包括有:英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你,望采纳!
去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
据学术堂了解,在医学英语论文写作的过程中,主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成,例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准摘要:与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项: 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言: 主要研究进展,有代表性的同行研究工作,自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足,前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求
I.格式
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)
(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997,URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分:
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
9. Legends
and Methods 10. Figures
11. Tables
12. Plates and Explanations
II.要求
1.标题
A. 标题的要求
Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)
(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.
The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters
China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words
要求:
(1) Short and concise(简明扼要):Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”,“浅谈”,“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例:Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系
(2)Informative(信息丰富):State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
(3)Indexing(便于索引):Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识,是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语,能提供文献检索,尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上
(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词,它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词,要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法,研究对象,研究目的或效果,一般为名词,名词短语,分词短语或动名词短语。
例:Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术
Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退
美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是:
1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature
2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read
3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)
4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations
5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:
So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”
6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同, 一般有两种形式:
1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases
2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver
标题中冠词的用法:
1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock
2). Carcinoma of the anal canal
Running title
B. 标题的结构
标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型,这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义,有时也用完整句,以陈述句较多,偶尔也用疑问句。例:
Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症
Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥
表示诊断,治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构
这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义,后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例:
Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎
Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法
(药物)治疗:A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)
A in the treatment/management of B;
treatment of B with A;
use of A in the treatment of B;
A therapy/treatment of B;
英语词汇量会随着新事物的不断出现而不断增加,以至于达到不分类都无法理解的地步。像:日常英语,机械英语,药学英语,法律英语,金融英语等等。其实是英语细化分类,以便于更好的深入研究。药学英语主要侧重与医疗卫生,药物等相关的英语。其实这就是英语的一大缺点,人类在不断进步中,会出现很多新的食物和现象,这些必然会导致英语的词汇量不断增加,而中文就不要这么烦人了,只要将现在的文字重新组合就可以了,词汇增加了,但是没那么复杂。
很重要啊,现在一些大学的研究生考试和普通考试都采用英语出题,只有学好药学英语,有一定的药学英语底子,你才能看懂一些药学论文(英语).对提升英语水平也有一定帮助啊,我们用的药学英语(人民卫生出版社)第一本上面的很多单词都是四六级单词,学习专业词汇时可以复习四六级,一举两得啊.学习第二本时能让我们学到更多专业知识,更能学会如何写专业英语论文.对于学习药英和学习英语一样,没有好的办法,只能采取,多读,多记,多认,多写,多练.
医药院校药学高职专业药学英语的教学探讨
【摘要】目前,药学英语逐渐成为高等医药院校药学生综合技能的重要组成部分。学习药学英语课程是药学学生提高英语水平、专业技能的重要方面,也是高校培养复合型人才的重要方面之一。由于目前多种因素的制约,我国高等医药院校的药学英语教学水平尚有待加强。本文针对目前药学专业英语教学的现状,探讨药学英语教学中遇到的问题,并提出相应对策,力求提高药学英语的教学质量。
【关键词】药学英语;教学;药学高职
近年来,我国医药事业取得了举世瞩目的成绩,进出口贸易有了蓬勃的发展,这对于药学专业的学生既是难得的机遇,又有着巨大的挑战。若要适应现代社会的迅猛发展,药学专业英语的学习就显得越来越重要。当今社会,经济的发展和社会的交流要求高校毕业生对药学专业英语的听说读写技能均要有一定程度的掌握。高校学生在进行了基础专业课及公共英语学习的基础上,已经具备了系统的知识结构。在此基础上进行药学专业英语的学习具有了很好的基础。但高职专业药学英语的教学及学习由于受到一些因素的影响,仍存在一定的问题。笔者通过自身的教学经历在此做一阐述并提出一些相应的解决方案。
1、药学高职专业药学英语教学中存在的不足
学生英语基础水平偏低,且参差不齐目前国内普通高校对高职学生英语水平的要求普遍不高,因此导致高职学生英语水平偏低。药学英语的难度相应于大学公共英语也偏高,教师上课时不但要讲解专业词汇,还要帮助学生复习基础英语中的词汇及句式。学生在学习过程中常会感到力不从心,因而产生厌学情绪,教师的积极性亦会受到影响。
教材单一,缺乏适合专科程度的教材 目前医药院校高职专业缺少针对性的教材,常用本科药学英语教材代替,由于本科教材中采用的文章专业性过强、难度较大,高职学生难于学习掌握。个别院校使用内部自编教材,但所收录的内容其难易程度往往不能与学生的实际英语水平完全契合,同时由于不能及时补充药学领域的前沿知识,实用性不强。
教学模式单一陈旧药学英语的教学普遍存在枯燥乏味、忽视不同专业差异的现象。在实际教学时未兼顾分析化学、有机化学、物理化学、药剂学、药物化学、生药学等不同专业的侧重点。教学方法通常是单一的课文翻译、重点难点词汇的讲解,而忽视了口语、听力等交流的能力。师生间缺乏教与学的互动。
师资力量薄弱 当前高校药学英语教师多是英语专业背景而缺乏药学专业的相关知识,因此这部分教师对于药学英语专业性内容的理解也会存在一些偏差;或者为药学专业毕业的教师,较难胜任英语教学。同时,许多院校对药学英语专职教师的培养缺乏重视,其结果是教学效果差,教学质量低。
学校及学生对专业英语的教育教学缺乏足够重视很多院校将学生大学英语四、六级考试通过率作为教学质量评定的一项内容,学生也将是否通过英语四六级考试作为学习的目标。部分学生在过级后放松了英语学习,对专业英语学习也缺乏兴趣和动力,很多学生并没有认识到药学英语在今后工作中的重要性,因此对于学习药学英语具有应付考试、获得学分的心态。某些高校的教学管理部门对药学英语的重视程度也不够,产生药学英语课时数偏少,不能满足教学任务的需要。
2、对策
丰富教学手段丰富多彩的教学方法能提高学生的兴趣,从而提高学习的效率和质量。可查阅一些专业文章及研究综述来丰富英语学习内容。采用多媒体教学的方式,因为这种方法能把图像、声音、动画等信息加入到课堂教学中,提高学生的兴趣。以讨论、问答等方式加强学生参与课堂教学及学习的.过程,提高学生的主动生。
培养学生学习药学英语的兴趣邀请国内外知名学者举办英语讲座,培养学生借助词典阅读药学英文文献的能力,为学生毕业后的实际应用打下基础。放映欧美药学相关的视频,既拓展了学生的视野,又能给学生最地道、最直接的感受,提高学习的兴趣。介绍专业的前沿与发展,让学生了解本领域的前景及就业信息,同时使其领会药学英语对于其竞聘工作及在本领域竞争中的重要意义。
加强专业教师队伍的建设药学英这门课程既不同于专业课,也不同于基础英语课,教师队伍也参差不齐,从业教师很难既具有药学背景、同时又具有英语专业背景。因此教学管理部门应重视对药学专业英语教师的培训。定期组织英语、药学方面的资深老师辅导,安排中青年教师到相关院校学习交流。
加强教材建设选择及编写教材应符合学生英语的实际水平以及其所学专业的特点,融趣味性、知识性、实用性于一体,既包括药学专业的词汇和特殊表达方式,同时又能详细介绍药学基础及专业知识。在课堂教学中,加入药品说明书、设备使用说明书、科技论文英文摘要等内容,以提高学生解决实际问题能力。
教学时间的合理安排药学英语的开课时间应尽量安排在药学专业课程结束之后。这样学生在学习药学英语之前就对专业知识有了很好的掌握,学习的过程中,就能对所接触的内容有更深层次的理解。同时,药学英语的内容又能促进学生对药学专业知识的回顾,加强对前期所学药学专业知识的进一步理解和掌握。
总之,医药院校高职专业的药学英语是专业内容不可或缺的一部分,同时其教学又有自身特点,对其各种改革应立足于培养新时期的复合型人才,并能学以致用,同时又与各个学校的实际情况相结合。药学教育工作者也应为这一教学目标和宗旨而不断丰富自己、提高理论教学水平,放眼医药前沿现状。
参考文献:
[1]雷丽红,高等医药院校药学英语教学工作的思考,华夏医学,2007,20(3):577—578
[2]林玲,高等医药院校药学英语教学探讨,亚太传统医药,2010,6(8.):190—191
[3]黎晶晶,唐霖,徐格非,医药类高职高专院校药学英语教学存在的问题及对策,卫生职业教育,2010,28(3):15—17
药学英语指的是和药学密切相关的英语知识学科!这一门学科介绍药学的英语表达知识,在各课后均附有各种文体的阅读技巧和相关的背景知识介绍,力求通过有限的课文教学,尽可能让学生掌握专业英语文体的写作特点和词汇,以提高学生今后借助工具书自行阅读药学文献的能力。为了方便学生今后在实际工作中的使用,避免药学和英语词汇的脱节。
无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的,一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话,谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些,不过还是推荐人工来翻译,北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的
翻译软件仅供参考,不能过分依赖,想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台,个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技
CPR:"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation" ,也作"Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation "是心肺复苏的英语写法。心肺复苏是抢救心搏、呼吸停止患者生命的急救技术。一般的,狭义上指包括人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压在内的徒手复苏技术。“Artificial Respiration ”是人工呼吸的英语写法,没有规范的缩写,通常就写全称。其中口对口人工呼吸写作“mouth to mouth breathing"。"chest compressions"是胸外心脏按压的英语写法,这个也不用缩写,写全称。最近出现的新名词,Hands-only CPR指的是只做胸外按压,而不做人工呼吸的徒手心肺复苏技术。不是什么词都有缩写的,如果非要用缩写,在前面必须说明缩写指代的原词。但即使是这样,有时候仍然会混淆。
医学论文翻译一般较多的是医学论文的摘要翻译,即把医学论文的摘要翻译成英文,在国外期刊上发表都会要求整篇论文翻译成英文。一、在相关专业医学论文翻译中,要达到表意准确,必须了解相关领域的知识,熟练掌握同一概念的中英文表达法。单纯靠对语言的把握也能传达双方的语言信息,但在运用语言的灵活性和准确性两方而部会受到很大限制。要解决这个问题,译者就要努力熟悉这个领域的相关知识,比如,因此了解相关领域知识,在翻译过程中对翻译人员的语言理解力和医学论文翻译质量都有很大帮助。二、医学论文翻译的翻译标准。医学论文翻译标准是翻译实践的准绳和衡量译文好坏的尺度。关于翻译的标准,历来提法很多。有的主张“信、达、雅”,有的主张“信、顺”等等。但有一点是共同的,即一切译文都应包括原文思想内容和译文语言形式这两方面。>为此,在进行医学论文翻译时应坚持两条标准:>(一)忠实。应忠实于原内容,准确地、完整地、科学地表达原文的内容不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意增删的现象。内容通常指文中所叙述的事实,说明的事理,作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和所流露的感情等。>(二)通顺。医学论文翻译语言必须通顺易懂,符合规范,用词造句应符合本族语的习惯,要用民族的、科学的、大众的语言,以求通顺易懂。不应有文理不通、结构混乱、逐词死译和生硬晦涩等现象。三、过程中要体现语言结构特色(一)词汇上的特点1. 词义演变。医学论文翻译的专业词汇通常都出现在特定领域,它一般分为两类:一类是某一专业特有的词汇,这类词汇一般具有一词对应一义的特点;还有一类由普通词汇演变而来的专业词汇,这类词汇一词多义,必须应用语言学知识和专业知识综合分析,在翻译实践中不断丰富扩大。2. 词缀。比如:从词源学的角度来看,在医学英语词汇中,希腊语、拉丁语的词素占有极高比率。据Oscar 的统计,一万个医学词汇约有46%来自拉丁语;来自希腊语,希腊、拉丁词素是医学英语词汇的重要基础。希腊语、拉丁语拥有极丰富的词缀,且每个词缀都有其固定意义,可与不同的词干组成无数新词。3. 动词多使用规范的书面语。英语词汇从语体的特点来分,可分为普通词汇和正式词汇。普通词汇大部分是英语本族语,常用于英语口语和文学作品中,正式词汇大部分是外来词,常用于科技、经济、政治等较正式的文章中。(二)大量使用名词化结构1. 医学论文中大量使用名词化结构 (Nominalization)是医学论文翻译的特点之一,因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实,而非某一行为。2. 大量使用长句和定语从句医学论文翻译中大量使用长句和定语从句,在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。3. 名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁。医学论文翻译中要求行文简炼、结构紧凑,名词作定语和缩写词的频繁使用,简化了句型,增大了信息密度。4. 广泛使用被动语态。医学论文中侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确,第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态。四、医学论义翻译的翻译方法。医学论义翻译要提高翻译量,使译文达到准确、通顺这两个标准,就必须运用医学论文翻译技巧。医学论文翻译技巧指翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法,如词义的引申、增减、词类转换和领域术语的翻译方法等。(一)引申法。医学论文翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,会使医学论文翻译生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至造成误解。这时则可以在不脱离该英语词义的前提下,灵活选择怡当的汉语词语或词组译出。(二)增词译。由于英汉两种语言在词语用法、句子结构和表达方式上有许多差异,医学论文翻译时往往需要增加一些原文中没有的词,使译文通顺而且更加忠实地表达原文的意思。增词译的情况有两种。一种是根据意义或修辞的需要,如增加表示时态意义的词,增加英语不及物动词隐含的宾语意义的词。另一种是根据句法上的需要,增加原文句子中所省略的词。(三)省略译。省略译是将原文中的宥些词省略不译,以使译文符合语言习惯。(四)词类转换英译汉时,常常需要将英语句子中属于某种词类的词,译成另一种词类的汉语词,以使译文通顺自然,符合汉语的表达习惯。这种翻译处理方法就是转换词性法,简称词类转换。(五)领域专业术语的译法。医学论文翻译中有大量的术语,而且科学性、专业性很强。领域专业术语的译法有意译、音译、象形译和原形译四种。总之,医学论文的翻译需要专业的医学学科知识和大量对学术名词的积累。希望能帮到你,也可以自己去找相关的机构帮你
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词,然后检索即可。
这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
[摘要]根据自己在编审医学论文英文摘要工作中的实际经验,总结和归纳在翻译医学论文摘要时应注意的问题及使用的方法、策略,重点论述医学论文英文摘要的写作格式、文章标题的表达方式、语态和时态的使用、长难句翻译等。[关键词]医学论文;英语摘要;写作;翻译为繁荣医学教育,提高医疗水平,传播医学知识,促进同国外的医学交流,推动医学科学的进步,我国目前已出版发行了数百种医学期刊。为了方便论文的检索和查阅,保持同国外医学期刊的一致性,医学论文大多要求书写中、英文摘要。笔者在医学期刊的英文编辑工作中发现,相当一部分摘要的书写不够规范,部分作者在遇到长句及疑难句子时就不知从何下手,有的将检索的外文资料生搬硬抄,同自己的原文完全不对应。笔者特撰写此文,以期对提高广大医务工作者书写英文摘要的水平、提高医学论文的质量有所帮助。1 英文摘要的写作格式医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要(structured abstract),它是由加拿大Mc Master大学临床流行病学和生物统计学教授Haynes博士[1]于1990年4月首先提出的。而几乎在同年,美国《内科学纪事》(Annals of Internal Medicine'Ann Intern Med)在国际上率先应用结构式摘要[2],随之,世界各国的医学期刊都采用了结构式摘要[3]。这些结构式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等,内容主要包括研究目的、研究设计、研究单位、研究对象或病人、处理方法、检测方法、结果及结论共8项。而在实际应用中,8段式结构式摘要逐渐简化为4段式。我国大多数医学期刊都采用了4段式结构式摘要,即目的、方法、结果和结论。(1)目的(objective):简要说明研究的目的,表明研究的范围、内容和重要性,常常涵盖文章的标题内容。(2)方法(methods):简要说明研究课题的设计思路,使用何种材料和方法,如何对照分组,如何处理数据等。(3)结果(results):简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据,有何新发现,说明其价值及局限。此外,还要给出结果的置信值,统计学显著性检验的确切值。(4)结论(conclusion):简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论,并进行总结,给出符合科学规律的结论。为了更好地说明问题,我们来看下例:(1)目的:探讨螺旋CT(SCT)对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值。(2)方法:51例疑诊结、直肠肿瘤的患者行SCT扫描,扫描前清洁肠道,并经直肠注气,扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。51例中,41例经直肠镜或手术病理证实为结、直肠癌,其中31例有手术、SCT等完整资料参与分期研究,将影像诊断与手术病理结果进行对照。(3)结果:SCT总的分期准确率为(18/31),判断T分期的准确率为(27/32)'N分期的准确率为(19/31)。评价肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为和。(4)结论:SCT扫描对结、直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值,有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结和远处转移情况。其对应的英文摘要为:(1)Objective:To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. (2)Methods:Fifty?one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the 51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonoscopy and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31 patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.(3)Results:The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was (18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging'the accuracy rates were (27/32) and (19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosal infiltration were and .(4)Conclusion:SCT scan'playing a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma'is useful to detect the serosal infiltration'lymph node and distant metastasis.上述摘要中英文对应准确,叙述简练,基本上概括了全文的主要内容,便于专家和编辑的审稿和校对,也便于医务工作者以及普通读者的查阅和检索。
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词,然后检索即可。
医学论文英文摘要常用句型 在那个 创新医学网 上看到过的 应该够详细了吧英文摘要限500个实词左右,一般须以第三人称过去式叙述。用词准确,逻辑性强,结构严谨。结果和结论一般用句子表达;而目的、方法(设计、地点和对象)等,则常用短语表达。(1)英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的,通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。2)说明方法和结果,一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。3)结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达,也可用主动语态表达。(2)常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article,report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper,article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article,report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析),evaluate(评价),compare(比较),describe(描述)等。B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of… 我们描述1例…⑦In this paper,we present… 本文介绍…⑧In this paper,we report… 本文报告…主语除we之外,还可用the authors(作者)等。C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which… 本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described. 本文描述…⑥In this paper.…is(are)presented. 本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose(aim,objective) of this study was to… 本研究旨在…②The goal(aim) of this investigation was to… 本研究旨在…③This study was designed to… 本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to… 本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to… 本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to… 为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate,report,investigate,study,analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We(the authors)conducted a study to… 为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…,we studied… 为了确定…,我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…,in an effort to…或in order to…,we carried out a pilot study… 为了…,我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有:evaluate(评价),examine(检查,观察),determine(确定,查明),elucidate(阐明),explore(探索),test(测试),compare(比较),estimate(评估),assess(估价),investigate(调查)等。3)表达方法的常用句型A 方法表达研究类型 Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort,Case-control,in vivo, in vitro①Using…(technique),we studied… 我们用…(技术)研究了…②Using…,it was found that… (我们)用…发现了…③…was(were)measured using… (我们)用…测定了…④…was(were)analyzed (reviewed) by… (我们)用…分析(回顾)了…⑤…was(were)treated with… (我们)用…治疗了…⑥…measurements were made of… 测定了…常用的动词还有:study,measure,determine, investigate,isolate,demonstrate,examine,identify等。B 分组(主语通常为patients,subjects,animals)⑦…were randomly divided (grouped) into…groups …被随机分成…组⑧…were separated into…groups based on… 根据…,将…分成…组⑨The groups were as follows: 分组如下:C 治疗或检查方法⑩… was performed(used) in (on)…patients 我们对…患者施行(应用)了…(patients) underwent…endoscopy (患者)进行了…内镜检查Surgical procedures, assay(immunohistochemistry, molecular biology…) 手术方法,测试方法…C 统计学方法Statistical methods: Student’s t test, χ2 … was used for4)表达结果的常用句型A 一般句型①The results showed (demonstrated) that…结果表明…②It was found that… (我们)发现…③It was observed that… (我们)观察到…第②和③句也可改为第一人称:We found that…和We observed that…。B 增加或减少④…decreased by(40%)…降低(40%)…⑤…(a 70%) reduction in…was observed …观察到…降低(70%)⑥There was a(15%) elevation in……增高(15%)⑦…resulted in (a marked) increase in… …导致…(明显)增高⑧…was lowered from…to… …从…下降到…表达增加或减少的常用动词还有rise,raise,decline,drop,fall,lower等。可用by表示是净增减的数或倍数,例如“…increase by 40%”,表示“增加40%”;而to表示增加或减少到某个具体数值。C 相关与差别⑨There was a significant linear correlation between…and… …与…有显著的线性相关性⑩…showed no strong correlation between…and… …显示…与…无密切相关性⑩…correlated positively with… …与…呈正相关⑥A negative correlation was found between…and… 发现…与…呈负相关⑩There was (were)(no)significant difference(s)or (No)significant difference(s)was found(observed) between…and… …与…之间…(无)有显著差别P value P值(需写出具体数字)⑩…was closely related to… …与…密切相关表示相互关系的常用词还有relationship(关系),association(联系),regression(回归)。D 表示改善或保持⑩…demonstrated a significant improvement in… …方面呈明显改善⑩…values returned to (preoperative)levels …值恢复到(手术前)水平⑩…remained at a mean of… …保持在…平均值水平5)表达结论的常用句型A 常用提示句型①These results suggest that…结果提示…②These findings indicate that… 这些发现表明…③The data (study)show the need for… 数据(研究)表明需要…④The results support the concept that… 结果支持…的概念⑤Our observations confirm that… 我们的观察证实…imply(提示),demonstrate(证明)和illustrate(说明)B 做出结论或建议⑥We conclude that… 我们的结论是…⑦We suggest that…我们建议…⑧We believe that… 我们认为…⑨We postulate that…我们设想…⑩It is concluded that… 结论是…⑩It is suggested (proposed)that… 结果提示…,建议…(虚拟语气)⑥It is recommended that… 建议…⑩It is estimated that… 估计……is(are)suggested(recommended)…propose …asC 表示一致性⑩These results accord with… 结果与…一致⑩The results are concordant with…结果与…一致⑧The results agree well with…结果与…一致be consistent with,in accordance with(…与…一致)to parallel(与…相平行)D 结果转向结论⑥Thus,therefore,hence …因此,…⑥In conclusion.…最后,…⑩From this study,we conclude that…根据本项研究,我们的结论是…⑧These findings,coupled with the observation that…,suggest that…这些发现连同对…的观察结果一起,提示…⑨In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that… 根据这个经验,我们得出…的结论E 表达今后方向The mechanisms by which…remain to be investigated关于…的机制仍需研究Further studies are necessary to (evaluate)… 有必要进一步研究,以(评价)…注:按MEDLINE要求,PURPOSE,METHODS,RESULTS,CONCLUSIONS全部用大写,后加冒号。英文必须在半角状态下输入,不能全角、半角混用。
去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。