英语医学科研论文的格式和要求
I.格式
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)
(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997,URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分:
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
9. Legends
and Methods 10. Figures
11. Tables
12. Plates and Explanations
II.要求
1.标题
A. 标题的要求
Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)
(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.
The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters
China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words
要求:
(1) Short and concise(简明扼要):Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”,“浅谈”,“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例:Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系
(2)Informative(信息丰富):State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
(3)Indexing(便于索引):Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识,是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语,能提供文献检索,尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上
(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词,它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词,要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法,研究对象,研究目的或效果,一般为名词,名词短语,分词短语或动名词短语。
例:Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术
Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退
美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是:
1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature
2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read
3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)
4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations
5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:
So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”
6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同, 一般有两种形式:
1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases
2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver
标题中冠词的用法:
1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock
2). Carcinoma of the anal canal
Running title
B. 标题的结构
标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型,这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义,有时也用完整句,以陈述句较多,偶尔也用疑问句。例:
Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症
Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥
表示诊断,治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构
这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义,后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例:
Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎
Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法
(药物)治疗:A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)
A in the treatment/management of B;
treatment of B with A;
use of A in the treatment of B;
A therapy/treatment of B;
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
1.标题Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)要求:1) Short and concise(简明扼要):Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.;2) Informative(信息丰富):State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work; 3) Indexing(便于索引):Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the “Key Words” section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title.示例:(请根据上述原则说明以下标题的修改的理由)1) 视网膜小血管变化是冠状动脉疾病的一个指标Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery diseaseRevised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease2) 用大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的初步体会Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALLRevised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia3) 关于饮食中钾含量与血压关系的研究Original: A study of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressureRevised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure 为了满足标题写作的上述,有时对较长标题可采用副标题(subtitle)处理,如出现:1) 病例数时,如:对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency roomRevised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases2) 研究性质/方法时,如:用磁共振成象术对正常怀孕期间垂体增大进行活体内研究Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancyRevised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging3) 并列结构时,如:军队卫生防疫工作中出现的问题、原因与对策的初探Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLARevised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures
这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
标准英语发言稿格式
1)开始时对听众的称呼语最常用的是Ladies and gentlemen,也可根据不同情况,选用Fellow students,Distinguished guests,MrChairman,Honorable Judges(评委)等等。
2)提出论题由于演讲的时间限制,必须开门见山,提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样,但最生动,最能引起注意的是用举例法。比如:你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子,你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外,用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法,比如:你要谈遵守交通规则的话题,你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。
3)论证对提出的论题,不可主观地妄下结论,而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等,可参见英语议论文的有关章节。
4)结论结论要简明扼要,以给听众留下深刻印象。
5)结尾结尾要简洁,不要拉拉扯扯,说个没完。特别是不要受汉语影响,说些类似“准备不足,请谅解”,“请批评指正”这样的废话。最普通的结尾就是:Thank you very much for your attention。
标准英语发言稿范文篇一
My topic is Honesty. As a correspondent of the Qingdao Morning News, I visited Dr. James Gilman, the President of the International Committee for Marco Polo Studies in England. In this picture, this is James, and this is me and we are looking at a dragon’s tooth. This is a true story. /chuzhong/chusan/ 65 years ago, James lived in Qingdao.
Then he was only 5 years old. He often visited the Aquarium and was fascinated by a creature on display there, which he thought was a dragon. He was afraid of its sharp teeth and wanted one to keep as a treasure. In the late 1930s, when the Japanese occupied Qingdao, his family had to leave.
On his last day in Qingdao, he ran to the Aquarium and pulled out one of the teeth from the dragon’s mouth. He kept the tooth for the next 65 years, but the feeling of guilt at having stolen it was there in the background all through his life. It was always on his conscience, and the feeling intensified as he became older. Finally he decided to put right his childish error. In 2002, he visited Qingdao and returned it to the Aquarium with his sincere apologies. He received a warm welcome.
When James visited Qingdao, I accompanied him all the time and reported on his visit. I was deeply touched by his honesty. It has taught me a lot. I think to err is human. The important thing is to have the courage to admit and correct one’s error. Honesty is a vital quality of human behaviour. So we should try to keep an honest mind in everything we say and do. I would like to say to all of my friends: Let’s be honest people of good moral character.
Thank you.
标准英语发言稿范文篇二
i’m very glad to stand here and give you a short speech. today my topic is “youth”. i hope you will like it , and found the importance in your youth so that more cherish it.
first i want to ask you some questions:
1、 do you know what is youth?
2、 how do you master your youth?
youth
youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not rosy cheeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshness ; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life .
youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . nobody grows old merely by a number of years . we grow old by deserting our ideals.
years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . worry , fear , self –distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust .
whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ‘s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living . in the center of your heart and my heart there’s a wireless station : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young .
when the aerials are down , and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old ,even at 20 , but as long as your aerials are up ,to catch waves of optimism , there is hope you may die young at 80.
thank you!
标准英语发言稿范文篇三
hello everyone!
The topic of my speech is "the hardness of life"
The vast desert, a tree stand, the show is a monument to the image.
Towering mountains, thousands of tree stand up, as is a magnificent the Great Wall.
The long river, all the trees stood up into a dragon of glory.
We are a symbol of too much, and too much. But I believe that my image is not "the gentlest hands, skin, such as Diorskin" Lin Daiyu, nor is the modern "unkempt and shabby", "Su Qier". We are a symbol of hope and vitality. So we show in front of others should be inserted without pleats, face without scale, modest and polite gestures exudes a stream of heroic spirit, the image of the vigor and vitality of the modern new youth, a into the embodiment of the spirit of nature.
Someone once said, life is a kind of hardness, integrity and dignity of life is propped up the hardness of bone. "Better life" and "the Kui back in the day, and not ashamed on the ground", which is always the traditional virtue of the China. Li Bai's "the eyebrow nengcui Zheyaoshan powerful thing, so that I may not be happy Yan" this awe inspiring atmosphere of the verse and whether it will make those no self-esteem people to shame? Loss of self-esteem is a worthless person, and we as the vanguard of the times, if drown in the darkness forever, or to do a dauntless hero, a flower in the wind and rain sonorous rose. The answer is self-evident. Desert desolate also has the monument stands, Castle Peak again proud, but also have the great wall around, the river again quiet, also there is a dragon in the recumbent. But the time can be changed, our image, our glory remains the same. Because we pride, because we are confident, because we have a fresh life. And because of this, it is a vast desert riparian long, Qingshan was evergreen, the hardness of life is forever.
【关键词】 医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略: 在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法: 首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。 其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响) “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手: 在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。 在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词,然后检索即可。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
你可以去创新医学网上看看,而且还有翻译服务。
去创新医学网一定能找到的,上面24科室的论文都有,而且全部免费,自己去找找吧!
论文摘要一般指内容提要,分为英文摘要和中文摘要,以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。下面是我为大家精心整理的医学论文英文摘要格式,仅供大家参考。 一、标点符号 1、中英文标点混用: 经常出现英文里夹有中文逗号和句号,中文标点占一个字距,英文标点占半个字距,很明显是不同的。英文中如果冒出了占地多、又很粗大的逗号、引号、括号等,可能就是错用了中文标点。如: He says,“What?” 2、英文标点后空格问题: 英文标点后都要空格,看起来是个挺简单的原则,但受中文的影响,有人打字时就总是忘了空格。更有甚者,把字打成了先空格再加标点。这些错误在外国人眼里都是很明显的,因为外国人特别注意断句。 3、英文中没有的符号: 英语中没有顿号和书名号,在表示并列时用逗号。例如red、yellow、blue and black. 应该写成red,yellow,blue and black.《Beijing Youth Daily》应该写成Beijing Youth Daily。 4、中英文省略号的区别: 中文为中六点,英文为下三点。常见的错误是英文中用了居中的三个黑点 xxx… ,即用了中文省略号的一半。 二、数字 1、在正文中,数字10 以下用英语拼出, 10 以上包括10 用 *** 数字 序数词10 以下用英语拼出,10 以上 包括10用 *** 数字,如the 10th lunar month, the second lunar month 注意: th 不做上标 。带小数点的数字全部用 *** 数字表示,如 和 等。数字超过1000,必须表达为1,000。 2、百分数范围的书写: 每个百分数后面的“%”都要重复写出,例如“50% ~70%”不能写成“50 ~70%” 3、数字与单位之间要空格,例如: km,m 和cm等与前面的数字之间要空格,例如1, 000 km,而不要连在一起。 有关推荐:
从小学、初中、高中到大学乃至工作,大家都不可避免地要接触到论文吧,论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。相信很多朋友都对写论文感到非常苦恼吧,以下是我为大家整理的医学论文格式要求及字体大小,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
一、医学论文的格式:
医学论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
1、医学论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。
按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
2、医学论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
3、医学论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括“参考文献”标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
4、医学论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
5、医学论文格式正文打印页码,下面居中。
6、医学论文打印纸张规格:A4210×297毫米。
7、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,“字符数/行数”选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上:3厘米;下:厘米;左:厘米;右:厘米;装订线:厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:厘米;页脚厘米。
8、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,“缩进”选0厘米,“间距”选0磅,“行距”选倍,“特殊格式”选(无),“调整右缩进”选项为空,“根据页面设置确定行高格线”选项为空。
9、页眉用小五号字体打印“湖北工业大学管理学院2002级XX专业学年论文”字样,并左对齐。
10、使用软件:MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
二、医学论文的写作技巧:
医学论文的写作技巧上注意文字简洁、观点鲜明、数据准确、内容真实、具有实验的重复性、符合国家标准的计量单位。
三、医学论文的类型:
一般医学刊物中刊用的文章,大致可分为以下几种类型:述评、论著、病例报告、临床病例讨论、学术交流、综述、专题笔谈、经验介绍、讲座、简讯等。
四、医学论文的产生过程:
选题阶段:论文的选题,也即是科研的选题,有时一项科研可产生多篇论文。
选题过程一般可分为三步:初拟题目:在这项工作之前必须手中有资料和设想,当然可以是前瞻性研究或回顾性总结,大致可有以下几个方面:⑴临床遇到的罕见病例和疑难病例;
⑵危重病人的诊治经验;
⑶阅读国内外文献、参加学术会议受到的启发,进行技术和方法的移植研究;
⑷新药、新仪器的临床应用,新的诊断方法及治疗经验;
⑸上级布置或招标的题目。
在初步考虑拟选题目之后,应进行全面的文献检索,避免题目类同、结论陈旧和不符合客观事实。
在别人研究成果基础上寻找尚未解决的问题作为自己的研究题目。
实验研究阶段:这包括应用国外或国内的先进手段、药物、手术方法、检测等进行临床试用、观察和随访调查,并用动物或正常人作对照试验,要求详细记录各种数据及资料,作为论证和评价成果的依据。
整理、分析资料和总结阶段:对以上资料进行统计分析,绘制图表,临床分析和比较,得出显效、有效和生存率、死亡率、发病率等结论,并分析其相互关系,引证文献作对比。
分析成功和失败的原因及制约因素,并对病因学、流行病学、发病机制进行论证,包括预后的估价。
最后对论文作出自我评价,提出有待进一步探讨的问题。
撰写论文阶段:该详则祥,该简则简,文字简练,用语准确,恰如其氛,切忌浮夸和虚构。
当然,在产生论文以前,每位作者必须学会文献检索,统计学的基础知识的X2检验、T检验、F检验、相关分析、回归运算、如何选择样本大小等,努力阅读医学情报信息和文献积累,在实践中不断总结,逐步提高写作水平,这样才能水到渠成写出真正好的论文。
五、医学论文的基础结构:
医学论文的具体撰写,一般可分为题目、序言、材料与方法、结果、讨论、参考文献等项。
题目:医学论文的题目必须符合内容而简明扼要、突出重点,能够明确表达论文的性质和目的。
题目一般都采用主要由名词组成的词组来表达,且标题不宜过长、一般少于20字。
摘要:全文必须描述通过什么方法,得到什么结果,资料及数据来源,提出的结论。
具体按四要素来书写中、英文摘要:目的`方法(Methods)、结果(Results)、结论(Results)、中英文内容要一致。
字数控制在200字左右。
关键词或主题词3~5条。
英文摘要应包括文题、作者姓名(汉语拼音)、单位名称、所在城市名及邮政编码。
作者应列出前3位,3位以上加"etal"。
序言:过去研究的情况、方法、目的和所获得的主要成果或特点。
文字不宜超过100~200字。
材料和方法:这是执行科研的关键部分,对于要进行的科学研究工作,必须按照实际情况,在事先:⑴选择好合适的即合乎一定条件的、一定数量的研究对象;
⑵采用一定的实验、诊断或治疗方法(包括实验步骤、方法、器材试剂、药品);
⑶经过一定时期的观察,相同条件下的对照组,与他人结果比较并综合分析。
这部分内容要求简明准确、材料完整及可信。
结果:把全部原始资料集中起来加以分析,在处理这些原始资料时,应是随机地,客观地加以分析。
讨论:是一篇论文中十分重要的部分,其主要任务是探讨“结果”的意义。
讨论的主要内容包括:⑴主要的原理和概念;
⑵实验条件的优缺点;
⑶本人结果与他人结果的异同,突出新的发现及新发明;
⑷解释因果关系,说明偶然性与必然性;
⑸尚未定论之处,相反的理论;
⑹急需研究的方向和存在的主要问题。
“讨论”的内容也以精简为原则,要能讲清楚主要的论点,已经谈过的不宜在这一节里予以重复。
在结论的问题中避免以假设来“证明”假设,以未知来说明未知,并依次循环推论。
参考文献:列出参考文献的目的,在于引证资料的来源,不可从别人的论文中转抄过来。
内部资料,非经正式发表者,一般不作文献引用,为此一般要求引用文献者必须用阅读过的重要的、近年的文献为准。
论著10条左右,论著摘要3~5条,综述20条左右。
六、医学论文撰写中的常见问题:
科研设计的选题与立题问题标题太长,主题不突出。
标题与内容不符,或题目太大而内容贫乏。
标题单调,主题不明确。
关于题目要求:
⑴可检索性;
⑵特异;
⑶明确;
⑷简短。
命题方法:
⑴方法;
⑵结论;
⑶探讨。
关于把"构成比"当"率"的概念问题:在医学文献中,我们发现有些作者对患病率、发病率、死亡率、感染率等概念混淆不清。
关于疗效的确切评价问题:只有观察组没有对照组,有比较才能有鉴别,医学研究结果如无适当的对照比较,就难结论。
即使有了对照组,若两者之间没有可比性,同样不能得出确切的结论。
以上可见,对照组与实验组一定在性别、年龄、病情、病期、病型、部位、疗程等条件大致相同的情况下,才有可比性,其结果才有科学价值。
病例资料经过有意无意的挑选:有些论文,对所谓“资料不全”、“疗程未满”、“未随访到”的病例剔除不计,这样所得的结果往往比实际疗效高,因为若如此剔除,其结果的科学性必然成问题。
更有甚者,对一些数据,主观臆断地以某种原因为理由加以剔除,完全失去了这次研究的意义。
考核方法和考核指标的科学性不够:
⑴无明确的客观指标、仅凭患者主诉进行考核;
⑵观察、研究人员的主观偏面性;
⑶考核标准过低;
⑷数据未经统计学处理;
⑸考核方法不够科学。
统计学分析的差错。
医学论文基本特点
创新性
理论型科技论文是新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录。技术型科技论文是已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结。也就是说没有新的观点、见解、结果和结论,就不成其为科技论文。科技论文是科学和技术进步的科学记录和历史性文件,没有新意的论文又怎能体现科技的发展。
创新性是科技论文同其它科技文章的基本区别。如科技报告和综述等具备科学性、学术性等特点,但可不具备创新性特点,创新性或新意是写作与发表每篇科技论文必备的条件,但只有创新性或新意还不够。
科技论文都应是“新”的,但其创新程度有大小之分。在科技论文写作中,要特别谨慎使用“首创”、“首次提出”、“首次发现”等词。“首次提出”等词一般是指具有重大价值的研究成果。
科技论文是报道自己的新研究成果,与他人相重复的研究,基础性知识,具体过程或数学推导,给出参考文献或作简要交代就够。科技论文的写法应避免与教科书、实验报告写法等同,不要用“众所周知”这个词。
科学性和准确性
科学性是科技论文同一般议论文以及一切非科技文体的基本区别。科学性主要包括两方面:一方面是指科技论文的内容是科学技术研究的成果。另一方面是指科技论文表达形式的科学性和实事求是的科学精神,即科技论文的结构严谨、思维符合逻辑规律、材料真实、方法准确可靠、观点正确无误。准确性主要是指科技论文的实验过程、实验结果具有可重复性。科技论[文中不要用'据]估计、据统计、据报道、[据观察']等词,应给出参考文献。
学术性或理论性
科技论文的学术性即理论性。学术性是科技论文同其他科技文章的基本区别。所谓学术是指系统和专门的学问,是指有较深厚的实践基础和一定的理论体系的知识。科技论文学术性是指一篇科技论文应具备一定的学术价值(理论价值)。一篇科技论文的学术价值一般包括两个方面:
1、对实验、观察或用其他方式所得到的结果,要从一定的理论高度进行分析和总结,形成一定的科学见解,包括提出并解决一些有科学价值的问题;
2、对自己提出的科学见解或问题,要用事实和理论进行符合逻辑的论证与分析或说明,要将实践上升为理论。
规范性
科技论]文必须按一定格式和要求进行规范写作。如科技论文的参考文献著录应规范,文字表达应规范,语言和技术细节应采用国际或本国法定的名词术语、数字、符号、计量单位等。科技论文要求准确、简明、通顺、条理清楚。
逻辑性
医学论文的逻辑性是指论题、论点、论据、论证之间的联系一环扣一环,循序撰写,首尾呼应,顺理成章,并做到资料完整,设计合理,避免牵强附会,虎头蛇尾,空洞无物。
可读性
医学写论文的目的就是进行学术交流,最终是给人看的,因此,论文必须具有可读性,即文字通顺,结构清晰,所用词汇具有专业性,而且是最易懂,最有表达了的字眼。使读者用较少的脑力和时间理解所表达的观点和结论,并留下深刻的影响。
英语论文格式模板2017
英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文,除了细心严谨之外,还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板,欢迎阅读!
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印,打印稿为黑白稿,彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心:a4纸,上、下页边距 cm,左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。
字体和字号:正文,标题,作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体,斜体。
行距:单倍行距。
页码:论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字,位于页面下方居中。
文体:文章应语法正确,技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长,请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式:文中的数学公式不得手写,必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用,应该编号。公式之间,公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位: 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内,单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献,如anmc metric editorial guide, 5th ed,1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council, 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)
图表:
标题说明和图例:插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1,figure 2,table 1,table 2)。图的说明和标题,包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题,包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置:图可以插入到正文中,或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图,尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式,可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹:插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹,否则会影响印刷效果。
照片:如果文中需要附上照片,在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片,标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印,请不要提供彩色照片,以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图:印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图,请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息:请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的,包括以下内容:作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献:所有参考文献为单倍行距,放在文章最后,按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献,按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时,作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小,难于辨认,正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用,如果正文中没有引用,请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分,或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成,其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为:题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码,下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格:A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上:3厘米;下:厘米;左:厘米;右:厘米;装订线:厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,缩进选0厘米,间距选0磅,行距选倍,特殊格式选(无),调整右缩进选项为空,根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样,并左对齐。
11、使用软件:MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目,集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字,不要列入文末的参考文献,而要作为注释放在页下,用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式,如:
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体,注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体,英语采用Times New Roman 9号。
去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结,是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶,是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文,能使成果向国际上展示,并有可能被人采用和传播,为人类造福,因此,更具有意义与价值,那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节:写前准备Preparation, 论文结构 Structure, 论文文题Title, 摘要Abstracts, 引言Introduction, 文章主体Body of Paper, 结论 Conclusion, 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料,找出灵感和方向,主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点,文章的结构应该:选题要宽,研究方向要窄,然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement),用最少的字句表达出自己的观点,吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear,short),以提升读者的阅读兴趣,然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影,一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字,篇幅<200字),按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results),这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短,顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介,其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面,而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节,因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分:(1) Methods,详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程,对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上面,按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion,这个部分是为了以后的study ,在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis,和别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主要收获,为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result,使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来,其中table不要使用过多,而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确,必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息,保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分,稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误,是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement,不要忘记,这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质,还一定程度体现了研究水平。
【关键词】 医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略: 在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法: 首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。 其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响) “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手: 在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。 在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
医学论文的温哥华格式为了让医学论文更好地发挥贮存和传播医学信息、促进学术交流,反映和指导临床实践、推动和促进生命科学发展的作用,自20世纪初,医学界产生了统一论文格式的要求。1978年1月,美、英、加一些生物学、医学期刊的编辑,在加拿大联合起草并发表了《对生物医学期刊文稿的统一要求》(简称《要求》),即温哥华宣言(Vancouver declaration ),之后组成了国际医学期刊编辑委员会,并对《要求》作了多次修订,至1992年公布了第4版,简称为温哥华格式[1],其推荐的生物医学论文(论著类)的主体格式为I MRaD 格式,即引言(introduction )、方法(methods )、结果(results )和讨论(discussion )。1引言(introduction )111内容①论文研究的起源、目的、范围和途径,研究的起止日期、主要结果及其意义;②研究的背景情况,国内外研究现状及进展;③研究工作的设想、研究方法和实验设计、预期结果和实际意义。可根据论文具体情况按以上某一点为主而叙述。112要求①开门见山,中心突出,精练简短,一般为200~300字,约占全文的1/10;②不要写成综述或摘要,对论文不加评论和解释;③行文须严谨。笔者日常审稿常见文稿中有“未见报道”、“首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”之类文字,如作者无确切资料作为引证,应避免采用。2资料与方法(materials and methods )211资料21111临床研究论文病例的来源、例数、性别及年龄,根据研究目的所确定的选择标准、分组方法、诊断标准及观察指标,病程分期、病因、诱因,有意义的实验室检查及特殊检查结果等。21112实验研究论文动物名称、种系、品系、数量、来源、性别、年龄、身长体重、健康状况、分组标准、手术和标本制备过程等;需用的药品、药盒、试剂、测试仪器、药品的纯度和数量、生产厂家和仪器型号等。212方法临床研究的方法概括起来不外是诊断方法、用药方法、手术方法、统计学方法等,如有分组还需分别叙述治疗组及对照组所采用的方法;所用的疗效评定标准如果是公认的,可直接引用参考文献,如为自订标准,需详细说明。实验研究的方法包括动物模型的形成方法和所涉及的具体技术方法;体外实验方法中,可有标本的取得和分离、组织切片方法、标本的处理过程及步骤、药品浓度及制备、染色和组别化学方法等。所用的研究方法如果是参阅文献、借鉴他人的,可用参考文献角注而无需详细介绍;如对他人的方法有所改进,应说明改进的部分;若研究方法为作者首创,应详细说明。3结果(results)结果是论文的核心,反映了论文水平的高低及其价值,是结论的依据,是形成观点与主题的基础和支柱。结果的书写不应引用他人资料,不展开讨论,不宜采用结论性语言。其表达方式有:①文字叙述;②表;③图[2]。311文字叙述着重阐述临床或实验研究观察的结果、测定的数据,要简明扼要、层次分明,常分设一些小标题,力求用最少的文字、最简洁的语言把研究工作中的有用数据和资料体现出来。312表、图凡能用文字说明的问题,尽量不用表和图,精确的表和图可作为文字叙述的必要补充,以减少繁琐、冗长的文字叙述。表格要求内容精练、栏目清楚、数字准确、有自明性,采用三线式表,表号、表题、各标目齐全,计量单位规范一致,表内数字必须与正文相符。图的设计应合理、易懂、线条美观、影像清晰、立体感强;标本照片应层次分明,在图内放置标记尺度;显微照片须标明放大倍数及染色方法;原始记录图片(如EEG, ECG等)用黑色绘图墨水描记,保证线条清晰。4讨论(discussion)讨论是医学论文的重要组成部分,不使用图和表,一般占全文的1/3~1/2,其目的是使抽象概念具体化、实验结果条理化、实践经验理性化[3]。411内容①对研究结果进行分析、判断和评价,可应用已有的理论解释,也可应用国内外的新学说、新见解进行分析。②运用自己的研究结果与他人的结果来比较其异同,解释其因果关系,说明是否已达到了预期目的,是否能证明提出的假说;常需引证文献资料来论证自己的观点,从理论上对研究结果的各种资料、数据、现象等进行综合分析。③说明研究结果在理论上有什么价值,对实践有何指导作用及其应用价值(经济效益与社会效益)。④对研究中某些特殊现象或新线索作必要说明,指出本研究中尚未解决的问题及拟定解决方法,提出今后的研究方向、改进方法及工作设想和建议。⑤类似问题的国内外研究进展情况,研究的结果与国际国内先进水平相比,居于何种地位。以上内容并非每篇论文都必须面面俱到,应因文而异,围绕一个或几个“小核心”进行。412写作方法①大量阅读有关文献,充分了解有关研究的历史、发展及现状。②详略得当,重点突出,着重说明新发现、新方法、新观点及新理论,切忌借题发挥,离题万里。③实事求是,掌握分寸,不得随意提出研究结果不足以支持的结论,可以提出新的假设,但一定要恰如其分。④论证方法正确,言之有物,论据充足,使论证有说服力和可信性。⑤避免重复、面面俱到、罗列文献。不应简单重复引言及结果中已有的内容,应侧重于说理和评价;不应过多引用他人的论点,以免写成文献综述。⑥切忌报喜不报忧,既要引用支持自己研究结果的文献,也要客观公正地分析和评价反面的结论[2]。5其他以上介绍的是温哥华格式的论文主体部分,尚有前置部分(包括文题、署名、摘要及关键词)及篇后附录(包括参考文献、志谢等),其中以文题、摘要、关键词及参考文献较为重要。511文题(title )医学论点的文题是信息的集中点,要简明醒目,抓住研究的中心,运用正确的术语,方便读者检索,医学论文文题的组成有五要素、四要素、三要素及二要素几种,最常见的、研究目的及研究方法组成的三要素文题[4]。尽量不用可有可无、无实质性内容的空洞文字,如“关于”、“有关”、“的临床分析”、“的临床研究”、“的体会”、“的观察”、“的报告”等,以免千篇一律。512摘要(abstract )摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,是全文内容的高度浓缩、精华所在,字数以200~300字为宜,外文摘要150~250个实词。摘要不宜用第一人称叙述。1987年加拿大McMaster 大学Haynes 教授建立并倡导应用结构式摘要,并首先应用于医学期刊;1991年起,中国医学期刊相继应用4项式结构式摘要,包括目的(objective )、方法(methods )、结果(results )和结论(conclusion )四要素。一般认为,这种摘要简单明了,写作难度小,容易被广大作者接受和掌握[4]。513关键词(key w ords )关键词是一种检索语言,可为编制索引和检索系统使用,应尽量在《医学主题词表》(MeSH )或《汉语主题词表》中选用。常用较定型的名词,要用原形词而不用缩略词,概念要精确,有较强的专指性,一些未被上述词表收录的重要术语和词,亦可根据论文需要作为自由词选用。每篇论文应标引关键词3~8个,而具体标引多少,应视论文的内容和范围而定,以“精、准”为原则。514参考文献(references )参考文献可反映论文的真实科学依据,反映出作者对他人劳动的尊重,同时也表明了科学的严肃性,便于读者进行追溯性检索。中国医学论文普遍采用温哥华格式的顺序编码制,著录要求及格式如下:①必须是由作者亲自阅读过的文献,尽可能选用近3~5年内592第3期陈纪国:医学论文的温哥华格式者,以体现论文的先进程度。②采用已公开发表的文献,尽可能是一次文献,内部资料不宜作为正式的参考文献著录。③一般论著类论文引用参考文献不超过10条,综述不超过20条,要按引用先后顺序排列,并在文内相应位置注明序号。④应具有针对性,与论文有密切关系,以表明论文的学术地位、应用方法的可靠性和先进性、结论的实用性及理论价值。⑤著录格式。温哥华格式规定期刊论文为:著者(第1~3位,超过者加“等”或“et al1”)。文题1杂志名称,出版年,卷(期):起止页码。专著或书籍为:著者(同上).书名.版次(第1版可省略)。出版地:出版社,出版年.起止页码。注意,在页码之后不用加标点。