The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
一曰和（ethical；harmonious；plain；natural；controlled） “和”在二十四况中处于首位，而且“和”的内涵几乎涵盖了所有二十四况，“其所首重者和也”。在对“和”况的说明中，作者首先讲到：“稽首至圣心通造化，德协神人，理一身之性情，以理天下人之性情”，这说明“和”受到了儒家“中和”思想的影响。《中庸》中说“发而皆中节，谓之和”，所以“和”首先指出古琴音乐应该是“合乎礼仪道德的”（ethical），是“禁止淫邪，正人心的”（forbidding people to have any lewd and vicious idea），而且是“乐以修德的”（Music is used to cultivate one’s virtue.）。“众音之款会，优柔平中”则说明“和”应该是“中庸的”（according with the doctrine of mean）、“和谐的”（harmonious）。“论和以散和为上，按和为次”则强调“和”是“不加雕琢的”(plain)、“自然的”（natural）。“弦与指和、指与音和、音与意和”则说明“和”应是“有节制的”（controlled）。“音从意转，意先乎音，音随乎意”则强调“意念”（idea）与“弹奏”（plucking）应该紧密结合，而意念应“神闲气静”（carefree and peaceful）、“蔼然醉心”（calm and intoxicated）。 “不以性情中和相遇，而以为是技也”，所以“和”强调演奏古琴不能仅仅注意演奏技巧，还应考虑演奏者的“道德修养”（morality）、“心理状态”（psychological condition）、“审美情趣”（aesthetic taste）都能达到良好的状况。 二曰静（quietness；calm） “静”首先是指“声音的安静”（quietness），“声厉则知指躁，声粗则知指浊”；其次是指“心理的平静”（calm），“淡泊宁静，心无尘翳”。而求静的方法则在于“调气”“练指”。“调气”就是“调整心理状态”（to adjust the psychological condition），使其达到“淡泊宁静”“心无尘翳”；“练指”就是“控制手指”（to control the fingers），避免弹出“粗厉之声”（the rough and disagreeable sound）。所以“调气则神自静，练指则声自静”。 三曰清（clear and melodious；pure） “指求其劲，按求其实，则清音始出”“不染纤毫浊气，傍弦绝无客声”，这两句说明“清”是指一种“清脆”（clear and melodious）“纯净”（pure）的音色，与“暗淡柔和”（faint）的音色相反。“究夫曲调之清，则最忌连连弹去，亟亟求完”则说明“清”与“静”一样，也要求演奏者要“从容婉转”（leisurely and agreeable），要“有控制”（controlled）。另一方面，文中还指出“清者，大雅之原本”（Qing is the origin of elegance），要求演奏者在演奏时，必须作到“地僻”（Music should be played in a secluded place.）“弦洁”（Music must be pure.）“心静”（The player must be calm.）“气肃”（The attitude of the player must be earnest.），使欣赏者能够联想到“澄然秋潭”（The music reminds the audiences of the deep pool in autumn）“皎然寒月”（and the moon in winter.），而且“令人心骨俱冷，体气欲仙”（The audiences are drunk in music so much that they want to transcend the worldly and become the celestial beings.）。 四曰远（remote；imaginative） “时为岑静也，若游峨眉之雪，时为流逝也，若在洞庭之波”，所以“远”的含义应是“悠远”（remote）“具有幻想性”（imaginative）的境界。“远以神行”“至于神游气化，而意之所之玄而又玄”，这两句说明求“远”的主要方法是利用“想象”（imagination），即让思想进入“神游”（mind’s travel）状态，使演奏与想象相结合，“在想象中演奏”（to play in one’s imagination），或“在演奏中想象”（to imagine in one’s playing）。同时，想象的范围应限制在“自然的山水中”（mountains and rivers in nature），“若游峨眉之雪，若在洞庭之波”，这样就能使音乐达到一种“悠远”的境界。所以“求之弦中如不足，得之弦外则有余”。 五曰古（primitive and plain；primitive and elegant） “然粗率疑于古朴”“而古雅自见”，这两句说明“古”的含义是“古朴”（primitive and plain）“古雅”（primitive and elegant）的音乐风格，与“时调”（the fashionable tune）相对。“时调”的特点是“声争而媚耳”（The tune seduces people with its noisiness），“疾速”（rapid）；“古”的特点是“音澹而会心”（a plain music but it can move people）“延缓”（slow）。同时作者还强调“粗率”（being rough and careless）“疏慵”（to play the music slowly and without emotion）“似疑于古，而实病于古”，所以“必融其粗率，振其疏慵”。最后，作者还进一步说明“古”的意境就是“宛在深山空邃谷，老木寒泉，风声簌簌，令人有遗世独立之思”（The music makes people feel as ifin the high mountain and deep valley and see the old woods, touch the icy spring, hear the blowing of the wind and feel like flying away from the worldly.）。 六曰澹（plain；elegant；unsophistic- ated） “澹”是一种“淡泊”（not to seek fame and wealth）“平淡”（plain）“孤高岑寂”（to have a too high taste to be understood by others）的审美情趣。这种审美情趣有三种含义：一是“不入歌舞场中”“不杂丝竹伴内”，即不能用来作为“娱乐工具”（a means for entertainment）；二是“祛邪而存正，黜俗而归雅，舍媚而还淳”，即它应是“正统的”（decent）“高雅的”（elegant）“淳朴的”（unsophisticated）；三是“山居深静”“绝去炎嚣”“焚香静对”，即它应是“清高孤傲”（aloof from political and material pursuits）“不媚俗”（not vulgar）的。 七曰恬（pleasing） “恬”也是一种审美情趣，这种审美情趣是以“恬”这种气味来形容的。“操至妙来则可澹，澹至妙来则生恬”，所以“恬”应是弹琴达到一种境界后自然产生的“愉悦感”（pleasing）。但是这种境界应是“兴到而不自纵，气到而不自豪。情到而不自扰，意到而不自浓”，它让人产生的感觉是“不味而味”（The music has no taste but feels like tasty.）“不馥而馥”（ The music has no fragrance but feels like fragrant.）。就像“水中之乳泉”（the sweetest water）“蕊中之兰”（the most fragrant flower）。 八曰逸（free from vulgarity；elegant；moral） “逸”在这里指的是演奏者的
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《老人与海》桑地亚哥性格分析 ： 桑地亚哥，这个孤独的、失败的，但又有着胜利者冲动和坚强意志的老人进入了大海。毫无疑问，这将是两个世界的相遇与搏斗。一个孤独、破败，而又有着自己独特的性格与精神世界的苍老的生命，在与地球上最为狂暴的自然展开着惊心动魄的较量。日月星辰和浩瀚无边的大海，构成了这场较量壮阔辉煌的空间背景。桑地亚哥热爱着大海。因此，他总将大海视为女人。在他的心目中，“海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的”，但在另一方面，他又深知大海的“残暴”。所以我以为，他将大海视为女人，还有着另外的更深层次的原因，那就是他对大海男性一般的征服欲望。他与大海、与大马林鱼以及鲨鱼的殊死搏斗，正是这种征服的具体体现。 海上的桑地亚哥又一次突显出他的孤独、失败但又决不服输的性格与命运。仿佛他的一生，都在这次捕猎中得到了最为集中的体现。他在大海中自言自语，体验着深切的无助与孤独。他在与大鱼的搏斗中鲜血崩流、伤痕累累，还要与自己的饥饿、困乏，以及受伤与抽筋的肢体进行着自我搏斗。但正如他所说的：“一个人并不是生来就要给打败的。你尽可以毁灭他，可就是打不败他”，做一个渔夫，正是他“生来该干的行当”。他将一切都理解为自己必然承担的宿命。因此他靠自己的意志，最终杀死了大鱼，取得了胜利。 但他还是失败了。他在最后，只剩下了大鱼的残骸。而在精神的层面上，他却仍是胜利者。他和那条大马林鱼一样，即使遭到彻底的“毁灭”，只剩下尸骨，可仍然没有被“打败”。就是这样，海明威把现实人生的失败与苦厄转换与升华成精神的凯旋，并且给予了圣徒般的赞美。 桑地亚哥确实像圣徒。他在窝棚中悬挂的耶稣圣心图和科夫莱圣母图。他在搏斗中的祈祷。他和耶稣的门徒圣彼得所共有的渔夫身份。特别是他自始至终忍受痛楚的坚韧，他在上岸以后扛着桅杆的屡仆屡起，以及他在作品的最后“拉起毯子，盖住两肩，然后裹住了背部和双腿，两臂伸得笔直，手掌向上”这样的耶稣受难般的庄严形象，都显示出作家所刻意塑造的圣者气质。所以有学者指出“圣人般的桑地亚哥”的“头上几乎围绕着圣洁的光圈”，作品也因此具有了“宗教的或神秘的涵义”，〔3〕“是一首宗教诗”。〔4〕 可是毕竟，桑地亚哥并不是圣徒。他甚至“并不笃信宗教”。他的鲜明强烈的圣徒气质也许只是暗合，只是作家所刻意赋予的。〔5〕在他的世界中，有着那么多凡俗而又美好的事物。或者说，桑地亚哥的世界虽然孤独，但却并不自闭。他与人们，与他周围小小的渔村世界，甚至与广阔辽远的现代世界，均都息息相关。他与渔民、与那个名叫马诺林的孩子和睦相处并且深受他的爱戴。他在海上念念不忘的就是孩子。而他对报纸和收音机这样的现代事物，同样充满了喜爱与好奇。这是因为通过它们，他能够关注棒球比赛的信息。对桑地亚哥而言，关注孩子意味着关注未来，而关注棒球比赛，不仅寄托和呼应着他打败对手、渴望胜利的内在冲动，而且还喻示着他与更加广阔和更加现代的外部世界的精神联系。 就是这样，海明威不仅刻画了桑地亚哥的精神与性格世界，还很充分地展现了这样的世界与大自然的世界（海洋、海鸟、大马林鱼、鲨鱼，以及日月星辰）、作为小型社会的渔村世界（渔民、孩子）、更加广阔的现代世界（棒球比赛）和充满希望的未来世界（孩子），以及超越凡俗的神圣世界（他的祈祷和他的受难般的圣者形象）的精神联系，而这样的联系，无疑又进一步丰富和深化了他的精神与性格世界。桑地亚哥的世界，原来是这样的广阔、辉煌、博大与深邃！我想，这正是《老人与海》这部篇幅不长、情节简单的小说具有永远的艺术魅力的基本原因。 当然，《老人与海》的叙事艺术无疑是相当杰出的。一方面，它是海明威“冰山理论”的又一次极为成功的体现。他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时曾经说过：“《老人与海》本来可以写成一千多页那么长”，但他“总是根据冰山的原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面的。你可以略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。〔6〕在它简单的故事情节背后，深藏着我们前面所阐述的那样丰富而又博大的世界；另一方面，它像诗篇，像是一曲交织着沉郁、苦难、昂扬与庄严，甚至也不无明丽与柔情的气魄宏伟的交响曲。它从桑地亚哥的孤独与失败开始写起，依次书写他在出海之前与小男孩的交往、他的扬帆出海、他与大马林鱼及鲨鱼的搏斗、他的失败的返航，最后复归于他庄严的梦境。叙事从容不迫，有着“瀑布般倾泻的豪华、庄严的抒情段落，而节奏正表现在它的抑扬顿挫里”。〔7〕它的语言丰富多彩，不仅雅致冷峻、简洁有力，而且色彩鲜明，具有庄严伟岸的艺术风格。 （翻译） The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
写论文选题的一般程序：一选本专业自己喜欢的题材；二选自己熟悉的题材；三选前人写过但写的不多的领域，三者重合就是自己要写的。写论文两种入手，一是发前人所未发，二是抒前人之以发。老人与海的叙事艺术已经写烂了，很难写出新意来，除非你们学校卡的不严。因此不建议写这个。写论文确定方向之后去你们学校图书馆用电子检索下有关书目就可以找到很多相关的研究文集
《老人与海》桑地亚哥性格分析 ： 桑地亚哥，这个孤独的、失败的，但又有着胜利者冲动和坚强意志的老人进入了大海。毫无疑问，这将是两个世界的相遇与搏斗。一个孤独、破败，而又有着自己独特的性格与精神世界的苍老的生命，在与地球上最为狂暴的自然展开着惊心动魄的较量。日月星辰和浩瀚无边的大海，构成了这场较量壮阔辉煌的空间背景。桑地亚哥热爱着大海。因此，他总将大海视为女人。在他的心目中，“海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的”，但在另一方面，他又深知大海的“残暴”。所以我以为，他将大海视为女人，还有着另外的更深层次的原因，那就是他对大海男性一般的征服欲望。他与大海、与大马林鱼以及鲨鱼的殊死搏斗，正是这种征服的具体体现。 海上的桑地亚哥又一次突显出他的孤独、失败但又决不服输的性格与命运。仿佛他的一生，都在这次捕猎中得到了最为集中的体现。他在大海中自言自语，体验着深切的无助与孤独。他在与大鱼的搏斗中鲜血崩流、伤痕累累，还要与自己的饥饿、困乏，以及受伤与抽筋的肢体进行着自我搏斗。但正如他所说的：“一个人并不是生来就要给打败的。你尽可以毁灭他，可就是打不败他”，做一个渔夫，正是他“生来该干的行当”。他将一切都理解为自己必然承担的宿命。因此他靠自己的意志，最终杀死了大鱼，取得了胜利。 但他还是失败了。他在最后，只剩下了大鱼的残骸。而在精神的层面上，他却仍是胜利者。他和那条大马林鱼一样，即使遭到彻底的“毁灭”，只剩下尸骨，可仍然没有被“打败”。就是这样，海明威把现实人生的失败与苦厄转换与升华成精神的凯旋，并且给予了圣徒般的赞美。 桑地亚哥确实像圣徒。他在窝棚中悬挂的耶稣圣心图和科夫莱圣母图。他在搏斗中的祈祷。他和耶稣的门徒圣彼得所共有的渔夫身份。特别是他自始至终忍受痛楚的坚韧，他在上岸以后扛着桅杆的屡仆屡起，以及他在作品的最后“拉起毯子，盖住两肩，然后裹住了背部和双腿，两臂伸得笔直，手掌向上”这样的耶稣受难般的庄严形象，都显示出作家所刻意塑造的圣者气质。所以有学者指出“圣人般的桑地亚哥”的“头上几乎围绕着圣洁的光圈”，作品也因此具有了“宗教的或神秘的涵义”，〔3〕“是一首宗教诗”。〔4〕 可是毕竟，桑地亚哥并不是圣徒。他甚至“并不笃信宗教”。他的鲜明强烈的圣徒气质也许只是暗合，只是作家所刻意赋予的。〔5〕在他的世界中，有着那么多凡俗而又美好的事物。或者说，桑地亚哥的世界虽然孤独，但却并不自闭。他与人们，与他周围小小的渔村世界，甚至与广阔辽远的现代世界，均都息息相关。他与渔民、与那个名叫马诺林的孩子和睦相处并且深受他的爱戴。他在海上念念不忘的就是孩子。而他对报纸和收音机这样的现代事物，同样充满了喜爱与好奇。这是因为通过它们，他能够关注棒球比赛的信息。对桑地亚哥而言，关注孩子意味着关注未来，而关注棒球比赛，不仅寄托和呼应着他打败对手、渴望胜利的内在冲动，而且还喻示着他与更加广阔和更加现代的外部世界的精神联系。 就是这样，海明威不仅刻画了桑地亚哥的精神与性格世界，还很充分地展现了这样的世界与大自然的世界（海洋、海鸟、大马林鱼、鲨鱼，以及日月星辰）、作为小型社会的渔村世界（渔民、孩子）、更加广阔的现代世界（棒球比赛）和充满希望的未来世界（孩子），以及超越凡俗的神圣世界（他的祈祷和他的受难般的圣者形象）的精神联系，而这样的联系，无疑又进一步丰富和深化了他的精神与性格世界。桑地亚哥的世界，原来是这样的广阔、辉煌、博大与深邃！我想，这正是《老人与海》这部篇幅不长、情节简单的小说具有永远的艺术魅力的基本原因。 当然，《老人与海》的叙事艺术无疑是相当杰出的。一方面，它是海明威“冰山理论”的又一次极为成功的体现。他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时曾经说过：“《老人与海》本来可以写成一千多页那么长”，但他“总是根据冰山的原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面的。你可以略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。〔6〕在它简单的故事情节背后，深藏着我们前面所阐述的那样丰富而又博大的世界；另一方面，它像诗篇，像是一曲交织着沉郁、苦难、昂扬与庄严，甚至也不无明丽与柔情的气魄宏伟的交响曲。它从桑地亚哥的孤独与失败开始写起，依次书写他在出海之前与小男孩的交往、他的扬帆出海、他与大马林鱼及鲨鱼的搏斗、他的失败的返航，最后复归于他庄严的梦境。叙事从容不迫，有着“瀑布般倾泻的豪华、庄严的抒情段落，而节奏正表现在它的抑扬顿挫里”。〔7〕它的语言丰富多彩，不仅雅致冷峻、简洁有力，而且色彩鲜明，具有庄严伟岸的艺术风格。 （翻译） The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
《老人与海》的叙事艺术分析这点我是可以理解的你懂我我意思多少字的要求
《老人与海》桑地亚哥性格分析 ： 桑地亚哥，这个孤独的、失败的，但又有着胜利者冲动和坚强意志的老人进入了大海。毫无疑问，这将是两个世界的相遇与搏斗。一个孤独、破败，而又有着自己独特的性格与精神世界的苍老的生命，在与地球上最为狂暴的自然展开着惊心动魄的较量。日月星辰和浩瀚无边的大海，构成了这场较量壮阔辉煌的空间背景。桑地亚哥热爱着大海。因此，他总将大海视为女人。在他的心目中，“海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的”，但在另一方面，他又深知大海的“残暴”。所以我以为，他将大海视为女人，还有着另外的更深层次的原因，那就是他对大海男性一般的征服欲望。他与大海、与大马林鱼以及鲨鱼的殊死搏斗，正是这种征服的具体体现。 海上的桑地亚哥又一次突显出他的孤独、失败但又决不服输的性格与命运。仿佛他的一生，都在这次捕猎中得到了最为集中的体现。他在大海中自言自语，体验着深切的无助与孤独。他在与大鱼的搏斗中鲜血崩流、伤痕累累，还要与自己的饥饿、困乏，以及受伤与抽筋的肢体进行着自我搏斗。但正如他所说的：“一个人并不是生来就要给打败的。你尽可以毁灭他，可就是打不败他”，做一个渔夫，正是他“生来该干的行当”。他将一切都理解为自己必然承担的宿命。因此他靠自己的意志，最终杀死了大鱼，取得了胜利。 但他还是失败了。他在最后，只剩下了大鱼的残骸。而在精神的层面上，他却仍是胜利者。他和那条大马林鱼一样，即使遭到彻底的“毁灭”，只剩下尸骨，可仍然没有被“打败”。就是这样，海明威把现实人生的失败与苦厄转换与升华成精神的凯旋，并且给予了圣徒般的赞美。 桑地亚哥确实像圣徒。他在窝棚中悬挂的耶稣圣心图和科夫莱圣母图。他在搏斗中的祈祷。他和耶稣的门徒圣彼得所共有的渔夫身份。特别是他自始至终忍受痛楚的坚韧，他在上岸以后扛着桅杆的屡仆屡起，以及他在作品的最后“拉起毯子，盖住两肩，然后裹住了背部和双腿，两臂伸得笔直，手掌向上”这样的耶稣受难般的庄严形象，都显示出作家所刻意塑造的圣者气质。所以有学者指出“圣人般的桑地亚哥”的“头上几乎围绕着圣洁的光圈”，作品也因此具有了“宗教的或神秘的涵义”，〔3〕“是一首宗教诗”。〔4〕 可是毕竟，桑地亚哥并不是圣徒。他甚至“并不笃信宗教”。他的鲜明强烈的圣徒气质也许只是暗合，只是作家所刻意赋予的。〔5〕在他的世界中，有着那么多凡俗而又美好的事物。或者说，桑地亚哥的世界虽然孤独，但却并不自闭。他与人们，与他周围小小的渔村世界，甚至与广阔辽远的现代世界，均都息息相关。他与渔民、与那个名叫马诺林的孩子和睦相处并且深受他的爱戴。他在海上念念不忘的就是孩子。而他对报纸和收音机这样的现代事物，同样充满了喜爱与好奇。这是因为通过它们，他能够关注棒球比赛的信息。对桑地亚哥而言，关注孩子意味着关注未来，而关注棒球比赛，不仅寄托和呼应着他打败对手、渴望胜利的内在冲动，而且还喻示着他与更加广阔和更加现代的外部世界的精神联系。 就是这样，海明威不仅刻画了桑地亚哥的精神与性格世界，还很充分地展现了这样的世界与大自然的世界（海洋、海鸟、大马林鱼、鲨鱼，以及日月星辰）、作为小型社会的渔村世界（渔民、孩子）、更加广阔的现代世界（棒球比赛）和充满希望的未来世界（孩子），以及超越凡俗的神圣世界（他的祈祷和他的受难般的圣者形象）的精神联系，而这样的联系，无疑又进一步丰富和深化了他的精神与性格世界。桑地亚哥的世界，原来是这样的广阔、辉煌、博大与深邃！我想，这正是《老人与海》这部篇幅不长、情节简单的小说具有永远的艺术魅力的基本原因。 当然，《老人与海》的叙事艺术无疑是相当杰出的。一方面，它是海明威“冰山理论”的又一次极为成功的体现。他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时曾经说过：“《老人与海》本来可以写成一千多页那么长”，但他“总是根据冰山的原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面的。你可以略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。〔6〕在它简单的故事情节背后，深藏着我们前面所阐述的那样丰富而又博大的世界；另一方面，它像诗篇，像是一曲交织着沉郁、苦难、昂扬与庄严，甚至也不无明丽与柔情的气魄宏伟的交响曲。它从桑地亚哥的孤独与失败开始写起，依次书写他在出海之前与小男孩的交往、他的扬帆出海、他与大马林鱼及鲨鱼的搏斗、他的失败的返航，最后复归于他庄严的梦境。叙事从容不迫，有着“瀑布般倾泻的豪华、庄严的抒情段落，而节奏正表现在它的抑扬顿挫里”。〔7〕它的语言丰富多彩，不仅雅致冷峻、简洁有力，而且色彩鲜明，具有庄严伟岸的艺术风格。 （翻译） The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
你准备写跨文化交际还是翻译，还是文学，还是其他的？
很多题目可以写的。可以写东西方文化差异，翻译，英语教育，语言学,文学。我个人觉得文学比较好写。我觉得不要选太生僻的作品，不好找资料。也不要太普遍的，象什么；傲慢与偏见，老人与海。太多人写了还有一点要注意，写的范围不能太大。要针对具体的某方面写。比如，不能写：对《傲慢与偏见》的分析。这样题目就太大了。一本书可以从很多方面来分析。可以分析人物的性格，可以分析这本书的社会意义，现实意义。
The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
一曰和（ethical；harmonious；plain；natural；controlled） “和”在二十四况中处于首位，而且“和”的内涵几乎涵盖了所有二十四况，“其所首重者和也”。在对“和”况的说明中，作者首先讲到：“稽首至圣心通造化，德协神人，理一身之性情，以理天下人之性情”，这说明“和”受到了儒家“中和”思想的影响。《中庸》中说“发而皆中节，谓之和”，所以“和”首先指出古琴音乐应该是“合乎礼仪道德的”（ethical），是“禁止淫邪，正人心的”（forbidding people to have any lewd and vicious idea），而且是“乐以修德的”（Music is used to cultivate one’s virtue.）。“众音之款会，优柔平中”则说明“和”应该是“中庸的”（according with the doctrine of mean）、“和谐的”（harmonious）。“论和以散和为上，按和为次”则强调“和”是“不加雕琢的”(plain)、“自然的”（natural）。“弦与指和、指与音和、音与意和”则说明“和”应是“有节制的”（controlled）。“音从意转，意先乎音，音随乎意”则强调“意念”（idea）与“弹奏”（plucking）应该紧密结合，而意念应“神闲气静”（carefree and peaceful）、“蔼然醉心”（calm and intoxicated）。 “不以性情中和相遇，而以为是技也”，所以“和”强调演奏古琴不能仅仅注意演奏技巧，还应考虑演奏者的“道德修养”（morality）、“心理状态”（psychological condition）、“审美情趣”（aesthetic taste）都能达到良好的状况。 二曰静（quietness；calm） “静”首先是指“声音的安静”（quietness），“声厉则知指躁，声粗则知指浊”；其次是指“心理的平静”（calm），“淡泊宁静，心无尘翳”。而求静的方法则在于“调气”“练指”。“调气”就是“调整心理状态”（to adjust the psychological condition），使其达到“淡泊宁静”“心无尘翳”；“练指”就是“控制手指”（to control the fingers），避免弹出“粗厉之声”（the rough and disagreeable sound）。所以“调气则神自静，练指则声自静”。 三曰清（clear and melodious；pure） “指求其劲，按求其实，则清音始出”“不染纤毫浊气，傍弦绝无客声”，这两句说明“清”是指一种“清脆”（clear and melodious）“纯净”（pure）的音色，与“暗淡柔和”（faint）的音色相反。“究夫曲调之清，则最忌连连弹去，亟亟求完”则说明“清”与“静”一样，也要求演奏者要“从容婉转”（leisurely and agreeable），要“有控制”（controlled）。另一方面，文中还指出“清者，大雅之原本”（Qing is the origin of elegance），要求演奏者在演奏时，必须作到“地僻”（Music should be played in a secluded place.）“弦洁”（Music must be pure.）“心静”（The player must be calm.）“气肃”（The attitude of the player must be earnest.），使欣赏者能够联想到“澄然秋潭”（The music reminds the audiences of the deep pool in autumn）“皎然寒月”（and the moon in winter.），而且“令人心骨俱冷，体气欲仙”（The audiences are drunk in music so much that they want to transcend the worldly and become the celestial beings.）。 四曰远（remote；imaginative） “时为岑静也，若游峨眉之雪，时为流逝也，若在洞庭之波”，所以“远”的含义应是“悠远”（remote）“具有幻想性”（imaginative）的境界。“远以神行”“至于神游气化，而意之所之玄而又玄”，这两句说明求“远”的主要方法是利用“想象”（imagination），即让思想进入“神游”（mind’s travel）状态，使演奏与想象相结合，“在想象中演奏”（to play in one’s imagination），或“在演奏中想象”（to imagine in one’s playing）。同时，想象的范围应限制在“自然的山水中”（mountains and rivers in nature），“若游峨眉之雪，若在洞庭之波”，这样就能使音乐达到一种“悠远”的境界。所以“求之弦中如不足，得之弦外则有余”。 五曰古（primitive and plain；primitive and elegant） “然粗率疑于古朴”“而古雅自见”，这两句说明“古”的含义是“古朴”（primitive and plain）“古雅”（primitive and elegant）的音乐风格，与“时调”（the fashionable tune）相对。“时调”的特点是“声争而媚耳”（The tune seduces people with its noisiness），“疾速”（rapid）；“古”的特点是“音澹而会心”（a plain music but it can move people）“延缓”（slow）。同时作者还强调“粗率”（being rough and careless）“疏慵”（to play the music slowly and without emotion）“似疑于古，而实病于古”，所以“必融其粗率，振其疏慵”。最后，作者还进一步说明“古”的意境就是“宛在深山空邃谷，老木寒泉，风声簌簌，令人有遗世独立之思”（The music makes people feel as ifin the high mountain and deep valley and see the old woods, touch the icy spring, hear the blowing of the wind and feel like flying away from the worldly.）。 六曰澹（plain；elegant；unsophistic- ated） “澹”是一种“淡泊”（not to seek fame and wealth）“平淡”（plain）“孤高岑寂”（to have a too high taste to be understood by others）的审美情趣。这种审美情趣有三种含义：一是“不入歌舞场中”“不杂丝竹伴内”，即不能用来作为“娱乐工具”（a means for entertainment）；二是“祛邪而存正，黜俗而归雅，舍媚而还淳”，即它应是“正统的”（decent）“高雅的”（elegant）“淳朴的”（unsophisticated）；三是“山居深静”“绝去炎嚣”“焚香静对”，即它应是“清高孤傲”（aloof from political and material pursuits）“不媚俗”（not vulgar）的。 七曰恬（pleasing） “恬”也是一种审美情趣，这种审美情趣是以“恬”这种气味来形容的。“操至妙来则可澹，澹至妙来则生恬”，所以“恬”应是弹琴达到一种境界后自然产生的“愉悦感”（pleasing）。但是这种境界应是“兴到而不自纵，气到而不自豪。情到而不自扰，意到而不自浓”，它让人产生的感觉是“不味而味”（The music has no taste but feels like tasty.）“不馥而馥”（ The music has no fragrance but feels like fragrant.）。就像“水中之乳泉”（the sweetest water）“蕊中之兰”（the most fragrant flower）。 八曰逸（free from vulgarity；elegant；moral） “逸”在这里指的是演奏者的
《老人与海》桑地亚哥性格分析 ： 桑地亚哥，这个孤独的、失败的，但又有着胜利者冲动和坚强意志的老人进入了大海。毫无疑问，这将是两个世界的相遇与搏斗。一个孤独、破败，而又有着自己独特的性格与精神世界的苍老的生命，在与地球上最为狂暴的自然展开着惊心动魄的较量。日月星辰和浩瀚无边的大海，构成了这场较量壮阔辉煌的空间背景。桑地亚哥热爱着大海。因此，他总将大海视为女人。在他的心目中，“海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的”，但在另一方面，他又深知大海的“残暴”。所以我以为，他将大海视为女人，还有着另外的更深层次的原因，那就是他对大海男性一般的征服欲望。他与大海、与大马林鱼以及鲨鱼的殊死搏斗，正是这种征服的具体体现。 海上的桑地亚哥又一次突显出他的孤独、失败但又决不服输的性格与命运。仿佛他的一生，都在这次捕猎中得到了最为集中的体现。他在大海中自言自语，体验着深切的无助与孤独。他在与大鱼的搏斗中鲜血崩流、伤痕累累，还要与自己的饥饿、困乏，以及受伤与抽筋的肢体进行着自我搏斗。但正如他所说的：“一个人并不是生来就要给打败的。你尽可以毁灭他，可就是打不败他”，做一个渔夫，正是他“生来该干的行当”。他将一切都理解为自己必然承担的宿命。因此他靠自己的意志，最终杀死了大鱼，取得了胜利。 但他还是失败了。他在最后，只剩下了大鱼的残骸。而在精神的层面上，他却仍是胜利者。他和那条大马林鱼一样，即使遭到彻底的“毁灭”，只剩下尸骨，可仍然没有被“打败”。就是这样，海明威把现实人生的失败与苦厄转换与升华成精神的凯旋，并且给予了圣徒般的赞美。 桑地亚哥确实像圣徒。他在窝棚中悬挂的耶稣圣心图和科夫莱圣母图。他在搏斗中的祈祷。他和耶稣的门徒圣彼得所共有的渔夫身份。特别是他自始至终忍受痛楚的坚韧，他在上岸以后扛着桅杆的屡仆屡起，以及他在作品的最后“拉起毯子，盖住两肩，然后裹住了背部和双腿，两臂伸得笔直，手掌向上”这样的耶稣受难般的庄严形象，都显示出作家所刻意塑造的圣者气质。所以有学者指出“圣人般的桑地亚哥”的“头上几乎围绕着圣洁的光圈”，作品也因此具有了“宗教的或神秘的涵义”，〔3〕“是一首宗教诗”。〔4〕 可是毕竟，桑地亚哥并不是圣徒。他甚至“并不笃信宗教”。他的鲜明强烈的圣徒气质也许只是暗合，只是作家所刻意赋予的。〔5〕在他的世界中，有着那么多凡俗而又美好的事物。或者说，桑地亚哥的世界虽然孤独，但却并不自闭。他与人们，与他周围小小的渔村世界，甚至与广阔辽远的现代世界，均都息息相关。他与渔民、与那个名叫马诺林的孩子和睦相处并且深受他的爱戴。他在海上念念不忘的就是孩子。而他对报纸和收音机这样的现代事物，同样充满了喜爱与好奇。这是因为通过它们，他能够关注棒球比赛的信息。对桑地亚哥而言，关注孩子意味着关注未来，而关注棒球比赛，不仅寄托和呼应着他打败对手、渴望胜利的内在冲动，而且还喻示着他与更加广阔和更加现代的外部世界的精神联系。 就是这样，海明威不仅刻画了桑地亚哥的精神与性格世界，还很充分地展现了这样的世界与大自然的世界（海洋、海鸟、大马林鱼、鲨鱼，以及日月星辰）、作为小型社会的渔村世界（渔民、孩子）、更加广阔的现代世界（棒球比赛）和充满希望的未来世界（孩子），以及超越凡俗的神圣世界（他的祈祷和他的受难般的圣者形象）的精神联系，而这样的联系，无疑又进一步丰富和深化了他的精神与性格世界。桑地亚哥的世界，原来是这样的广阔、辉煌、博大与深邃！我想，这正是《老人与海》这部篇幅不长、情节简单的小说具有永远的艺术魅力的基本原因。 当然，《老人与海》的叙事艺术无疑是相当杰出的。一方面，它是海明威“冰山理论”的又一次极为成功的体现。他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时曾经说过：“《老人与海》本来可以写成一千多页那么长”，但他“总是根据冰山的原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面的。你可以略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。〔6〕在它简单的故事情节背后，深藏着我们前面所阐述的那样丰富而又博大的世界；另一方面，它像诗篇，像是一曲交织着沉郁、苦难、昂扬与庄严，甚至也不无明丽与柔情的气魄宏伟的交响曲。它从桑地亚哥的孤独与失败开始写起，依次书写他在出海之前与小男孩的交往、他的扬帆出海、他与大马林鱼及鲨鱼的搏斗、他的失败的返航，最后复归于他庄严的梦境。叙事从容不迫，有着“瀑布般倾泻的豪华、庄严的抒情段落，而节奏正表现在它的抑扬顿挫里”。〔7〕它的语言丰富多彩，不仅雅致冷峻、简洁有力，而且色彩鲜明，具有庄严伟岸的艺术风格。 （翻译） The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
写论文选题的一般程序：一选本专业自己喜欢的题材；二选自己熟悉的题材；三选前人写过但写的不多的领域，三者重合就是自己要写的。写论文两种入手，一是发前人所未发，二是抒前人之以发。老人与海的叙事艺术已经写烂了，很难写出新意来，除非你们学校卡的不严。因此不建议写这个。写论文确定方向之后去你们学校图书馆用电子检索下有关书目就可以找到很多相关的研究文集
1936年4月，海明威在《乡绅》杂志上发表了一篇名为“碧水之上：海湾来信”的散文，其中一段记叙了一位老人独自驾着小船出海捕鱼，捉到一条巨大的大马林鱼，但鱼的大部分被鲨鱼吃掉的故事。早在1939年，海明威搬到古巴时，他就开始计划以此为素材，写一篇情节完整的故事放到他的某个小说系类中。（实际上，他去世后，这个系类里其他篇目作为《海流中的岛屿》的一部分发表出来） 《老人与海》，美国作家欧内斯特•海明威著。《老人与海》是海明威的代表作，也是一部象征性的小说。主人公桑地亚哥是一位老渔夫，他经过重重艰险，捕获了“一条不止一千五百磅重的大马林鱼”，可是在返航的途中，这条大马林鱼却被鲨鱼吃光了，桑地亚哥只拖回了一副鱼的骨架。小说对大海的凄凉景象，对老人的复杂心情与回忆，对老人与鲨鱼搏斗的情景以及他与一个孩子的友情，都作了极具特色的描写，可谓淋漓尽致、引人入胜。 欧内斯特•海明威（1899--1961年），美国小说家，1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，获奖之作就是《老人与海》。这部小说是根据一位古巴渔夫的真实经历创作的，以摄像机般的写实手法记录了桑地亚哥老人捕鱼的全过程，塑造了一个在重压下仍然保持优雅风度、在精神上永远不可战胜的老人形象。这部小说创下了人类出版史上空前绝后的一个纪录：48小时售出500万册，50小时售出530万册！ 当他被宣布为当年的普利策文学奖得主时，评论界一致称好。"人可以被毁灭，却不可以被打败。"海明威在《老人与海》里所说的话，不仅打动了读者，也征服了评论者。 1954年，因为海明威"精通于叙事艺术，突出地表现在他的近著《老人与海》之中；同时也因为他在当代风格中所发挥的影响"，海明威又获诺贝尔文学奖。"每一句话和每一段落，都要尽量写得简洁。"这是海明威写作的信条之一，这使得他的作品改编成电影的数量比任何其他一位获奖者都多. 小说以写实手法展现了捕鱼老人桑地亚哥在重压下仍保持的优雅风度，这种精神上永远不可战胜者成为文学史上最著名的"硬汉"形象之一。对于《老人与海》这本被译成几十种文字的作品， 海明威自己认为 "是这一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品"。 这本书讲了古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫，独自一个人出海打鱼，在一无所获的84天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的，比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼的劲非常大，拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜，老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验，终于把大鱼刺死，拴在船头。然而在返航时不幸遇上了鲨鱼，老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗，最终，大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了，老人历经一番艰辛，最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架和一身的伤，可还是得到了人们的赞赏。
The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
“一艘船越过世界的尽头，驶向未知的大海，船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜，旗帜上，舞动着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光——超越极限！”作者海明威是这样评价他的作品《老人与海》的。 《老人与海》塑造了一个经典的硬汉形象。古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫，独自一个人出海打鱼，在一无所获的48天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼大劲也大，拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜，老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验，终于把大鱼刺死，拴在船头。然而这时却遇上了鲨鱼，老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗，结果大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了，老人最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架。 海明威为什么没有让老人最终胜利呢? 用小说中老人的话来说：“一个人并不是生来就要被打败的”，“人尽可以被毁灭，但却不能被打败。”这就是《老人与海》想揭示的哲理。不可否认，只要是人就都会有缺陷。当一个人承认了这个缺陷并努力去战胜它而不是去屈从它的时候，无论最后是捕到一条完整的马林鱼还是一副空骨架，这都已经无所谓了，因为一个人的生命价值已在那追捕马林鱼的过程中充分地体现了。曾经为自己的理想努力追求过、奋斗过，难道他不是一个胜利者吗？老渔夫就是敢于挑战自身缺陷及自己勇气和信心的胜利者。从世俗胜利观的角度看，老渔夫不是最后的胜利者，因为尽管开始他战胜了大马林鱼，但是最终大马林鱼还是让鲨鱼吃了，他只是带着大马林鱼的白骨架子回到了岸上，也就是说，鲨鱼才是胜利者。可是，在理想主义者眼里，老渔夫就是胜利者，因为他始终没有向大海没有向大马林鱼更没有向鲨鱼妥协和投降。就如音乐大师贝多芬所说“我可以被摧毁，但我不能被征服”。 人性是强悍的，人类本身有自己的限度，但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战，超越它们，这个限度才一次次扩大，一次次把更大的挑战摆在了人类面前。在这个意义上，老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄，不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败，都是值得我们永远敬重的。 因为，他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信！
《老人与海》桑地亚哥性格分析 ： 桑地亚哥，这个孤独的、失败的，但又有着胜利者冲动和坚强意志的老人进入了大海。毫无疑问，这将是两个世界的相遇与搏斗。一个孤独、破败，而又有着自己独特的性格与精神世界的苍老的生命，在与地球上最为狂暴的自然展开着惊心动魄的较量。日月星辰和浩瀚无边的大海，构成了这场较量壮阔辉煌的空间背景。桑地亚哥热爱着大海。因此，他总将大海视为女人。在他的心目中，“海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的”，但在另一方面，他又深知大海的“残暴”。所以我以为，他将大海视为女人，还有着另外的更深层次的原因，那就是他对大海男性一般的征服欲望。他与大海、与大马林鱼以及鲨鱼的殊死搏斗，正是这种征服的具体体现。 海上的桑地亚哥又一次突显出他的孤独、失败但又决不服输的性格与命运。仿佛他的一生，都在这次捕猎中得到了最为集中的体现。他在大海中自言自语，体验着深切的无助与孤独。他在与大鱼的搏斗中鲜血崩流、伤痕累累，还要与自己的饥饿、困乏，以及受伤与抽筋的肢体进行着自我搏斗。但正如他所说的：“一个人并不是生来就要给打败的。你尽可以毁灭他，可就是打不败他”，做一个渔夫，正是他“生来该干的行当”。他将一切都理解为自己必然承担的宿命。因此他靠自己的意志，最终杀死了大鱼，取得了胜利。 但他还是失败了。他在最后，只剩下了大鱼的残骸。而在精神的层面上，他却仍是胜利者。他和那条大马林鱼一样，即使遭到彻底的“毁灭”，只剩下尸骨，可仍然没有被“打败”。就是这样，海明威把现实人生的失败与苦厄转换与升华成精神的凯旋，并且给予了圣徒般的赞美。 桑地亚哥确实像圣徒。他在窝棚中悬挂的耶稣圣心图和科夫莱圣母图。他在搏斗中的祈祷。他和耶稣的门徒圣彼得所共有的渔夫身份。特别是他自始至终忍受痛楚的坚韧，他在上岸以后扛着桅杆的屡仆屡起，以及他在作品的最后“拉起毯子，盖住两肩，然后裹住了背部和双腿，两臂伸得笔直，手掌向上”这样的耶稣受难般的庄严形象，都显示出作家所刻意塑造的圣者气质。所以有学者指出“圣人般的桑地亚哥”的“头上几乎围绕着圣洁的光圈”，作品也因此具有了“宗教的或神秘的涵义”，〔3〕“是一首宗教诗”。〔4〕 可是毕竟，桑地亚哥并不是圣徒。他甚至“并不笃信宗教”。他的鲜明强烈的圣徒气质也许只是暗合，只是作家所刻意赋予的。〔5〕在他的世界中，有着那么多凡俗而又美好的事物。或者说，桑地亚哥的世界虽然孤独，但却并不自闭。他与人们，与他周围小小的渔村世界，甚至与广阔辽远的现代世界，均都息息相关。他与渔民、与那个名叫马诺林的孩子和睦相处并且深受他的爱戴。他在海上念念不忘的就是孩子。而他对报纸和收音机这样的现代事物，同样充满了喜爱与好奇。这是因为通过它们，他能够关注棒球比赛的信息。对桑地亚哥而言，关注孩子意味着关注未来，而关注棒球比赛，不仅寄托和呼应着他打败对手、渴望胜利的内在冲动，而且还喻示着他与更加广阔和更加现代的外部世界的精神联系。 就是这样，海明威不仅刻画了桑地亚哥的精神与性格世界，还很充分地展现了这样的世界与大自然的世界（海洋、海鸟、大马林鱼、鲨鱼，以及日月星辰）、作为小型社会的渔村世界（渔民、孩子）、更加广阔的现代世界（棒球比赛）和充满希望的未来世界（孩子），以及超越凡俗的神圣世界（他的祈祷和他的受难般的圣者形象）的精神联系，而这样的联系，无疑又进一步丰富和深化了他的精神与性格世界。桑地亚哥的世界，原来是这样的广阔、辉煌、博大与深邃！我想，这正是《老人与海》这部篇幅不长、情节简单的小说具有永远的艺术魅力的基本原因。 当然，《老人与海》的叙事艺术无疑是相当杰出的。一方面，它是海明威“冰山理论”的又一次极为成功的体现。他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时曾经说过：“《老人与海》本来可以写成一千多页那么长”，但他“总是根据冰山的原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面的。你可以略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。〔6〕在它简单的故事情节背后，深藏着我们前面所阐述的那样丰富而又博大的世界；另一方面，它像诗篇，像是一曲交织着沉郁、苦难、昂扬与庄严，甚至也不无明丽与柔情的气魄宏伟的交响曲。它从桑地亚哥的孤独与失败开始写起，依次书写他在出海之前与小男孩的交往、他的扬帆出海、他与大马林鱼及鲨鱼的搏斗、他的失败的返航，最后复归于他庄严的梦境。叙事从容不迫，有着“瀑布般倾泻的豪华、庄严的抒情段落，而节奏正表现在它的抑扬顿挫里”。〔7〕它的语言丰富多彩，不仅雅致冷峻、简洁有力，而且色彩鲜明，具有庄严伟岸的艺术风格。 （翻译） The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.
一曰和（ethical；harmonious；plain；natural；controlled） “和”在二十四况中处于首位，而且“和”的内涵几乎涵盖了所有二十四况，“其所首重者和也”。在对“和”况的说明中，作者首先讲到：“稽首至圣心通造化，德协神人，理一身之性情，以理天下人之性情”，这说明“和”受到了儒家“中和”思想的影响。《中庸》中说“发而皆中节，谓之和”，所以“和”首先指出古琴音乐应该是“合乎礼仪道德的”（ethical），是“禁止淫邪，正人心的”（forbidding people to have any lewd and vicious idea），而且是“乐以修德的”（Music is used to cultivate one’s virtue.）。“众音之款会，优柔平中”则说明“和”应该是“中庸的”（according with the doctrine of mean）、“和谐的”（harmonious）。“论和以散和为上，按和为次”则强调“和”是“不加雕琢的”(plain)、“自然的”（natural）。“弦与指和、指与音和、音与意和”则说明“和”应是“有节制的”（controlled）。“音从意转，意先乎音，音随乎意”则强调“意念”（idea）与“弹奏”（plucking）应该紧密结合，而意念应“神闲气静”（carefree and peaceful）、“蔼然醉心”（calm and intoxicated）。 “不以性情中和相遇，而以为是技也”，所以“和”强调演奏古琴不能仅仅注意演奏技巧，还应考虑演奏者的“道德修养”（morality）、“心理状态”（psychological condition）、“审美情趣”（aesthetic taste）都能达到良好的状况。 二曰静（quietness；calm） “静”首先是指“声音的安静”（quietness），“声厉则知指躁，声粗则知指浊”；其次是指“心理的平静”（calm），“淡泊宁静，心无尘翳”。而求静的方法则在于“调气”“练指”。“调气”就是“调整心理状态”（to adjust the psychological condition），使其达到“淡泊宁静”“心无尘翳”；“练指”就是“控制手指”（to control the fingers），避免弹出“粗厉之声”（the rough and disagreeable sound）。所以“调气则神自静，练指则声自静”。 三曰清（clear and melodious；pure） “指求其劲，按求其实，则清音始出”“不染纤毫浊气，傍弦绝无客声”，这两句说明“清”是指一种“清脆”（clear and melodious）“纯净”（pure）的音色，与“暗淡柔和”（faint）的音色相反。“究夫曲调之清，则最忌连连弹去，亟亟求完”则说明“清”与“静”一样，也要求演奏者要“从容婉转”（leisurely and agreeable），要“有控制”（controlled）。另一方面，文中还指出“清者，大雅之原本”（Qing is the origin of elegance），要求演奏者在演奏时，必须作到“地僻”（Music should be played in a secluded place.）“弦洁”（Music must be pure.）“心静”（The player must be calm.）“气肃”（The attitude of the player must be earnest.），使欣赏者能够联想到“澄然秋潭”（The music reminds the audiences of the deep pool in autumn）“皎然寒月”（and the moon in winter.），而且“令人心骨俱冷，体气欲仙”（The audiences are drunk in music so much that they want to transcend the worldly and become the celestial beings.）。 四曰远（remote；imaginative） “时为岑静也，若游峨眉之雪，时为流逝也，若在洞庭之波”，所以“远”的含义应是“悠远”（remote）“具有幻想性”（imaginative）的境界。“远以神行”“至于神游气化，而意之所之玄而又玄”，这两句说明求“远”的主要方法是利用“想象”（imagination），即让思想进入“神游”（mind’s travel）状态，使演奏与想象相结合，“在想象中演奏”（to play in one’s imagination），或“在演奏中想象”（to imagine in one’s playing）。同时，想象的范围应限制在“自然的山水中”（mountains and rivers in nature），“若游峨眉之雪，若在洞庭之波”，这样就能使音乐达到一种“悠远”的境界。所以“求之弦中如不足，得之弦外则有余”。 五曰古（primitive and plain；primitive and elegant） “然粗率疑于古朴”“而古雅自见”，这两句说明“古”的含义是“古朴”（primitive and plain）“古雅”（primitive and elegant）的音乐风格，与“时调”（the fashionable tune）相对。“时调”的特点是“声争而媚耳”（The tune seduces people with its noisiness），“疾速”（rapid）；“古”的特点是“音澹而会心”（a plain music but it can move people）“延缓”（slow）。同时作者还强调“粗率”（being rough and careless）“疏慵”（to play the music slowly and without emotion）“似疑于古，而实病于古”，所以“必融其粗率，振其疏慵”。最后，作者还进一步说明“古”的意境就是“宛在深山空邃谷，老木寒泉，风声簌簌，令人有遗世独立之思”（The music makes people feel as ifin the high mountain and deep valley and see the old woods, touch the icy spring, hear the blowing of the wind and feel like flying away from the worldly.）。 六曰澹（plain；elegant；unsophistic- ated） “澹”是一种“淡泊”（not to seek fame and wealth）“平淡”（plain）“孤高岑寂”（to have a too high taste to be understood by others）的审美情趣。这种审美情趣有三种含义：一是“不入歌舞场中”“不杂丝竹伴内”，即不能用来作为“娱乐工具”（a means for entertainment）；二是“祛邪而存正，黜俗而归雅，舍媚而还淳”，即它应是“正统的”（decent）“高雅的”（elegant）“淳朴的”（unsophisticated）；三是“山居深静”“绝去炎嚣”“焚香静对”，即它应是“清高孤傲”（aloof from political and material pursuits）“不媚俗”（not vulgar）的。 七曰恬（pleasing） “恬”也是一种审美情趣，这种审美情趣是以“恬”这种气味来形容的。“操至妙来则可澹，澹至妙来则生恬”，所以“恬”应是弹琴达到一种境界后自然产生的“愉悦感”（pleasing）。但是这种境界应是“兴到而不自纵，气到而不自豪。情到而不自扰，意到而不自浓”，它让人产生的感觉是“不味而味”（The music has no taste but feels like tasty.）“不馥而馥”（ The music has no fragrance but feels like fragrant.）。就像“水中之乳泉”（the sweetest water）“蕊中之兰”（the most fragrant flower）。 八曰逸（free from vulgarity；elegant；moral） “逸”在这里指的是演奏者的