之所以选择司汤达的《红与黑》作为我研究的内容，源于最近在阅读着名企业家万科地产老总王石先生的传记《道路与梦想》过程中，读到了王石先生早年在兰州读大学的经历，那时的他因为倔强和骄傲的性格始终不能融入学校的环境，一心向往着于连式的光荣，憧憬着野性和自由的生活。于是在了解王石先生的过程中，我对《红与黑》这部小说发生了强烈的兴趣。在同父母的交流中得知，现今五六十岁的知识分子很少不知道这部小说的，在当时那个年代，他们都曾怀着激昂和强烈的情感对待其中的主人公，那个叫做于连的年轻小伙子。并且以此为伴度过了孤独而迷茫的青少年时代。于是我在想，这部小说究竟有怎样的魔力和魅力，足以使其在经历了近两百年的时间依然经久不衰，历久弥新？ 《红楼梦》的作者曹雪芹曾经写道：“满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味。”《红与黑》的作者司汤达则坚信五十年后这部小说才会有读者，他说：“我将在1880年为人所理解。”故而虽然一千个读者心中有一千个于连，但是我们只有在解“其中味”的基础上进行阅读，方能完整揭示整部小说的真实含义。 在《红与黑·卷上》的卷首，司汤达引用了假托丹东的一句话：“真实，残酷的真实。”在《红与黑·卷下》的卷首，他引用了圣勃夫的一句话：“她不漂亮，她不搽胭脂。”同时，作者还有一句题词，至于全书总目录下，用英文书写的Tothehappyfew，意为“献给少数幸福的人”。我们将这三句题词串联起来，不难发现作者给我们提出了两个极具挑战性的问题：究竟什么是这部小说中的真实？究竟谁是少数幸福的人？实际上我认为，这两个问题就是敲开《红与黑》这扇大门的两把金钥匙，因此它们也是我在这篇文章中所要剖析的重点。 首先我们先来分析“真实”这个问题，即《红与黑》中的真实究竟是什么？ 提到真实，在我看来，真实是一种本质，是一种经得起考验、经得起推敲、能够长久存在的东西。《六祖坛经》说：“凡有相皆属虚妄”，能够看到的表面现象固然是一种客观存在，但毕竟是虚妄之物。司汤达反复声明他五十年后才能得到理解，这就意味着，他所指的真实，绝不仅仅是于连的爱情，于连的死亡，神学院的黑暗，以及种种政治斗争这些故事情节和内容，而是指一种不能为所有人一眼看穿的真理和智慧，这才是真正的真实。不过，在剖析内核之前，我们还是要大致了解一下《红与黑》中的故事内容。 文章的主人公于连·索莱尔快到19岁时到德·莱纳先生家当家庭教师;21岁左右进入德·拉莫尔府做秘书;23岁前后左右入狱，两个月后死。从出场到被处决，仅仅四年左右 的时间。小说第44章描写于连在入狱后的内心独白中有这样两句：“盛夏，一只蜉蝣早晨九点钟生，傍晚五点钟死，它如何能理解夜这个字呢？”“让它再活五个钟头，它就能看见和理解什么是夜了。”这样一个甚至尚未到达正午时光的年轻人到底是怎样的呢？ 文章的副标题是“1830年记事”，事实上，作者通过这部小说，向我们完整展现了整个19世纪法国社会的概貌：在法国小城维里埃，耶稣教会横行霸道，资产阶级自由派虎视 眈眈，封建贵族生活在危机四伏之中，巴黎的上层社会已烦闷无聊为特征，外省的生活封闭狭隘，心灵被铜臭气毒化，从上到下，从贵族到平民，最高的行为准则只有一个：带来收益。当时的封建等级制度森严，出生于上层社会的人属于“龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠生来会打洞”，社会地位底下的人想要跻身上流社会，无疑比登天还难。可惜我们的主人公偏偏是一个不安于现状、进取心极强的人，他聪明、敏感、干练、骄傲而又倔强。虽然出身卑微，但在个人英雄主义的理想驱使下，野心勃勃，渴望成功、发迹，宁愿死上一千次也要飞黄腾达。他喜欢读自己的“可兰经”：卢梭的《忏悔录》、拿破仑的《圣赫勒那岛回忆录》及大军公报。在一次又一次的自我挑战和征服中，他似乎一步步在迈向飞黄腾达的道路，然而仿佛在攀登上最高峰时，两记响亮的枪声让于连从云端重重地摔落在地上，所有激荡人心的勇气和野心都灰飞烟灭，他回到了真实的生活里。那么，下面我对这个问题的分析就缩小到于连身上，也即，拨开云山雾罩的重重迷障，在于连的命运中，哪些是虚假的？究竟什么又是真实呢？ 我以为，我从中提炼出了三条线索，并且这三条线索是互相承继的。 第一条线索，19岁刚刚进入德·莱纳先生家做家庭教师的于连憧憬着拿破仑摧枯拉朽式的大革命，希望所处的社会能够重新经受一番大革命的洗礼。在初出茅庐时，他甚至曾经幻想做维里埃的市长，建立伟大的事业，成为拿破仑那样的世界的主人。然而在步入巴黎后，他才发现现实的残酷。他曾经说：“象我这样一个可怜的乡下人，我，被判定永远地穿着这套愁苦的黑衣服！假如我早生二十年，我也会象他们一样穿着军服。在那时候，象我这样的人，不是被杀，便是在三十岁上做了将军。”不能步拿破仑的后尘，他只好选择黑袍来做时代的“军服”，以大主教的“十万法郎的年俸，蓝绶的勋章和统治权”为奋斗目标了。 写到这里，我不由的想到司汤达的一位朋友问他，小说的题目是什么意思，他解释说：“红”意味着，于连若出生的早，他会是个士兵，因为红色指红色的军装，代表军队;然而他生不逢时，只好披上黑色的道袍，这就是“黑”。在司汤达的解释中，“红”与“黑”不是对立的，而是并立平行的。这二者的不同在于所处的时代环境和历史背景的'区别，然而他们都毫无疑问地通向一个唯一的目标：成功。而贯穿于这两条道路之中的，则是那宁可死上一千次也要飞黄腾达的不可动摇的决心和野心勃勃的烈火雄心。在我看来，整部《红与黑》中所有的沉浮升降荣辱兴衰似乎都可以忽略，唯一能够在我心中留下深刻印象的就是坚韧不拔的毅力和强烈的进取心。于是，关于于连究竟是个人主义野心家，还是一个反抗封建制度的资产阶级英雄，值得同情还是应该批判，多少年来人们争论不休。我并不想纠缠于这样意识形态的问题，我所关注的，乃是人的命运，人们心里的东西。于是我方才深刻理解了开头所讲的王石先生为什么如此渴望于连式的光荣，因为我在于连身上似乎隐隐约约看到了我的影子。我想，这是每一个渴望在更大的舞台上做大事业的踌躇满志的年轻人都会有的感受。我们是幸运的。而对于于连，在他所处的那个时代，他全部的抱负和野心只能是镜花水月一般，能够渴望，却难以真正触及。 第二条线索，我们来分析于连为了实现它巨大的野心而采取的手段。这样一个孱弱而腼腆的平明青年不仅要处处显示知识和能力上的优势，也即他最初打动众人的惊人的记忆力还要采取种种不大光彩的手段，例如虚伪、作假和违心之举。为了渴求崇高的荣誉、幸福和自由，他决心用卑鄙的手段达到目的。他是一个新生的自由资产阶级式的人物，却扮演了虔诚信徒的角色;他在精神和信仰上都倾向于雅各宾派，却参加了保皇派的阴谋;他是一个民主主义者，却处处要装得像个他所鄙视的贵族。他的所作所为处处与其所要达到的目的和真实想法背道而驰。正是这种矛盾使得他的野心不仅没有实现，反而葬送了自己年轻的生命。 想要做一个真正的野心家，首先要清清楚楚地知道自己究竟要的是什么，树立清晰和明确的目标，其次要对周围的环境和时代背景有充分透彻的认识，也就是说能一眼将利益格局、人事关系以及华丽背后的盘根错节和重重机关看透。此外，要根据自己的实力和现有的状况制定详细合理的战略战术，在执行战略的过程中，必须以彻底的自我管理和钢铁般的意志力控制自己完成目标。在所有一切工作进行的过程中，要时时做到冷静、理智、专注、务实、执着方能成功。对比于连，我们发现他口口声声“成功”“发迹”“飞黄腾达”种种，却从未说清楚他究竟要的是什么。他动辄想当今一个主教比当年一位将军多挣多少钱，然而他关心和谁吃饭胜过多少薪水，他拒绝了和爱丽莎有利的婚事，不走富凯那样稳妥的发财之路。因而它更在乎的不是钱，而是荣誉、平等和自由，因此他想三十岁当上将军，第一次提升就欣喜若狂，有了骑士封号就喜出望外。他并不是一个务实的人。因为他“不属于任何客厅，不属于任何小集团”，正如德·拉莫尔侯爵所言：“他没有一个不失去一分钟、一个机会的律师所具有的那种机灵和狡猾的才能。”他所真正在乎的获得的东西，并不是实际的金钱、职务、地位，而多是贵妇的青睐、能力的实现、自尊心的满足，甚至哪怕远离男人的目光，这也能使他感到放松和自由。这样的品质就决定了他其实并非一个真正的个人主义野心家，他缺乏除了野心之外的东西为他铺路，帮助他走向成功。从这个意义上讲，于连只能是一个失败的、糊涂的、头脑不清楚的、不够求实务本的、自不量力的堂吉诃德式的人物。 最后一条线索，我们把目光聚焦在于连最终的命运。陶渊明在《归去来兮辞》中有句：“既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲！悟以往之不谏，知来者之可追;识迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。”这是于连在入狱后思想和处境的真实写照。之前我们看到于连的爱情、于连的野心、于连的奋斗，当他从胜利走向胜利一路高奏凯歌的时候，作者笔锋一转，于连一下从云雾中跌入现实。真实永远不是浮于表面的，就像深海里的鱼，唯有在高压、寒冷、孤独的环境下才能生存。也就是说，真实是能够让我们触摸到生命中最疼痛和最战栗的。就像一个不漂亮，也不搽胭脂的朴素的女人，却懂得生命朴素的智慧，能够与相爱的男子过着相知相伴的白头偕老的生活。股神巴菲特在华尔街金融危机时曾经说过一句很着名的话，只有海潮退去，才能知道究竟谁在裸泳。也许，当危机真正来临时，我们才能变得真正充满睿智。我想，小说最后几章中于连入狱后心灵的转变，表明了他已经从迷雾中走出，一步步触摸到了生命的真实，真实的生活。这里我的文章实际上就已经引向了第二大部分的内容：究竟谁是少数幸福的人？ 要分析谁是少数幸福的人，怎样做才能成为少数幸福的人，我们先要了解什么是幸福。幸福是指人的心理欲望得到满足的过程，是一种和谐的状态。人活在世界上，我个人觉得归根结底是为了追求幸福。然而真正懂得什么是幸福的人却少之又少，于是人们熙熙攘攘，来来往往，为名为利，最终依然不快乐、不幸福。让我们看看于连在这个问题上是怎么做的吧。于连首先是把社会和他人的标准作为自己获得幸福的标准。他的所有虚伪、算计、警惕和所谓的“作战计划”和防范措施无一不是为了出人头地、飞黄腾达。然而这一切实际上与他的本性，与他内心的呼唤构成了强烈的冲突和矛盾。因此他总是处于风声鹤唳草木皆兵的紧张状态，虽然他在一步步往前走的过程中确实曾为阶段性的成功和欣喜若狂，快乐到了极点，但是他这种野心实现后的狂喜并非他真是的快乐和幸福。外在的过于强烈的冲击吞噬了真实的自我，他已经失去了真实的自我。然而于连毕竟不是一个像机器一样不需要自我的冷酷而残忍野心家，他是一个心地善良的性情中人。于是他所有向上爬的伎俩和手段总是漏洞百出，终不能为人所接纳，被视为异类，因为他的与众不同而陷入到无止境的痛苦之中。在他入狱之后，大彻大悟，并且在最后的法庭辩论上采取了一种“自杀”式的行为。因此有人讲于连的“成功”并没有给他带来幸福，反而是他的失败促使他走向幸福之路。从这个角度讲，也许，入狱后的于连就是司汤达心目中的“少数幸福的人”。 作者将此书献给少数幸福的人，我觉得这其中蕴含了他本人的对人生的一种体悟。司汤达在写作这部小说时已经四十七岁，饱经沧桑的人生使他赋予了其作品对生命与幸福的深刻含义。说到底，所有的社会科学、人类的文学艺术创作关注的都是人性，都是人的命运。司汤达在二十二岁时曾经说过：“几乎所有的人生不幸都源于我们对所发生的事情有错误的认识。深入地了解人，健康地判断事物，我们就朝幸福迈进了一大步。”于连之前的不幸福最重要的原因就是没有深入了解自己。司汤达对人生的三大信条是“自我、幸福、精力弥满”，他追求的并非于连眼里的成功，故而我们会微微感觉到他在描写上升时期的于连时流露出一种嘲讽的口吻。在我眼里，司汤达是一个明智的人，他认为有才智的人应该获得它所必需的东西，才能不依赖任何人;然而当这种保证已经获得，他还把时间用增加财富上，那他就是一个可怜虫。他笔下的于连就是这样一个他口中的可怜虫。像那个传说中的西绪弗斯一样，于连用他全部的力量试图将一个注定要滚落下来的巨石推上山顶，最后这块巨石并未登上山顶，可是于连成功了。他在生命的最后就像久在海上颠簸的水手回到陆地上一样，在宁静安详中离开了世界。 在我眼里，幸福和成功是一体的，能够获得幸福就是人生最大的成功。幸福有两层含义，首先是要有基本的物质基础，就是世俗的金钱、名誉、地位，我想没有人会拒绝这方面的成功，因为没有人希望自己穷困潦倒，成为现实生活中的失败者。歌德说：“勋章和头衔能使人在倾轧中免遭挨打”。的确，这样的幸福不仅是必须的，而且对于希望超脱的人来说，这无疑能够帮助他们摆脱为利益勾心斗角的小圈子。幸福的另一方面就是精神的愉悦和心灵的满足。比物质和外在的东西更重要的是，一个人要拥有内在的丰富，有自己的真性情和真兴趣，有自己真正喜欢做的事。同时应该相信，在人类精神的伊甸园里，必有一个生命树，树上必有一颗属于你的果子，去寻找这颗属于你的果子，这是你毕生的使命。当我们寻找到这颗果子，带着它到茫茫的大千世界中再去寻找那个最适合我们的位子，我们就会得到真正的幸福。也就是说，当自我和外在达到一种高深和玄妙的平衡后，我们就会建立起真实而强大的精神坐标。当我们拥有了如罗曼罗兰所言“一颗清明宁静非常关切的灵魂”，这种信念将会支撑我们度过未来吉凶难卜的岁月。即使遭遇世界上最惨痛和耻辱的失败，我们都能生活在攻不破的精神城堡里。我想，这就是幸福吧。 至此，我已经全部解答了我在文章开头提出的那两个问题。现在我试图把“真实”与“幸福”这两个问题结合起来，回归到《红与黑》这部小说的本身。真实是不变的本质，而幸福是我们追寻的目标;真实是超越纷繁复杂的故事情节背后的冷静的智慧，幸福是整部小说探讨人性的核心。关于这两点，我不敢断言自己已经解“其中味”，只是按照自己的思考对其进行解读。我的解读并未涉及过多的具体故事情节以及于连的两段爱情，我真正想要做的，是希望能够从一个更高的视角来高屋建瓴地俯瞰整部小说。我坚信，唯有真正透过琐碎的现象触摸到冷静和理智的本质，我们才能得到智慧和力量。我想，司汤达写作这部小说的意义也就在于此吧。 【红与黑读后感3000字】 司汤达的《红与黑》，写的是法国青年于连的故事。于连是一个有才华，有野心，有自尊，也有良心的人。许多评价把于连说成是一味向上爬的野心家。但我个人而言，我觉得他们都忽略了一点，就是于连良心的一面。或者说忽略了站在故事背后的作者进行的精神思考。 于连确实是野心家。于连的野心膨胀过程是故事最表面也是最直接的线索。在德。雷纳尔放假，于连想：“我一定要在这个女人身上得手，”“那样如果有一天我发迹了，有人指责我赶过家庭教师这样下等的职业，我就可以告诉他，是爱情把我抛到这个职位上的。”但是于连也像一个哲学家，他思考人生，思考巴黎，在他的脑中挥之不去的是当像拿破仑般的英雄。但他对德雷纳尔夫人的爱，特别是在他生命的最后，不能不让人感到真情。作者的故事构造得极巧妙。当于连步上仕途时，他用尽心机去获取德雷纳尔夫人的心，并想用此来证明自己的能力和提高自身的价值，可最后他才明白德·雷纳尔"夫人是他的终生至爱。后来的玛蒂尔德小姐是在开始时主动追求于连的。但是又经过多次的反复，曾使于连感到神魂颠倒。当玛蒂尔德确认自己爱上于连的时候，于连在临死之前却说只有德·雷纳尔"夫人才会真心待他的孩子。在于连的攀升过程也少不了这些女人们的帮助，可是在最后他的摔倒也是因为女人。作者在红与黑中塑造了于连，可是更塑造的于连背后的时代，在上层社会中，人人都重视荣誉，可是又过着奢侈的颓废的生活，青年们都缺乏勇气。社会的各种党派都在积极而又秘密的活动着。 对于书名人们也引起了一番争论，通常，人们认为书名中的“红”是象征拿破仑时代的军服“黑”是王政复古年代的僧侣黑衣。也有人认为，红是德·瑞那夫人的鲜血，黑是玛特尔的丧服 红与黑是象征赌盘上的黑点红点，而轮盘则象征人生的游戏等。我认为红色还可以象征于连的追求人生意义，而黑色就代表社会中形形色色为了自己的利益而拼命奔波，却不理解自己存在真正意义的生存状态吧 读了红与黑后，我越发明白了在阶级社会中金钱门第的至高无上，于连是一个才华横仪的知识青年，如给他一个舞台，他会锋芒比露的，为社会作出贡献，可是那个社会如同一个染缸漫漫的熏染他，使他为了自己的；理想不得不同流合污，然而，他的地位，家族使他不能被统治阶级所接受，等待他的只有被排挤直至死于阶级的血枪中，他真爱的雷德那夫人，然而为了事业，他不得不选择放弃，当他相恋生活着的我们得以本质般活着，没有必要为任何目的去讨好任何人，当然，若为实言则可言之，我们没有必要为讨好其他人为达到某种目的因此违背自己内心说话，便成了口不对心的人。由此可得，我们应脚踏实地并句句发自肺腑，当一个“真心真意”的人。 ——“这就是拿破仑的命运。日后，也会是他的命运吗？” 于连在连打两个“胜仗”后，独自挺立在峭崖上，仰望晴空。他一直崇拜拿破仑，却不得不将崇拜之情藏于心底，他把拿破仑的的头像藏在睡床处，每每情绪激动时便在头像背处写下感言并著上日期。他特别崇拜拿破伦，因为在拿破伦的时代，一个平民出身的子弟有着在战争中迅速升官发财的机会。但是于连却是生活在贵族、僧侣统治下的复辟时期。在这个等级制度森严的社会中，没有爵位和财产的人，受着更大的压抑和鄙视；即使象于连这样有才能的人，也无处施展他的“抱负”。这种情况就造成了于连对统治阶级的不满和反抗。 在一个痛恨篡位称帝的瑞那先生家里，其是痛恨此人的。他仰瞰着脚下的维璃叶城，心情激越，思绪飞扬，空中盘旋的雄鹰吸引了于连的目光，他渴望雄鹰搏击长空的力量，孤高的境界，由此可知于连为什么如此崇拜拿破仑，整个场景暗喻了于连的征服野心。 ——“小说，是一面镜子，鉴以照之，一路行去。” -圣留阿尔 小说，是异于自身的另一种生活，对异于自体的文体写照，我们的生活或许与书中相同又或许不同，这是可能事件不是必然事件，它是一面镜子，照出另一样姿态生活的故事和人物，艳丽又或黯淡，使我们能从中收益良多，从而让我们自己能在人生之路上取之借鉴，让这条路能走得更平稳，顺当。照己像的镜子是鉴别的镜子，因为镜子的鉴别的作用，人们往往这样的映照能让我们看到自我真实的形象，从而能起到提醒我们或者警告我们的作用。 ——“日常发生的事，其奇奇怪怪的一面，往往掩盖了激情造成的真正不幸。” 女主人与于连之间仆主的恋情继续升温，他在她身边，并不是一个身兼情人的仆人。“担忧一去，堕入爱的疯狂，连带这又产生致命的怀疑。”在爱恋，悔恨，欢愉的交叠中，日子过得如闪电一样快。两人便浑浑噩噩地，双方都想承担恶果或者说是力争于报应。女主人感慨叹息这男人非她的丈夫，便不会发生如此多的事了。他们片刻的愉悦，有时也是令人不愉悦的，心里总有种道不出的滋味。
请看看《红与黑》（作者：司汤达）内容简介 《红与黑》是19世纪法国乃至欧洲文学的一座丰碑。小说围绕主人公于连的个人奋斗及两次爱情经历的描写，揭示了复辟王朝时期的波澜的阶级大博斗，反映了政治黑暗、教会腐败，贵族反动和资产阶级利欲熏心的广阔生活画面。于连的两次爱情动机都是以爱情占有为出发点最终要达到自己的政治目的。通过于连这个文学形象，一方面描述了法国七月革命前夕在人民革命浪潮冲击下的贵族以及中小资产阶级的恐慌情绪；另一方面又塑造了一个出现于社会剧烈变革中的个人野心家的艺术形象，美化了资产阶级的生活观和幸福观。小说的结构严谨匀称，语言简洁流畅，人物形象和人物性格与环境紧密相连，善于揭示人物的内心冲突和思想感情的瞬间变化，以此来突出人的个性特征，这是本书最大的艺术特点。
从心理学角度看《红与黑》。《红与黑》演示了一个自恋者的命运。 从自恋者的角度分析于连的形象： 1、自恋者处处以自我为中心，心中始终装满自己，对自己深信不疑，是自得其乐的孤独者。 2、自恋者固执于自己的理想，把主观感觉或个人体验当作绝对真实强加给外部现实。 3、自恋者对外界和他人持清高和高傲态度，力图在自己与外界之间拉开距离，深怕被世界和他人同化。4、自恋者顽固坚持自我，拒绝向现实认同，必然被他人和社会视为“攻击性”和“敌对行动”，受到他人攻击和社会放逐。5、自恋者不惧怕他人的攻讦与谴责，甚至还希望如此。尽管他们带着演戏的夸张，痛苦于他人的不理解，但在内心深处，他们却因为这种不理解而感到骄傲。不理解恰恰说明了自己的特出或独异，这是自我能够从外部世界获得的最高确证和最大满足。自恋者正是从他人的攻讦与谴责中获得了个人价值的证据。 6、自恋者即使受到现实的打击，宁可忍受厄运，也不肯改弦易地放弃自己的追求。 7、自恋者固执的追求自我的完整性和个性感，从而缺乏甚至丧失去爱他人的能力，不愿或无法与自己之外的他人发生全心全意全身全体的结合关系。8、自恋者用种种英雄主义来“合理化文饰”自己，以减缓个人与外界的敌对关系所引发的内心无意识焦虑。9、自恋者无论如何也不愿像他人那样放弃自我，当冲突尖锐得不可收拾的时候，将以自杀或发疯的极端的方式表面上放弃自我，实质仍固守了自己。 于连正是这样一种自恋者。 于连不仅和复辟贵族是矛盾的，和反动教会是矛盾的，和资产阶级也是矛盾的，和社会是矛盾的，从根本上来说，他和人是矛盾的。他作为一个典型的自恋者注定了永远要被视为异类，要因与众不同而陷入无穷无尽的痛苦之中。这种悲剧乃是一切自恋者的悲剧，无论是在专制社会，还是在共和社会，还是在民主社会，都是如此。《红与黑》似乎要写一个年轻人在追求自我实现的道路上如何从迷误走向清醒，但其实于连没有悟出自恋之根本来。 于连的悲剧，突出地表现为他以自恋为核心，一方面对自我、人格与尊严高度敏感、坚决执着、公然张扬；另一方面他认同现实世界的“红与黑”，并竭力索取之。两者彼此冲突、势均力敌、无法协调，最后于连以放弃生命为代价使两者冲突得到消解。 从心理学进一步推论，于连走出家乡迈上个人征程的时候，拿起了什么武器？他去跟谁斗争？谁是他的敌人？是封建制度？庸俗社会？贵族女人？自己？ 于连拿起的武器是自尊，他的敌人是自卑。封建制度，庸俗社会，贵族女人，都是外显的敌人，于连有足够的才能去与之抗衡；于连斗不过的敌人是他自己，是他内心深处的自卑。 如果说于连早就看到社会上存在“红”的军队与“黑”的宗教，并力图利用之而达到内部的人格尊严和外在的飞黄腾达。那么他还不清楚他的内心世界也有一个“红”与“黑”，“红”是他的人格和尊严，“黑”即他的奴性与自卑。 于连一走上社会，面向世人，就卷入了自尊与自卑的激烈内战，这场战争构成了《红与黑》的全部故事。换言之，《红与黑》的精彩并不在历史社会的表现，于连的魅力不在于他是一个反制度反社会的个人英雄。《红与黑》的看点在于，它用一个独特社会环境和一些独特的境遇突现出一种独特性格的独特心理体验。
论文的题目是画龙点睛的神来之笔,是提纲挈领的综述概要。下面是我带来的关于英国文学 毕业 论文题目大全的内容，欢迎阅读参考! 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(一) 1. 《浮士德》的善恶冲突论 2. 论《浮士德》思想体系的矛盾 3. 论卢梭《忏悔录》的自审意识与超俗意识 4. 济慈及其《夜莺颂》的美学魅力 5. 欧洲社会的讽刺画卷——《唐璜》浅析 6. 论雨果的人道主义思想 7. 《巴黎圣母院》中的美丑对照原则 8. 论《红与黑》中于连的形象 9. 论司汤达小说心理描写的艺术 10. 司汤达在现代小说史上的地位 11. 成功与幻灭——拉斯蒂涅(《高老头》)与吕西安(《红与白》)之比较 12. 巴尔扎克小说的现代 文化 意蕴 13. 论《包法利夫人》 14. 19世纪英国女小说家研究 15. 《傲慢与偏见》的戏剧叙述 16. 夏洛蒂·勃朗笔下的女性形象系统 17. 《呼啸山庄》的叙述技巧与结构艺术 18. 试析《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》的情感模式 19. 《呼啸山庄》与《金锁记》情感世界之比较 20. 梅里美中短篇小说的艺术魅力 21. 《茶花女》的悲剧艺术 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(二) 1. 茶花女与杜十娘比较 2. 从蒙太里尼形象看《牛虻》的反宗教主题 3. 论哈代小说中的新女性形象 4. 莫泊桑、契诃夫、欧·亨利艺术风格之比较 5. 论威尔斯的科学幻想小说 6. 论《恶之花》的历史地位与意义 7. 略论马克·吐温的艺术风格 8. 易卜生《玩偶之家》娜拉形象 9. 易卜生有肖伯纳的“社会问题剧”的异同论 10. 19世纪俄国文学中“多余人”的形象 11. 俄罗斯文学中的妇女形象 12. 果戈理《死魂灵》的讽刺艺术 13. 屠格涅夫笔下的女性形象 14. 屠格涅夫的抒情手法 15. 屠格涅夫与郁达夫比较研究 16. 论陀思妥耶夫斯基的长篇小说 17. 谈陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中的景物描写 18. 陀思妥耶夫斯基与现代派文学 19. “现代性”历史文化语境中的鲁迅与陀思妥耶夫斯基 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(三) 1. 古希腊神话 传说 中的文化精神 2. 英雄符码及其解构——荷马史诗主要史诗主要形象论析 3. 论《俄狄浦斯王》的冲突艺术美 4. 论《美狄亚》在戏剧发展史上的重要意义 5. 从古希腊到18世纪西方文学中人的观念 6. 《埃涅阿斯纪》主题的原型意义 7. 试论__伦理在西方文学中的演变 8. 但丁与__文化 9. 哥特式小说的原理与发展 10. 中国武侠小说与骑士文学的比较 11. 《堂吉诃德》的多重意义 12. 论流浪汉小说的艺术特征 13. 试论《威尼斯商人》的冲突艺术 14. 《奥瑟罗》悲剧冲突艺术 15. 论《李尔王》的人文主义思想 16. 论《亨利四世》中的福斯塔夫形象 17. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《西厢记》抒情艺术之比较 18. 试论莎士比亚喜剧风格 19. 莎士比亚悲剧风格的特殊性及其历史意义 20. 论《汤姆·琼斯》人物刻画的美学原则
《红与黑》是一本很著名的文学书，你可以看下别人（世界文学研究）里面的文学论文，看下别人的框架， 然后结合你自己的思路，就可以了~
外国文学名著鉴赏分析《红与黑》的人物形象塑造 录入日期：2008-02-23 来源：曹杨新村第六小学团支部《红与黑》是法国作家司汤达的小说，他讲述的主人公于连的一生经历为线索向我们讲述了法国19世纪的情况，我们可以看到法国新的势力与旧势力的交锋，《红与黑》起初的标题为《于连》，1830年定名为《红与黑》，并有副标题“1830年纪事”。称之为批判现实主义文学奠基作，是因为它最早体现了这一流派的基本特征。首先，小说直接吸取现实题材，反映现实斗争。1827年的《法院公报》上登载一个27岁的青年家庭教师枪杀了自己的女主人的案例，启发了司汤达，但小说的故事已与生活中的案件有了很大的不同，作者用他长期以来对复辟王朝时期生活的观察，联系当时的实际，注入他对社会矛盾的认识，使《红与黑》成为一部反映复辟与反复辟斗争的形象历史。作品中的“红”代表了充满英雄业绩的资产阶级革命时期特别是拿破仑帝国；“黑”代表了教会恶势力猖獗的复辟时期，作品对社会的种种罪恶进行了全面的批判。同时，成功地塑造了典型环境中典型人物，尤其强调环境对人物的影响，也使这部作品成为典范。。沿着于连的一生我们可以看到了许许多多的人物和事情。本书的作者司汤达使用了多种手法对人物进行了塑造，使今天的我们读起来使我们感觉到人物栩栩如生，历历在目。作者在塑造人物的时候使用了大量的多角度塑造人物，并且使用了大量的心理分析，向我们展示了一个个鲜活的人物。 那么我们以于连为例子进行分析：一个出身卑微、到处受人歧视的锯木厂工人，如何在阶级意识浓厚的社会里力争上游？从小城市长家的家庭教师，做到巴黎侯爵的秘书，由于他的神学造诣与谨言慎行，渐渐得到别人的重视；甚至获得市长夫人与侯爵千金的爱情……然而在拘谨的表象下，年轻人的心却充满对英雄的崇拜，对贵族的憎恨，以及想出人头地的野心。他一步步走向名利之路，也不时和自己内心的矛盾交战…… <<红与黑>>的作者司汤达就生活在这个时代，他曾经参加拿破仑的几次战役，离开军队后便投身外交界，被派往意大利当领事官。由于他的经历，司汤达观察到社会种种不平的现象，特别是贵族阶级与教会连手所形成的黑暗势力，以及新兴资产阶级人心的反动；促使他开始写作，完成了这部批判时代社会，剖析人性的<<红与黑>>。<<红与黑>>其实是一个象征性的书名，有人说“红”是指书中灵魂人物于连，代表小资产阶级的叛逆者；“黑”则是指他所反抗的教会、贵族阶级及复辟王朝所结合的强大势力。又有人说“红”与“黑”代表了当时最热门的“军队”与“教会”。你也可以说“红”指的是主角于连心中善良、诚实的那一部分，而“黑”则是他内心伪善、愤恨的那一部分。“红”与“黑”的交战，主宰了于连的思考与行为；“红”与“黑”的抗争，注定了于连悲剧性的下场。而在时代大环境的笼罩下，于连身旁的诸多人物角色，难道不也这样徘徊在“红”与“黑”的矛盾挣扎里吗？像天真单纯的雷纳尔夫人，初尝爱情滋味，幸福的狂喜与衷心的悔恨不断在内心交战；而高傲的贵族千金拉穆尔小姐则在英雄崇拜的爱情与身分地位、自尊之间犹疑……他细腻地描写人物在特定情境下的心理状态，分析他们感情与欲望的细微变化，使读者得以进入人物的内心世界。你将不仅仅知道故事表层的结果，更洞察造成此一切结果背后的原因，因而获得更深的冲击与感动。作者正是用了这种手法让我们感觉到人物就在我们的身边。其实作者在无意之中也开启了现在的一种文学的题材即现在所说的意识流文体。 作者并且通过多方面的展示人物性格向我们展示一个个有血有肉的人物，我们还是以于连为代表来分析一下：于连的出生在一个下层的人物为了得到一些东西他要使用各种各样的手段来达到目的。首先他和雷那尔夫人的爱情就是一种逢场作戏的感觉。我们可以看到一种拿破仑式的征服的欲望，他对夫人的激情绝对是一种逢场作戏。当然着只是他的性格中的一部分，还有很大的侧面，比如说：他在神学院的时候为了自己的晋升不惜放弃了自己的很大东西。甚至将一些很是枯燥的东西背诵下来。我们不能不佩服他的这种能力。同样我们也可以看到于连出于同样的目的还是占有了自己侯爵的女儿。当然他的性格中也有一部分是出在自己的原来的阶级，这是为统治阶级说不可以容忍的所以于连的是也就是顺理成章的东西了。没有什么不正常的了。也正是这样的性格的塑造达到了相同的目的让我们感觉于连旧在我们的身边。他就是我们中的一个人是不存在距离的。 作者通过了这种形象的写做手法向我们描写了一个一个鲜活的人物是作者的书成为了小说中的精品。我们在以后的创做中也应该使用这种创做手法多个侧面，多个角度的去描写一个人物，将这个人物写的鲜活而生动，让读者与作者之间形成一种共鸣。这样的作品才是好的作品，才是能吸引读者的好书。
博士有话说，毕业论文的前言也叫引言，是正文前面一段短文。前言是论文的开场白，目的是向读者说明本研究的来龙去脉，吸引读者对本篇论文产生兴趣，对正文起到提纲掣领和引导阅读兴趣的作用，肯定也说明了为啥要做此方向的研究。
作为论文的开场白，毕业论文引言应以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，以及相关领域内前人所做的工作和研究的概况，说明本研究与前人工作的关系，目前研究的热点、存在的问题及作者工作的意义，引出本文的主题给读者以引导。简单阐述其研究内容，但不必展开讨论。
引言有三要素：
1、必要的现状、理论背景，前人研究的结果与分析；
2、本研究的目的、意义、价值；
3、本研究用的研究途径、基本方法、设计思想等。
毕业论文引言作用
毕业论文引言通常作为论文的开端，主要回答“为什么研究”这个课题的问题。引言的内容在一篇论文中主要起承上启下的作用。
写引言时要注意：叙述某一领域中的最新进展，应该有评有述，而不只是前人工作的罗列；尽量引用国内外近5年内发表的科技论文，因为这些论文本身就代表着当前课题研究的主要方 向。不要与摘要中的内容雷同。不要出现图、表及公式。
毕业论文前言的写作要点有：
1、引言作为论文的开头，以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，缘起和提出研究要求的现实情况,以及相关领域内前人所做的工作和研究的概况，说明本研究与前工作的关系，目前的研究热点、存在的问题及作者的工作意义，引出本文的主题给读者以引导。
2、引言也可点明本文的理论依据、实验基础和研究方法，简单阐述其研究内容；三言两语预示本研究的结果、意义和前景，但不必展开讨论。前言在内容上应包括：为什么要进行这项研究立题的理论或实践依据是什么拟创新点理论与（或）实践意义是什么。
3、首先要适当介绍历史背景和理论根据，前人或他人对本题的研究进展和取得的成果及在学术上是否存在不同的学术观点。明确地告诉读者你为什么要进行这项研究，语句要简洁、开门见山。
如果研究的项目是别人从未开展过的，这时创新性是显而易见的，要说明研究的创新点。但大部分情况下，研究的项目是前人开展过的，这时一定要说明此研究与被研究的不同之处和本质上的区别，而不是单纯的重复前人的工作。
论文的前言也叫引言，是正文前面一段短文。前言是论文的开场白，目的是向读者说明本研究的来龙去脉，吸引读者对本篇论文产生兴趣，对正文起到提纲掣领和引导阅读兴趣的作用。在写前言之前首先应明确几个基本问题:你想通过本文说明什么问题?有哪些新的发现，是否有学术价值?一般读者读了前言以后，可清楚地知道作者为什么选择该题目进行研究。为此，在写前言以前，要尽可能多地了解相关的内容，收集前人和别人已有工作的主要资料，说明本研究设想的合理性。1、 引言应含概的内容引言作为论文的开头，以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，缘起和提出研究要求的现实情况,以及相关领域内前人所做的工作和研究的概况，说明本研究与前工作的关系，目前的研究热点、存在的问题及作者的工作意义，引出本文的主题给读者以引导。引言也可点明本文的理论依据、实验基础和研究方法，简单阐述其研究内容；三言两语预示本研究的结果、意义和前景，但不必展开讨论。前言在内容上应包括:为什么要进行这项研究?立题的理论或实践依据是什么?拟创新点?理论与(或)实践意义是什么?首先要适当介绍历史背景和理论根据，前人或他人对本题的研究进展和取得的成果及在学术上是否存在不同的学术观点。明确地告诉读者你为什么要进行这项研究，语句要简洁、开门见山。如果研究的项目是别人从未开展过的，这时创新性是显而易见的，要说明研究的创新点。但大部分情况下，研究的项目是前人开展过的，这时一定要说明此研究与被研究的不同之处和本质上的区别，而不是单纯的重复前人的工作。2、 前言的写作方法(1)、开门见山，不绕圈子。避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程。(2)、言简意赅，突出重点。不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容，确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时，只需以参考引文的形式标出即可。在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时，意思应明确，语言应简练。(3)、回顾历史要有重点，内容要紧扣文章标题，围绕标题介绍背景，用几句话概括即可;在提示所用的方法时，不要求写出方法、结果，不要展开讨论;虽可适当引用过去的文献内容，但不要长篇罗列，不能把前言写成该研究的历史发展;不要把前言写成文献小综述，更不要去重复说明那些教科书上已有，或本领域研究人员所共知的常识性内容。(4)、尊重科学，实事求是。在前言中，评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是，用词要科学，对本文的创新性最好不要使用本研究国内首创、首次报道、填补了国内空白、有很高的学术价值、本研究内容国内未见报道或本研究处于国内外领先水平等不适当的自我评语。（5）、前言的内容不应与摘要雷同，注意不用客套话，如才疏学浅、水平有限、恳请指正、抛砖引玉之类的语言;前言最好不分段论述，不要插图、列表，不进行公式的推导与证明。（6）、前言的篇幅一般不要太长，太长可致读者乏味，太短则不易交待清楚，一篇3 000一5 000字的论文，引言字数一般掌握在200一250字为宜。1. 引言书写内容和格式(1)说明论文的主题、范围和目的。(3)预期结果或本研究意义。(4)引言一般不分段,长短视论文内容而定,涉及基础研究的论文引言较长,临床病例分析宜短。国外大多论文引言较长,一般在千字左右,这可能与国外内数期刊严格限制论文字数有关所谓的引言就是为论文的写作立题，目的是引出下文。一篇论文只有命题成立，才有必要继续写下去，否则论文的写作就失去了意义。一般的引言包括这样两层意思：一是立题的背景，说明论文选题在本学科领域的地位、作用以及目前研究的现状，特别是研究中存在的或没有解决的问题。二是针对现有研究的状况，确立本文拟要解决的问题，从而引出下文。一般作者在引言写作中存在这样两方面的问题。1）文不着题，泛泛而谈。一些作者似乎把
红与黑读后感 范文一：Read the red and black "is a time too long process, because time already gave writers and works most selfless and impartial judge, I like reading attitude to bestseller since can't, and can't be like that unbridled fiction was noncommittal on that. I'm in with the mind talking with that era, the key is in history outside of the inquiry and me finish the book is gnaw its own great charm. The authors from a paper simple criminal case showed that time data broader social screen, turn an ordinary criminal improve to early nineteenth century French bourgeoisie social system, make the level of the research history and philosophy. Novel makes me see history books in curt inability to feel, that France and bourgeois big noble alternating the key period of ruling the condition. I learn realistic works of another kind of artistic characteristics of the world of people - 1783 stendhal "soul dialectics"; This and I had from the high old man ", "ouye ni · lattice lang sets of Balzac in" the experience "caused a person's circumstances" very most dazzling encyclopedia is literary history famous characters, in SuoLeiEr natural is even higher, "civilian background, culture, as happened with the hostess governess, relationships, dew, the shot that lover, was sentenced to death" is his life's skeleton, "pursue" happy "warm" and "perseverance and class differences revolt showed almost hero's spirit is moving flesh and blood. The author USES desalt material description and highlight the gimmick of mind tracking, it is to strengthen the impulse even in youth pursuit of "the hero's dream" experience, this is the social form of resistance, but also for proudlly, our lost youth ambition in social reality when hampering only two choices: retreats or resistance. Those small staff in advance, not all the youth is complaining life tedious withdraws person, they maybe mediocrity comfortably was social forward eliminated. Can continually establish a life goal, decided to achieve the ideal of life is and YuLianYou masculine-looking same protesters. The era of course not welcome false words as the method, but still need enthusiasm for life to oppose empty to live. So, in the end even tragic except shows "personal rebellion won't work" outside, the more practical significance in today's so far, leads to the novel to a "firsts" -- made with DE pepe reina in even Mrs "spiritual love" and to connect with DE la Moore young lady "mind love" set each other off becomes an interest. Although the two aristocratic way of love, a very different deep, a frantic, they in these two basic points is consistent, that is: to this class of disgust, MenFa system and rebellious feudal. Remember when julien jeanvier find their love is morphing into vanity said "I put their tools can be destroyed", after the detail is "a proud with malicious expression between the most sincere quickly replaced the most intense love, look." The noble from miss is always slow as the tortoise climb, like life, with a loss of dignity method. Evoked love Book two paragraphs of tragic love has always been with the progress of the upstart dominated and even inferiority in the suspect, until brought life shall be the end, love that broke the futility of primitive sparks, a I will put pen to write with consciousness, found that when the time already can feel with the time with a psychic reading the original compared. I'm excited to gain against mediocre revelation, moved by those although distortion and still heroic love segments. When someone mentioned "red and black", I can proudly in response to "I read" behind plus a "I also YanJuan meditation of".红与黑读后感 范文二：In even the fate of bellaire. Cable gladne affects me. Throughout his extremely short, but is full of twists of young life, flowing turmoil with too many contradictions and complex. To this, people can make a lot of judgment -- a small SiYouZhe blind pursue personal interests tragedy. An ambitious destruction; A feudal fighter sacrifice, etc. All have views, but are sensible. I think, said even a individualism in would be nice but ambitious than a the pursuit of happiness and unfortunate went wrong people more precisely. Natural this wrong not simply take a memorized the means of social morality, but from his mind deeper contradictions in all his life in the pursuit of happiness. Though he, but humble origins to education, and by good with outstanding wisdom, so his future in the so-called these parisians of society. What is happiness, and how to achieve happiness, is puzzling humanity for thousands of years, also puzzling our in even. In their mind, happiness and no exact standard, just in his deceit, in his vigilance, his another "battle plan" in its implementation. He is the first out of the abuse and happiness, custom for Mrs. Leonard lauder's front perform "some responsibility" and happiness, as proud mathilde in front of your happiness, for yield fictions and happy again the hell. He desire happiness, eager to rocketing, he vowed that he would rather die a thousand times will make a meteoric rise. Therefore, he made a and a "war plan", use all sorts of false means, he superman wisdom play incisively and vividly. But after all, he is a good young plant, so in often of happiness, he will ask yourself, deeply remorse. Therefore, his plan always loopholes, always is found that even in this kind of happiness in the standard in society and others standard for the standard, the pursuit of others and the society admits. In essence, he didn't get much joy and happiness, on the contrary make him in a tense state, just feel "happy to the extreme," running in excitement, an "ambitious ecstasy" realization, just a moment's passion, the rest is thinking about then should make a plan. These so-called happiness is only in summons, even to sacrifice the representation essence. When he thought Mrs. Leonard lauder's letter ruined his happiness, he thought of revenge, was eventually put into prison. Instead, make him in prison released from social bondage, freedom. He unloaded all camouflage and masks a bygone, find the true self, also found the essence of happiness. He gave up the escape and appeal, can sincerely treat every friend, frankly, in in the love, we also even with strong interest. Because in the successful happiness then destruction even with his love of close contact. His two lovers - Mrs. Leonard lauder's and mathilda with short and struggle of life, so might as well to see even respectively with the two lovers in the romance. Julien jeanvier and Mrs. Leonard lauder's love for her even began to temptation. At first, he just in the performance of the so-called "responsibility", this is a kind of noble Lord retaliation, a vanity of satisfy. But Mrs. Leonard lauder's the kind, honest, gentle deeply moved to even. A period of time, he fell madly in love with Mrs. Leonard lauder's. Unfortunately this loving and soon occupied by various ambition, until finally and grubby, outbreaks.红与黑读后感 范文一：读《红与黑》是一段太过漫长的过程，因为时间已给了作家和作品最无私而又公正的评判，我的阅读态度自不能像对畅销书那样肆无忌惮，又不能像对言情小说那样不置可否。我是在用心灵去与那个时代交谈，重点也放在历史以外的探究和思考。引领我啃完着本书的是其本身的巨大魅力。作者从一纸简单的刑事案件资料中展示出那个时代广阔的社会画面，把一个普通的刑事罪行提高到对十九世纪初期法国资产阶级社会制度，进行历史和哲学研究的水平。小说令我看到在生硬的历史书上无法感受的，那段法国大贵族和资产阶级交替执政的关键时期的状况。我从中了解到现实主义作品的另一种艺术特色——司汤达倾心的人的“灵魂辨证法”；这与以往我从《高老头》、《欧也妮·格朗台》中体会的巴尔扎克的“造成一个人的境遇”有很大不同。全书最耀眼也是文学史上著名的人物自然是于连·索雷尔，“平民出身，较高文化，任家庭教师，与女主人发生恋情，事露，枪杀恋人，被判死刑”是他一生的骨架，“追求”幸福的“热情”和“毅力”、对阶级差异的反抗所表现出近乎英雄的气概就是动人的血肉。作者用淡化物质描写而突出心灵跟踪的手法强化的，正是于连处在青年的冲动下追求“英雄的梦想”经历，这是对那个社会形态的反抗，也是对碌碌无为、虚度青春的反抗。在社会现实阻碍实现抱负时只有两种选择：退避或是反抗。那些当着小职员不求上进、整天抱怨生活乏味的青年就是退避者，他们或许平庸得舒适却被社会的前进所淘汰。能不断树立人生目标、决定实现人生理想的便是和于连有同样气概的反抗者。这个时代当然不欢迎虚伪的言行作为手段，但仍然需要对生活的热情来反抗空虚的度日。这样，于连悲剧性的结局除了昭示“个人反抗行不通”外，就有了对当今社会更实际的意义。写至此，不得不引到这部小说的一个“创举”——使于连与德·雷纳尔夫人“心灵的爱情”和于连与德·拉莫尔小姐“头脑的爱情”相映成趣。尽管这两个贵族女性的爱情方式迥然不同，一个深沉，一个狂热，他们在这两个基本点上却是一致的，那就是：对本阶级的厌恶，对封建门阀制度的叛逆。记得当于连发现自己的爱情正蜕变成虚荣的工具时说“我把自己毁了”，可之后的细节是“一种高傲之间带着恶意的表情很快的代替了最真挚、最强烈的爱情的表情。”这时的贵族小姐却是摆脱了一向慢得像乌龟爬一样的生活，用丧失尊严的方法博得爱情。书中两段悲剧爱情的进展始终伴随着新贵的若即若离和于连的自卑带来的怀疑，直至生命将要终结时，爱情才爆发出无济于事的原始的火花，令人感怀。当我将落笔时，发现用意识写出感想的时间已可与用精神阅读原著的时间相比较了。我兴奋于自己得到反抗平庸的启示，感动于那些尽管扭曲而依然壮烈的爱情片段。当有人提及《红与黑》，我可以自豪地在回答“我读过”后面加上一句“我也掩卷沉思过”。红与黑读后感 范文二：于连.索莱尔的命运时时刻刻牵动着我。综观他极其短暂，却满是波折动荡的年轻生命，流淌着太多矛盾和复杂。对此，人们可以作出很多评判——是个小私有者盲目追求个人利益的悲剧；一个野心家的毁灭；一个反封建斗士的牺牲等等。各有各的看法，但又都在情理之中。就我以为，说于连是个个人主义野心家固然不错，但不如说他是个追求幸福而又不幸走上歧途的人更为确切些。自然这种歧途不是简单地采取了某种有背社会道德的手段，而是来自他心灵更深处的矛盾本质。于连的一生都在追求幸福。他虽出身卑贱，却有幸受到良好的教育，又有着杰出的智慧，所以他日后能厕身在所谓的上流社会中。什么是幸福，怎样得到幸福，是困惑着人类几千年的问题，也同样困惑着我们的于连。在他心目中，幸福并没有确切的标准，只是在他的心计，在他的警觉，他的一个又一个的“作战计划”及其实施当中。他为第一次摆脱了父兄的虐待而幸福，为德.莱纳夫人面前履行“某种责任”而幸福，为骄傲的玛蒂尔德在自己面前屈服而幸福，为一次次地发迹而幸福得要命。他渴望幸福，渴望飞黄腾达，他发誓宁可死一千次也要飞黄腾达。为此，他制出了一个又一个“作战计划”，使出各种虚伪手段，他超人的智慧发挥的淋漓尽致。但他毕竟是个好苗子，所以在每每幸福之时，他又会扪心自问，深深自责。因此，他的计划总会漏洞百出，总会让人怀疑。我们不难发现于连在这种幸福的标准是以社会和他人标准为标准，追求他人和社会的承认。实质上，他并没有获得多少快乐和幸福，反而使他处在一种紧张状态，仅仅是感到“快乐的到了极点”，兴奋地跑来跑去，一种“野心家实现后的狂喜”，只是片刻激情而已，剩下的是想着紧接着应该在制定一个计划。这些所谓的幸福仅仅是表象而已，于连为了表象而牺牲了本质。当他以为德.莱纳夫人的一封信断送了他的幸福时，他想到了报复，最终被投进了监狱。在狱中反而使他从社会的束缚解脱出来，获得了自由。他卸下了往日一切伪装和面具，找到了真实的自我，也找到了本质的幸福。他放弃了逃跑和上诉，能够真诚地对待每一位朋友，坦然地面对死亡。对于于连的爱情，我们同样怀着强烈的兴趣。因为于连的成功幸福既而毁灭都与他的爱情紧密联系着的。他的两个恋人——德.莱纳夫人和玛蒂尔德伴着短暂而奋斗的一生，所以不妨分别来看看于连与两个恋人的恋情。于连和德.莱纳夫人的爱情始于于连对她的诱惑。起初，他只是在履行所谓的“责任”，这是一种对贵族老爷的报复，一种虚荣的满足。但是德.莱纳夫人的善良、淳朴、温柔深深地打动了于连。一段时间，他疯狂地爱上了德.莱纳夫人。可惜这颗爱心又很快被种种野心占有了，直至最后才又复燃，爆发。英中文对照
商务英语论文怎么选题?我为大家分享的是商务英语论文选题分类及参考选题，希望对大家有帮助!
商务英语论文选题分类
A 英国文学(英国文学的文化研究、作品分析等);
² 国别文学研究和地域文学研究
² 文学流派研究 (如：浪漫主义，现实主义，自然主义，超现实主义，存在主义，黑色幽默，意识流，女性主义文学等)
² 作家研究和文本分析
² 中外比较文学研究
B 美国文学(美国文学的文化研究、作品分析等);
² 国别文学研究和地域文学研究
² 文学流派研究 (如：浪漫主义，现实主义，自然主义，超现实主义，存在主义，黑色幽默，意识流，女性主义文学等)
² 作家研究和文本分析
² 中外比较文学研究
C西方文化(英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究);
² 文化与外语学习
² 中西方文化比较
² 地域文化研究 (如：“美国60年代的摇滚学--社会的晴雨表”)
D语言学(语言学一般理论的研究);
² 语言学研究 (如：语言研究，文字研究，词汇研究，短语和句子研究，语篇研究，语言与文化等)
E教学法(英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究);
² 语言教学研究，教学法研究，教学方法和技巧研究 (如：语言研究与语言习惯，测试与评估研究，课堂教学管理研究，教育技术的使用与开展研究)
² 英语学习个体差异研究 (如：不同性格的学生的口语能力有何不同?)
F翻译学(翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等);
² 翻译学理论研究
² 翻译方法个案研究 (如：“从海明威的短篇小说《一个干净、的地方》看简洁句的翻译”)
² 中外翻译比较
G 商务英语
² 国际贸易与实务等
² 旅游与旅游管理等
H其它类
² 其他 (如：国际关系类论文等)
英语专业论文参考选题
(以下选题仅供参考， 毕业论文 题目的最终确立请与指导教师认真磋商。)
1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre
《简爱》的主人翁个性分析
2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评
3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论
4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress
《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较
5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索
6. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究
7. A Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching
以学生为中心的 英语词汇 教学
8. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译
9. A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究
10. About the Breaking of American Dream from the Great Gatsby
从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破碎
11. About the Quality-oriented Education in English Language Teaching
英语教学中的素质教育
12. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换
13. Application of English Idioms in Daily Life 英语习语在日常生活中的运用
14. Body Language Difference in Meaning in Cross-cultural Communication
体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异
15. Characterization in Charles Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯小说中的人物塑造
16. Choice of Correct Words in Translation在翻译中如何准确选词
17. Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术
18. Comparing First and Second Language Acquisitions
二语习得与母语的比较研究
19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English
中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区
20. Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation
论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达法
21. Cultural Factors and Limitations in Translation 翻译的文化因素局限性
22. Developing Students’ Cultural Awareness through Foreign Language Teaching
通过外语教学培养学生的文化意识
23. Dialectics in Translation 翻译中的辩证法
24. Differences between Audio-lingual Method and Functional Approach
听说法与交际法的区别
25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning
外语学习中学习动机的影响
26. English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered
英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心
27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language
英语学习中的错误分析研究
28. Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达
29. Features of Network English 网络英语的特点
30. Food Culture in America and China 中美饮食文化比较
31. How to Appreciate English Prose: Traditional and Modern Ways
如何欣赏英语散文——传统与现代方法比较
32. Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺
33. Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的作品在中国的影响
34. Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary
科学技术对英语词汇的影响
35. Information Theory and Translation 信息论与翻译
36. Inter-Translation of English and Chinese Proverbs 英汉 谚语 的互译
37. Jane Austen and the Heroine in Pride and Prejudice
简奥丝丁和《傲慢与偏见》的女主人
38. Lexical Gaps in Chinese and English Inter-Translation 英汉互译的词义差异
39. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincoln’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征
40. Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征
41. Linguistic Features of English Advertisements 英语广告的语言特征
42. Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象
43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误
44. Metaphoric Expressions in Poem … 论《…》诗中的暗喻
45. Methods and Procedures in Language Teaching 语言教学的方法及过程
46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析
47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning
论第二语言学习的态度及动机
48. On Charles Dickens Style in … 论狄更斯的《…》中的语言风格
49. On . Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识
50. On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication 论教师与学生之间的课堂交流
51. On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice
论《威尼斯商人》中的人物夏洛克
52. On the Criteria of Translation 议翻译标准
53. On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character 论简爱的性格发展
54. On the Feasibility of Communicative Approach in China
谈交际法在中国的可行性
55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能
56. On the Humour of Mark Twain 马克吐温的幽默观
57. On the Importance of Translation Theory 翻译理论的重要性
58. On the Learning Strategy of English as a Foreign language 谈英语的学习策略
59. On the Linguistic Features of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
《哈克贝利费恩历险记》的语言特点
60. On the Poetry of Robert Frost (1874-1963) 评议弗罗斯特的诗歌
61. On the Poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1885) 评议沃兹沃斯的诗歌
62. On the Principles for Translation 浅议翻译原则
63. On the Relations of Basic Language Skills 基本语言技能的关系
64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush
论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同
65. On the Style of Withering Heights 《呼啸山庄》的文体分析
66. On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman
《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧
67. On the Vividness and Images in Poem … 论《…》诗文的生动性与比喻
68. On the Words and Expressions Belittling the Female 蔑视女性的词汇和表达法
69. On the Writing / Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts
论涉外经济合同写作/翻译
70. On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译
71. On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译
72. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities
论商标、出口商品名称的翻译
73. On Winston Churchill’s Prose Writing 评邱吉尔的散文写作
74. Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象
75. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning
个性因素在外语学习中的作用
76. Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair
论《名利场》的观点及言语方式
77. Politeness and Indirect Speech Acts 礼貌与间接言语行为
78. Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication
跨文化交际中的语用失误
79. Professional Skills for Foreign Language Teachers in Chinese Middle Schools
中国中学外语教师的专业技能
80. Relations of Speed and Understandability in Reading Comprehension
阅读理解中速度与理解性之间的关系
81. Relationship between … Theory and Language Research
论…理论与语言研究的关系
82. Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition)
论年龄与第二语言习得的关系
83. Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms
《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法
84. Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑
85. Semantic Analysis of Nominalization in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析
86. Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language
论英语中的性别现象及性别歧视
87. Similarities and Dissimilarities of British and American English
论英式英语和美式英语的异同
88. Social Context in the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning
外语教学中的社会语境
89. Study of “Hemingway Style” 论“海明威风格”
90. Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions 论习语中的象征手法
91. Syntactical Features of Business English 谈商务 英语写作 的句法特征
92. Syntax in John Milton’s Paradise Lost 弥尔顿的《失乐园》的句法探讨
93. Techniques of Theme Production in Wuthering Heights
《呼啸山庄》主题的表现手法
94. The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in Modern Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 交际法的教学手段在现代外语教学中的运用
95. The Characteristics of Computer Language Vocabulary 计算机语言词汇的特点
96. The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching
英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素
97. The E/C Translation of Metaphors 暗喻的英汉翻译
98. The Function of Grammar in English Study 英语学习中语法的功能
99. The Influence of L1 on the Learning of a Foreign Language
母语对外语学习的影响
100. The Influence of Wars on American Literature 战争对美国文学的影响
101. The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer
《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力
102. The Negation in Translation 论正说反译和反说正译
103. The Role of Grammatical Rules in English Language Learning
语法规则在英语学习中的地位
104. The Significance of Communicative Competence in Foreign Language Testing
外语测试中交际能力的重要性
105. The Theory of “Dynamic Equivalence” and its Application in E/C Translation
等效翻译理论及其在英汉翻译中的应用
106. The Translation of Proper Names 专有名词的翻译
107. The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause
定语从句的理解与翻译
108. The Use of Nouns in English 英语中名词的使用
109. The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English
英语中强调语气的表达方式
110. Thomas Hardy and his Tess of the D’Urbervilles 哈代和他的《苔丝》
111. Translation of Rhetoric Devices in EST (English for Science and Technology)
论科技英语中修辞格的翻译方法
112. Translation Techniques of Idioms and Slangs 成语、俚语的翻译技巧
113. Translation Techniques of Proverbs, Loanwords and Colloquialisms
谚语、外来语和俗语的翻译技巧
导语：红与黑是一个经典的外雇名著，他给我们讲诉了结局的最后，于连“难逃一死”，德·莱纳夫人也在随后的三天里死去。在看起来悲剧的故事中，其实蕴含着一个令人惊叹和折服的“美好”结局。你选权势，还是幸福?下面是我为大家整理的，英语范文。希望对大家有所帮,欢迎阅读，仅供参考，更多相关的知识，请关注CNFLA学习网!
No doubt about it, "the red" is a "can read the book. The reason for this is that there are many kinds of law, like many classics, a dream of red mansions, for example, someone read the revolution, political read by someone, someone read love, someone read life...... And so on. So, how to read the "the flavor", is a common problem facing the two books.
Actually in the main content is the book about even. (contract-wise tragic fate, because he is the hero of the novel, "the red" is all he wont lifting process of a portrait. A weak shy young civilians only depend on oneself of smart materials and by perseverance in a hierarchical society struggle, in order to achieve his great ambition, it is not only to show everywhere of the advantage of knowledge and ability, but also to take a variety of means of little luster, such as false, false, and hollow. As he climbed up a certain position, however, thinks he has on the apprentice of the royal road to learning, a letter interrupted him rising momentum, let him understand that he is still a "Jura mountains of poor peasant" (). He tried to escape his bullying was despised status, thought in the aristocratic society is achieved his ambition to climb high, but he finally did not give up his last line of defense, namely his dignity.
In the maze is in his "would rather die one thousand times also will thrive on" determination. In fact, in the end, to even feel DE rainer lady brought him happiness. So he regret at the beginning, but everything is late. Not too even fell down from the top, not to say that he has failed, but said he started out of misunderstanding. Camus said repeatedly war and defeated the story of Sisyphus, says he is happy. We might as well hit its meaning and use of, not the pursuit of the even is happy, and said wake up in the is happiness.
To see happiness is indeed a rare and precious and worth to cherish, can be in "the red" in a sentence: "what is powerful! Sir, isn't it? The respect of fools, the young man's surprise, the rich get envy, sage despise. - barney," power is also very important, of course, in the eyes of a few, maybe not. Have the power, can get a lot of, but also will lose a lot, and may have nothing, yes, just like in the "if only". Still, there are most people think the apprentice, the apprentice, after all, in the eyes of some people is "'s interest ". Power and happiness may not be a trade-off between like fish and bear's paw, powerful, of course, may also is a kind of "happiness", but power is likely to be ruined something tend to strive for a lifetime are not, such as happiness.
Ending in the end, in the "doomed", madame DE rainer also die in the next three days. In the look of the tragedy story, actually contains an amazing and a heroic "happy" ending. You choose power, or happiness?
毫无疑问的，《红与黑》是一本让人“百读而不厌”的书。其原因在于有很多种读法，像许多名著，例如《红楼梦》，有人读出了革命，有人读出了政治，有人读出了爱情，有人读出了人生......等等。所以，怎样读才能解“其中味”，是这两本书面临的共同的问题。
其实这本书最主要的内容是关于于连.索莱尔的悲剧命运，因为他是小说的主人公，全部《红与黑》就是他浮沉升降兴衰荣辱的过程。一个孱弱腼腆的平民青年只靠自己的聪明材质和坚韧不拔的毅力在一个等级森严的社会里奋斗，为了实现他那巨大的野心，它不仅要处处显示知识和能力上的优势，还要采取种种不大光彩的手段，例如虚伪、作假和违心之举。然而正当他爬上一定的位置，自以为他上了飞黄腾达的坦途时，一封信就打断了他上升的势头，让他明白他仍然是一个“汝拉山区穷乡下人”()。他曾经试图摆脱自己受欺凌遭藐视的地位，以为在贵族社会里爬上高位就是实现了自己的抱负，然而他终于不曾放弃他最后的防线，即他的尊严。
于连的迷误正在于他那“宁可死上一千次也要飞黄腾达”的决心。其实到最后，于连也感到了德·莱纳夫人给他带来的幸福。他于是悔不当初，可惜一切都晚了。不过于连从顶峰上跌落下来，不是说他已经失败了，而是说他开始走出误区。加缪讲过屡战屡败的西绪福斯的故事，说他是幸福的。我们不妨袭其意而反用之，不说追求中的于连是幸福的，而说醒悟了的于连是幸福的。
由此可以看出幸福的确是难得可贵而又值得珍惜的，可在《红与黑》中有句话：“权势!先生，难道不算什么吗?愚者的尊敬，稚者的惊讶，富者的羡慕，贤者的鄙视。——巴纳夫”看来权势也非常重要，当然，在少数人眼里也许不是这样。有了权势，可以得到很多，也会失去很多，还有可能什么都没有，有的，只是像于连那样的“悔不当初”。尽管如此，还是有大多数人想飞黄腾达，毕竟飞黄腾达在有些人眼中是“百利而无一害”。权势和幸福也许并不像鱼和熊掌那样不可兼得，当然权势也许也是一种“幸福”，但是权势有可能会毁了一些往往拼搏一辈子都得不到的东西，如幸福。
结局的最后，于连“难逃一死”，德·莱纳夫人也在随后的三天里死去。在看起来悲剧的故事中，其实蕴含着一个令人惊叹和折服的“美好”结局。你选权势，还是幸福?
The red red spots as read plate, while the wheel represents the call a game of life.
Yu Lianyou talent, self-esteem and beauty, and the most fundamental, the most pure he is just a careerist. In with what we have just become a careerist paved the foundation for the road ahead.
19 years old, in a mercenary, advocating violence grew up in the family. He worshipped in crazy napoleon, eager to like napoleon jian, do the master of the world. But in a hierarchical society, as a civilian have ambition he can only pursue his happiness in the heart, and in his short life in order to play the role of the different, he learned to camouflage, learn to false. So he can blend in the society, can get the title of nobility, can have money and love, he thinks. Just so that he along the way, lost vitality, lost is the initial dream.
In love is strange, his lady to fall in love with DE, self-esteem, self-respect to mathilde fell in love with him. To even the love is always around the his self-esteem, even in the conquest of love, and this itself is a mistake. He refused DE can be sensitive to the wife's care, cannot reject Mr DE, full of insult means 100 francs.
Longs to fly in the teenager in lost once beautiful at the same time, after all, not winning against fate, imprisoned in even understand how empty his pursuit of happiness in this lifetime, in the face of the coming of death finally unloaded all mask, that's real nice to connect to the first lover, said: "you know, I've always loved you, I only love you one."
Red, full of life, the color of passion.
Black -- human hypocrisy, all the downfall of the dark.
Red and is black to the collision of the thinking of life.
红与黑如同读盘上的红黑点，而这轮盘则象征了那称之为人生的一场游戏。
于连有才华，自尊和美貌，而最根本，最纯粹的他只是一个野心家。于连所拥有的一切只是为成为一个野心家铺平前方道路的'基石。
19岁的于连，在一个唯利是图，崇尚暴力的家庭中成长。他疯狂崇拜着拿破仑，渴望像拿破仑那样身佩长剑，做世界的主人。但在一个等级森严的社会里，身为平民而拥有野心的他只能追寻他心目中的幸福，于是在他短暂的人生中于连命令自己去扮演那些不同的角色，他学会伪装，学会虚伪。于是他可以混迹于上流社会，可以得到贵族的头衔，可以拥有金钱与他认为的爱情。只是，这样的他在前进的道路上，遗失的是生命力，迷失的是最初的梦想。
于连的爱情很奇怪，他为了自尊爱上德·纳尔夫人，为了自尊让马蒂尔德爱上了他。于连的爱情永远围绕这他的自尊，于连在征服爱情，而这本身就是一个错误。他可以敏感的拒绝德·纳尔夫人的关心，却不能拒绝德·纳尔先生充满侮辱意味的100法郎。
渴望飞翔的少年在失去曾今的美好的同时终究没有战胜命运，入狱的于连明白了自己此生追求的幸福多么虚无，面对死亡的来临终于卸下一切面具，那个最真实美好的于连对着初恋情人说：“你要知道，我一直爱着你，我只爱你一个人。”
红——充满生命，激情的颜色。
黑——人性中虚伪，一切阴暗的堕落。
红与黑的碰撞，激起的是对人生的思考。
During my extracurricular time, I started reading The Red and The Black. It was a typical and fundamental European work of criticism and realism which was released in the 19th century .I like reading attitude to bestseller since I can’t ,and can’t be like that unbridled fiction was noncommittal on that .I’m in with the mind talking with that era ,the key is in history outside of the inquiry and thinking. The author Marie-Henri Beyle （January 23, 1783 – March 23, 1842） was better known by his pen name Stendhal. He was a 19th-century French writer. He was known for his acute analysis of his characters" psychology, and he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels .The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma. The book is divided into 4 parts. Now let me tell you the first part of this famous book. The small town of Verrieres is located in the hillside. There is a beautiful river called Doubs .There are many wood factories stand on the bank of the river. The mayor is a noble blood man, who is very tall. A full metal hang on his chest. He is about 50 years old. His house is very large. There is the most beautiful garden .His wife is beautiful and rich, but his talent is shortage, the wit of this man does not go beyond make sure he is paid on the dot whatever is owed to him, and leaving it to the last possible moment to pay back what himself owes 。 In the city, there is an important person. He is the beggar shelter director Mr. Wa. He spent ten thousand to twenty –two thousand francs to get this position. He has a powerful physique, palm face, black and thick mustache. The others think he is a lady-killer, even the mayor fear him. But the mayor determined to please a tutor in order to show their superior. The carpenter’s son is proficient in Latin, who is named Julien. He was elected as the tutor of the mayor . He is about 18 years old , long slight and comedy. He has two big and black eyes. In tranquil, as if his eyes will shot the glory of the fire, but for a instant, his eyes appeared the terrible hatred. Because he held the book all day, and don not like to do the physical work, it always make other people hate him. Even it will lead his family to beat him. As a child, he was crazy about Napoleon. He was eager to be a person like napoleon and do the master of the world. He thinks Nopoleon He was only wearing swords became the master of the world。 But then he is studying the theology. He trust in remarkable memory to put the Latin bible full back down, this matter a sensation in the city. The mayor’s beautiful wife grew up in the monastery. She hates the man who is rough. Since there is no love, she draw her all attention on raising her three children. She thinks him ‘In fact, he is a girl pretends the man. But she find him is so soft and moving. She thinks Julien is a good and have a good impression on him. Even thinks besides money, power, medal of greed, the man is petrified for everything. She is fall in love with Julien, but at the time, the servant whose name is Elisa also loved him. Elisa received a heritage and want to thank the Catholic father conveys her love to Julien. But Julien refuse her love. When the wife knew it, she is very surprised. She find herself have a special feelings to Julen. In summer, the mayor moves to a country garden to live. When they are enjoying the night, they feel very happy. Julien touched the wife’s hands inadvertently. The wife shrank back suddenly. It makes Julien thinks that the wife look down upon him. Julien determined to have to hold this hand. The next night, he do it. He hold the wife’s hands tightly. It satisfied his proud. The wife does not get any sleep that night because of love, morality and responsibility. She decides to use cold manner to treat Julien. When Julien isn’t at home, she can’t help thinking him. At the same time, Julien becomes more brave, he thought to himself in his heart I owe it to myself all the time to succeed with this woman, continued my petty vanity. Since if ever I make my fortune, and the humble job of tutor is held against me, I shall be able to insinuate that cast me that role. Two o"clock at night Julien break into her room. At first, she is very angry for his rude behavior, but when she sees his eyes full of tears, she begins to sympathize with it. She thinks to herself, it is excellent to meet Julien 10 years ago if it is possible. But, she does not have this idea in her heart completely. His love completely beyond the ambition, possessive and generate enthusiasm. He is so poor and so noble, beautiful,. He has the gift of God. Soon after, the emperor arrived here. Under the arrangement of the wife, Julien joins the guard, it makes him show himself in public. During the meeting, Julien takes part in the memorial ceremony. After that, he thinks, if there is a position of eminence, he prefers to suffer from difficulties in order to get the position. The wife"s little son is dying, and she thinks this is a kind of punishment of God for her immoral behavior. And then she get into a terrible confession In my opinion, Julien is delicate and sensitive extremely. In the mayor"s home tutor, Julien through brilliantly recite Latin Saint won the de Ruina a down sit up and take notice, more with his handsome looks, juvenile pride moved the wife’s heart. And Julien must prove something psychological, looking at her, as if he is the enemy, he was going forward and her fight against That is, the strange Julien seize the reader"s heart firmly. Julien is sensitive and delicate. He has a great memory, and his pride and self-esteem, worship the environment of power is given. For indeed is very self, in his mind, the dignity of being referred to a supreme status, he can give up can be an easy job to get the money, because he needs is the respect of others. But for his pride and the pursuit of the ideal and eventually led him astray. In addition, I find myself is crazy about this famous book. I will continue reading the last three parts of this book. I think it also can improve my English ability and open my view. It is a good book absolutely.
"It is because I was mad and then that today I am wise. O philosopher, you who take an instantaneous view of filings, how short are your perspectives! Your eye is not desired to follow the underground workings of passions."---W. GOETHE一、Brief introduction to the novel The material of the Red and the Black stems from a judgment of a local court, saying that a tutor murdered his female master since he was fall in love with her heavily and, how terribly it is, he had adultery relationship with his female master. Julien ,who is the key figure in this novel ,was a son of a carpenter in Verrieres(维里埃尔), in which every people was selfish, arrogant and eager to be moneybags .He had seen the troops of Napoléon Bonaparte in his childhood, reed certain works of Loescher and the declaration of Napoléon Bonaparte`s army. Although Julien had dreamed to be a general when he was a child under such influence, he abandoned his ideal but turned to be an excellent curate with the time passing by. Julien acted as a tutor for the mayor of Verrieres in his age of nineteen out of his unique talent for Bible comprehension, undoubtedly, it is a blockbuster for Julien, the commonest in all commons of inhabitants of Verrieres in his lifetime stage. There is an old saying goes that each coin has two sides, Julien was felled in love with M. cie Renal , who was “extremely shy and seemed highly impressionable” (英语学习大书虫研究室:《红与黑》,译林出版社,第13页) , was the wife of M. de Rtenal . It was this love that brings demon to Julien, even to his life. Julien had to give up this fat case after revealing his love story and was recommended by abbe Pirard to De La Mole, the brilliant politician in Paris, as his private secretary. Fortunately, something seems precious, had been lost in the last, and is now on the way home when he set his foot in De La Mole’s home. Julien, after a long period pursuing, achieved his lifetime goal that becoming a member of upper class eventually through his marriage with the daughter of DE La Mole, Mathilde, although De La Mole was forced to acknowledge that. But something unexpected happened, M. cie Renal was lured to write a letter to De La Mole to tell him their love story with Julien, De La Mole was filled with anger at the way he had been tricked by Julien and refused to accept Julien any more immediately. As soon as news of tragedy was taken to Julien, shock waves spread rapidly to all parts of his brain, to get publicity and trust back, Julien used shock tactics, that is to say, taking a shot at M. cie Renal, the wife of the mayor of Verrieres. When it comes to the end, each cool head could have the same image:“ she (Mathilde) was lighting a number of candles…… she had placed Julien’s head on a little marble table in front of her, and she was kissing his forehead…… ”(英语学习大书虫研究室:《红与黑》,译林出版社,第569页) 二、Personal comments on this novel (一) 、Julien is a liberator This viewpoint may be disputed by many people; I still believe that it is Julient which brought free ideology to such women who were being long term oppression. Chairman Mao had said that “You said Julien had destroyed others’ family, even a happy family, this comment is not objective. Actually, such a happy family cannot be destroyed, if it were true, it would be unhappy obviously. That family has oppression, therefore, where is oppression, where is revolt. This is called reacting force, I am sure Julien is the liberator which helps Madame to carry on the revolt.” As every body knows that Julien is the commonest in lower class, he has ambition that changing his mortal status which prevent him from entering upper class and having highly self-development, although his tactics seemed too harsh or, at least, aggressive, he had spared no effort to pursuit what he believes belongs to his inner heart, let alone love between M. cie Renal and Mathilde. What causes Julien’s death is not his immoral or illegal behaviors but the need of the politician’s nasty competition for respective political profits. Julien is a liberator because his words and behaviors’ influence had set an idol for the publicity, even the representative of upper class, M. cie Renal, we can see these lines in the ending of this novel: “M. cie Renal was faith to her promise. She did not seek in any way at all to take her own life; but three days after Julien (Julien’ death), she died with her children in her arms.” (英语学习大书虫研究室:《红与黑》,译林出版社,第569页). Without Julien’s influences, the ideology of revolt, even lightly disobey to such oppression could not be a little spark. Julien’s death just the incident which sparked off a whole chain of disasters to the system of society, Julien became the deaf lamb of political tricks, whose miserable life showing to us just the initial intention of the writer to write this tragedy, that is to say, to reveal such nasty secrets behind pert faces. (二) 、The artistic feature of this novel 1、Realism Stendhal , the author of this novel, who was “the first one to reveal capitalism’s feature after its victory ”(《列宁选集》，中华书局，第473页), is a realist writer. In this novel , all sentences and words 、attitudes and behavior based on the acceptance of facts and the rejection of sentiment and illusion. He is loyal to portrayal of familiar things as they are without idealizing them a little, the material of the story stems from a judgment of a local court, saying that a tutor murdered his female master since he was fall in love with her heavily and, how terribly it is, he had adultery relationship with his female master. It was that document which gives Stendhal inspiration to write this world-famous work and aim at revealing the cruelty、 darkness 、bitterness of living in capitalism society and extremely selfish for respective profits. 2、Educational No one could dispute that each reader of this novel would find the experience of such characters most educational, you could find out your own shadow somehow when compared to them, which is the extraordinary charming, having unique power, or, overwhelming. Let me go straightly, Julien’s personal experience was a mirror to us youth who want to make difference in the world in his lifespan and his tragedy just justify what said by Arabham Lincon: “you can fool all the people some of the time, some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.” 3、Critical The Red and the Black is not popular in the current critical climate of that age, some literary criticism even spoke critically of S. History always goes forward by justice, she taught us trying to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value. With time went by, this terrific work receive palms from publicity gradually, hundreds of years gone, it has formed formidable influence and dominated Google searching net last three years. What he intents to reveal is becoming obviously in modern capitalism society nowadays, more and more literalists has learnt his literary style, making more and more extraordinary contribution to the harmonious relationship to each respect. It is the Red and the Black that help us to know capitalism more profoundly.
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and Germany. Switzerland ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了，为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰？原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩，又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象，而且通过主人公的经历，展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷，触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅，但又自私、多疑。在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会，因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪：启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响，培养了他的反搞性格。他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋，飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期，拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。 就在这样的岩石底下，一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识，明知毫无价值，却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家，当起家庭教师来。在那段时期，他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系，大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。但是，纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂，助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后，亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕，于是他便耍起了两面派手法，这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格，强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识，但在受到侯爵重用，征服玛特尔小姐后，于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时，因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程，把自己送上了断头台。 作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，《红与黑》并没有从概念出发，将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反，作者却给予了他深切的同情，通过人对欲念的执着追求与追求不到的痛苦来批判那个时代特定的社会现实，这也是《红与黑》流传至今魅力长存的原因。 可以吗？