高警惕。 第四类,多个修饰语造成的歧义。 句子中的修饰语超过一个就可能引起句子歧义。这种情况往往会发生在定语和中心词之间,因为多个定语既可以存在修饰关系,又可以“多对一”地同时修饰一个中心词。 例(1)几个学校的老师出席了这次大会。 例(2)在落后的国民党统治的旧中国,老百姓的生活困苦不堪。 例(3)几个已故的政协委员的妻子也参加了这次活动。 释例:(1)中,“几个学校的老师”既可以理解为“一个学校的几个老师”,又可以理解为“‘几个学校的’老师”。 (2)中“落后的国民党统治的旧中国”既可以理解为“落后”的是国民党,又可以理解为“落后”的是旧中国。因此两个句子都是歧义句。 (3)中“已故的政协委员的妻子”虽然也有多个修饰语,但如解释成“‘政协委员的已故妻子’参加活动”显然是荒唐的,因此只能有一种解释,就是“‘政协委员的遗孀’参加了活动”。因此,例(3)不能算是歧义句。举此例的目的是提醒大家细心分辨,不能疏忽。 第五类,代词使用不当造成的歧义。 人称代词和指示代词的适当运用可以避免上下句同一名词的反复出现,使语言表达精练。如果使用不当,则会造成称代不明,产生歧义。 例(1) 小明和小刚在学校图书馆相遇。他一看见他,马上把班级篮球对获胜的好消息告诉了他。 例(2) 哈尔滨在长春的北面,沈阳在长春的南面。这是一个极具文化氛围的城市。 释例:(1)句中出现三个“他”,到底是谁告诉了谁,人称代词指代不明造成了歧义。 (2)句中前面出现了三个城市,后面的指示代词“这”是指哪一个,读者也会有不同的理解。 第六类,缺少必要词语造成的歧义。 我们平时说话时,往往会为了省事而去掉许多虚词,但并不是说虚词可有可无,更多的时候虚词的省略不当会在句子中造成歧义。 例(1) 参加这次校庆的有在校学生、教师和老校友10000多人。 例(2) 朦胧中听见广播到奉节。停泊时天已微明。 释例:(1)句有两种理解:一是参加这次校庆的在校学生、教师和老校友的总数是10000多人。另一种是参加这次校庆的除了在校学生、教师外,还有10000多名老校友。如果想要表达的是前一种意思,可以在在“老校友”后加“共”、“总共”一类词;如果想要表达的是后一种意思,则可以在“老校友”前增添“还有”、“此外还有”一类词来表示区分。 (2)中“听见广播到奉节”有两种理解,一是,广播的内容提到奉节,另一种是,广播报站说船已经到了奉节。根据句意,应为后一种理解,那么就应该在“广播”后面加上“说船”二字,意思就清楚了。 上述六种类别,我们只是粗略地将歧义划分类别,希望那些面对歧义感到茫然的学生能因此而有所收获,受到启发,那我们将感到无比欣慰。
写作思路:以性别歧视为写作目的、中心主旨入手,结合自身感受,真实得描述,新鲜有趣的材料,以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来,正文:
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists.
尽管人们的性别观念已经发生了很大的变化,但在某些情况下,性别不平等仍然存在。
I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage. It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social discrimination.
在这篇文章中,我将主要表达我对大学毕业生就业中的性别不平等的看法。人们普遍认为,在中国,大学毕业生面临着巨大的求职压力。然而,由于社会歧视,女性毕业生更难找到一份好工作。
There is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon.
不可否认,女性求职者在申请大多数工作时,如电脑程序员、司机、工厂工人等,受到了不平等的对待。造成这一现象的原因有很多。
Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company.
最重要的是,与男毕业生相比,女毕业生都被认为有不可避免的身体缺陷。另外,女性在结婚的某一天还要生孩子,因此她们需要休几个月的产假,这当然会减少公司的利润。
As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated unequally.
在我看来,女人可以做得和男人一样好,甚至比男人更好,所以女人不应该被不平等的对待。
The government can take measures to improve this situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equalopportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
政府可以采取措施来改善这种情况,与此同时,社会和公司也应该给予女毕业生和男毕业生平等的机会。如果这种歧视能够消除,我们的社会一定会更好。
可代为起草成文
写作思路:
1、需要从性别歧视这一点入手,可以在网上查阅关于性别歧视的资料,自己总结然后可以开始写作了。
2、写作时,需要对照英语作文题目的要求,完成相应的回答。
英语作文如下:
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists.
尽管人们的性别观念已经发生了很大的变化,但在某些情况下,性别不平等仍然存在。
I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage. It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social discrimination.
在这篇文章中,我将主要表达我对大学毕业生就业中的性别不平等的看法。人们普遍认为,在中国,大学毕业生面临着巨大的求职压力。然而,由于社会歧视,女性毕业生更难找到一份好工作。
There is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon.
不可否认,女性求职者在申请大多数工作时,如电脑程序员、司机、工厂工人等,受到了不平等的对待。造成这一现象的原因有很多。
Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company.
最重要的是,与男毕业生相比,女毕业生都被认为有不可避免的身体缺陷。另外,女性在结婚的某一天还要生孩子,因此她们需要休几个月的产假,这当然会减少公司的利润。
As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated unequally.
在我看来,女人可以做得和男人一样好,甚至比男人更好,所以女人不应该被不平等的对待。
The government can take measures to improve this situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equalopportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
政府可以采取措施来改善这种情况,与此同时,社会和公司也应该给予女毕业生和男毕业生平等的机会。如果这种歧视能够消除,我们的社会一定会更好。