医学人文英语教程答案Unit 1. History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and payattention to the tense, voice and collocations of the . is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in addition to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluidsin itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads todifferent ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studiedmedicine under his father from his early Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cureddiseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of humantemperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath onmedical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physicianrevered as "father of medicine” in the the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply with. Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practicehave exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have . Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and .①TCMcanmakediagnosesandtreatpatientswithoutneedingascientificunderstandingofcauseandpathogenesis.②thefundamentalsofTCMremainlargelyunchangedanditstheoriesinexplicable to .①the methodological quality of trials is low.②Most of these trials are published in Chinese,inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews.③Selective publicationof positive trials is another . All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary,interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of fivebasicelements(wood,fire,earth,metal,andwater),andtheuniversewasconstantlychangingtowards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organismand Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs work togetherby regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Diseaseoccurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs causedby pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Treatmentaims to expel or suppress the cause and restore 2Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where pace view the following sentences into science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline ofhumanities, social sciences and and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higherdemands and greater challenges on higher medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as wellas a comparatively high cost and a long training is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academicdoctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative andenthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and the following passage/sentence into .过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。2.迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。3.医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can beadjusted for specific local needs as postulated by the (namely,theWorldHealthcareStudentsSymposium). The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Symposia are for studentstolearntounderstandthedifferentprofessionsanddiscussthebestwaysofeffectiveandfruitful countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives asthe website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract theproposal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals’ and national of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-basedcorecurriculaandlaunchinganinternationalforumwhichbringstogetherstudentsofmedicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other initiatives.
人人文库网。医学英语文献是与医学有关的有参考价值的资料，资料里面是有选读题的，答案可以在人人文库网中查找。人人文库网是一个在线文档分享的文库平台，用户可以上传设计图纸，研究报告，考题答案等电子文档，分享最新的行业资讯。
智慧树知到《英语学术论文写作》见面课答案 1、Suppose you have met some translation errors in the English version of public signs in tourist attractions in Xi’an, you want to carry out a thorough research on it so as to reveal the current status, analyze the causes of the existing problems in translation and provide possible solutions to improve the situation. You plan to visit more tourist attractions to collect sources for your analysis and discussion. The sources you will collect in the tourist attractions are: sources. sources. sources. 正确答案：Primary sources. 2、In an American literature class, the students are assigned the task of carrying out a research to find out the current studies on William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”, and writing a literature review on it. So what kind of research will it be? A. Primary research. research. 正确答案： Primary research. 3、Yuan Longping is known as China’s “father of hybrid rice”. His research for hybrid rice is __. research B. non-experimental research 正确答案：experimental research 4、There is a published paper, titled “Metafictional Strategies in Muriel Sparks’ Novels.” (斯帕克元小说叙事解读）From the title, we may see that the research should be a _. A. quantitative research research 正确答案：qualitative research 5、 Professor Zhang Zhongzai once wrote a paper, titled “Misinterpretation of Tess in Tess of the D‘Urbervilles” (对苔丝的误读）. From the title, we can see it is ____. analytical research paper B. an argumentative research paper 正确答案： an argumentative research paper 1、Research Process & Close Reading研究课程及文本细读ExercisesInstructions:Decide whether each of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, write T for TRUE, and F for FALSE in the parenthesis provided after each . We can use concept mapping to define our research subject. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 2、Research Process & Close Reading研究课程及文本细读ExercisesInstructions:Decide whether each of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, write T for TRUE, and F for FALSE in the parenthesis provided after each . We can break a research project into different major steps and minor steps. ( ) A.正确 B.错误
甲研究属于病例对照研究，乙研究属于前瞻性队列研究；两研究方法的方向不同，甲为回顾性，乙为前瞻性。甲乙两研究可分别进行卡方检验，以判断频率与因素间的关系，以验证假设。
1错2对3对4错5对6对7错
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
去PubMed检索，列表后面有fulltext提示，部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜，一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
正确答案：A 3、Research Process & Close Reading研究课程及文本细读ExercisesInstructions:Decide whether each of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, write T for TRUE, and F for FALSE in the parenthesis provided after each . A solid research draw evidences from print sources and empirical sources. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 4、Research Process & Close Reading研究课程及文本细读ExercisesInstructions:Decide whether each of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, write T for TRUE, and F for FALSE in the parenthesis provided after each . We need to stick to our hypothesis in research even if it differs from what the evidences suggest. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 5、Research Process & Close Reading研究课程及文本细读ExercisesInstructions:Decide whether each of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, write T for TRUE, and F for FALSE in the parenthesis provided after each . Close reading of a text can help us readers dig out the complex ideas hidden between lines in the text. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 1、An old topic may become researchable if we can find a new perspective. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 2、 Good research questions can help us get focused in research and writing. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 3、The structure of a research paper remains the same in different disciplines. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 4、The analysis section of a research paper is actually a pile of sources. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 5、The more quotes there are in the paper, the more convincing the paper will be.（） A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 6、Language errors in a research paper may damage its quality severely. ( ) A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 1、本科论文选题应该考虑的因素包括：（） A.个人兴趣 B.学术价值 C.驾驭能力 D.资料情况 E.专业相关性 正确答案：个人兴趣#学术价值#驾驭能力#资料情况 #专业相关性 2、选题首先要考虑你是否对话题感兴趣。（） A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 3、选题越新越好。（） A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 4、与选题相关的资料越多，选题就越好。（） A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 5、英语专业本科生的选题来源包括：（） A.专业书籍和期刊论文阅读 B.自身英语学习经历 C.英语文学阅读 D.生活中的语言现象 正确答案：专业书籍和期刊论文阅读 #自身英语学习经历#英语文学阅读#生活中的语言现象 6、一个好的题目在表述中应该包括以下哪三个部分：（） A.研究问题 B.研究对象 C.研究视角 D.研究方法 正确答案：研究问题#研究对象#研究视角
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
医学英语论文的基本格式内容：Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录，可空缺Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分，包括以下五部分：Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
医学毕业论文写作技巧
导语：医学毕业论文写作的技巧有哪些呢?医学论文的标题要简明扼要，突出重点。下面是我分享的医学毕业论文写作的技巧，欢迎阅读!
人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。
1、突出主题原则及修辞策略
题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。
好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略：
在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association,application,determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。
2、准确规范原则及修辞策略
准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法：
首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。
其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形”应译为“syndactylyoffingers”而不是“congenitalskinwebbedfingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和“Salviamiltiorrhiza”，而不是“DaHunag”和“DanShen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用totransmit,toconvert,toobtain,toinsert,toconsume,toabsorb,application,sufficient,superior来替代常用的tosend,tochange,toget,toputin,touseup,totakein,use,enough,better。
此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitisCvirus(HCV)，维甲酸：all-transretinoicacid(ATRA)。
语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patientswith,casesof,operationon,curefor,responseto,effecton,researchin/into/on,approachto,observation(s)of/on/in,treatmentof等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。
3、简明有效原则及修辞策略
好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手：
在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”。
在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。
由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的.语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：TheRoleofArthroscopyinDiagnosingandtheTreatmentofJointDiseasesinChildren(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为：TheRoleofArthroscopyintheDiagnosisandTreatmentofJointDiseasesinChildren。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：
例1：“Clinical,physiological,andradiologicalstudyofanewpurpose-designedartificialbowelsphincter”
例2：“Socioeconomicstatus，standardofliving，andneuroticdisorder”
例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。
4、得体原则及修辞策略
一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。
英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。
汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Posttransfusionhepatitis:Areportof60cases(输血后肝炎60例报告)。
由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding…”、“Observation(s)of…”、“Investigationof…”、“Studieson…”、“Research(es)on…”、“Somethoughtson…”、“Introductionto…”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。
名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：EffectofGlucoseonNeuroblastomainVitroandinVivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：DetectionofCreatineKinaseIsoenzymesInheartDisease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：TimingofOsteosynthesisofMajorFractureinPatientswithSevereBrainInjury。
总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
1、科学性。所谓科学性就是要求论文资料详实、内容先进。科学性是医学论文的生命。如果论文失去了科学性，不管文笔多么流畅，辞藻多么华丽，都毫无意义，只能是人力和时间的浪费。
2、创新性。创新是医学论文的灵魂。能否为促进医学发展作贡献是衡量论文水平的根本标准。医学论文非常重要的一点就是要有新创见、新观点。医学论文不同于教科书及综述讲座之类的文章，而是在于学术交流，报到新发现，发表新方法、新理论。因此在内容中必须突出新字，对于已为人知的观点不必复述，而应突出阐明自己新的观点。
3、理论性。医学论文不仅是医学科学研究的总结，而且是一个在创造的过程。它不同于一般的科研记录或实验报告，而应提炼出指导医学科研活动及临床实践的经验教训，发现规律，并上升为理论，反过来指导实践。
4、简洁性。医学论文要求简洁，这不同于一般的文学作品，需要各种修辞手段和华丽的词藻，它要求行文严谨，重点突出，文字语言规范、简明，能用一个字表达清楚的就不用两个字，不滥用同义词和罕见词。文章尽可能简短，材料方法部分应简明扼要，结果部分可用较少的图表说明较多的问题，讨论部分不赘述已公认的东西，不重复已有的讨论。总之，用最短的文字说明要阐述的问题，以减少阅读时间，使读者用较短的时间获得更多的信息。
5、逻辑性。论文的逻辑性是指论题、论点、论据、论证之间的联系一环扣一环，循序撰写，首尾呼应，顺理成章，并做到资料完整，设计合理，避免牵强附会，虎头蛇尾，空洞无物。
6、可读性。写论文的目的就是进行学术交流，最终是给人看的，因此，论文必须具有可读性，即文字通顺，结构清晰，所用词汇具有专业性，而且是最易懂，最有表达了的字眼。使读者用较少的脑力和时间理解所表达的观点和结论，并留下深刻的影响。
智慧树知到《英语学术论文写作（西安外国语大学）》章节测试答案 第一章测试 1、People do research in order to have a better understanding of our world. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 2、We don’t need to be creative in research as any research is based on evidences. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 3、Good research questions are important in research. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 4、Literature review is needed in some research papers. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 5、A good research paper needs careful revising and proofreading. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 6、Unintentional plagiarism can be excused as it is not committed deliberately. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B 7、Academic falsification is one common type of academic dishonesty. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 8、What role does a literature review play in a research paper? A、It synthesizes the existing studies in your area. B、It proves the existence of a research gap. C、It provides evidences for your argument. D、It enhances the credibility of your paper. 正确答案：BD 9、Which of the following is NOT an essential step in a research paper writing? A、Choosing a topic B、Locating sources C、Outlining the Paper D、Consulting instructors 正确答案：D 10、Which of the following may lead to academic dishonesty? A、Academic interest B、Academic plagiarism C、Academic promotion D、Academic fabrication 正确答案：D 第二章测试 1、In choosing a research topic, which of the following do we need to consider? A、Our manageability B、Our research interest C、Academic importance D、Publication possibilities 正确答案：ABC 2、To check the validity of a research topic, we need to be critical enough. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 3、It is an act of plagiarism if one simply paraphrases a book for a research paper. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：A 4、Students should be brave enough to try challenging issues for their BA theses. A.正确 B.错误 正确答案：B