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How to more rapid, reasonable and effective development of Tianjin and the resulting high-tech industry led regional economic integration, while making economic development and resource utilization, environmental protection, coordination, and maintaining sustained economic Tianjin, stability and rapid development, At present we are facing an urgent task. From the origin of high-tech start on the high-tech industries to define the meaning and scope. And from the development environment, industry total, the industrial advantages, such as industrial level perspective on the development of high-tech industries in Tianjin. Also specifically mentioned in the course of its development of key issues, and cited foreign experience, the focus of the strategy and future development path for a more comprehensive development of high-tech industry of Tianjin has provided some new ideas and proposals. Key words: Tianjin, high-tech, high-tech industries; status quo; Countermeasures
请LZ参考并采纳——————————————————如果需要更多请联系我——————————————————————The main techniques and sectors of the financial industry Main article: Financial servicesAn entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If you buy one share of XYZ Inc, and they have 100 shares outstanding (held by investors), you are 1/100 owner of that company. Of course, in return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it uses to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company's capital is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an finance Main article: Personal financeQuestions in personal finance revolve around * How much money will be needed by an individual (or by a family) at various points in the future? * Where will this money come from (. savings or borrowing)? * How can people protect themselves against unforeseen events in their lives, and risk in financial markets? * How can family assets be best transferred across generations (bequests and inheritance)? * How do taxes (tax subsidies or penalties) affect personal financial decisions? * How does credit affect an individual's financial standing? * How can one plan for a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability?Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, . health and property insurance, investing and saving for financial decisions may also involve paying for a loan.[edit] Corporate finance Main article: Corporate financeManagerial or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for a corporation's activities. For small business, this is referred to as SME finance. It generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entity's wealth and the value of its term funds are provided by ownership equity and long-term credit, often in the form of bonds. The balance between these forms the company's capital structure. Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of business decision concerning finance is investment, or fund management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value. In investment management -- in choosing a portfolio -- one has to decide what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must: * Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations; * Identify the appropriate strategy: active v. passive -- hedging strategy * Measure the portfolio performanceFinancial management is duplicate with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is more concerned with the reporting of historical financial information, while the financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm.[edit] Capital Main article Financial capitalCapital, in the financial sense, is the money which gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service.[edit] Sources of capital * Long Term - usually above 7 years o Share Capital o Mortgage o Retained Profit o Venture Capital o Debenture o Sale & Leaseback o Project Finance * Medium Term - usually between 2 and 7 years o Term Loans o Leasing o Hire Purchase * Short Term - usually under 2 years o Bank Overdraft o Trade Credit o Deferred Expenses o Factoring[edit] Capital market * Long-term funds are bought and sold: o Shares o Debentures o Long-term loans, often with a mortgage bond as security o Reserve funds o Euro Bonds[edit] Money market * Financial institutions can use short-term savings to lend out in the form of short-term loans: o Credit on open account o Bank overdraft o Short-term loans o Bills of exchange o Factoring of debtors[edit] Borrowed capitalThis is capital which the business borrows from institutions or people, and includes debentures: * Redeemable debentures * Irredeemable debentures * Debentures to bearer * Hardcore debentures[edit] Own capitalThis is capital that owners of a business (shareholders and partners, for example) provide: * Preference shares/hybrid source of finance o Ordinary preference shares o Cumulative preference shares o Participating preference share * Ordinary shares * Bonus shares * Founders' shares[edit] Differences between shares and debentures * Shareholders are effectively owners; debenture-holders are creditors. * Shareholders may vote at AGMs and be elected as directors; debenture-holders may not vote at AGMs or be elected as directors. * Shareholders receive profit in the form of dividends; debenture-holders receive a fixed rate of interest. * If there is no profit, the shareholder does not receive a dividend; interest is paid to debenture-holders regardless of whether or not a profit has been made. * In case of dissolution of firms debenture holders are paid first as compared to shareholder.[edit] Fixed capitalThis is money which is used to purchase assets that will remain permanently in the business and help it to make a profit.[edit] Factors determining fixed capital requirements * Nature of business * Size of business * Stage of development * Capital invested by the owners * location of that area[edit] Working capitalThis is money which is used to buy stock, pay expenses and finance credit.[edit] Factors determining working capital requirements * Size of business * Stage of development * Time of production * Rate of stock turnover ratio * Buying and selling terms * Seasonal consumption * Seasonal production[edit] The desirability of budgeting[edit] Capital budgetThis concerns fixed asset requirements for the next five years and how these will be financed.[edit] Cash budgetWorking capital requirements of a business should be monitored at all times to ensure that there are sufficient funds available to meet short-term expenses.[edit] Management of current assets[edit] Credit policyCredit gives the customer the opportunity to buy goods and services, and pay for them at a later date.[edit] Advantages of credit trade * Usually results in more customers than cash trade. * Can charge more for goods to cover the risk of bad debt. * Gain goodwill and loyalty of customers. * People can buy goods and pay for them at a later date. * Farmers can buy seeds and implements, and pay for them only after the harvest. * Stimulates agricultural and industrial production and commerce. * Can be used as a promotional tool. * Increase the sales.[edit] Disadvantages of credit trade * Risk of bad debt. * High administration expenses. * People can buy more than they can afford. * More working capital needed. * Risk of Bankruptcy.[edit] Forms of credit * Suppliers credit: o Credit on ordinary open account o Instalment sales o Bills of exchange o Credit cards * Contractor's credit * Factoring of debtors[edit] Factors which influence credit conditions * Nature of the business's activities * Financial position * Product durability * Length of production process * Competition and competitors' credit conditions * Country's economic position * Conditions at financial institutions * Discount for early payment * Debtor's type of business and financial position[edit] Credit collection[edit] Overdue accounts * Cards arranged alphabetically in card index system * Attach a notice of overdue account to statement. * Send a letter asking for settlement of debt. * Send a second or third letter if first is ineffectual. * Threaten legal action.[edit] Effective credit control * Increases sales * Reduces bad debts * Increases profits * Builds customer loyalty[edit] Sources of information on creditworthiness * Business references * Bank references * Credit agencies * Chambers of commerce * Employers * Credit application forms[edit] Duties of the credit department * Legal action * Taking necessary steps to ensure settlement of account * Knowing the credit policy and procedures for credit control * Setting credit limits * Ensuring that statements of account are sent out * Ensuring that thorough checks are carried out on credit customers * Keeping records of all amounts owing * Ensuring that debts are settled promptly * Timely reporting to the upper level of management for better management.[edit] Stock[edit] Purpose of stock control * Ensures that enough stock is on hand to satisfy demand. * Protects and monitors theft. * Safeguards against having to stockpile. * Allows for control over selling and cost price.[edit] Stockpiling Main article: Cornering the marketThis refers to the purchase of stock at the right time, at the right price and in the right are several advantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples: * Losses due to price fluctuations and stock loss kept to a minimum * Ensures that goods reach customers timeously; better service * Saves space and storage cost * Investment of working capital kept to minimum * No loss in production due to delaysThere are several disadvantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples: * Obsolescence * Danger of fire and theft * Initial working capital investment is very large * Losses due to price fluctuation[edit] Influence of stock management on rate of return * Right price * Right quantity * Right quality * Right place * Right time * Right property[edit] Rate of stock turnoverThis refers to the number of times per year that the average level of stock is sold. It may be worked out by dividing the cost price of goods sold by the cost price of the average stock level.[edit] Determining optimum stock levels * Maximum stock level refers to the maximum stock level that may be maintained to ensure cost effectiveness. * Minimum stock level refers to the point below which the stock level may not go. * Standard order refers to the amount of stock generally ordered. * Order level refers to the stock level which calls for an order to be made.
This will be the goal of financial management is to ensure the promotion of the Operational funds required to achieve the mission of the Organization and to the sustainable Exhibition. According to the experts pointed out that the profit-making organizations and non-profit organizations in the fiscal Treasury management objectives on the difference (the following table), but as a non - Profit organizations, in this financial operation will also focus on security (Flow Mobility), the long-term stability and development, expectations by a different cast Financing portfolio, spread financial risk, and the smallest in the financial winds Danger, the pursuit of a reasonable financial return. This will be the main financial management To the project, in addition to manage projects and the use of funds, is also responsible for Long-term financing plan and the recovery of funds management, and short-term vote Funding. Described as follows: The use of funds The funds will be used mainly divided into the Fund and the annual income of two Points, including funds to cover long-term financing (loans), long-term vote Financing and credit guarantee business, including the remaining funds allocated or have not yet fixed Unsigned amount, for the storage of banks, short-term bills, bonds, Funds, shares and other assets. The Fund's income from the use of these funds, including long-term Interest income from loans, credit guarantee fee income and short-term investments to Into the main branch should be the year for the financial services, international human Development, technical cooperation, business planning and the total cost, and other expenses. As at December 31, 2004 only, the overall situation such as the use of funds The right upper plans: Long-term financing (loans) case management plan As at December 31, 2004 only, this will be long-term financing plan Total 66, the program loan, the loan interest rate, grace period and signed About the amount of loans, and other major conditions as follows: Juan Financial Management Other 2% Long-term investment 3% Have been signed For not moving The amount of 16% Unsigned The Dui 43% Long-term financing 36% Long-term investment 59% Long-term financing (loan) program main conditions Project average Loan period (years) Lending rate (%) (Note) Grace period (years) The amount of credits (1,000 . dollars) 7,484 Note: non-small-scale loans In 2004 the use of funds Other 23% More than the current situation 2% Business Planning Expenditure 8% Technical cooperation expenditure 14% International human Development expenditures 21% Financial operating expenses 12% Management and General costs 20% 2004 income ratio use Profit and non-profit organizations financial management objectives of the similarities and differences - Profit organization's goals of the objectives of non-profit organizations Shares of great security and stability The most marginal benefit mission responsibility Acts of target goals Social responsibility of social responsibility Source: Shim, Jae K. & Joel G. Siegel (1997) Chapter IV of organizational and operational management 73 As at December 31, 2004 only, this Council has signed the financing Amounted to 400 million million . dollars, of which 300 million the amount of funding million . dollars, the total amount of principal repayments for the 100 million million . dollars; Fixed rate of percent for, principal repayments rate of percent. Observation of the long-term financing plan will be signed over the years accumulated amount (deduction In addition to the amount of cancellation), and the amount of funds on account of the changes (as above), Can be found both for signing, funding and principal payments, showed a Slowly growing trend, with the signing of the gap between the amount of funding, Dynamic is illustrated in a year to improve conditions for the phenomenon. This will provide more Yundang the quality of the assets, depending on asset class If other receivables, long-term lending and collection, and other subjects mentioned money Allowance for doubtful accounts are prepared, as at December 31, 2004 only, accounts out Allowance for doubtful accounts for the balance of 300 million NT 1,528 million. Case management of short-term investments In order to maintain a long-term stability of this source of income and to meet industry Treasury characteristics, capital of the first re-use of safety and mobility, taking into account Value-added revenue, in 2004 the short-term investments for banks to asset allocation Deposit, bonds (including government bonds, financial bonds and corporate bonds, etc.) The main assets and bills, the Board authorized another 500 million . Yuan limit, some professional bodies appointed by the full commission operation. As at December 31, 2004 only, short-term investments of the assets allocated Purchase of the following plans. In the past year, when interest rates since the calendar History of low upward reversal, in order to avoid bombs or interest rate risk, maturity 1996 Signing of Dollars (100 million) Allocation of principal payments 2003 2004 5 4 3 2 1 0 () Stock 2% Coupons 10 percent bonds 30% Survival 2% CDs 56% Cash 0% Signing long-term financing plan for funding and principal payments accumulated Short-term investments of asset allocation ratio 74 Of the first temporary storage in the bank CDs, so obviously the proportion of CDs High, will look to the future as interest rates rise gradually adjust the asset allocation Home proportion. And from the next calendar year will map the actual short-term rate of return on investments, and The one-year bank interest rates, can also be found through the above-mentioned With the allocation of assets, has effectively will be the overall short-term fluctuations in investment income The rate slowed down, and short-term investments in the year to maintain the yield on one-year Bank interest rates above the standard. Future This will be the last major asset investment of NT dollar and . dollar assets, Based on the actual needs of borrowing countries and spread the risk of exchange rate considerations, not Will be to meet business needs a different currency, to enhance the funding will The production value of stability. In fact, the relevant laws and regulations governing repair funds After the change, the assets of the future will be towards a more diversified use, depending on the whole - Economic performance in different parts of the appropriate distribution of assets to achieve the full San risk purposes. 2003 2004 One-year bank interest rates on short-term investments yield Over the years the actual investment income and short-term interest rates on one-year Comparison
Progress in Developing and Implementing Business Enterprise Architectureand Transition Plan:The Army’s enterprise architecture is aligned with the Department’s federated approachto business system modernization. We established business area domains in conformance withthe Department’s overall domain structure. Each domain is responsible for developing abusiness system transition plan and a systems architecture that aligns with the Department’sEnterprise Transition Plan and Business Enterprise Architecture. Mature architectures have beendeveloped for the financial management and logistics fields. We are adopting the DoD-widehuman resources solution in the form of the Defense Integrated Military Human oversight of the Army’s Chief Information Officer, we implemented a disciplinedportfolio management process that requires each business domain to perform a completeinventory of all business systems within its purview and to register the systems in a single Army-wide portfolio. According to the Army’s Chief Information Officer, the portfolio managementeffort enabled the Army to reduce the total system inventory by 1,500 systems from 3,200 to1,700 systems. An additional 300 Army-wide business systems have been marked forretirement, pending the development and implementation of modern adopting the Department’s business domain construct and federated approach tomodernizing business systems; creating business system transition plans; aligning architectureswith the Business Enterprise Architecture; and managing business systems investments through adisciplined portfolio management process, the Army will be able to comply with Section 332 ofthe Fiscal Year 2005 National Defense Authorization Act. We already have scrutinized morethan 100 major business system modernization efforts and received approval from the DefenseBusiness Systems Management Committee (DBSMC) to continue these importanttransformational Deputy Under Secretary of the Army is responsible for ensuring effective executionof our enterprise architecture and modernization efforts across all business domains. This seniorofficial also is the Army’s Defense Business Systems Management Committee at the Deputy Under Secretary level enables the Army to implement sustainablebusiness process improvements and to develop compliant business this context the Army has developed and is implementing a comprehensive financialimprovement and audit readiness plan to guide financial modernization activities. Thisintegrated plan outlines 1,947 specific actions needed to improve financial accountability andreporting, and assigns responsibility for completion of these tasks to 20 organizations within theArmy and DoD. We have completed 673 of these tasks with independent verification by theArmy Audit Agency. The Army’s financial improvement plan is a component of the DoDFinancial Improvement and Audit Readiness Plan and the Enterprise Transition Department’s Inspector General reviewed our audit readiness plan and found that theplan sufficiently captures all actions necessary to resolve problems in obtaining an audit plan provides a foundation to improve accountability and financial reporting within theArmy, and has yielded tangible, sustainable results. The Inspector General reviewed our auditplan and identified areas needing improvement. We have substantially resolved the InspectorGeneral’s concerns, and are currently awaiting their final report, which we expect will reflectfavorably on the efficacy of our plan. The plan provides a foundation to improve accountabilityand financial reporting within the Army, and has yielded tangible, sustainable example, we anticipate, based on preliminary reports, that the Army Corps ofEngineers will receive a qualified audit opinion of its fiscal year 2006 Civil Works financialstatements when the Inspector General releases its opinion in March 2008. Civil Works is alarge financial entity within the Army comprising $ billion in annual appropriations, $ in total assets and $ billion in total property, plant and equipment. The Army Corpsof Engineers has the largest property, plant and equipment asset base of any agency within theExecutive Branch receiving a favorable audit opinion, and is the seventh largest in terms ofannual appropriations. We have corrected the conditions linked to the qualified opinion of thefiscal year 2006 financial statements, and expect to receive an unqualified opinion for fiscal continue to implement corrective actions identified in our improvement plan. InNovember 2006 we reported to the Committee the completion of 150 of the plan’s tasks duringfiscal years 2005 and 2006, resulting in improved financial management across the Army. Withthe successful implementation of the funds control module, we finished an additional 95 tasksduring fiscal year 2007, for a total of 673 tasks completed since the plan’s inception. As a resultof these changes, obligations for $26 billion in annual supply transactions were delivered in realtime, auditable electronic commerce processes were implemented, and accountability of generalequipment and real property was Army’s financial improvement and audit readiness plan is important to ensuringcompliance with USC 2222. USC 2222 prohibits the Department from obligating funds forpreparing, processing or auditing financial statements until the proposed activities are consistentwith the Department’s financial improvement plan, and are likely to provide sustainedimprovements to internal controls. All 1,947 tasks contained in our financial improvement planare designed to provide sustainable improvements when implemented. Each action is focused oncorrecting deficient processes and systems, and will result in long-term benefits when completed,including generation of reliable and complete financial management information开发和实施进展企业架构和过渡计划:军队的企业架构是对齐的与部门的联邦的方法业务系统的现代化。我们建立了符合业务领域的领域这个部门的总体产业结构。各个领域是负责开发业务系统过渡计划和系统架构,与部门的效能企业过渡计划和商业企业架构。成熟的建筑被建立了财务管理和物流领域。我们采用DoD-wide人力资源解决方案形式的军事防御综合人力资源系统。在忽略的陆军首席信息官,我们实施了遵守纪律投资组合管理的过程,该过程要求每个执行完整的业务领域所有的业务系统的库存在其权限和登记系统在一个单一的军队——广泛的投资组合。根据军队的首席信息官、有价证券管理等努力让军队来降低整个系统的库存系统从3200年到1500年1700系统。额外的300 Army-wide受过业务系统退休,在开发和实施现代化的替代品。采用部门的业务领域和联邦方法构建现代化的商务系统;创建业务系统过渡计划,调整结构上与商业企业架构、投资管理业务系统通过训练有素的投资组合管理过程,军队将能够符合第332节的在2005财年国防授权法案。我们已经仔细检查超过100的主要业务体系现代化的努力和获得批准的防御商业系统管理委员会(DBSMC)继续这些重要的转换程序。副在陆军大臣负责确保有效地执行我们的企业架构和现代化的努力在所有业务领域。这名高级官方也是陆军防卫商业系统管理委员会的代表。副部长治理水平使军队实施可持续业务流程改进和发展符合商业系统。在这种背景下,军队已经开发并实施综合的金融中心改进和审计准备的计划,以指导金融现代化的活动。这概述了1947年的具体综合方案所需的行动和改善公司的财务责任报告,并指定负责完成这些任务,在20个组织军队和国防部。我们已经完成了673个这样的任务和独立的验证军队审计机构。军队的财务改善计划是美国国防部的一个组成部分金融改进和审计计划和企业转型准备计划。这个部门的检察长回顾了我们准备计划和审计发现捕获所有计划充分必要行动来解决问题,在获得审计意见。该计划将提供一个基础,提高财务报告内的责任军队,并取得了切实的,可持续的结果。回顾了我们的总检察长审核计划,确定区域需要改进。我们有本质上解决了检查员将军的担忧,正在等待他们所作的最后报告,我们期望将反映良好的疗效上我们的计划。该计划将提供一个基础,提高可靠性军队内部的财务报告,并取得了切实的,可持续的结果。例如,我们预期,根据初步报告,军工程师将会收到一个合格的审计意见的2006财年土木工程建设金融中心陈述当检察长释放了它的意见在2008年3月。土木工程是一个大型金融实体组成的军队内部的每年59亿美元的拨款,美元美元的总资产元,267亿美元的总财产,厂房和设备。这个兵团工程师有最大的财产,厂房和设备资产基地的任何机构内进行行政部门收到良好的审计意见,第七大的条款年度拨款。我们有改正的条件与保留意见2006财政年度财务报表,期待得到一个不合格的观点,因为会计年度2007。我们继续实施纠正措施确定在我们的改进方案。在据报道,2006年11月,我们委员会150年计划完成的任务的期间2005年和2006年财政年度,从而提高财务管理整个军队。与成功的完成资金控制模块,我们结束了额外的95的任务在2007财年,总数为673以来的完成任务计划开始。结果这些变化、义务为每年260亿美元的供应将被用真正的交易时间,电子商务实施审计过程,问责的将军设备和房地产进行了改进。军队的金融改进和审计准备计划是很重要的保障符合USC 2222。USC 2222禁止部门的资金约束准备、处理或审计财务报表,直到该活动是一致的与部门的财务改善计划,并且有可能提供持续改善内部控制。所有1947个任务包含在我们的财务改善计划设计目的是为了提供可持续改善执行。你的每一个动作都集中在纠正流程和系统的缺陷,将导致长远利益完工后,包括代可靠、完整的财务管理信息
and then, the main problems will be analyzed from the perspective of financial management, existing in funding, investment, operations management and incentive mechanism of family business. Finally, the countermeasures to enhance financial management of family business will be proposed from the four respects, improving funding environment, instructing appropriate investment strategies, perfecting financial management system and establishing effective incentive mechanism respectively.
Second, to analyze, from the perspective of financial management, the main problem of family business through the aspects of funding, investment, operations management and incentive mechanism. Finally, to suggest a series of improvement strategies for family business management, including enhancing funding environment, instruct appropriate investment strategies, develop financial management system and establish effective incentive mechanism.
Progress in Developing and Implementing Business Enterprise Architectureand Transition Plan:The Army’s enterprise architecture is aligned with the Department’s federated approachto business system modernization. We established business area domains in conformance withthe Department’s overall domain structure. Each domain is responsible for developing abusiness system transition plan and a systems architecture that aligns with the Department’sEnterprise Transition Plan and Business Enterprise Architecture. Mature architectures have beendeveloped for the financial management and logistics fields. We are adopting the DoD-widehuman resources solution in the form of the Defense Integrated Military Human oversight of the Army’s Chief Information Officer, we implemented a disciplinedportfolio management process that requires each business domain to perform a completeinventory of all business systems within its purview and to register the systems in a single Army-wide portfolio. According to the Army’s Chief Information Officer, the portfolio managementeffort enabled the Army to reduce the total system inventory by 1,500 systems from 3,200 to1,700 systems. An additional 300 Army-wide business systems have been marked forretirement, pending the development and implementation of modern adopting the Department’s business domain construct and federated approach tomodernizing business systems; creating business system transition plans; aligning architectureswith the Business Enterprise Architecture; and managing business systems investments through adisciplined portfolio management process, the Army will be able to comply with Section 332 ofthe Fiscal Year 2005 National Defense Authorization Act. We already have scrutinized morethan 100 major business system modernization efforts and received approval from the DefenseBusiness Systems Management Committee (DBSMC) to continue these importanttransformational Deputy Under Secretary of the Army is responsible for ensuring effective executionof our enterprise architecture and modernization efforts across all business domains. This seniorofficial also is the Army’s Defense Business Systems Management Committee at the Deputy Under Secretary level enables the Army to implement sustainablebusiness process improvements and to develop compliant business this context the Army has developed and is implementing a comprehensive financialimprovement and audit readiness plan to guide financial modernization activities. Thisintegrated plan outlines 1,947 specific actions needed to improve financial accountability andreporting, and assigns responsibility for completion of these tasks to 20 organizations within theArmy and DoD. We have completed 673 of these tasks with independent verification by theArmy Audit Agency. The Army’s financial improvement plan is a component of the DoDFinancial Improvement and Audit Readiness Plan and the Enterprise Transition Department’s Inspector General reviewed our audit readiness plan and found that theplan sufficiently captures all actions necessary to resolve problems in obtaining an audit plan provides a foundation to improve accountability and financial reporting within theArmy, and has yielded tangible, sustainable results. The Inspector General reviewed our auditplan and identified areas needing improvement. We have substantially resolved the InspectorGeneral’s concerns, and are currently awaiting their final report, which we expect will reflectfavorably on the efficacy of our plan. The plan provides a foundation to improve accountabilityand financial reporting within the Army, and has yielded tangible, sustainable example, we anticipate, based on preliminary reports, that the Army Corps ofEngineers will receive a qualified audit opinion of its fiscal year 2006 Civil Works financialstatements when the Inspector General releases its opinion in March 2008. Civil Works is alarge financial entity within the Army comprising $ billion in annual appropriations, $ in total assets and $ billion in total property, plant and equipment. The Army Corpsof Engineers has the largest property, plant and equipment asset base of any agency within theExecutive Branch receiving a favorable audit opinion, and is the seventh largest in terms ofannual appropriations. We have corrected the conditions linked to the qualified opinion of thefiscal year 2006 financial statements, and expect to receive an unqualified opinion for fiscal continue to implement corrective actions identified in our improvement plan. InNovember 2006 we reported to the Committee the completion of 150 of the plan’s tasks duringfiscal years 2005 and 2006, resulting in improved financial management across the Army. Withthe successful implementation of the funds control module, we finished an additional 95 tasksduring fiscal year 2007, for a total of 673 tasks completed since the plan’s inception. As a resultof these changes, obligations for $26 billion in annual supply transactions were delivered in realtime, auditable electronic commerce processes were implemented, and accountability of generalequipment and real property was Army’s financial improvement and audit readiness plan is important to ensuringcompliance with USC 2222. USC 2222 prohibits the Department from obligating funds forpreparing, processing or auditing financial statements until the proposed activities are consistentwith the Department’s financial improvement plan, and are likely to provide sustainedimprovements to internal controls. All 1,947 tasks contained in our financial improvement planare designed to provide sustainable improvements when implemented. Each action is focused oncorrecting deficient processes and systems, and will result in long-term benefits when completed,including generation of reliable and complete financial management information开发和实施进展企业架构和过渡计划:军队的企业架构是对齐的与部门的联邦的方法业务系统的现代化。我们建立了符合业务领域的领域这个部门的总体产业结构。各个领域是负责开发业务系统过渡计划和系统架构,与部门的效能企业过渡计划和商业企业架构。成熟的建筑被建立了财务管理和物流领域。我们采用DoD-wide人力资源解决方案形式的军事防御综合人力资源系统。在忽略的陆军首席信息官,我们实施了遵守纪律投资组合管理的过程,该过程要求每个执行完整的业务领域所有的业务系统的库存在其权限和登记系统在一个单一的军队——广泛的投资组合。根据军队的首席信息官、有价证券管理等努力让军队来降低整个系统的库存系统从3200年到1500年1700系统。额外的300 Army-wide受过业务系统退休,在开发和实施现代化的替代品。采用部门的业务领域和联邦方法构建现代化的商务系统;创建业务系统过渡计划,调整结构上与商业企业架构、投资管理业务系统通过训练有素的投资组合管理过程,军队将能够符合第332节的在2005财年国防授权法案。我们已经仔细检查超过100的主要业务体系现代化的努力和获得批准的防御商业系统管理委员会(DBSMC)继续这些重要的转换程序。副在陆军大臣负责确保有效地执行我们的企业架构和现代化的努力在所有业务领域。这名高级官方也是陆军防卫商业系统管理委员会的代表。副部长治理水平使军队实施可持续业务流程改进和发展符合商业系统。在这种背景下,军队已经开发并实施综合的金融中心改进和审计准备的计划,以指导金融现代化的活动。这概述了1947年的具体综合方案所需的行动和改善公司的财务责任报告,并指定负责完成这些任务,在20个组织军队和国防部。我们已经完成了673个这样的任务和独立的验证军队审计机构。军队的财务改善计划是美国国防部的一个组成部分金融改进和审计计划和企业转型准备计划。这个部门的检察长回顾了我们准备计划和审计发现捕获所有计划充分必要行动来解决问题,在获得审计意见。该计划将提供一个基础,提高财务报告内的责任军队,并取得了切实的,可持续的结果。回顾了我们的总检察长审核计划,确定区域需要改进。我们有本质上解决了检查员将军的担忧,正在等待他们所作的最后报告,我们期望将反映良好的疗效上我们的计划。该计划将提供一个基础,提高可靠性军队内部的财务报告,并取得了切实的,可持续的结果。例如,我们预期,根据初步报告,军工程师将会收到一个合格的审计意见的2006财年土木工程建设金融中心陈述当检察长释放了它的意见在2008年3月。土木工程是一个大型金融实体组成的军队内部的每年59亿美元的拨款,美元美元的总资产元,267亿美元的总财产,厂房和设备。这个兵团工程师有最大的财产,厂房和设备资产基地的任何机构内进行行政部门收到良好的审计意见,第七大的条款年度拨款。我们有改正的条件与保留意见2006财政年度财务报表,期待得到一个不合格的观点,因为会计年度2007。我们继续实施纠正措施确定在我们的改进方案。在据报道,2006年11月,我们委员会150年计划完成的任务的期间2005年和2006年财政年度,从而提高财务管理整个军队。与成功的完成资金控制模块,我们结束了额外的95的任务在2007财年,总数为673以来的完成任务计划开始。结果这些变化、义务为每年260亿美元的供应将被用真正的交易时间,电子商务实施审计过程,问责的将军设备和房地产进行了改进。军队的金融改进和审计准备计划是很重要的保障符合USC 2222。USC 2222禁止部门的资金约束准备、处理或审计财务报表,直到该活动是一致的与部门的财务改善计划,并且有可能提供持续改善内部控制。所有1947个任务包含在我们的财务改善计划设计目的是为了提供可持续改善执行。你的每一个动作都集中在纠正流程和系统的缺陷,将导致长远利益完工后,包括代可靠、完整的财务管理信息
With a sound legal community, the sense of enterprise tax increase, tax planning in enterprise management gradually attention and development, and become enterprises to improve economic efficiency and achieve the important objective of enterprise management tools. From the perspective of financial management, financial management and focus on the objective, the following part of the tax planning of enterprises started expositions. The first part briefly summed up the meaning of the Tax Planning, characteristics, and should follow the principle of funding from the second part of the decision-making, investment decisions and business process discussed three aspects of tax planning in enterprise management applications, to integrate theory with practice. methods discussed how to use the state's tax policies and tax laws and regulations related to corporate tax cost savings of enterprises in financial management objectives; third part is described enterprises should pay attention to tax planning issues. Keywords: Tax Planning financial cost management objectives
On Enterprise Receivables Management Receivables本身就是“应收账款”的意思，论文题目不能太长
凝结水精处理 condensate polishing 树脂 resin 输送 transfer氨化运行 ammoniated operation火电厂 thermal power plant阴树脂 anion resins阳树脂 cation resins高塔法 high-tower separation technique树脂分离塔 spt混床 mixed resin bed再生 regeneration水质 water quality
财务管理论文参考文献怎么写
参考文献规范格式
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的'首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.
【举例】
[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
【举例】[4] 葛家 澍 ，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).
【举例】
[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[8] 伍 蠡 甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .
[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注(王小龙，2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来
财务管理论文英文参考文献
范文一
[1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
[2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991.
[3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10(3)，467-505
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(5)，556-567.
[5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26.
[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13(S1)，15-36.
[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6(1)，29-39.
[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5(5)，133-143.
[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation Methods and Research,1987,16(1)，78-117
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
范文二
[1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32(3)， 367-390.
[2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical Policy, 1997,26(4-5)， 391-403.
[3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73(1)，125-130.
[4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in of Financial Studies,2010,23(7)，2757-2788.
[5]Brouthers, Hennart, . Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425.
[6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69(1)，106-116.
[7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17(2)，151-166.
[8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56(4)，312-318.
[9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(3)，439-462.
[10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and Management Review, 2007,50(1)，57-76.
Financial management problems researchIn a market economy, the management is to determine the importance of enterprise survival and development. In recent years, due to ideological bias in understanding and some historical reasons, the objective reasons why the number of internal financial management system is not sound financial management to cause confusion, resulting in some lack of internal oversight mechanisms, occurring false accounts or accounts peripherals account. A direct result of confusion in financial management and poor efficiency of enterprises. This is the proof from experience. Therefore, the strengthening of financial management, establish a sound internal financial management system has become a business imperative. First, enterprises should establish a sound system of internal financial management. (A) The establishment of internal financial management system is to adapt to the socialist market economic system, the objective requirements of Enterprises to survive in market competition, and development, we must follow the requirements of market economy norms financial behavior. That must be in accordance with the requirements of market economy financing, use of funds and distribution of benefits, improve production and operations, improve the economic efficiency of enterprises, thereby enhancing their competitiveness in order to achieve economic growth, to change the way companies adapt to market economy objective requirements. (B) Establish a sound internal financial management system is an inherent requirement of enterprise management 1、Financial management is the basis for all management activities, is the central link in enterprise management. Internal financial management of the company's funds management activities and the form of value, mainly based on cost management and capital management as the center, through a form of value management, to physical form of management. Therefore financial management is the basis for all management activities, the central link in enterprise 、Financial management throughout all aspects of production and operation and the entire process. According to its meaning, we can summarize the four main elements of financial management, including fund-raising management, investment management, working capital management and profit distribution management. (C) financial management and business management all have extensive contact In business activities, financial management of the tentacles stretched to every corner of business, each department will be serviced through the use of funds into contact with the financial sector, each sector should in the rational use of funds, to save money and so accept what Department guidance, subject to the constraints of financial systems in order to ensure the improvement of economic efficiency of enterprises. (D) Fast Company's financial management reflects the company's production operations. All production and business activities of enterprises, are ultimately reflected in the financial results up through the accounting, analysis, comparison, you can check the implementation of enterprise production and business activities, and finding problems, find solutions to the problem. In particular financial results reflect the number and circumstances of the authoritative. In business management, regardless of whether the appropriate decision-making level of technology, production and marketing is smooth and other areas can be quickly reflected from the financial indicators. Second, internal financial management system is difficult to establish the main reason (A) Of the market economy on the business impact of internal financial management system As the market economy further, some units of one-sided emphasis on corporate ownership and management rights, to relax the internal financial management, resulting in varying degrees of accounting based on the work of the weakening, landslides and even chaos. In particular in: 1、According to state regulations, prepare accounts of the financial system does not require the construction, prepare accounts but the accounts Though some confusion; 2、Account or accounts peripheral false accounts, concealing the true financial condition and business economic results; 3、Violation of financial discipline, unauthorized retention, transfer of national income, "little treasuries"; 4、Violation of the financial accounting system, mob unjustified costs, free to write off the cost, reduce profits or increase any loss, severe distortion of accounting information. (B) The overall quality of corporate financial officers is not high enough lead to strong financial management awareness As a corporate financial officer is the drafting of internal financial systems, and also a supervisor and executor. Therefore, the company staff the ability to work, the level of service quality on the establishment of internal financial systems and the implementation of the system plays an important role. But a considerable part of the company's financial staff as subjective and objective factors, difficult to fully undertake the development of internal financial management system functions, mainly: 1、A considerable part of the financial personnel not familiar with the new enterprise financial systems, business is not fine, initiative is not strong, was unable to start with; 2、There is fear of corporate financial officers, afraid of offending the leadership, fear of losing easy work; 3、Position itself is not even one-sided view to establish and improve internal financial management system is a matter of leadership has nothing to do with their own. Third, establish a sound system of internal financial management measures Analysis for the above reasons, establish a sound internal financial systems, available from the following aspects: (A) To strengthen leadership, unity of thinking, to raise awareness Strengthen publicity and education, through advocacy and education to business owners and financial officers, are able to fully understand the importance of financial management within the enterprise, necessity and relevance, to establish a sound system of internal financial management combined with the modern enterprise system, With the deepening of enterprise reform, change their operating mechanism combined. To remove the system more robust, the greater the constraints on business leaders recognize the error, correct thinking, continue to carry forward the fine tradition of hard work and style, and promote the healthy development of this work. (B) To strengthen the corporate financial staff training and enhancing ethics finance staff 1、Through a series of training courses, seminars, courses and conferences and other means to enhance the business training corporate financial officers, financial officers to enhance the learning of the market economic theory in order to improve the level of financial personnel and accounting theory of the business. 2、Strengthen the financial staff of professional ethics, and vigorously promote the reform and opening up the financial front since the company emerged out of the advanced character and deeds, the majority of financial officers perceived importance of professional ethics training to high professional ethics do their jobs. (C) The financial sector should strengthen guidance and promote the establishment of internal financial system The financial departments should establish and improve internal financial management system and implementation of enterprise autonomy, and promote enterprises to change their operational mechanism, establish a modern enterprise system. Written guidance is necessary tissue samples to help companies promote counseling and guidance to accelerate the popularization. In summary, the objective of financial management of financial activities of the enterprise organization, handling financial relationships to achieve the fundamental purpose, which determines the basic direction of financial management, financial management is the starting point. Enterprise Financial Management reflects the balance between the interests of interest groups, is a comprehensive reflection of the interaction of various factors. Enterprise is the enterprise financial management system for financial management, financial work to develop the enterprise system. According to relevant laws, regulations and financial system, and developed with the specific circumstances of enterprises. In practice, norms and guiding role to play, the sound development of enterprises played an important role.
你是哪个省的啊 看看如果可以的话 可以给你一份全面的
土木工程的key哀，速度，
谷歌翻译就很好了其实毕业论文英文翻译这个，最重要的是开头和结尾，无论怎样，一定要把英文翻译成正常人能理解的中文
Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.