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沉浸式阅读教学实践研究论文

议论文教学一直以来是初中语文教学中的一个难点。教师若采用恰当的教学方式,可消除学生学习议论文的恐惧心理,减少议论文的理解障碍,并能感受议论文的文体之美。笔者在近年来的教学实践中运用沉浸式阅读教学尝试议论文教学,发现与传统阅读教学方式相比,沉浸式阅读教学具有独特的效果。

一、“沉浸式”阅读教学的内涵与特征

“沉浸式”这一概念源引自加拿大首创的“沉浸式双语教育”,是指掌握一种语言的学童进入到另一所以第二种语言为教学语言的学校,教师用第二语言教授学科内容,从而培养出母语和第二语言一样精通的人才,[1]其特征是创造语言环境,使用第二语言,进行其它学科教学。将这一概念引入汉语的教学,在我国已有了初步的探索性实践。2006年苏州市初中语文教学研究组的教师们,率先在语文教学界提出了“沉浸式”语文教学模式,并基于江苏省重点课题《初中语文“沉浸式”教学研究》开展了专题研究,研究成果也已以专著形式出版。[2]作为该课题子课题之一的负责人,笔者在教学实践中,尝试了不同体例文章的“沉浸式”教学,尤其是议论文“沉浸式”阅读教学。语文沉浸式教学要求教师在教学中运用沉浸理论,引导学生主动地去接近纯粹的、经典的语言环境,积极地参与到教学活动中来,努力地“沉入”文本,浸润在母语纯正的语言氛围之中,从而获得最佳的学习体验,更有效地提高基本的语文素养。在议论文课堂教学中,学生应是学习的主体,教师引导学生通过反复地“读、疑、想、议”,让学生“浸润”在所学文本中,读出疑问、读出矛盾、读出味道,从而理解作者的写作意图、主观思想,感受议论文语言的魅力。议论文沉浸式阅读不仅是一种教学策略,更可以作为一种教学方式,运用于初中语文不同文体文章的教学中。它不仅可以提高议论文阅读教学的有效性,也有利于创设学生与文本进行对话的课堂环境。其特点可归纳为以下三个方面:①从处理教材的方式看,议论文沉浸式阅读教学具有整体性。②从学习引导的策略看,议论文沉浸式阅读教学具有激励性。③从教学活动的实施来看,议论文沉浸式阅读教学具有生成性。

二、议论文沉浸式阅读教学案例设计与实施

笔者曾在课堂教学实践中,以初中学生所接触的第一篇议论文《事物的正确答案不止一个》[3]为例,进行了议论文沉浸式阅读教学的尝试,从中探索到议论文沉浸式阅读教学的一些方法、步骤及实施过程。以下就此教学设计作一简单描述。

1.指导学生从疑问中读出作者的创作意图达到沉浸

朗读是语文阅读教学中重要的手段,不仅能增强语感、丰富积累,还能使学生在反复朗读中有所感悟、产生共鸣。实现议论文沉浸式阅读的有效方法仍然是朗读。教师要特别注重让学生在读中疑,在读中悟。初读文章时,可以让学生带着这些疑问去读:文章论述了哪些方面的问题?论述的中心又是什么?当大家一致认为文章依次论述了事物的正确答案不止一个、创造性思维必须具备的'要素、是否任何人都具备创造力、怎样才能成为一个富有创造力的人这四个方面的问题时,教师可进一步设疑:文章论述的中心究竟是什么?针对这个问题,学生可能出现分歧:有人认为是创造性思维,有人认为是事物的正确答案不止一个。紧接着教师可提出新的疑问:如果说文章是围绕“创造性思维”这一中心展开,那文章开头为何要从“事物的正确答案不止一个”这一问题开始论述,并以此为题呢?如果说文章是以“事物的正确答案不止一个”这一问题作为中心的,那为什么文章大部分篇幅都在论述“创造性思维”的问题?这样可以激发学生再次朗读文章的兴趣,也会启发学生思考“事物的正确答案不止一个”与“创造性思维”之间的联系。在反复设疑、反复朗读、反复思考中,学生终于能悟出作者如此安排的用意:文章由“事物的正确答案不止一个”谈起,启发我们要不满足于一个答案,也就是要寻求第二种答案;而要寻求第二种答案就有赖于创造性思维,于是引出了创造性思维的要素;又由“是否任何人都拥有创造力”这一问题的论述,引出了怎样才能成为一个富有创造力的人。归而纳之,作者的创作意图是让读者懂得如何才能成为富有创造力的人。通过这样的反复朗读和设疑求解的过程,学生对文章的思路更清晰、理解更深入,进入了议论文阅读的佳境,产生了沉浸的学习效果。

2.指导学生从矛盾中读出作者的主观思想达到沉浸

议论文主要通过文章论述的内容来阐明作者的主观思想。学生是否能理解并接受文中的主观思想,需要对关键语句进行反复朗读。《事物的正确答案不止一个》一文中有多处文字都能表现作者的思想和观点,在课堂上与其让老师来做支离破碎的讲解,不如激励学生反复的诵读来慢慢体会。在这个环节中教师可以引导学生关注文中看似矛盾的关键句,如,作者在论述“是否人人都具有创造力”这一问题时,既阐述了“任何人都拥有创造力”,又阐明了“富于创造力和缺乏创造力的区别”。作者既然承认有人缺乏创造力,为何又说“任何人都具备创造力”呢?此时,教师再放手让学生带者矛盾去朗读文本,引导学生抓住关键句仔细研读,反复咀嚼,读出深埋其中的涵义,使作者的主观思想达到呼之欲出的地步。如:“富于创造力的人,认为自己具有创造力;缺乏创造力的人,不认为自己具有创造力。”[4]意在告诉我们,富于创造力的人和缺乏创造力的人最根本的区别在于思想认识。又如:“认为自己不具备创造力的人中,有的觉得创造力仅仅属于贝多芬、爱因斯坦以及莎士比亚等人,从而自我压制;而拥有创造力的人留意自己细小的想法……并坚信自己一定能使之变为现实。”[5]这些信息进一步告诉我们,正是因为存在思想认识的区别,才影响他们的行动———进行自我压制。如果普通人也能像富有创造力的人一样去想去做,也能成为富有创造性思维的人。可见,教师抓住的几句看似矛盾的关键句子,为学生创设了自然的沉浸式的阅读佳境,促使学生在解读时充分与作者对话,与文本对话,进入文章所表达的意境中,最后领会作者的主观思想。3.指导学生从品味中读出论证的严密精准达到沉浸教师在阅读教学过程中要善于激发学生沉浸于作品的语言,引导学生品味出语言文字背后的意味。只有走进议论文语言文字的审美世界,学生才是真正走进议论文。创新需要有知识。作者在阐述创造性思维具备的要素时说:“富有创造性的人总是孜孜不倦地汲取知识,使自己学识渊博。因为知识随时都可能进行组合,形成新的创意”。[6]据此,教师可引导学生关注:哪些语言最能表现知识对创新的重要性呢?“总是”强调了知识对于创新的重要性和必要性。两个“从……到……”句式强调了无论什么时代,无论什么领域,不精通知识想要创新是不行的。又如“但这并不是说,光凭知识就能拥有创造性”,“发挥创造力的真正关键,在于如何运用知识。……并为此而活用知识的态度和意识,在此基础上,持之以恒地进行各种尝试。”[7]一个“但”字突出了强调的重点。作者在强调知识对创新的重要性的同时又强调构成创造性思维的关键要素:运用和尝试,并且是“持之以恒”地进行“各种”尝试。学生就能品味到作者选词用语的严密及说服力。可见,正是作者用词的精准、论述的严密,才得以让这些观点思想呈现得如此鲜明,也正是引导学生反复地读,仔细地品,议论文语言的理趣之美、逻辑之美、严密之美才得以让学生深刻地体会到。因此,教师在议论文教学时,只有通过朗读指导学生从疑问中读出作者的创作意图,从矛盾中读出作者的主观思想,从品味中读出论证的严密精准,才能让学生真正领会到议论文的魅力所在,从而发挥沉浸式阅读教学的强化阅读能力、深化课文理解、优化教学效果等优势。沉浸式阅读同样可以运用于其他文体的教学中,关键在于科学的课堂教学设计及教师对课文和方法的把握。

三、议论文沉浸式阅读教学需要注意的若干问题

1.要避免只见树木不见森林的文本解析

采用议论文沉浸式阅读教学应将文章看作是一个有机整体,避免把活生生的文章整体肢解。教师应阐述清楚文章的一个词句、一个段落、一个层次,与整个文章内在的联系。只见树木不见森林会丢失文章的整体思想和灵魂。注重文章碎片的融通和复原,是议论文阅读教学应认真思考的论题。

2.要力戒“以授代学”的现象

采用议论文沉浸式阅读教学要尽量避免以传授知识为唯一目标,以教师自身对文本的理解与分析为主的教学模式。教师不应是教参和学生之间的传声筒:或以自己的心得强加于学生,限制学生的自主学习;或用教参的固定答案,阻碍学生的创新想象;或过多强调阅读技法,忽视个体的情感体验;或以作者的感受来人为提升学生的领悟。这种“以授代学”的教学模式会忽视学生的体验和感悟,限制学生多维性与多解性的思考,不利于激发学生的思考激情与创造灵感。

3.摒弃“求证式”的教学套路

日常教学中,老师在教授议论文时习惯以三要素即论点、论据、论证作为重点来分析,先找中心论点,再看作者如何论证,用了哪些论据和论证方法。这种“求证式”教学逻辑严密且高效,也暗示着作者的观点是无可质疑的。老师的教学就是设法找到作者“三要素”的逻辑关系,据此证明作者立场观点的正确,然后说服学生接受。老师对课堂会控制得很严,想方设法把学生往自己的预设上引。这样做容易忽视学生的想法,无形中扼杀了学生的批判性思维,也剥夺了学生探究的乐趣和权利,生成也就无从谈起。

4.防止“放任自流”式的沉浸式阅读

沉浸式阅读教学同样需要强调教学目标的达成度。教师要注重课堂教学围绕既定的教学目标展开,一方面,要避免按部就班式的文体知识讲解,以及孤立、繁琐且枯燥的课文内容分析;另一方面,要防止机械套用,要发挥沉浸式阅读的特点和优势,引导学生去体验议论文的理性之美。使议论文教学达到卓有成效的沉浸效果。

参考文献:

[1]袁平华,俞理明.加拿大沉浸式双语教育与美国淹没式双语教育[J].比较教育研究,2005,(8):86~90.

[2]苏州市初中语文教学研究组编.“沉浸式”教学研究[M].苏州:苏州大学出版社,2010,(1).

[3][4][5][6][7]事物的正确答案不止一个.义务教育课程标准实验教科书《语文》七年级(上册).南京:江苏教育出版社,2009:6.

【摘 要】

开展国学经典诵读活动可以提高人文素养,励志明德。教师要借鉴传统诵读教学的方法,并将经典诵读与校园文化建设、德育实践活动等结合起来,为学生搭建一个又一个平台,使学生在生活实践的特定情境中心有所悟、心有所动,进而回应、共鸣、践行,实现诵读的最佳境界。

【关键词】

国学经典;诵读;内化于心;外化于行

中华文化最好的给养是国学经典,它不但可以提高文化素养,而且可以励志明德、启迪童蒙,指引其终生发展的方向。而国学经典中蕴含着的大量言外之意和弦外之音,只有通过亲身诵读才能深刻体会,也只有通过这种方式,才能够亲近和获得圣人的不言之教。把国学经典引入校园,并在国学经典诵读的实践路径和价值诉求的研究中独辟蹊径,才能使国学经典内化于心,外化于行。

一、绕于耳――听读

听读,可以激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的想象力。校园内,国学声声不绝于耳,学生在听读过程中,对国学经典的感知逐渐由模糊到清晰,通过反复巩固,达到诵读的目的。①学校设立国学经典诵读广播站,内容包括国学经典朗读、赏析及轶闻趣事等;②校园音乐融入国学经典歌曲和中国古典名曲,让学生在古典乐曲中感受传统文化的魅力;③将配乐诗朗诵设置为上下课铃声,陶冶学生心灵,点燃学习热情。

二、溢于眼――默读

泰戈尔说过,鹅卵石的完美不是靠锤的打击,而是因为水的载歌载舞。教育需要一种载体,需要一种氛围,需要环境的熏陶,尤其需要美化、诗化、艺术化。校园环境教育理念正是寓教育于无声无息之中,潜移默化,论道而不说教,让学生于举手投足间与古代先贤进行着一次又一次对话。①门口:利用学校电子屏幕开设 “一分钟课程”,精选国学经典,每天滚动播出,让学生在进出校门的短短一两分钟里,受到润物无声的文化熏陶;②院墙:在校园周围院墙上装饰富有传统文化内涵的大理石浮雕;③墙壁:镌刻“少年强则国强,少年进步则国进步”的14字校训;④楼道:根据不同年龄段学生的特点,分别设置 “中华经典浸润人生”的国学经典传统文化精粹长廊、“诗味书香弥漫校园”的书法艺术文化长廊;⑤教室:班级文化板块、在黑板报中开辟国学文化知识专栏;⑥校报:在学校创办的《春华秋实》月刊彩印校报上,开辟国学教育专栏,全面系统地向学生及家长宣传国学经典知识。

校园书香盎然,国蕴飘香。一砖一瓦,一草一木都显现一个鲜明的特征――国学经典。学生课间驻足浏览、欣赏,既对五千年的文明有初步的了解,其中涉及的修身、求学、创造等知识又给他们潜移默化的影响,可谓是“春风化雨,润物无声”。

三、吟于口――诵读

根据学生的年龄特点,在一至六年级分别开设不同的国学课程:一年级《弟子规》《三字经》,二年级《千字文》《笠翁对韵》,三年级《论语》《孟子》,四年级《大学》《中庸》,五年级《老子》,六年级《史记》《资治通鉴》。不同学段采取不同的诵读方法。

1. 低年级:故事代讲,熟读成诵

3~15岁是记忆力的高峰期,对儿童来说,记忆方法至简,无非是诵和背,在这之前唯一要做的就是根据看到的`和听到的来模仿。在每个班安装包括“神奇汉字”“国学故事”“水幕电影”等内容的国学资源库,国学经典以动画故事的形式来展现。比如,讲李渔的《笠翁对韵》“卞和三献玉,杨震四知金”时,给孩子们讲一下卞和和杨震的故事;在讲“雄文能徙鳄,艳曲为求凰”时,讲一讲韩愈和司马相如的故事……教师以故事代讲,并且联系实际,学生不讲自通,也对国学产生了兴趣,很容易熟读成诵。

2. 中年级:自读自悟,导读成诵

“书读百遍,其义自见。”传统语文教学中提出少讲、精讲或不讲,偏重于学生个人的感悟和体会。重读,能够让学生利用大量的时间去自读、自悟,只有在必要的时候加以点拨,或只对某些词句略加解释,或学生交流,即所谓“不愤不启,不悱不发”。

如讲《论语》中“子曰:‘伯夷、叔齐,不念旧恶,怨是用希’”这一内容时,让学生查阅相关资料后再读这句话,伯夷、叔齐感悟到二人正是因为对过去仇怨的忘却,才能心胸坦荡,而那些心胸狭窄之人,总是记着别人的不是,这样他自己也不得自由。所以,一个心胸宽广的人总是心怀美好,不计前嫌,不怨天,不尤人,这样,不仅自己对这个世界、对他人的怨恨少了,相对的,他人也受你宽容、博大心胸的影响,少生怨恨之情。

听懂与读懂的效果是不一样的,自己下功夫读懂的、感悟出来的东西才是牢固的,才是真知。

3. 高年级:温故知新,情读成诵

古人品鉴诗文,主张熟读成诵,力求达到文若己出的境界,也就是通过诵读,把主观感受同作品实际统一起来,通过充分调动学生的感觉、知觉、联想、情感去触摸内容的整体存在,去品味其中的情味和旨趣,使情操的陶冶寓于审美享受之中。高年级学生已经有了一定的国学知识积累和储备,随着年龄的增长、阅历的丰富,已经能够大体读懂《庄子》中《濠梁观鱼》之类的国学经典,此时,要求学生诵读和精思同步进行,要仔细揣摩作品意义,以及作者境况和情志,将心比心,成为作者千古知音,情读成诵,正所谓“诵诗读书,与古人居;读书诵诗,与古人谋。”

四、归于心――品读

诵读国学经典,并不是看谁背得多、背得快,而是要使学生的反复诵读和理解感悟活动化、生活化,建立学习的人文环境,形成一种精神气场,从而内化为学生的气质修养。结合下面的活动,力求使学生对国学经典的认识上升一个层次:①话国学――国学经典演讲赛。说出你最喜欢的国学经典及喜欢的原因,对学生所掌握内容进行深化;②演国学――国学经典迷你剧表演赛。将国学经典小故事编成通俗易懂的校园剧进行展演,使学生对国学经典的诵读积累进行完美演绎;③写国学――国学经典辩论赛。提高对传统文化的认识,提高审美情趣和艺术修养。 五、动于手――赏读

儿童品德的形成与发展是一个不断内化与外化的过程,是知情意行和谐统一的结果,要把外在的、社会的各种道德规范变为个体内隐的心理特征,还要把个体内隐的心理特征变为个体外显的行为和习惯,实现内外转化的关键是?惯。因此,学校将“启蒙养正,明理成人”作为办学理念,在学生的习惯培养中为学生搭建一个又一个平台,使学生诵读的国学经典在生活实践的特定情境中心有所悟、心有所动,进而回应、共鸣、践行,实现诵读的最高境界――赏读。

1. 寸草报春晖――我感恩

孝,是一切善行的根本,是百善之先,也是爱心的原点。请在爱的天平上把父母为你做的事和你为父母做的事列举出来,作为砝码放在天平的两端,看看你的天平是否倾斜得太厉害,如果是,请你加重砝码。

爱的天平

父母为我做的事 我为父母做的事

写着写着,学生惊愕不已,有的学生甚至落了泪,在多数学生的天平上,“父母为我做的事”竟然写满了整张纸却依然没有写完,而“我为父母做的事”却空空如也。学生当场宣誓:感谢父母的养育之恩,在学习上、生活上让他们放心,并制作感恩卡,制定感恩计划。随后,开展评选“班级十大孝子”“校园十大孝子”活动,让评选上的孝子在全校师生及家长面前讲一讲自己的“孝事”。家长动情地说:“孩子变了,变文绉了。”孩子们诵中悟,悟中用,真正使“孝”深入校园,深入孩子们的心里。

2. 《弟子规》力行表――我践行

中华五千年的悠久历史,孕育了底蕴深厚的民族文化,华夏源远流长的经典诗文,是文化艺苑中经久不衰的瑰宝,对于经典的诵读,不仅是文化传承的需要,更是培养良好情操和行为习惯的需要。紧密联系生活学习《弟子规》,制定实践《弟子规》力行表,让学生把《弟子规》精神变成实实在在的行动,并让学生详细登记,互相交流、监督,共同进步。

3. 座右铭――我能行

意大利教育家蒙台梭利提出“实践是最好的老师”的教育思想。她形象地解释说:“一件事,我听到了,随后就忘;看到了,也就记得了;做了,很自然地理解了。”只有亲身实践和体验到的才会刻骨铭心。学习是以体验为核心的知情意行整合学习,品德建构是在现实的人际互动中通过道德的体悟来实现的。

“虚则欹,中则正,满则覆。”这是孩子们在学习《欹器》一文后得到的知识,而“谦受益,满招损”这个道理又深深地印在孩子们的心里。孩子们根据欹器的原理自己动手制作,并将自己的座右铭及原因贴在欹器上,放在写字台的旁边用以鞭策自己。

我们来欣赏一下孩子们的座右铭:

我的座右铭是“其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不从”。作为一名班干部,我总是要求同学们遵守纪律、团结友爱,等等,但是我自己有时候却做不到,所以,我要以此来监督和鞭策自己,做一名合格的班干部。

我的座右铭是“三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之”。每次考试,我都会名列前茅,因此很是骄傲,也就瞧不起那些学习不如我的同学,通过这句话我知道了人无完人,每个人都有自己的优点和缺点,我要用这句话来提醒自己,不断完善自己。

在活动中,学生会逐渐体会先贤自强不息、厚德载物、修身齐家、博爱尚贤、仁义礼智、诚信和平等美好的品格追求,经过国学经典的审美熏陶,学生的品位、内涵自然提升,身心自然健康。“腹有诗书气自华”,人格教化当是经典诵读最大的价值。

经典浸润人生,书香伴我成长。国学经典诵读犹如一道亮丽的风景,为校园生活带来一片生机。“书香校园,人文课堂,涵养教师,儒雅学生”――我们将在经典诵读的研究之路上努力前行。

参考文献:

[1] 梁志斌.借鉴传统诵读法开展经典阅读[J].文学教育,2011,(16).

外语类学术论文

在世界经济全球化的背景下,英语不再是本族语者的专利,作为国际语言,它是理解、交流以及表达不同文化的方式和手段。以下是外语类学术论文,欢迎阅读。

来自不同母语背景说话者的英语口音可能会造成交际的中断甚至失败;英语口音又与说话者的身份和自我紧密联系。中国拥有着世界上人数最多的英语学习者,随着中国政治经济的不断强大,国际交流的日益增加,对中国英语口音的研究有着重要的理论价值和现实意义。“中国英语”的概念在20世纪80年代由我国学者葛传椝提出,将其定义为“在中国本土上使用的、以标准英语为核心,具有汉语特点的英语”。之后,许多学者对“中国英语”的定义进行了热烈的理论探讨和争鸣等。目前,学者们对于中国英语的客观存在基本达成共识,强调应从语音、词汇、句法、篇章等各层次来描写中国英语的特点,以求展示中国英语的全貌。而“中国英语口音”的概念至今也一直未见于国内文献。我们在借鉴前人定义的基础上,称其为“载汉语语言特征的英语口音”。

我们查阅了2000年至2013年期间,中文社会科学索引(CSSCI)14种外语类核心期刊所发表的文章,对上述期刊相关文献进行梳理。首先将研究内容涉及“中国英语”及“中国英语学习者的英语语音问题”的文章进行归类,相关文献共58篇(如表1所示)。总体上,中国英语的相关论文共15篇,占,而中国大学生英语语音问题的相关论文共43篇,占 9/6。其次,根据研究方法,将相关文章分为实证研究和非实证研究,分别占和。非实证研究主要包括对世界英语理论及英语国际语理论的介绍、中国英语研究综述和语言迁移、英汉对比、中介语、音系学(优选论等)理论的探讨。实证研究主要包括对中国英语口音特点(音段音位特点和超音段音位特点)、中国英语次变体口音特点、相关语料库的建设及中国英语口音的态度等方面。限于篇幅,我们这里仅对中国英语口音的实证研究成果,从以上五个方面逐一对这些论文进行归类和述评。

一、英语口音研究中的几个焦点问题

(一)对间段音位特点的研究

国内学者们认为,中国英语口音的实证研究始于20世纪90年代E6]LT]。1994年南京大学的乐眉云教授采用方言调查法,首次全面对我国各大方言区中学生的英语语音学习情况进行全面的调查分析,深入全国各地收集语料。从语音偏误的视角探讨了方言对英语音段音位发音的影响,找出各大方言区学生英语语音学习的难点及其基本规律。我们认为部分中学生的发音问题可通过英语教学得到解决,且国外学者对于世界变体英语口音的研究都是以受教育者(通常是大学生)为研究对象。因此,我们仅选取以中国大学生为研究对象的实证研究文献。在实证研究中,学者们通常从英汉对比的视角,根据语言迁移或中介语理论,通过实验语音学的研究方法得出中国大学生在英语发音方面存在的问题以及对英语语音教学提出建议。

1.元音特点。元音是英语语音教学中的难点,元音发音特点的实证研究成果共2篇,都是基于学习者语料库进行的研究,总结了中国大学生在英语元音发音方面的主要问题,如单元音的音长、音质和双元音的简化等问题。陈桦采用实验语音学手段,对中国英语学习者纵深口语语料库(LSECCI。)中14名英语专业学生4年的朗读录音进行语音标注及分析。研究发现,单元音/I//e/与双元音/eI//au//aI/离标准发音差别较大。程春梅等通过对中国高级英语学习者音段错误语料库的分析显示:/i/e/a/的出错率非常高,占整个元音错误的。8个松元音/i//e//a//u/的错误占到整个错误的。在替换型音段错误中,最多的是/i/与/I/。

2.辅音特点。关于辅音发音特点的实证研究成果5篇。其中,程春梅等通过对中国高级英语学习者音段错误的语料库系统分析,总结了中国大学生辅音发音的总体问题。她发现,辅音的错误率高的是/t//d//z//6//n//l//v/。在替换性错误中,最多的是摩擦音/6//z//v/。学生们倾向于用/d/代替/6/,/s/代替/z/,/w/代替/v/在脱落型错误中,频率最高的是爆破音/t//d//k/。四位学者分别针对辅音群、辅音吞音、塞音和塞擦音问题进行了实证研究。阎丽莉等通过分析6名大一学生的朗读录音,发现辅音群的误读中,插音类错误最普遍,其次为删音,替换类也较常见。她进一步以优选论为框架解释了中国英语学习者英语辅音群的习得情况。冯友通过检索分析大学四、六级口语语料库(COLSEC)发现,学习者最常见的辅音吞音,按照发音部位是齿槽音、软腭音和双唇音;按照发音方式,则是爆破音、摩擦音和鼻音;清辅音吞音:的情况远远多于浊辅音。最容易发生辅音吞音的位置是词尾,最不容易发生的位置是词首。陈桦。研究了中国英语学习者擦音和塞擦音存在的一些问题,如/6/发成/d/或/z/,/v//w/混淆,用/x/代替/s/等。王茂林采用实验语音学的方法,对比分析了美国人与中国英语学习者词中塞音的发音时长。研究发现,中国学习者英语浊塞音的发音相对较好,而清塞音的发音相对较差。概而言之,中国学生在英语辅音方面的主要发音问题是清辅音与浊辅音的混淆、/l//n/混淆、th音、/w//v/混淆以及辅音群的误读和辅音段音吞音等方面。 (二)对超音位特点的研究

学者们普遍认为外国腔或外国口音与超音段音位的特点密切相关。因此,中国英语口音的特点也更多地体现在超音段音位层面上。杨军等通过梳理与朗读相关的文献,发现外国腔和韵律不当(如重音不当、节律不当、调组划分不当、边界调使用不当、音节时长不当等)是现有的两大研究主题。陈桦论证了我国英语学习者的超音段音位错误比起音段音位错误更为严重,强调超音段音位特征的教学应该在大学英语中占据重要的地位。我们这里主要从词重音、句子重音和节奏、停顿、语调等四个方面进行综述。

1.词重音。单词重音是重要的英语语音特征,既有文献中有关中国大学生的单词重音发音的实证研究仅1项。高琳等分析了非英语专业大学生朗读录音样本及中国学习者英语口语语料库COLSEC中的单词重音错误,发现多音节单词重音位移比较常见,而且重音错发在单词(尤其是名词和形容词)第二音节的倾向更为明显。

2.句子重音和节奏。节奏对于语音的理解起着非常重要的作用。句子重音和节奏的实证研究总共有4项,该系列研究成果主要源自南京大学的陈桦教授。陈桦以8名英国大学生的调核位置为参照标准,对中国45名学习者的英语朗读口语进行了分析。结果发现,学习者采用对比重音和强调重音充当调核的比例少,使用不当的调核词汇多。他们常对诸于介词、人称代词、连接词等功能词赋予重音;陈桦对中国英语学习者4年纵贯研究的结果表明,学生的重音问题呈现一定程度的上升趋势,由重音模式所反映的节奏模式没有明显变化。低分组学生口语中重读、弱读音节不分的程度明显重于高分者。许俊等通过PRRAT软件对比分析了中国英语学习者与母语者的韵律特征,研究发现中国英语学习者缺少元音弱化和省略,而导致了更多地表现为实用音节节奏而非重音节奏;并且在重音的使用中经常出现错误,重读的表现方式仅局限于加大响度。概而言之,学者们从多个实证研究中得出较为一致的结论:中国大学生在句子的重音和节奏上存在问题,没有掌握实词重读、虚词弱读的基本重音规则,口语中带有典型的“音节节拍语言”的节奏特点,与英语的节奏差别较大。

3.停顿。停顿对于口语表达的流利性非常重要,而我国英语学习者过多地使用停顿导致信息破损,影响了信息的传达,极大地降低了口语的流利性和可理解性。既有文献中有4篇进行了停顿的研究。陈桦。研究发现中国英语学习者朗读中停顿数量大大超出本族语者,且停顿位置错误较多。英国语音专家们的评语暗示了学习者过多地依赖停顿来达到语调切分的目的。如:词间隔太多、流利度遭到破坏、语流破碎、语流时断时续、断句有时很不自然等等。杨军通过分析15名大学生的英语朗读后,区分了二语朗读中的两类语调短语划分不当:语调短语标记缺失和语调短语划分失败。两者之间相互关联,受言语风格和在线产出管理的影响。语速及其他因素如任务条件、二语水平和紧张度等均未对语调短语划分产生显著影响。杨萌等分析了30名大学生即席话语中的停顿、及其对停顿原因的内省辨认后发现,他们表现出较高频率的语调短语内部停顿,该频率与口语流利性呈显著相关;停顿位置集中于实词前和首词后;停顿模式主要有非流利串、无填充停顿和非词语填充项。许俊等发现中国英语学习者在一个完整的语义单位中通常出现大量无声停顿和填声停顿,其英语听起来零碎且不连贯。

4.语调。不少学者为中国大学生英语语音语调特点的研究提供了实证数据,相关研究共9项。田朝霞分析了常见于中国英语学习者调核误用现象的原因及其所导致的信息误传,并将其归为三类:调群划分的错误、调核位置的错误及声调模式的误用。杨军研究发现,中国大学生在延续升调的使用上欠缺,表现在音高上扬不够,或音高曲拱不明显,或二者兼具,有着明显的“外国腔”。陈桦研究发现,中国英语学习者对降调和升调的使用掌握得较好,但显示出过度使用降调的特点。其次,学习者在基本调型上与本族语者的模式存在着一定的差异,主要表现在平调的使用上。此外,学习者不能根据意欲表达的语气和态度来选择相应的二级调型,调型使用混乱。毕冉等胡研究了英语专业学生四年中朗读口语中列举句式及简单陈述句音调的变化趋势,发现其音调变化趋势遵循负增长的曲线,且降调使用过多。许俊等研究发现,中国英语学习者在音高重音边界调以及结尾语调的处理上存在较多失误,过度使用降调致使语调平直且缺少变化。

两位学者对中国大学生的边界调使用情况进行了实证研究。夏志华等通过收集自然语料,并借助话语分析软件对其进行标注分析。研究发现,中国学生在话轮转换中使用的边界调类型是齐全的,但其使用边界调暗示说话者变更话轮意图的能力远小于英语本族语者,且低降边界调的误用尤为突出。孟小佳等研究结果发现,除简短的祈使句外,中国英语学习者在朗读陈述句、感叹句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句等其他六种句型的句末边界调时均与本族语者存在显著性差异,而对句首边界调的把握情况相对较好。

两位学者研究了性别差异对语调习得的影响。林秋茗考察了英语专业本科一年级学生的重音节奏和语调与性别的关系发现,女性的韵律表现只是略占优势,除重读外,男女生在意群停顿连读以及升降调的使用频率上没有显著性差异。蒋红柳借助语音实验的方法,对我国英语专业学习者的英语语调运用模式进行研究。结果表明,男女被试在调核音高上差异显著;而在英语语调运用上,被试则显示出高度的一致性特点。性别间在语调模式选择上的差异不显著。

总体而言,学习者未能意识到语调在信息传递中的重要性,对语调话语交际功能掌握不充分,声调的误用比较常见。平调、降调使用过度,在延续的升凋使用上表现较为欠缺;相对于句首边界调,句末边界凋掌握不好。此外,在语调使用上性别差异不明显。

(三)对各次变体P音的研究

《中国语言地图集》将汉语划分为十大方言,即北方方言、吴方言、湘方言、赣方言、客家方言、粤方言、闵方言、晋语、平话和徽方言。两位学者研究了我国各方言区学生的语音问题。学者们尝试了不同地区方言对英语语音的负迁移,共6项实证研究成果。刘锦明研究了北方方言区、吴方言区、闵方言区的英语专业大学生/l/和/r/的发音问题。姜玉宇通过声学分析,将闽、吴方言元音系统和美语元音系统中的5个相似元音/a//i//u//e//0/进行比较分析,由于两地方言元音系统中相似元音的声学特征非常接近,发现两地学生都很难准确习得目标语音。 四位学者分析了我国各省市学生的英语发音问题。如王鲁男重点分析了四川、贵州学生/l//n/不分,/η//n/不分的现象及其产生的原因。刘锋等运用微变化研究法,考察了练习频率对两名四川受试/I//n/不分语音纠错的作用,1年的跟踪测试结果显示,频率作用对受试/l//n/不分现象有明显改善。谢谜采用微变化研究法,通过高频率的练习、高密度的观察和高精度的分析来研究频率作用对/v//W/分语音纠错的作用及影响。范烨借鉴优选论和感知图理论,分析了母语为北京话的学生在发英语韵尾辅音群时的增音现象,发现一些学生通过插入元音、删除辅音或将原辅音变为元音的方式来消除或简化韵尾辅音群。此外,/v//w/不分在中国英语学习者中也具有一定普遍性(如山东、浙江地区的学生有类似问题)。总之,我国各大方言之间差异很大,除了中国英语口音的共性特点之外,各方言次变体口音有着自己独特的语音特点。

(四)对相关语料库的研究

与中国大学生英语语音问题研究相关的语料库主要有5个。2003年卫乃兴教授主持建立的学习者英语口语语料库(COLSEC)首次为二语语音研究提供了科学的平台。该语料来源为全国大学英语考试口语考试部分的实景音像资料,用随机比例抽样方法,对考生的地区来源、专业考试成绩,交谈话题等按比例选取,标注采用XML语言用一系列符号对话轮转换、语音、语调、停顿、犹豫、打断、非言语交际等进行逐一标注。之后,2005年文秋芳教授主持建立了中国学生英语口笔语语料库(SWECCLE),其语料来源为全国英语专业口语考试语料。该语料库除了提供录音的完整文本外,还将各年的语料按照任务类型(复述、独自和会话)分别切分。此外,文献中还涉及华南师范大学何安平教授主持建立的《国际英语学习者口语语料库》中国子语料库和中国英语学习者纵深口语语料库LSECCI。(Longitudinal Spoken Eng-iish Corpus of Chinese Learners)等等。

(五)对英语口音的态度的研究

关于中国英语口音的态度的实证研究论文虽然2篇,但可喜的是它们都是在世界英语理论视角下进行的研究。周榕等采用言语变体实验法考察了101名英语专业大学生对英美英语的态度和认同感,以及实际英语口音测试法检测了其实际英语口音特点。结果发现,被试在权势地位、语言亲和力和语言表现力维度上,对美国英语的评价都优于英国英语,表现出更偏好美国英语的趋势。但是,他们的实际英语口音则是三分之二为RP、三分之一为GA的混合体,表现出更多英国口音的特点。高一虹等采用定量和定性的研究方法,考察中国大学生奥运志愿者在2008年北京奥运会之前、期间对世界英语变体的态度和多元文化意识。研究结果发现,奥运志愿者的语言态度总体而言趋向保守,认同英美“标准变体”,对其他英语变体的识别能力有限,对中国英语口音的态度比较矛盾。

二、研究评述:多视角的评判

上述文献回顾证明,中国英语口音的研究成果虽然有了一定的积累,但从研究现状来看,相关研究无论从已发表的论文数量上,还是从研究的深度和广度上都亟待进一步提高。我们将从研究内容、研究方法、研究视角以及研究成果应用等四个方面总结研究不足,并进一步提出研究展望。

(一)丰富研究内容,形成中国英语次变体口音特点的系统结论

从研究内容来看,中国英语口音的总体特点研究已经比较成熟,学者们在元音、辅音、重音、句子重音和节奏、停顿、语调等方面的特征已经形成了较为系统的研究结论。然而,我国幅员辽阔,方言丰富,相比之下,中国英语次变体口音的研究严重不足。在汉语十大方言的中国英语次变体口音研究中,最为成熟的是粤方言英语口音研究。国外学者们对香港英语口音进行了全面系统描述,如Huang系统描述了香港英语的音系特征,指出其有8个元音和20个辅音;Bolton描述了香港英语音位和超音位的特点,指出香港英语多用高升调,强弱重音对比不明显。其次是湘方言英语口音的研究和陈桦教授及其团队的吴方言英语口音研究。而其他七大方言(北方方言、客家方言、闵方言、赣方言、平话、晋语和徽方言)的英语口音的实证研究鲜见于文献。此外,中国英语次变体口音之下,我们可进一步研究各省市的次次变体英语口音特点,如文献中的四川、贵州、北京等地英语口音的研究。总之,我们呼吁更多的实证研究,以形成中国英语次变体口音以及中国英语次次变体口音在音位和超音位方面系统的研究结论,并与中国英语口音特点进行对比,分析其共性与个性的特点。

(二)更新研究方法,建立中国英语口音语料库

从研究方法来看,语料库的蓬勃发展为中国英语口音的深入系统研究提供了便利。目前我国已建成的相关语料库多为英语学习者口语语料库(如COLSEC、SWECCLE等),而专门的中国英语口音的语料库建设比较欠缺。如今国际学术界已经建成了各国英语变体的语料库,建设中国英语语料库的构想已被有关专家学者提出。陈桦也介绍了中国学习者英语语音语料库(English Speech Corpus of ChineseLearners)建设的起因、方法和意义。该语料库涵盖中国十大方言区,以国内四个不同层次受教育群体(初中、高中、英语专业本科、英语专业硕士)作为录音对象、以朗读和自主对话为任务而完成。该语音语料库将结合英美标注系统对学习者录音进行多层音段及韵律标注。我们期待该语料库的出版,以便对中国英语口音的共性特征、次变体口音及次次变体口音的.个性特征进行系统描述,结合实验语音学的研究方法,得出系统的研究结论。此外,未来的中国英语口音语料库的建设可进一步与国际上英语作为通用语的语料库建设接轨,如VOICE维也纳牛津国际英语语料库(Vienna Oxford International Corpus of Eng-lish),ELFA学术背景英语作为国际通用语语料库(Corpus of English as a Lingua Franca in AcademicSettings)和东南亚英语语料库(Corpus of South-East Asian Englishes)。唯有这样,才能促进中国英语口音研究的健康发展,并与国际学术界进行对话。 (三)拓宽研究视角,将中国英语口音的研究置于全球化的情景中

在表1的文献梳理中,我们不难发现:从研究视角来看,既有实证研究共34项(占),多从语言迁移理论和音系理论等视角解释中国学生英语的发音特点;或是通过实验语音学的研究方法,以本族语者为参照,找出中国英语学习者的语音问题症结所在。而在世界英语理论或者英语作为国际语理论的视角下对于中国英语口音的态度研究仅2项(占)。而国外学者对于中国英语口音的研究更多地围绕着英语变体口音的态度和可理解性展开。如Jenkins以世界各地12个国家的326名受教育人群为研究对象,对10种世界英语变体口音的态度进行了对比研究发现,发现中国英语口音在正确性上排第八、可接受度上排名第七、在舒适度上排名第八、在熟悉程度上排名第四。在中国英语口音的可理解性研究方面,Kirkpatrick以香港教育学院英语专业的大学生与英国侨民教授的谈话为录音语料,选取新加坡和澳大利亚大学生为听话者。研究结果表明,香港英语口音的国际可理解性和可接受度很高,并建议其作为语音课堂的教学模式。我们呼吁国内学者在世界英语和英语作为国际语视角下对英语变体口音的态度和可理解性进行更多的实证研究。如中国英语学习者对不同英语变体的口音态度如何?他们对于自己的中国英语口音态度如何?中国英语口音的国际可理解性和可接受度如何?中国英语口音的音位和超音位的哪些重要特征影响了国际可理解性?中国英语次变体口音的可理解性又如何?总之,未来研究可更多地在世界英语或英语作为国际语理论视角下进行,如何将中国英语口音的研究置于全球化的情境中,将研究结果与亚洲英语口音以及英语作为通用语的语音共性特征进行对比描述和分析等等都值得进一步深入研究。

(四)应用研究成果,优化中国英语语音教学效果

从研究成果的应用来看,中国英语口音的相关实证研究成果在优化我国英语语音教学效果、英语语音教学大纲的设置、英语语音教材的开发与编写等诸多方面的应用等方面比较欠缺。传统的英语语音教材都足以接近母语者口音(标准英国英语口音和美国英语口音)为教学目标,教学内容涉及所有的音段音位和趟音段音位特点。在英语作为国际语的背景下的英语语音教学,应该以国际可理解性为教学目标,让学生接触各种世界英语变体口音,提高他们对不同英语口音的容忍度,增强他们对中国英语口音的自信心。Jenkins搜集了大量的英语作为通用语的语料,调查了来自不同母语背景的人们之间的英语交流,在实证研究的基础上提出了通用语核心理论(Lingua Franca Core)。她认为,影响国际可理解性的核心部分主要表现在大多数的辅音、辅音群的简化、元音的长短区分以及句子的重音。通用语核心之外的部分,被认为是地方口音,不能称为语音错误。Walker在其专著《英语作为通用语的教学》中也指出,在语音教学中,只有采用英语作为国际语的教学方法才能使可理解性和身份这两个相互矛盾的目标达到和谐。因此,在语音教学中,教师应充分了解中国英语口音的共性特征、各方言区英语次变体口音的个性特征,将教学重点集中在影响可理解性的语音特征上;对于中国英语口音中不影响可理解性的部分,不必过于强求其准确性,从而在语音教学中有的放矢,提高他们在国际口语交流中的有效性。

英语的不断国际化和本土化在世界各地引起了与日俱增的探讨。英国学者Graddol在《英语走向何方》一书中曾预言:亚洲,特别是印度和中国,可能决定全球英语的未来。毋庸置疑,研究具有中国礼会和文化特征的中国英语必将有着深刻的现实意义和长远的历史意义。2011年5月第四届英语作为通用语国际大会在香港大学国际教育学院召开;2012年12月第18届世界英语国际学术会议在香港城市大学和中山大学两地召开;2012年4月“世界英语时代与中国实践”国际研讨会在湖州师范学院召开。这些重要学术活动都标志着中国英语的研究已经进入了全新的发展时代。虽然中国英语口音的研究起步较晚,但是作为汉语母语者,国内学者在此研究领域有着国外学者无法比拟的优越性。我们有理由相信,随着中国对外开放的深入和中国经济的进一步发展以及中国在国际事务中地位的不断提高,中国英语在世界英语大家庭中的地位会随之进一步提高,中国英语口音也将逐步成为世界英语教学研究领域的一项重要探讨课题。

英文阅读文章朗读

英语美文诵读有利于培养学生的英语语感,提高学生表达的准确性,丰富学生的英语口头表达内容,发展学生的英语听、说、写能力。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语朗诵短文1-3分钟,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!

“The days that make us happy make us wise.”----John Masefield

when I first read this line by England’s Poet Laureate, it startled me. What did Masefield mean? Without thinking about it much, I had always assumed that the opposite was true. But his sober assurance was arresting. I could not forget it.

Finally, I seemed to grasp his meaning and realized that here was a profound observation. The wisdom that happiness makes possible lies in clear perception, not fogged by anxiety nor dimmed by despair and boredom, and without the blind spots caused by fear.

Active happiness---not mere satisfaction or contentment ---often comes suddenly, like an April shower or the unfolding of a bud. Then you discover what kind of wisdom has accompanied it. The grass is greener; bird songs are sweeter; the shortcomings of your friends are more understandable and more forgivable. Happiness is like a pair of eyeglasses correcting your spiritual vision.

Nor are the insights of happiness limited to what is near around you. Unhappy, with your thoughts turned in upon your emotional woes, your vision is cut short as though by a wall. Happy, the wall crumbles.

The long vista is there for the seeing. The ground at your feet, the world about you----people, thoughts, emotions, pressures---are now fitted into the larger scene. Everything assumes a fairer proportion. And here is the beginning of wisdom.

译文:

快乐

“快乐的日子使人睿智。”

--- 约翰•梅斯菲尔德

第一次读到英国桂冠诗人梅斯菲尔德的这行诗时,我感到十分震惊。他想表达什么意思?我以前从未对此仔细考虑,总是认定这行诗反过来才正确。但他冷静而又胸有成竹的表达引起了我的注意,令我无法忘怀。

终于,我似乎领会了他的意思,并意识到这行诗意义深远。快乐带来的睿智存在于敏锐的洞察力之间,不会因忧虑而含混迷惑,也不会因绝望和厌倦而黯然模糊,更不会因恐惧而造成盲点。

积极的快乐 – 并非单纯的满意或知足 – 通常不期而至,就像四月里突然下起的春雨,或是花蕾的突然绽放。然后,你就会发觉与快乐结伴而来的究竟是何种智慧。草地更为青翠,鸟吟更为甜美,朋友的缺点也变得更能让人理解,宽容。快乐就像是一副眼镜,可以矫正你的精神视力。

快乐的视野并不仅限于你周围的事物。当你不快乐时,你的思维陷入情感上的悲哀,你的眼界就像是被一道墙给阻隔了,而当你快乐时,这道墙就会砰然倒塌。

你的眼界变得更为宽广。你脚下的大地,你身边的世界,包括人,思想,情感和压力,现在都融入了更为广阔的景象之中,其间每件事物 的比例都更加合理。而这就是睿智的起始。

We are not born with courage, but neither are we born with fear. Maybe some of our fears are brought on by your own experiences, by what someone has told you, by what you’ve read in the papers. Some fears are valid, like walking alone in a bad part of town at two o’clock in the morning. But once you learn to avoid that situation, you won’t need to live in fear of it.

Fears, even the most basic ones, can totally destroy our ambitions. Fear can destroy fortunes. Fear can destroy relationships. Fear, if left unchecked, can destroy our lives. Fear is one of the many enemies lurking inside us.

Let me tell you about five of the other enemies we face from within. The first enemy that you’ve got to destroy before it destroys you is indifference. What a tragic disease this is! “Ho-hum, let it slide. I’ll just drift along.” Here’s one problem with drifting: you can’t drift your way to the to of the mountain.

The second enemy we face is indecision. Indecision is the thief of opportunity and enterprise. It will steal your chances for a better future. Take a sword to this enemy.

The third enemy inside is doubt. Sure, there’s room for healthy skepticism. You can’t believe everything. But you also can’t let doubt take over. Many people doubt the past, doubt the future, doubt each other, doubt the government, doubt the possibilities nad doubt the opportunities. Worse of all, they doubt themselves. I’m telling you, doubt will destroy your life and your chances of success. It will empty both your bank account and your heart. Doubt is an enemy. Go after it. Get rid of it.

The fourth enemy within is worry. We’ve all got to worry some. Just don’t let conquer you. Instead, let it alarm you. Worry can be useful. If you step off the curb in New York City and a taxi is coming, you’ve got to worry. But you can’t let worry loose like a mad dog that drives you into a small corner. Here’s what you’ve got to do with your worries: drive them into a small corner. Whatever is out to get you, you’ve got to get it. Whatever is pushing on you, you’ve got to push back.

The fifth interior enemy is overcaution. It is the timid approach to life. Timidity is not a virtue; it’s an illness. If you let it go, it’ll conquer you. Timid people don’t get promoted. They don’t advance and grow and become powerful in the marketplace. You’ve got to avoid overcaution.

Do battle with the enemy. Do battle with your fears. Build your courage to fight what’s holding ou back, what’s keeping you from your goals and dreams. Be courageous in your life and in your pursuit of the things you want and the person you want to become.

译文:

直面内在的敌人

我们的勇气并不是与生俱来的,我们的恐惧也不是。也许有些恐惧来自你的亲身经历,别人告诉你的 故事 ,或你在报纸上读到的东西。有些恐惧可以理解,例如在凌晨两点独自走在城里不安全的地段。但是一旦你学会避免那种情况,你就不必生活在恐惧之中。

恐惧,哪怕是最基本的恐惧,也可能彻底粉碎我们的抱负。恐惧可能摧毁财富,也可能摧毁一段感情。如果不加以控制,恐惧还可能摧毁我们的生活。恐惧是潜伏于我们内心的众多敌人之一。

让我来告诉你我们面临的其他五个内在敌人。第一个你要在它袭击你之前将其击败的敌人是冷漠。打着哈欠说:“随它去吧,我就随波逐流吧。”这是多么可悲的疾病啊!随波逐流的问题是:你不可能漂流到山顶去。

我们面临的第二个敌人是优柔寡断。它是窃取机会和事业的贼,它还会偷去你实现更美好未来的机会。向这个敌人出剑吧!

第三个内在的敌人是怀疑。当然,正常的怀疑还是有一席之地的,你不能相信一切。但是你也不能让怀疑掌管一切。许多人怀疑过去,怀疑未来,怀疑彼此,怀疑政府,怀疑可能性,并怀疑机会。最糟糕的是,他们怀疑自己。我告诉你,怀疑会毁掉你的生活和你成功的机会,它会耗尽你的存款,留给你干涸的心灵。怀疑是敌人,追赶它,消灭它。

第四个内在的敌人是担忧。我们都会有些担忧,不过千万不要让担忧征服你。相反,让它来警醒你。担忧也许能派上用场。当你在纽约走上人行道时有一辆出租车向你驶来,你就得担忧。但你不能让担忧像疯狗一样失控,将你逼至死角。你应该这样对付自己的担忧:把担忧驱至死角。不管是什么来打击你,你都要打击它。不管什么攻击你,你都要反击。

第五个内在的敌人是过分谨慎。那是胆小的生活方式。胆怯不是美德,而是一种疾病。如果你不理会它,它就会将你征服。胆怯的人不会得到提拔,他们在市场中不会前进,不会成长,不会变得强大。你要避免过分谨慎。

一定要向这引起敌人开战。一定要向恐惧开战。鼓起勇气抗击阻挡你的事物,与阻止你实现目标和梦想的事物作斗争。要勇敢地生活,勇敢地追求你想要的事物并勇敢地成为你想成为的人。

↓↓↓下一页更多 英语朗诵美文的相关精彩内容↓↓↓

朗读能使学生更好地体会、理解和表达课文或读物的思想感情。下面是我带来的英语朗读 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

英语朗读文章1

Precious Love in the World

人间至情

Although we are always in a rush, yet, when the night becomes silent and we have time to meditate,

虽然我们总是处于忙碌之中,但是当宁静的夜晚到来之时,我们就有了时间来冥想。

There is always something which will touch our hearts and give us strength.

总有一些东西是会触动我们的心灵并给予我们力量的

That is love, from relatives, friends, lovers …

那就是爱,来自我们的家人,朋友和爱人

英语朗读文章2

Get a Thorough Understanding of Oneself

彻底认识自我

In all one's lifetime it is oneself that one spends the most time being with or dealing with. But it is precisely oneself that one has the least understanding of. When you are going upwards in life you tend to overestimate yourself. When you are going downhill you tend to underestimate yourself. It's likely that you think it wise for yourself to know your place and stay aloof from worldly wearing a mask of cowardice, behind which the flow of sap in your life will be retarded.

人生在世,和自己相处最多,打交道最多,但是人最不了解的也恰恰是自己。当你一帆风顺时,往往高估自己;不得志时,又往往低估自己。你可能认为安分守己、与世无争是明智之举,而实际上往往被怯懦的面具窒息了自己鲜活的生命。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself and be a sober realist-aware of both one's strength and shortage. You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to expect too much, for ideals can never be fully realized. You may be courageous to meet challenges but it should be clear to you where to direct your efforts.

彻悟自己,就是正确认识自己,做一个冷静的现实主义者,既知道自己的优势,也知道自己的不足。我们可以憧憬人生,但不要期望过高。因为在现实中,理想的实现总是会打折扣的。你可以勇敢地迎接挑战,但是必须清楚自己努力的方向。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs self-appreciation. Whether you liken yourself to a towering tree or a blade of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you represent a state of nature that has its own reason of existence. If you earnestly admire yourself you'll have a real sense of self-appreciation, which will give you confidence. As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself you'll be enabled to fight and overcome any adversity.

要彻悟自己就要欣赏自己。无论你是一棵参天大树,还是一棵无名小草,无论想要成为一座高山,还是一块石头,你都是一种天然,都有自己存在的理由。只要你认真地欣赏自己,你就会拥有一个真正的自我,你才会拥有信心。一旦拥有了信心你就能战胜任何灾难。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself also requires doing oneself a favor when it's needed. In time of anger, do yourself a favor by giving vent to it in a quiet place so that you won't be hurt by its flames; in time of sadness, do yourself a favor by sharing it with your friends so as to change a gloomy mood into a cheerful one; in time of tiredness, do yourself a favor by getting a good sleep or taking some tonic. Show yourself loving concern about your health and daily life. Unless you know perfectly well when and how to do yourself a favor, you won't be confident and ready enough to resist the attack of illness.

要彻悟自己,就要善待自己。在气愤时善待自己,找个僻静之处宣泄一下,不要被那些无名之火伤身;忧伤时,要善待自己,找个好友倾诉一番,让低迷的情绪高涨起来;劳累时,你要善待自己,睡个好觉或者吃点滋补品,对自己的健康和生活关心备至。唯有知道如何善待自己,你才会信心百倍,从容不迫地准备应对疾病的侵袭。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control of one's life. Then one will find one's life full of color and flavor.

彻悟了自己,你才能把握自己的生命,你的生活才会丰富多彩、有滋有味!

你是什么和你做什么同等重要

英语朗读文章3

The Most Important Body Part

身体最重要的部分

My mother used to ask me what is the most important part of the body. Through the years I would guess at what I thought was the correct answer.

从前我母亲经常问我,身体最重要的部位是什么。许多年来,我一直以为自己所想的是正确答案。

When I was younger, I thought sound was very important to us as humans, so I said, "My ears, Mommy."

当我很小的时候,我认为对人类而言,声音很重要,因此回答:“妈咪,是耳朵。”

She said, "No. Many people are deaf. But you keep thinking about it and I will ask you again soon."

她说:“不对,有许多人是聋人。但是你继续想,不久我会再问你。”

Several years passed before she asked me again. Since making my first attempt, I had contemplated the correct answer. So this time I told her, "Mommy, sight is very important to everybody, so it must be our eyes."

当她再度问我时,已经是好几年后了。自从第一次回答之后,我就一直仔细的思考正确答案。所以这次我对她说:“妈咪,视觉对每个人都很重要,所以应该是我们的眼睛。”

She looked at me and told me, "You are learning fast, but the answer is not correct because there are many people who are blind."

她看着我,对我说:“你学的很快,但还是不对,因为有许多人是盲人。”

Over the years, Mother asked me a couple more times and always her answer was, "No, but you are getting smarter every year, my child."

往后的年日里她又问了我几次,但她总是回答:“不对,可是孩子啊,你每年都有进步喔。”

Then last year, my Grandpa died. Everybody was hurt. Everybody was crying. My Mom looked at me when it was our turn to say our final good-bye to Grandpa. She asked me, "Do you know the most important body part yet, my dear?"

去年我祖父去世,每个人都很伤心,大家都哭了。轮到我们向爷爷做最后的告别时,妈妈看着我,问我:“宝贝,你知道身体最重要的部位了吗?”

I was shocked when she asked me this now. I always thought this was a game between her and me. She saw the confusion on my face and told me, "This question is very important. It shows that you have really lived your life." I saw her eyes well up with tears. She said, "My dear, the most important body part is your shoulder."

她在这时候问我这个问题,令我吓了一大跳。我一直以为这只是我和她之间的游戏。她看我一脸迷惑的样子,对我说:“这问题很重要,它是你真正理解生活的标志。”我看她眼睛里充盈着泪水,她说:“宝贝,最重要的部位是你的肩膀。”

I asked, "Is it because it holds up your head?"

我问:“是因为它能支撑脑袋吗?”

She replied, "No, it is because it can hold the head of a friend or loved one when they cry. Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on sometime in life, my dear. I only hope that you have enough love and friends that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it."

她回答说:“不,是因为让我们的朋友、我们所爱的人哭泣的时候,它可以给予依靠。宝贝,每个人在一生中都会有需要一个可以靠着哭泣的肩膀的时候。我只是希望当你需要时,会有足够的爱人和朋友,给你一个可倚靠哭泣的肩膀。”

Then and there I knew the most important body part is not a selfish one. It is sympathetic to the pain of others.

从那时起,我知道身体最重要的部位不是利己的部位,而是对别人的痛苦能感同身受的部位。

event in my lifei have had many important event in my life so far. when i look back, the most dangers one is that day i almost died……when i was young. i lived on the was a beath about 40 minutes from my house. my sister and i used to go swimming almost everyday,all summer long. one day, my sister and i were swimming together, and she wanted to go out into deeper water. actually,she was quite a good swimmer,but i couldn't really swim at all. anyway,we went to go out until the water was up to our chests. suddenly there was a strong sideways current and i couldn't walk against it. i tried to put my feet down to walk towards the shore, but there was nothing there. the water was over my head. i panicked! i tried to swim in,but i could only doggy-paddle,and it was so slow and tiring. i waved my arm for help, but when i put my hand up,my head went under the water. i got a big mouthful of water. i thought i was going to die! luckily my sisiter had swum back to the shore and told someone. a ligeguard come out and rescued me. after that near-death experience, i didn't go swimming for ages. i still don't like swimming in the sea.

英语朗读文章

朗读能使学生更好地体会、理解和表达课文或读物的思想感情。下面是我带来的英语朗读 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

英语朗读文章1

Precious Love in the World

人间至情

Although we are always in a rush, yet, when the night becomes silent and we have time to meditate,

虽然我们总是处于忙碌之中,但是当宁静的夜晚到来之时,我们就有了时间来冥想。

There is always something which will touch our hearts and give us strength.

总有一些东西是会触动我们的心灵并给予我们力量的

That is love, from relatives, friends, lovers …

那就是爱,来自我们的家人,朋友和爱人

英语朗读文章2

Get a Thorough Understanding of Oneself

彻底认识自我

In all one's lifetime it is oneself that one spends the most time being with or dealing with. But it is precisely oneself that one has the least understanding of. When you are going upwards in life you tend to overestimate yourself. When you are going downhill you tend to underestimate yourself. It's likely that you think it wise for yourself to know your place and stay aloof from worldly wearing a mask of cowardice, behind which the flow of sap in your life will be retarded.

人生在世,和自己相处最多,打交道最多,但是人最不了解的也恰恰是自己。当你一帆风顺时,往往高估自己;不得志时,又往往低估自己。你可能认为安分守己、与世无争是明智之举,而实际上往往被怯懦的面具窒息了自己鲜活的生命。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself and be a sober realist-aware of both one's strength and shortage. You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to expect too much, for ideals can never be fully realized. You may be courageous to meet challenges but it should be clear to you where to direct your efforts.

彻悟自己,就是正确认识自己,做一个冷静的现实主义者,既知道自己的优势,也知道自己的不足。我们可以憧憬人生,但不要期望过高。因为在现实中,理想的实现总是会打折扣的。你可以勇敢地迎接挑战,但是必须清楚自己努力的方向。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs self-appreciation. Whether you liken yourself to a towering tree or a blade of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you represent a state of nature that has its own reason of existence. If you earnestly admire yourself you'll have a real sense of self-appreciation, which will give you confidence. As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself you'll be enabled to fight and overcome any adversity.

要彻悟自己就要欣赏自己。无论你是一棵参天大树,还是一棵无名小草,无论想要成为一座高山,还是一块石头,你都是一种天然,都有自己存在的理由。只要你认真地欣赏自己,你就会拥有一个真正的自我,你才会拥有信心。一旦拥有了信心你就能战胜任何灾难。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself also requires doing oneself a favor when it's needed. In time of anger, do yourself a favor by giving vent to it in a quiet place so that you won't be hurt by its flames; in time of sadness, do yourself a favor by sharing it with your friends so as to change a gloomy mood into a cheerful one; in time of tiredness, do yourself a favor by getting a good sleep or taking some tonic. Show yourself loving concern about your health and daily life. Unless you know perfectly well when and how to do yourself a favor, you won't be confident and ready enough to resist the attack of illness.

要彻悟自己,就要善待自己。在气愤时善待自己,找个僻静之处宣泄一下,不要被那些无名之火伤身;忧伤时,要善待自己,找个好友倾诉一番,让低迷的情绪高涨起来;劳累时,你要善待自己,睡个好觉或者吃点滋补品,对自己的健康和生活关心备至。唯有知道如何善待自己,你才会信心百倍,从容不迫地准备应对疾病的侵袭。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control of one's life. Then one will find one's life full of color and flavor.

彻悟了自己,你才能把握自己的生命,你的生活才会丰富多彩、有滋有味!

你是什么和你做什么同等重要

英语朗读文章3

The Most Important Body Part

身体最重要的部分

My mother used to ask me what is the most important part of the body. Through the years I would guess at what I thought was the correct answer.

从前我母亲经常问我,身体最重要的部位是什么。许多年来,我一直以为自己所想的是正确答案。

When I was younger, I thought sound was very important to us as humans, so I said, "My ears, Mommy."

当我很小的时候,我认为对人类而言,声音很重要,因此回答:“妈咪,是耳朵。”

She said, "No. Many people are deaf. But you keep thinking about it and I will ask you again soon."

她说:“不对,有许多人是聋人。但是你继续想,不久我会再问你。”

Several years passed before she asked me again. Since making my first attempt, I had contemplated the correct answer. So this time I told her, "Mommy, sight is very important to everybody, so it must be our eyes."

当她再度问我时,已经是好几年后了。自从第一次回答之后,我就一直仔细的思考正确答案。所以这次我对她说:“妈咪,视觉对每个人都很重要,所以应该是我们的眼睛。”

She looked at me and told me, "You are learning fast, but the answer is not correct because there are many people who are blind."

她看着我,对我说:“你学的很快,但还是不对,因为有许多人是盲人。”

Over the years, Mother asked me a couple more times and always her answer was, "No, but you are getting smarter every year, my child."

往后的年日里她又问了我几次,但她总是回答:“不对,可是孩子啊,你每年都有进步喔。”

Then last year, my Grandpa died. Everybody was hurt. Everybody was crying. My Mom looked at me when it was our turn to say our final good-bye to Grandpa. She asked me, "Do you know the most important body part yet, my dear?"

去年我祖父去世,每个人都很伤心,大家都哭了。轮到我们向爷爷做最后的告别时,妈妈看着我,问我:“宝贝,你知道身体最重要的部位了吗?”

I was shocked when she asked me this now. I always thought this was a game between her and me. She saw the confusion on my face and told me, "This question is very important. It shows that you have really lived your life." I saw her eyes well up with tears. She said, "My dear, the most important body part is your shoulder."

她在这时候问我这个问题,令我吓了一大跳。我一直以为这只是我和她之间的游戏。她看我一脸迷惑的样子,对我说:“这问题很重要,它是你真正理解生活的标志。”我看她眼睛里充盈着泪水,她说:“宝贝,最重要的部位是你的肩膀。”

I asked, "Is it because it holds up your head?"

我问:“是因为它能支撑脑袋吗?”

She replied, "No, it is because it can hold the head of a friend or loved one when they cry. Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on sometime in life, my dear. I only hope that you have enough love and friends that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it."

她回答说:“不,是因为让我们的朋友、我们所爱的人哭泣的时候,它可以给予依靠。宝贝,每个人在一生中都会有需要一个可以靠着哭泣的肩膀的时候。我只是希望当你需要时,会有足够的爱人和朋友,给你一个可倚靠哭泣的肩膀。”

Then and there I knew the most important body part is not a selfish one. It is sympathetic to the pain of others.

从那时起,我知道身体最重要的部位不是利己的部位,而是对别人的痛苦能感同身受的部位。

朗诵是朗诵者运用恰当的语言表达技巧,并借助于体态语言及音乐等艺术手段把书面文字语言作品转化为有声语言的一种艺术表演形式。我精心收集了优秀的英语朗诵短文,供大家欣赏学习!

Acountry maid was walking along with a can of milk uponher head, when she fell into the following train money for which I shall sell this milk willenable me to increase my stock of eggs to three hundred.一个村姑头上顶着一罐牛奶在路上行走。走着走着,她的脑子里浮现出一连串的幻想:我卖了这罐牛奶后,用这笔钱买鸡蛋,这样我有的鸡蛋可以增加到300个

These eggs, allowing for what may prove addle, and whatmay be destroyed by vermin, will produce at least twohundred and fifty chickens用这300个鸡蛋孵小鸡,就算有坏的、生虫的,至少也能孵出250只小鸡。

The chickens will be fit to carry to market just at the timewhen poultry is always dear;so that by the new year Icannot fail of having money enough to purchase a newgown.等小鸡长大后,正好能赶上卖个好市价;那么到了新年,我就能有钱买一件新晚装。

Green - let me consider - yes, green becomes mycomplexion best, and green it shall be.买一件绿色的------让我好好想想------对,绿色与我的肤色最相衬。

In this dress I will go to the fair, where all young fellows willstrive to have me for a partner;我穿上这件衣服去赶集,所有的年轻小伙子都会抢着邀请我做舞伴;

but no - I shall refuse every one of them, and with adisdainful toss turn from them."

但是不行------我要轻蔑地把头一扬,转身过去不理他们,让他们人人都碰个钉子。

Transported with this idea, she could not forbear actingwith her head the thought that passed in her mind, whendown came the can of milk!她想得得意忘形,情不自禁地把头一扬,刹那间,牛奶罐跌了下来!

And all her imaginary happiness vanished in a moment她幻想的一切幸福瞬间破灭了。

A man and his girlfriend were married. It was a largecelebration.一个男人和他的女朋友结婚,举行了一场盛大的结婚庆典。

All of their friends and family came to see the lovelyceremony and to partake of the festivities andcelebrations. All had a wonderful time.所有的朋友和家人都来到结婚典礼上参加欢宴和庆祝活动。大家都过得很开心。

The bride was gorgeous in her white wedding gown andthe groom was very dashing in his black could tell that the love they had for each otherwas true.穿着白色婚纱的新娘漂亮迷人,穿着黑色礼服的新郎英俊潇洒。每个人都能看出他们彼此的爱是真诚的。

A few months later, the wife came to the husband with aproposal, "I read in a magazine, a while ago, about howwe can strengthen our marriage," she offered. "Each ofus will write a list of the things that we find a bitannoying with the other person. Then, we can talkabout how we can fix them together and make our liveshappier together."几个月后,妻子走近丈夫提议说:“我刚才在杂志上看到一篇文章,说的是怎样巩固婚姻。”她说:“我们两个人都各自把对方的小毛病列在一张纸上,然后我们商量一下怎样解决,以便使我们的生活更幸福。”

The husband agreed. So each of them went to aseparate room in the house and thought of the thingsthat annoyed them about the other. They thoughtabout this question for the rest of the day and wrotedown what they came up with.丈夫同意了。于是他们各自走向不同的房间去想对方的缺点。那一天余下的时间里,他们都在思考这个问题,并且把他们想到的都写下来。

The next morning, at the breakfast table, they decidedthat they would go over their lists.第二天早上,吃早饭的时候,他们决定谈谈彼此的缺点。

"I'll start," offered the wife. She took out her list. It hadmany items on it, enough to fill 3 pages. In fact, as shestarted reading the list of the little annoyances, shenoticed that tears were starting to appear in herhusband's eyes.“我先开始吧。”妻子说。她拿出她的单子,上面列举了很多条,事实上,足足写满了三页。当她开始念的时候,她注意到丈夫眼里含着泪花。

"What's wrong?" she asked. "Nothing," the husbandreplied, "keep reading your list."“怎么啦?”她问。“没什么,”丈夫答道,“继续念吧。”

The wife continued to read until she had read all threepages to her husband. She neatly placed her list on thetable and folded her hands over the top of it.妻子又接着念。整整三页都念完之后她把单子整齐地放在桌上,两手交叉放在上面。

"Now, you read your list and then we'll talk about thethings on both of our lists," she said happily.

“现在该你念了,然后我们谈谈所列举的缺点。”她高兴地说。

Quietly the husband stated, "I don't have anything onmy list. I think that you are perfect the way that you don't want you to change anything for me. You arelovely and wonderful and I wouldn't want to try andchange anything about you."丈夫平静地说:“我什么也没写,我觉得像你这样就很完美了,我不想让你为我改变什么。你很可爱迷人,我不想让你改变。”

The story goes that two friends were walking throughthe desert. During some point of the journey they hadan argument, and one friend slapped the other one inthe face.话说两个好朋友正在穿越一个沙漠。途中他们忽然争吵了起来,其中一个一巴掌扇在另外一个人的脸上。

The one who got slapped was hurt, but without sayinganything, he wrote in the sand: "Today my best friendslapped me in the face."被扇的那个人受了伤害,但他一句话也没有说,只是在沙子上写道:“今天我最要好的朋友打了我一个耳光。”

They kept on walking until they found an oasis, wherethey decided to take a bath. The one who had beenslapped got stuck in the mire and started drowning, butthe friend saved him.他们继续走下去,后来发现了一片绿洲,他们于是决定洗个澡。先前被打的那个人这时不小心陷入了一个泥潭里面,差点被淹死了,幸运的是他的朋友把他给救了出来。

After he recovered from the near drowning, he wrote ona stone: "Today my best friend saved my life."他苏醒过来后,立刻在一块石头上写道:“今天我最要好的朋友救了我一命。”

The friend who had slapped and saved his best friendasked him, "After I hurt you, you wrote in the sand andnow you write on a stone. Why?"扇过他耳光又救过他性命的朋友于是问他说:“我打了你之后你在沙子上写字,而现在你却在石头上写,为什么呢?”

The other friend replied: "When someone hurts us weshould write it down in the sand where winds offorgiveness can erase it away. But when someone doessomething good for us, we must engrave it in a stonewhere no wind can ever erase it."写字的那个人回答说:“当我们被别人伤害了之后,我们应该把它写在沙子上,那样,宽容的风就很快就会将其抹去,但当我们受到别人的帮助之后,我们必须将它刻在石头上,那样,风就不会轻易把它磨灭。”

LEARN TO WRITE YOUR HURTS IN THE SAND AND TOCARVE YOUR BENEFITS IN THE STONE.学会将你所受到的伤害写在沙子上,把别人给你的帮助记在石头上。

They say it takes a minute to find a special person, anhour to appreciate them, a day to love them, but anentire life to forget them.人们常说发掘一个特别的人需要一分钟,欣赏一个人需要一个小时,爱上一个人需要一整天,但忘记一个人却需要你一生的时间。

Send this phrase to the people you'll never forget. It's ashort message to let them know that you'll never forgetthem.将这句话发给你永远不会忘怀的人吧,让他们知道你将永远把他们放在心上。

随着英语的国际化越来越广泛,我国的英语学习者也逐年激增,各大英语学习网站也推出英语美文的赏析和阅读。有很多英语学习者喜欢背诵这些美文以提高自己的英语水平,以下是我为大家整理的关于短篇英语美文朗诵文章,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读! 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇1:If I Rest, I Rust The significant inscription found on an old key---“If I rest, I rust”---would be an excellent motto for those who are afflicted with the slightest bit of idleness. Even the most industrious person might adopt it with advantage to serve as a reminder that, if one allows his faculties to rest, like the iron in the unused key, they will soon show signs of rust and, ultimately, cannot do the work required of them. Those who would attain the heights reached and kept by great men must keep their faculties polished by constant use, so that they may unlock the doors of knowledge, the gate that guard the entrances to the professions, to science, art, literature, agriculture---every department of human endeavor. Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of achievement. If Hugh Miller, after toiling all day in a quarry, had devoted his evenings to rest and recreation, he would never have bee a famous geologist. The celebrated mathematician, Edmund Stone, would never have published a mathematical dictionary, never have found the key to science of mathematics, if he had given his spare moments to idleness, had the little Scotch lad, Ferguson, allowed the busy brain to go to sleep while he tended sheep on the hillside instead of calculating the position of the stars by a string of beads, he would never have bee a famous astronomer. Labor vanquishes all---not inconstant, spa *** odic, or ill-directed labor; but faithful, unremitting, daily effort toward a well-directed purpose. Just as truly as eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, so is eternal industry the price of noble and enduring success. 译文: 如果我休息,我就会生锈 在一把旧钥匙上发现了一则意义深远的铭文——如果我休息,我就会生锈。对于那些懒散而烦恼的人来说,这将是至理名言。甚至最为勤勉的人也以此作为警示:如果一个人有才能而不用,就像废弃钥匙上的铁一样,这些才能就会很快生锈,并最终无法完成安排给自己的工作。 有些人想取得伟人所获得并保持的成就,他们就必须不断运用自身才能,以便开启知识的大门,即那些通往人类努力探求的各个领域的大门,这些领域包括各种职业:科学,艺术,文学,农业等。 勤奋使开启成功宝库的钥匙保持光亮。如果休•米勒在采石场劳作一天后,晚上的时光用来休息消遣的话,他就不会成为名垂青史的地质学家。著名数学家爱德蒙•斯通如果闲暇时无所事事,就不会出版数学词典,也不会发现开启数学之门的钥匙。如果苏格兰青年弗格森在山坡上放羊时,让他那思维活跃的大脑处于休息状态,而不是借助一串珠子计算星星的位置,他就不会成为著名的天文学家。 劳动征服一切。这里所指的劳动不是断断续续的,间歇性的或方向偏差的劳动,而是坚定的,不懈的,方向正确的每日劳动。正如要想拥有自由就要时刻保持警惕一样,要想取得伟大的,持久的成功,就必须坚持不懈地努力。 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇2:panionship of Books A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the pany he keeps; for there is a panionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best pany, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of panions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and forting and consoling us in age. Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, ‘Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:” Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them. A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man’s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, bee our constant panions and forters. Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive e but what is really good. Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see the as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience bees ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which on still listens. 译文: 以书为伴节选 通常看一个读些什么书就可知道他的为人,就像看他同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样,因为有人以人为伴,也有人以书为伴。无论是书友还是朋友,我们都应该以最好的为伴。 好书就像是你最好的朋友。它始终不渝,过去如此,现在如此,将来也永远不变。它是最有耐心,最令人愉悦的伴侣。在我们穷愁潦倒,临危遭难时,它也不会抛弃我们,对我们总是一如既往地亲切。在我们年轻时,好书陶冶我们的性情,增长我们的知识;到我们年老时,它又给我们以慰藉和勉励。 人们常常因为喜欢同一本书而结为知已,就像有时两个人因为敬慕同一个人而成为朋友一样。有句古谚说道:“爱屋及屋。”其实“爱我及书”这句话蕴涵更多的哲理。书是更为真诚而高尚的情谊纽带。人们可以通过共同喜爱的作家沟通思想,交流感情,彼此息息相通,并与自己喜欢的作家思想相通,情感相融。 好书常如最精美的宝器,珍藏着人生的思想的精华,因为人生的境界主要就在于其思想的境界。因此,最好的书是金玉良言和崇高思想的宝库,这些良言和思想若铭记于心并多加珍视,就会成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰藉。 书籍具有不朽的本质,是为人类努力创造的最为持久的成果。寺庙会倒坍,神像会朽烂,而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说,时间是无关紧要的。多年前初次闪现于作者脑海的伟大思想今日依然清新如故。时间惟一的作用是淘汰不好的作品,因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。 书籍介绍我们与最优秀的人为伍,使我们置身于历代伟人巨匠之间,如闻其声,如观其行,如见其人,同他们情感交融,悲喜与共,感同身受。我们觉得自己仿佛在作者所描绘的舞台上和他们一起粉墨登场。 即使在人世间,伟大杰出的人物也永生不来。他们的精神被载入书册,传于四海。书是人生至今仍在聆听的智慧之声,永远充满著活力。 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇3:Youth Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusia *** wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young. When your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynici *** and the ice of pessimi *** , then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimi *** , there’s hope you may die young at 80. 译文: 青春 青春不是年华,而是心境;青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝,而是深沉的意志,恢巨集的想象,炙热的恋情;青春是生命的深泉在涌流。 青春气贯长虹,勇锐盖过怯弱,进取压倒苟安。如此锐气,二十后生而有之,六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加,并非垂老,理想丢弃,方堕暮年。 岁月悠悠,衰微只及肌肤;热忱抛却,颓废必致灵魂。忧烦,惶恐,丧失自信,定使心灵扭曲,意气如灰。 无论年届花甲,拟或二八芳龄,心中皆有生命之欢乐,奇迹之诱惑,孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线,只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的讯号,你就青春永驻,风华常存。 、 一旦天线下降,锐气便被冰雪覆盖,玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生,即使年方二十,实已垂垂老矣;然则只要树起天线,捕捉乐观讯号,你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻。 短篇英语美文朗诵文章篇4:Three Days to See All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year, sometimes as short as 24 hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed hero chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited. Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings, what regrets? Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with gentleness, vigor and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to e. There are those, of course, who would adopt the Epicurean motto of “Eat, drink, and be merry”. But most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death. In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. He bees more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do. Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in *** life. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill. I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early *** life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. 译文: 假如给我三天光明节选 我们都读过震撼人心的故事,故事中的主人公只能再活一段很有限的时光,有时长达一年,有时却短至一日。但我们总是想要知道,注定要离世人的会选择如何度过自己最后的时光。当然,我说的是那些有选择权利的自由人,而不是那些活动范围受到严格限定的死囚。 这样的故事让我们思考,在类似的处境下,我们该做些什么?作为终有一死的人,在临终前的几个小时内我们应该做什么事,经历些什么或做哪些联想?回忆往昔,什么使我们开心快乐?什么又使我们悔恨不已? 有时我想,把每天都当作生命中的最后一天来边,也不失为一个极好的生活法则。这种态度会使人格外重视生命的价值。我们每天都应该以优雅的姿态,充沛的精力,抱着感恩之心来生活。但当时间以无休止的日,月和年在我们面前流逝时,我们却常常没有了这种子感觉。当然,也有人奉行“吃,喝,享受”的享乐主义信条,但绝大多数人还是会受到即将到来的死亡的惩罚。 在故事中,将死的主人公通常都在最后一刻因突降的幸运而获救,但他的价值观通常都会改变,他变得更加理解生命的意义及其永恒的精神价值。我们常常注意到,那些生活在或曾经生活在死亡阴影下的人无论做什么都会感到幸福。 然而,我们中的大多数人都把生命看成是理所当然的。我们知道有一天我们必将面对死亡,但总认为那一天还在遥远的将来。当我们身强体健之时,死亡简直不可想象,我们很少考虑到它。日子多得好像没有尽头。因此我们一味忙于琐事,几乎意识不到我们对待生活的冷漠态度。 我担心同样的冷漠也存在于我们对自己官能和意识的运用上。只有聋子才理解听力的重要,只有盲人才明白视觉的可贵,这尤其适用于那些成年后才失去视力或听力之苦的人很少充分利用这些宝贵的能力。他们的眼睛和耳朵模糊地感受着周围的景物与声音,心不在焉,也无所感激。这正好我们只有在失去后才懂得珍惜一样,我们只有在生病后才意识到健康的可贵。 我经常想,如果每个人在年轻的时候都有几天失时失聪,也不失为一件幸事。黑暗将使他更加感镭射明,寂静将告诉他声音的美妙。

英语文章朗读

朗读能使学生更好地体会、理解和表达课文或读物的思想感情。下面是我带来的英语朗读 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

英语朗读文章1

Precious Love in the World

人间至情

Although we are always in a rush, yet, when the night becomes silent and we have time to meditate,

虽然我们总是处于忙碌之中,但是当宁静的夜晚到来之时,我们就有了时间来冥想。

There is always something which will touch our hearts and give us strength.

总有一些东西是会触动我们的心灵并给予我们力量的

That is love, from relatives, friends, lovers …

那就是爱,来自我们的家人,朋友和爱人

英语朗读文章2

Get a Thorough Understanding of Oneself

彻底认识自我

In all one's lifetime it is oneself that one spends the most time being with or dealing with. But it is precisely oneself that one has the least understanding of. When you are going upwards in life you tend to overestimate yourself. When you are going downhill you tend to underestimate yourself. It's likely that you think it wise for yourself to know your place and stay aloof from worldly wearing a mask of cowardice, behind which the flow of sap in your life will be retarded.

人生在世,和自己相处最多,打交道最多,但是人最不了解的也恰恰是自己。当你一帆风顺时,往往高估自己;不得志时,又往往低估自己。你可能认为安分守己、与世无争是明智之举,而实际上往往被怯懦的面具窒息了自己鲜活的生命。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself and be a sober realist-aware of both one's strength and shortage. You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to expect too much, for ideals can never be fully realized. You may be courageous to meet challenges but it should be clear to you where to direct your efforts.

彻悟自己,就是正确认识自己,做一个冷静的现实主义者,既知道自己的优势,也知道自己的不足。我们可以憧憬人生,但不要期望过高。因为在现实中,理想的实现总是会打折扣的。你可以勇敢地迎接挑战,但是必须清楚自己努力的方向。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs self-appreciation. Whether you liken yourself to a towering tree or a blade of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you represent a state of nature that has its own reason of existence. If you earnestly admire yourself you'll have a real sense of self-appreciation, which will give you confidence. As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself you'll be enabled to fight and overcome any adversity.

要彻悟自己就要欣赏自己。无论你是一棵参天大树,还是一棵无名小草,无论想要成为一座高山,还是一块石头,你都是一种天然,都有自己存在的理由。只要你认真地欣赏自己,你就会拥有一个真正的自我,你才会拥有信心。一旦拥有了信心你就能战胜任何灾难。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself also requires doing oneself a favor when it's needed. In time of anger, do yourself a favor by giving vent to it in a quiet place so that you won't be hurt by its flames; in time of sadness, do yourself a favor by sharing it with your friends so as to change a gloomy mood into a cheerful one; in time of tiredness, do yourself a favor by getting a good sleep or taking some tonic. Show yourself loving concern about your health and daily life. Unless you know perfectly well when and how to do yourself a favor, you won't be confident and ready enough to resist the attack of illness.

要彻悟自己,就要善待自己。在气愤时善待自己,找个僻静之处宣泄一下,不要被那些无名之火伤身;忧伤时,要善待自己,找个好友倾诉一番,让低迷的情绪高涨起来;劳累时,你要善待自己,睡个好觉或者吃点滋补品,对自己的健康和生活关心备至。唯有知道如何善待自己,你才会信心百倍,从容不迫地准备应对疾病的侵袭。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control of one's life. Then one will find one's life full of color and flavor.

彻悟了自己,你才能把握自己的生命,你的生活才会丰富多彩、有滋有味!

你是什么和你做什么同等重要

英语朗读文章3

The Most Important Body Part

身体最重要的部分

My mother used to ask me what is the most important part of the body. Through the years I would guess at what I thought was the correct answer.

从前我母亲经常问我,身体最重要的部位是什么。许多年来,我一直以为自己所想的是正确答案。

When I was younger, I thought sound was very important to us as humans, so I said, "My ears, Mommy."

当我很小的时候,我认为对人类而言,声音很重要,因此回答:“妈咪,是耳朵。”

She said, "No. Many people are deaf. But you keep thinking about it and I will ask you again soon."

她说:“不对,有许多人是聋人。但是你继续想,不久我会再问你。”

Several years passed before she asked me again. Since making my first attempt, I had contemplated the correct answer. So this time I told her, "Mommy, sight is very important to everybody, so it must be our eyes."

当她再度问我时,已经是好几年后了。自从第一次回答之后,我就一直仔细的思考正确答案。所以这次我对她说:“妈咪,视觉对每个人都很重要,所以应该是我们的眼睛。”

She looked at me and told me, "You are learning fast, but the answer is not correct because there are many people who are blind."

她看着我,对我说:“你学的很快,但还是不对,因为有许多人是盲人。”

Over the years, Mother asked me a couple more times and always her answer was, "No, but you are getting smarter every year, my child."

往后的年日里她又问了我几次,但她总是回答:“不对,可是孩子啊,你每年都有进步喔。”

Then last year, my Grandpa died. Everybody was hurt. Everybody was crying. My Mom looked at me when it was our turn to say our final good-bye to Grandpa. She asked me, "Do you know the most important body part yet, my dear?"

去年我祖父去世,每个人都很伤心,大家都哭了。轮到我们向爷爷做最后的告别时,妈妈看着我,问我:“宝贝,你知道身体最重要的部位了吗?”

I was shocked when she asked me this now. I always thought this was a game between her and me. She saw the confusion on my face and told me, "This question is very important. It shows that you have really lived your life." I saw her eyes well up with tears. She said, "My dear, the most important body part is your shoulder."

她在这时候问我这个问题,令我吓了一大跳。我一直以为这只是我和她之间的游戏。她看我一脸迷惑的样子,对我说:“这问题很重要,它是你真正理解生活的标志。”我看她眼睛里充盈着泪水,她说:“宝贝,最重要的部位是你的肩膀。”

I asked, "Is it because it holds up your head?"

我问:“是因为它能支撑脑袋吗?”

She replied, "No, it is because it can hold the head of a friend or loved one when they cry. Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on sometime in life, my dear. I only hope that you have enough love and friends that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it."

她回答说:“不,是因为让我们的朋友、我们所爱的人哭泣的时候,它可以给予依靠。宝贝,每个人在一生中都会有需要一个可以靠着哭泣的肩膀的时候。我只是希望当你需要时,会有足够的爱人和朋友,给你一个可倚靠哭泣的肩膀。”

Then and there I knew the most important body part is not a selfish one. It is sympathetic to the pain of others.

从那时起,我知道身体最重要的部位不是利己的部位,而是对别人的痛苦能感同身受的部位。

朗读是学生 学习英语 的一种有效的 方法 ;是提高听、说、读、写综合能力的一种行之有效的途径。下面是我带来的英文朗读 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

英文朗读文章1

Reflections on Life

人生凝眸

You are the only one in a sea of infinity!

在无穷无尽有宇宙中,你是独一无二的。

Your dearest possession is life, and it is given to you but once.

你所拥有的一切中最宝贵的便是生命,而属于你的生命只有这一次。

Life gives every one his opportunities, but it doesn't send them into his hands.

生命给每个人提供了机遇送到他手里。

Wherever you want to go, whatever you want to do, it's truly up to you.

不管你想要去哪里,想要做什么,真正做决定的还是你自己。

You are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today!

你就是手握今日之画笔描绘自己未来的艺术家。

英文朗读文章2

A Million Dollar Lesson

价值百万美元的一课

A cab driver taught me a million dollar lesson on customer satisfaction and expectation.

一位出租车司机给我上了一堂价值百万美元的课——关于顾客的满意度与期望值。

Motivational speakers charge thousands of dollars to impart his kind of training to corporate executives and staff. It cost me a $12 taxi ride.

讲成功学的老师给公司的高层和员工做一次这样的培训要收上几千美元,而我只花了12美元的出租车费。

I had flown into Dallas for the sole purpose of calling on a client. Time was of the essence and my plan included a quick turnaround trip from and back to the airport. A spotless cab pulled up.

我飞来达拉斯只是为了 拜访 一位客户。时间就是生命,我计划拜访他之后急速返回机场。一辆一尘不染的出租车停了下来。

The driver rushed to open the passenger door for me and made sure I was comfortably seated before he closed the door. As he got in the driver's seat, he mentioned that the neatly folded Wall Street Journal next to me was for my use. He then showed me several tapes and asked me what type of music I would enjoy.

司机迅速下车为我打开客座车门,等我舒服地坐好后才把车门关上。在驾驶座上坐定之后,他告诉我,放在我旁边的那份叠得整齐的《华尔街日报》是供我翻阅的。然后,他又将几盒磁带递给我,问我喜欢什么样的音乐。

Well! I looked around for "Candid Camera!" Wouldn't you? I could not believe the service I was receiving! I took the opportunity to say, "Obviously you take great pride in your work. You must have a story to tell

噢!我环顾四周,看偷拍相机藏在哪里!如果你遇到这样的情形,恐怕你也会这样做!我简直不敢相信有这等服务!我趁机说:“看得出你为自己的工作感到非常自豪,这其中一定有 故事 吧。”

You bet, he replied, "I used to be in Corporate America. But I got tired of thinking my best would never be good enough. I decided to find my niche in life where I could feel proud of being the best I could be. ”

“没错,”他回答道,“我以前曾在一家大公司上班,但是无论怎么努力也达不到别人的要求,我厌倦了这种生活。于是,我决定为我的人生开创属于自己的一片新天地,在那里我能做到最好,并为此感到自豪。

I knew I would never be a rocket scientist, but I love driving cars, being of service and feeling like I have done a full day's work and done it well. I evaluated my personal assets and... wham! I became a cab driver.

“我知道成不了火箭专家,但我喜欢开车,喜欢为他人服务,喜欢完成了一天的工作并且干得出色的那种感觉。我算了下我手头的资产。。。嗯,然后,我开上了出租车。”

One thing I know for sure, to be good in my business I could simply meet the expectations of my passengers. But, to be great in my business, I have to exceed the customer's expectations! I like both the sound and the return of being 'great' better than just getting by on 'average'.

“有一件事我深信不疑,想在这个行当中做得好,只要满足乘客的期望就行了。而要想干得很好,我就必须超出顾客的期望!我不满足于仅仅以一般服务打发日子,我喜欢顾客对我优质服务的赞誉和因此得到的回报。”

英文朗读文章3

The Blessing Tree

祈愿树

I had gone into a supervisor's office to talk about a couple of issues that needed to be addressed. She, like all of the men and women in her department, had been through the proverbial "ringer." The stress was so intense, one could almost taste it.

我走进一位主管的办公室,和她讨论一些需要处理的事情。所有在这个部门工作的人,都像俗语所说的“被上了套”,她也不例外。他们所承受的压力之大,让人体会得到。

I had been assisting the department during a crunch period of being very short-handed, and was watching everyone get close to burn-out. When I inquired about her state of mind, she confessed that her home life was almost non-existant, because she was "zombieing through the evening". The next words out of her mouth expressed a frustration of my own: "This work is not my gift from God. My family is!"

我在这个部门人手不足的危急时刻来这儿帮忙,亲眼目睹了每个人都接近于精疲力竭的状态。当我问及她的精神状态时,她坦言自己几乎没有家庭生活,每天早晨醒来,她都像一具经过夜晚起死回生的行尸走肉。她接下来说的话也是我在受挫时想说的:“这份工作不是上帝给我的礼物。我的家庭才是!”

I had heard of hanging all of one's problems from the office on a "Trouble Tree" while driving home, to be picked up on the way back to the office in the morning, and for a brief second thought about suggesting that scenario.

我曾经听说过在下班开车回家之前把一个人在办公室遇到的所有难题都挂在一个“烦恼树”上,第二天早晨上班时再把它们拿下来。我思考片刻,想告诉她这个办法。

But what came out was: "Why don't we do something different? Let's have a Blessing Tree. On the way home in the evening, we could pull down a blessing to dwell on a character trait we adore in our spouse, a particular reason we love them, the love they or our children have for us. The list could be endless."

但是我说出口的是:“我们为什么不能做点与众不同的事呢?让我们种一颗‘祈愿树’,每天晚上回家之前获得一个愿望,祈求我们的爱人拥有我们所喜欢的性格特征,祈求我们因为某个特殊的理由爱他们,祈求我们的爱人和孩子对我们的爱。肯定有列不完的东西。”

When I tried it on the way home that night, the stress seemed to melt away. There was a "spring in my step" and when I arrived, a smile of joy and contentment was bubbling up from within! For the first time in 2 weeks, I was overjoyed to greet my wife and children!

那天晚上我走在回家的路上,压力好像消失了。我的步伐似乎也轻快起来,当我回到家时,我脸上浮起了微笑,这微笑源自内心的喜悦和满足。两个星期以来,我第一次为和妻子、孩子打招呼而感到由衷的高兴。

The Blessing Tree could make a major difference in your evenings, especially after those really tough days.

祈愿树使你的夜晚和以前截然不同,尤其是在那些艰难的日子之后。

英语现在已经发展成为一个在世界范围内使用最广泛的语言。英语作为英美 文化 信息的载体和表现形式,一度深深地烙上了英美独有的文化印记。下面是我带来的优秀英语 文章 朗读,欢迎阅读!优秀英语文章朗读篇一 The silent village In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists. We always assume that villagers in remote places are friendly and hospitable. But people who are cut off not only from foreign tourists, but even from their own countrymen can be hostile to travellers. Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable--as my wife and I discovered during a tour through the Balkans. We had spent several days in a small town and visited a number of old churches in the vicinity. These attracted many visitors for they were not only of great architectural interest, but contained a large number of beautifully preserved frescoes as well. On the day before our departure, several bus loads of tourists descended on the town. This was more than we could bear, so we decided to spend our last day exploring the countryside. Taking a path which led out of the town, we crossed a few fields until we came to a dense wood. We expected the path to end abruptly, but we found that it traced its way through the trees. We tramped through the wood for over two hours until we arrived at a deep stream. We could see that the path continued on the other side, but we had no idea how we could get across the stream. Suddenly my wife spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep. We gently woke him up and asked him to ferry us to the other side. Though he was reluctant to do so at first, we eventually persuaded him to take us. The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain. The place consisted of a straggling unmade road which was lined on either side by small houses. Even under a clear blue sky, the village looked forbidding, as all the houses were built of grey mud bricks. The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat tied to a tree on a short length of rope in a field nearby. Sitting down on a dilapidated wooden fence near the field, we opened a couple of tins of sardines and had a picnic lunch. All at once, I noticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm. Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate. We offered them food and spoke to them kindly, but they remained motionless. I concluded that they were simply shy of strangers. When we later walked down the main street of the village, we were followed by a silent procession of children. The village which had seemed deserted, immediately came to life. Faces appeared at windows. Men in shirt sleeves stood outside their houses and glared at us. Old women in black shawls peered at us from door-ways. The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard. There was no doubt that we were unwelcome visitors. We needed no further warning. Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting. 在这个旅游频繁的世界上,仍有成千上万个游人足迹未至的地方。人们总是以为偏僻的地方的村民们热情好客。但是,那些不但与外国旅游者隔绝,而且与本国同胞隔绝的人们有可能对游客抱有敌意。到真正偏僻的村庄去旅游并不是一件愉快的事情。我与妻子在一次周游巴尔干半岛时对此深有体会。 我们在一座小镇上逗留了几天,参观了附近的许多古老的教堂。这些教堂吸引大量游客,不仅是因为建筑风格奇特,而且还有大量保存完好的壁画。我们离开小镇的前一天,镇上来了几辆满载游客的公共汽车。人多得使我们难以忍受,于是我们决定利用最后一天去乡间一游。我们走上了一条出镇的小路,穿过几块农田,来到一片茂密的树林。我们原以为小路会到此突然终止。没想到它到树林中继续向前延伸。我们在树林中跋涉了两个多小时,到了一条深溪边。我们可以看到小路在深溪对岸继续向前伸展,但却不知如何越过这道深溪。突然,妻子发现岸边泊着一条小船,船上有一船夫在呼呼大睡。我们轻轻地把他唤醒,请他把我们摆渡过溪。一开始,他很不愿意,但经劝说,终于同意了。 顺着小路,我们来到一个座落在陡峭山坡上的小村庄。这儿有一条未经修筑的弯弯曲曲的道路,路两边排列着一些矮小的农舍。农舍全用灰色的土坯建成,因此,即使在晴朗的蓝天底下,村庄看上去也会令人感到难以亲近。村里似乎无人居住,唯一的生命迹象是附近田里一只面目可憎的黑山羊,用一截短绳拴在一棵树上。我们在田边一堵东倒西歪的篱笆墙上坐下来,打开几听沙丁鱼罐头,吃了一顿野外午餐。突然,我注意到妻子十分惊恐。我抬头一看,发现我们被一群衣衫褴褛的小孩团团围住了,他们在默不作声地看着我们吃饭。我们给他们东西吃,客客气气地同他们交谈,但他们却一动也不动。我认为这不过是他们在陌生人面前表现出的害羞。后来,我们在村里的主要街道上行走的时候,一队默不作声的孩子跟在我们后头。刚才还似乎空荡荡的村庄一下子活跃了起来,窗口露出了一张张面孔,只穿着衬衣的男人们站在屋子外面凶狠地盯着我们,披黑纱巾的老妇人站在门口偷偷地瞅着我们。最令人害怕的是到处没有一点声音。毫无疑问,我们的来访是不受欢迎的。我们不需要进一步的警告了。便掉转身子,沿着那条主要街道加快步伐,快速地朝深溪边走去,希望船夫还在那儿等着我们。 优秀英语文章朗读篇二 The Ideal Servant It is a good thing my aunt Harriet died years ago. If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of conversation: domestic servants. Aunt Harriet lived in that leisurely age when servants were employed to do housework. She had a huge, rambling country house called 'The Gables'. She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband's death. Before she grew old, aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly. I often visited The Gables when I was a boy. No matter how many guests were present, the great house was always immaculate. The parquet floors shone like mirrors; highly polished silver was displayed in gleaming glass cabinets; even my uncle's huge collection of books was kept miraculously free from dust. Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished. She always referred to them as' the shifting population', for they came and went with such frequency that I never even got a chance to learn their names, Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please. While she always decried the fickleness of human nature, she carried on an unrelenting search for the ideal servant to the end of her days, even after she had been sadly disillusioned by Bessie. Bessie worked for aunt Harriet for three years. During that time she so gained my aunt's confidence, that she was put in charge of the domestic staff. Aunt Hariet could not find words to praise Bessie's industry and efficiency. In addition to all her other qualifications, Bessie was an expert cook. She acted the role of the perfect servant for three years before aunt Harriet discovered her 'little weakness'. After being absent from The Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner. Not only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily. She bumped into the furniture and kept mumbling about the guests. When she came in with the last course—a huge pudding-she tripped on the carpet and the pudding went flying through the air, narrowly missed my aunt, and crashed on the dining table with considerable force. Though this occasioned great mirth among the guests, aunt Harriet was horrified. She reluctantly came to the conclusion that Bessie was drunk. The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal their amusement. The poor girl was dismissed instantly. After her departure, aunt Harriet discovered that there were piles of empty wine bottles of all shapes and sizes neatly stacked in what had once been Bessie's wardrobe. They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine-cellar! 我的姑妈哈丽特好多年前就去世了,这倒是件好事。如果她活到今天,她将不能就她热衷的话题“佣人”发表意见了。哈丽特生活在一个悠闲的年代,家务事都由雇来的佣人代劳。她在乡下有一幢巨大杂乱的房子,叫作“山墙庄园”。她对这幢房子在感情上难舍难分。房子实在太大了,但在丈夫去世多年后,她仍然执意长年住在那儿。哈丽特姑妈年轻时,喜欢大摆宴席,招待宾客。我小时候常去“山墙庄园”作客。不管去多少宾客,大房子里总是收拾得干干净净。镶木地板洁如明镜,擦得发亮的银器陈列在明亮的玻璃柜里,连姑夫的大量藏书也保存得很好,奇迹般地一尘不染。哈丽特姑妈统率着一支看不见的佣人大军,他们不停地擦拭、清扫、刷洗。她称这些佣人叫“流动人口”,因为他们来匆匆,所以我甚至都没有机会知道他们的姓名。姑妈待佣人在当时算是开明的,从来不让佣人每天工作超过8小时,但他们很难使她称心如意。她一方面总是批评人的本性朝三暮四,另一方面她又持之以恒地寻找一个理想的佣人。即使在贝西大大地伤她的心之后,她还在找,一直到她死去。 贝西在哈丽特家干了3年。在此期间,她赢得了姑母的赏识,甚至当上了大管家。哈丽特不知该用什么言辞来赞扬贝西的勤奋与高效。贝西除了有各种本领以外,还是一个烹饪大师。她担任“理想仆人”角色3年之后,哈丽特终于发现她有“小小的弱点”。一次,姑妈有一个星期没在“山墙庄园”住。一天下午,她出其不意地回来了,带来一大批客人,吩咐贝西准备晚饭。结果,不仅饭菜远不如平时做得好,而且贝西走起路来似乎东倒西歪。她撞到了家具上,嘴里还不断咕咕哝哝议论客人。当她端着最后一道菜——一大盘布丁——走进屋来时,在地毯上绊了一跤。布丁飞到半空,从姑母身边擦过,然后狠狠地砸在餐桌上。这件事引起了客人们的欢笑,但哈丽特却着实吓了一跳。她不得不认定贝西是喝醉了。客人们自然从贝西为他们开门那一刻起就看出来了,在好长一段时间里,即最后这个乱子发生前,他们努力克制才没笑出声来。贝西当即被解雇了。贝西走后,哈丽特姑妈发现在贝西以前用过的衣柜里整整齐齐地放着一堆堆形状各导、大小不一的酒瓶子。这些酒瓶神不知鬼不觉地从酒窖来到了这里。 优秀英语文章朗读篇三 New Year Resolutions The New Year is a time for resolutions. Mentally, at least, most of us could compile formidable lists of ' do's' and' don'ts '. The same old favourites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity. We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don't like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day. Past experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure. Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out. We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways. Aware of these pitfalls, this year I attempted to keep my resolutions to myself. I limited myself to two modest ambitions: to do physical exercises every morning and to read more of an evening. An all-night party on New Year's Eve, provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task. The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up. The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable. Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living-room for two days before anyone found me out. After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition. It was this that betrayed me. The next morning the whole family trooped in to watch the performance. That was really unsettling but I fended off the taunts and jibes of the family good-humouredly and soon everybody got used to the idea. However, my enthusiasm waned. The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished. Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero. By January 10th, I was back to where I had started from. I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home from work. Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book, one night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read. That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. I still haven't given up my resolution to do more reading. In fact, I have just bought a book entitled 'How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute'. Perhaps it will solve my problem, but I just haven't had time to read it! 新年是下决心的时候,至少在大多数人的心里会编排出一份“应做什么”和“不应做什么”的令人生畏的单子。相同的决心以单调的规律年复一年地出现。我们决心每天早晨起得早些;吃得少些;多花点时间与孩子们一起做游戏;做大量的家务;对不喜欢的人友善一些;小心驾车;每天都要带着狗散步;等等。以往的 经验 告诉我们有些事是办不到的。如果我们烟瘾大,戒不掉,那是因为屡戒屡败,失去信心。我们大多数人想自我完善却遭到失败,这是因为我们的规划过于宏大,而又根本没有时间去实施。我们还犯有一个根本性的错误,即把我们的决心向大家宣布。这样一旦滑回到那些老习惯上去,我们在别人的眼里会显得更加难堪。我深知这些问题,于是,今年我对自己的计划要严加保密,只给自己定下两项适中的任务;每天早上锻炼身体,每天晚上多看点书。新年 除夕 举办的一次通宵晚会,使我理直气壮地在新年头一天免去了这两项任务。不过,新年第二天,我全力以赴地照着去做了。 早锻炼一共只有11分钟,我打算在别人起床之前进行。这就要求我比平时早11分钟把自己从床上拽起来,这种自我约束是很艰苦的。不过开头两天我还是成功地蹑手蹑脚地来到楼下起居室,被谁也没发现。我在地毯上跳来蹦过去,扭曲身子,摆出各种姿势,弄得浑身不舒服,然后坐到桌边吃早饭,一副筋疲力尽的样子。正是这副模样泄露了我的秘密。第二天早晨全家人结队来到起居室看我表演。这真叫人不好意思,但我心平气和地顶住全家人的嘲笑和奚落。不久,大家对我习以为常了,而这时我的热情却减退了。我花在锻炼上的时间逐渐减少,慢慢地从11分钟减到了零。到了1月10日,我恢复了原来的作息时间。我辩解说,早晨少耗费精力锻炼,晚上下班回家看书时头脑更清醒些。有几天晚上,我极力摆脱了电视的诱惑,坐在自己的房间里,两眼盯在书上。可是,有一天夜里,我感到又冷又孤单,便来到楼下坐在电视机前假装看书。这下我可完了,因为不一会儿,我就恢复了以前的坏习惯,在屏幕前打起瞌睡来。但我还没有放弃多看些书的决心。事实上,我刚买来一本叫《一分钟读一千字的诀窍》的书。也许这本书能解决我的问题,但我一直还没时间去看这本书!

培养朗读能力论文文献

《语文课标标准》指出:听、说、读、写是小学语文阅读教学中的重要环节,读是阅读教学重要环节之一。我认为,语文教学的实质就是言语能力的培养,而言语能力的核心是语感,语感左右着语文教学的实质和效率,而朗读是培养和提高学生语感能力的重要途径。语文课要充分重视学生的朗读,让学生在反复的朗读中体会语文所蕴含的丰富情感。我们学校地处农村。这些大山里的孩子由于在日常生活中,与家长、与社会甚至与老师交流都使用的是方言,很少有机会使用普通话,导致学生的语言综合能力较低。加之,目前农村学校教师老龄化十分严重,担任小学语文教学的多为老教师,他们只要求学生朗读,缺少对学生朗读的指导,导致学生朗读课文不流利、加字、掉字、错字、缺乏感情等情况普遍存在。因此,提高农村小学学生的语文朗读能力已经迫在眉睫。结合近几年的语文教学,我认为可以从以下几方面提高学生的语文朗读能力:一、狠抓拼音,巩固朗读基础。农村学校学生受当地语言环境的影响,在生活中很少说普通话,在朗读课文时口语较重,并且短时间内很难改变。学生的朗读水平要有所提高,最首要的条件就是先把字音读准。比如:n、l不分;前鼻韵母与后鼻韵母不分;脑袋读成laodai、欢迎读成huanyin。低年级教师在教学这些内容时可以要求学生做成卡片,帮助学生区分并加强记忆,高年级教师在处理这些问题要及时纠正、强化练习。并且老师们要做到持之以恒,堂堂必教,时时必纠。朗读文章只有先读正确,才能读流利,然后才能读出感情。因此,在低年级狠抓拼音教学和识字教学是提高农村小学生朗读能力的前提条件。二、范读课文,熏陶感染学生。尽管新课改已经进行了好几年,但很多教师仍然还没有转变自己的观念,只重视知识的传授,轻视能力的培养。语文教师要提高学生的朗读水平,必须先提高自身的朗读能力。俗话说要给学生一滴水,自己必须先有一桶水,当教师的朗读达到一定的水平后,在课堂以生动、优美的语言为学生范读,让学生受到美的熏陶,以此潜移默化地影响学生,激发学生朗读的兴趣。三、创设情境,加深学生理解。语文课本中有一些课文内容离农村孩子的生活较远,这些课文学生比较难理解。对于此类课文老师可以创设情境帮助学生加深理解。例如:我在教学五年级上册的《圆明园的毁灭》这一课时,课文用了很大的篇幅写了圆明园辉煌的过去,可学生用已有的生活经验无法想象课文中所描写的优美景观,在课堂上,我用多媒体课件为学生展示了这些美景以及珍贵文物的图片,把学生带入课文,激发了学生的情感,学生充分理解后,这时学生就通过自己的朗读把自己的理解、自己的体会表达了出来,学生的朗读水平无形中就得到了提高。因此,创设情境是提高学生的朗读水平一个重要手段。四、加深理解,激发朗读情感。新课改下的小学语文教学重点要训练学生的朗读能力,要求学生在读中理解,读中感悟,又在理解后的朗读中使学生的情感得到升华。回顾近几年的语文教学生涯,我一直非常重视训练学生的朗读能力。而在训练学生的朗读时,我一直要求学生通过朗读把自己的理解与感受表达出来。例如:我在引导学生朗读漫步园内,有如漫游在天南地北,饱览着中外风景名胜;流连其间,仿佛置身在幻想的境界里。这一句话时,我先问学生同学们,在这样的园里漫步,你想出来吗?谁能通过你的朗读表达出来?第一个同学起来读的语速较快,我又问谁比他更喜欢欣赏这些优美的景色,都不想出来了?学生就明白了读这一句话语速要慢一点儿。我又问:谁完全被这些优美的景色陶醉了,都忘了出来了?这时,同学们朗读的兴趣都被激发出来了,都争着要来读并且都通过自己的朗读把自己的感受、自己的体会读出来了。在语文课上,我坚持用这个方法来训练学生的朗读,使学生的朗读能力有了一个较大的提升,也正是用这个方法来让学生的朗读能力和理解能力想互促进的。五、开展活动,创造展示平台。对学生的朗读能力的培养不应该仅仅局限于课内,而应该从课内延伸到课外。为了更进一步提高学生的朗读能力,我经常开展一些诗朗诵、讲故事、演讲比赛等一些小型的班内活动,为学生创造了展示自我的平台,并及时的对一些表现好、进步大的同学提出表扬。这些活动的开展不但提高了学生的朗读水平,激发了学生学习语文的兴趣,更让学生积累了更多的课外知识。同时也使自己的语文教学更加轻松。朗读教学贯穿了整个小学语文阶段的教学,正确、流利、有感情地朗读课文是一个长期的训练过程,只要我们教师能转变观念,正确认识朗读培养的重要性,提高自身的朗读水平,有耐心、有恒心,科学地进行朗读训练,我相信农村小学生朗读差的局面一定会有所改善。

朗读教学的作用和设计 朗读教学不但是中学语文教学不可缺少一个助成部分,而且它与各个教学环节、教学内容相勾连,能有效地促进学生说话能力,更深切地体味文章的思想感情,领略到文章的音乐美、含蓄美和形象美,它有着不可低估的作用,值得重视。在朗读教学的设计上,应根据朗读教学的要求,朗读教学的规律有的放矢的从朗读的重音、停顿、语调、速度等几方面来考虑,设计出绘声绘色的朗读教学,这对学生本人,乃至对整个班级、整所学校有着无与伦比的作用。把朗读吟诵做到使听者感染到声声入耳、心心相印,使读者感到耳濡目染、心领神会,技巧是关键。 “读”虽说在传统教学中把它依附于“写”,所谓“读书破万卷,下笔如有神“,但实际上对“读”不论是古代,还是现代,都是极为重视的。朗读作为其形式之一,是语文教学中的重要一环,它是以理解文字作品的意义为目的的一种出声阅读形式,即把书面语言转变为出声的口头语言。在《中学语文教学大纲》教学内容部分中,对朗读作出了明确的规定:“用普通话正确、流利、有感情的朗读课文。”因为通过朗读训练,学生可以从篇章中领会文章的主旨、思想、意蕴,既受到了熏陶感染,又锻炼了用语音描摹事物、表情达意的能力;同时,教师通过朗读可以检验学生对文章的掌握程度,感情倾向和认识水平,所以在中学语文课堂教学中,朗读训练作为阅读训练的基本内容之一,是课堂教学的重要环节。下面笔者就朗读的作用,朗读的设计谈一些浅见。 古代教育家重视“吟诵”,认为只有拿调去读,才能进入文章的情境之中,体味出其中的妙处。老一辈语文教育家和当代语文教育家都提倡朗读。那么,朗读究竟有哪些好处呢? 一、朗读的作用 1、朗读能够有效地促进学生说话能力的提高。这是朗读训练作用最浅显,也是最基本的一点: 朗读,是一种出声的阅读,是经过大脑指挥口、耳、眼将文字转化为有声语言,调动口、耳、眼、脑等器官一起参与的复杂的思维活动过程。它与默读的心理活动方式比较如下: 朗读:目→脑→口→耳→脑。 默读:目→脑。 以上可以看出,默读程度较朗读程序大大地简化了,虽速度快了,但使口、耳缺少了锻炼。对语感的培养也大大削减了。 由此,从朗读这一原理来看,朗读不仅可以使学生加深对文章内容的理解,更好地感知文章的美学因素,而且可以有效地培养学生的思维能力。学生的思维能力强了,他的概括能力、表达能力、组织语言的能力也就自然而然地强了。这些能力作用于说话上,学生必然会说得趋于简明、流畅、连贯、得体、有条理,同时,如果学生经常性地朗读,其结果必然是熟能生巧。表现在说话上,学生就能逐步取得发音清晰、音量适中、感染力强的效果。一般而言,朗读能力强的学生,他的口头表达能力也通常比较强。这也验证了朗读能够促进学生说话能力提高这一点。另外,因为朗读时要求采用普通话,这自然会提高学生说普通话的能力。 所以说,朗读是培养语感的一种好方式,应切实地加强训练。放声朗读文章,可以增强语音的感受能力、语义的感受能力和语法的感受能力。如果对精美的文章反复地朗读,会增强对语言规范的敏感和鉴别能力。反之听到不正确的读音或词不达意,生硬不通的句子,就会从感情上感到不适,并加以排斥。 2、朗读能够有助于深刻地体味文章所抒发的鲜明独特的思想感情。这是朗读训练所应达到的基本目标之一: 我们常说作家在创作时总是披情入文。文章的思想感情是通过作家塑造的丰富的艺术形象来展示的。学生在朗读课文时,把书面语言还原为口头语言,作者的语言就好象成了读者自己的语言。与此同时,学生的头脑中会连续再现文章中的抒情载体──艺术形象。这样一来,学生能够更好地感受到文章中蕴含的思想感情,从而产生强烈共鸣,受到潜移默化的思想教育。如在学习《周总理,你在哪里》这首诗时,教师只有指导学生有感情地反复朗读,让学生真切地演绎人民对总理的深情热切的呼唤和山谷、大地、松涛、海浪、广场的回音,学生就能更深刻地感受到总理与人民心连心的深厚感情。在学习《白杨礼赞》这篇抒情散文时,教师可通过学生在朗读文章时准确把握文章句调、语速、感情的变化,让学生进一步理解白杨树的象征意义,更深刻地领会作家通过赞美白杨树意在歌颂北方农民质朴、严肃、不屈的性格和抗日军民在民族解放斗争中坚强,力求上进,执着奋斗的精神内蕴。 由此,教师应加强指导学生朗读,尤其是应该精读的文章,不能粗观大意,浅尝辄止,必须反复朗读。在朗读中推敲文章的含义、情调、韵味,想象作者写作时的心境和情感,代作者说话,代作者表达思想,抒发情怀。经过这样的朗读,对文章的理解才会加深。 3、朗读有助于学生更直观地领略到文章的音乐美: 我们知道音乐是以其特有的节奏旋律来打动人心,感染听众,从而显示艺术魁力的。好的音乐,总给人余韵袅袅,绕梁三日的美感。古今好的诗文莫不如此。在汉语中,汉字有四种声调。由汉字组成的文章只有通过朗读,学生才能直观体味到汉字铿锵有力,抑扬顿挫的独特魁力,感受到文章的音韵美。同时,文章还有急切舒缓、起承转合的律动的特点。学生也只有通过恰当地朗读,才能从语调的高低、节奏的急缓、语速的快慢感受到文章的旋律美。特别是,中学语文课本中编排了一定数量的古诗词。它们一般都具有句式整饬、平仄相配,节奏鲜明,句末押韵,好似高山流水的特点。教师在教学古诗时,只有指导学生反复朗读,才能让学生直接体会到古诗所具有的音乐美,增强学生对古诗的美学感染力,进一步激发学生学习古诗词的热情。除此,在《荷塘月色》、《春》等优美的写景抒情散文中,朱自清运用了不少的叠词,朗读它们,犹如一个个跳动的音符贯穿于文章中,有效地增强了文章的节奏感。通过朗读,学生能够更好地领悟到朱自清散文所具有的音乐美。 4、朗读能够增强学生对文章含蓄美和形象美的感染能力: 含蓄,是指用少量的、具体的、可感触的艺术形象,来表现丰富的生活内容和思想感情,把诗意藏在富于概括性和内涵丰富的形象中,以瞬间表现永恒,以有限传达无限,以少胜多,给人以推理和想象的广阔大地。“读书百遍,其义自见”,“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,“观书须熟读,使其言皆者出于吾云之口;继以精思,使其意皆出于吾之心。”这些话语道出了反复朗读对于理解文章含义所起的重要作用。教师在课堂教学过程中,特别是地教学诗歌时,只有指导学生反复地朗读,才能让学生将文章中隽永的意境,深厚的蕴涵更好地品味出来,从而更好地欣赏到文章的含蓄美。 另外,文学作品虽然没有雕塑、绘画等艺术类型作品那么直观,但它的形象性却是一般艺术样式所无法比拟的。在文学作品中,具体、生动、可感的、概括的、具有审美意义的生活图画,构成了艺术形象。通过朗读,学生可以更好地体会到文章语言的绘声绘色、穷形尽相的特点,从而在脑海里清晰地浮现出课文所描绘的形象、画面,生动地再现各种人物的音容笑貌。如课文《鲁提辖拳打镇关西》一文的高潮部分:描写鲁达如何三拳打死镇关西的情节,施耐庵独具慧眼,敏锐地把握好写作的角度,从味觉、视觉、听觉捕捉主体和喻体“质”的相似点,第一拳,打得郑屠脑袋好同油酱铺;第二拳,打得郑屠脑袋开了彩帛铺;第三拳更精彩,形似做了全堂水陆道场,如此语段,让学生读来有味、有色、有声、有形、有神、有情,照射出鲁智深疾恶如仇、勇猛刚强的光彩形象。 综上所述,通过朗读,学生可以从篇章中领会文章的主旨、思想、意蕴,即受到熏陶感染;同时,又锻炼用语言描摹事物、表情达意的能力。那么,教师如何设计朗读训练,提高朗读训练的效果作用呢? 二、朗读的设计 要做到准确、清晰,并能声情并茂,使听者感染到“声声入耳,心心相应”,使读者感到“耳濡目染,心领神会”,必须学一点朗读的技巧。因为恰当地运用语言技术,能恰到好处地感受作者的思想感情,以增强朗读的效果。 首先就朗读训练的质量要求看,朗读训练的质量大体可分三个层次: 1、正确的朗读。做到读音正确,停顿适当,不错不漏。这是朗读的最基本的要求。 2、流畅的朗读。正确地把握语调(抑、扬、顿、挫)、语气(轻、重、缓、急),连贯地读下来,这是朗读的进一步要求。 3、传神的朗读。熟练地运用读音和表情。表达出文章的风格神采。这是高标准的要求。 其次,朗读的数量要求:为了达到一定的训练质量,必须有一定的训练数量作保证。苏联教育家苏霍姆林斯基长期的研究证明:在小学阶段,小学生要学会流利地表情朗读,至少需要两百小时以上的练习时间;中学阶段,读物的篇幅增长,内容加深,朗读难度大,要求高,练习的时数也是成语的提高。 另外朗读主要是通过重音、停顿、语调、速度等传达的,所以不论从朗读训练的质量上,还是其数量上都应着重从以下几个方面来强化设计训练: 1、朗读的重音: 轻重音是由音强、音长决定的。气流量大,用力,发音时间长,音则重。反之则短。重音显得刚强,常用来表达坚定、果敢、豪迈、庄重的思想感情。朗读时为了表达文章的中心思想和作者感情的需要,往往要把某些词语和句子读得重些,这些重读的部分就是朗读的重音。 如何确定重音的位置呢? 重音一般分成三种:语法重音、逻辑重音、感性重音。 ⑴语法重音(加黑点的词为重音),它是指语法结构成分所反映的重音。这种重音一般来说会自然流露。若探其规律,大致是:简单的主谓结构一般重读谓语:“天亮了。”带宾语时一般重读宾语:“我读语文。”凡的连带成份的,一般重读连带成份:“人们举起愤怒的拳头。” ⑵逻辑重音:为了突出句子的某种特殊意义而把某个词语加重读,它没有固定的位置,随着逻辑思维而变,完全由人的意志决定,又叫强调重音。 如:“父亲说:‘所以你们要向花生,它虽然不好看,可是很有用,……’” “看吧,狂风紧紧抱起一堆巨浪,恶狠狠地扔到峭崖上,把大块翡翠摔成尘露和水沫。” ⑶感情重音,是由于情绪特别激动而造成的重音,表示极度的喜怒哀乐之情。 如:“过不多久,忽然有一个更小的脑袋从叶间探出来。哟,雏儿!正是这小家伙!” “风里带着些新翻的泥土的气息,混着青草味儿……” 2、朗读的停顿: 朗读的停顿指的是朗读语流中声音的停顿。这是根据生理的需要与表达意义的需要而作的间歇、休止。适当的停顿对朗读者来说,可以适当地换气、恰当地控制语速、更好地表达感情。 朗读的停顿,通常分为语法停顿、逻辑停顿和结构停顿三种类型: 语法停顿,是根据语句的语法结构所作的停顿。一般情况,标点符号是语法停顿的参考。除此,当一句话中的定、状语较长时,距中心语远的要停顿。例:“微风吹拂着她那/飘逸/美的秀发。” 逻辑停顿,是指为了突出某一事物,强调特殊含义,而表现出词组、句子、段落之间的逻辑关系。例:“世界上最快而又最慢,/最久而最短,/最易被人忽视/而又最易令人后悔的/就是时间。” 结构停顿,是指表示文章的段落、层次的停顿。停顿的时间长短,段落大于句群,句群大于句子。 3、朗读的语调: 所谓语调,是指整个句子的音高变化,语调有平直调、扬上调、曲折调、降抑调四种基本类型。 平直调,全句语势平直舒缓,音节拖长拉平,用来表示庄重、严肃等语气,常用于叙述、说明、判断的陈述句。 扬上调前低后高,整个句子的后半句明显升高,句末音节上昂,用来表示反问、设问、疑问、惊讶、鼓励、号召等类语气。常用于疑问句或感叹句。 曲折调高低起伏,变化多端,用来表示嘲讽、反语、暗示、双关、怀疑等语气,常用于疑问句。 降抑调,由高到低,语势渐降,用来表示祈使句。 如朗读茅盾的散文《白杨礼赞》第七段:“它没有婆娑的姿态……守卫家乡的哨兵?”由于句式和句子语气的不同,在朗读时,前四句采用直调,而后面的四个反问排比句则应用扬上调。如此就能够很好的表达作者的思想感情。 5、朗读的速度: 朗读的速度是指朗读的缓急快慢。一般可分为三种类型: ⑴快速,常用来表现紧张危急的场面,豪放、泼辣的性格,激动、惊异的心情。 ⑵慢速,常用来表现平静、严肃的场面,和谐、沉着的性格,宽慰、沉痛的心情。 ⑶中速,常用来表现一般的说明、交代、过渡。 当然朗读速度的快慢应与作品的思想内容相适应:平静、庄严、沉郁、悲痛、缅怀、哀诉、年老、迟顿、老成等内容宜慢读;而热烈、紧张、兴奋、焦急、争辩、年青、机警以及突然、急变等内容和场面,宜快读。 如朗读鲁彦的散文《听潮》时,就要按文章确定的不同朗读速度:文章的开头三段主要交代听潮的时间、地点的环境,这部分适宜用中速来朗读;文章的6~12段写的是作者夫妇对落潮时海景的欣赏,这时大海幽静的、和平的、愉悦的,人物的心情是欣喜的、安静的、这部分适宜用慢速度来朗读;文章的14~17段描绘的是一幅从海睡到海醒的画面,作者用拟人的手法,写海由“恼怒”到“愤怒”,发出的声响越来越大,像千军万马混战了起来,显得气势雄浑,这部分适宜用快速来朗读。 朗读的“高低”与“快慢”有着密切的关系。由于高与快的表示的情态、场面大致相同,所以高读的地方往往也谈得快;同样道理,低读的地方往往也读得慢。 朱自清在《了解与欣赏》中说:“吟诵与了解极有关系,是欣赏必经的步骤。吟诵时对于写在纸上死的语言可以从声音里得其意味,变成活的语气。不过在吟诵时,安能分辨语气的轻重,要使声调有缓急,合于原文意,发展的节奏。”萧蕴也说:“读、吟、诵及至唱,是学习语言、体味意味意境不可缺少的过程。”两位大家都极其关注读甚至吟诵,他们的独到见解不无道理。同样一句话,由于重音位置和停连等不同,人物情感和性格就发生了显著的变化。所以通过朗读吟诵来培养和提高学生的阅读理解能力,在阅读中品味文字所包含的丰富内涵,力求准确生动地传达出作者的“韵外之致”、“味外之旨“,达到言有尽而意无尽,获得广泛的美感体验,这是我们语文教学所要追求的一种境界。 ──────── 【参考文献】 1、周振甫:《论诵读》 2、朱自清:《论诵读教学》 3、叶绍钧、朱自清:《精读指导举隅,前言》 4、林炜彤:《听说读写必须并重》 5、《语文教学与研究》:1999第8期《“读”中品“味”》 6、《语文教研》:1999第10期《语文教学应重视语感的培养》

新课标指出:各个学段的阅读教学都要重视朗读和默读。可见朗读是阅读教学中最常用、最重要的教学手段,朗读训练是否有效,是阅读教学是否成功的主要标志。目前,朗读教学已受到广大语文教师的关注,但实际教学效果却并不如人意。多数学生能把文章读正确、读流利,但能读出意,读出味,读出情的学生却是极少数。那么,如何强化朗读训练,有效培养学生的朗读能力呢? 哲学家黑格尔说:“教师是孩子们心目中最完美的偶像。”小学生有很强的向师性,模仿能力极强。特别是中低年级的学生,对朗读的技巧掌握还不够,教师在课堂上声情并茂的范读,不仅可以激发学生的朗读兴趣,而且使学生很快就能在模仿中感悟如何断句,如何停顿,以及语气的变化。高年级的学生尽管掌握了一些朗读技巧,但教师的范读仍很必要。好的范读可以创设良好的教学情境,让学生直接领略文本所要表达的感情进而体会文本的思想内容和感情基调。教师该范读时要范读,且不可简单使用录音代替,失去范读的直观作用。实践证明:教师的朗读示范作用发挥得越好,学生的朗读水平就提高得越快。二、充分保证课堂上读书的时间。语文教学的主要任务是培养提高学生理解、积累、运用语言的能力。而这些能力的培养提高无不要求教师以教材为根本,以课文为依托。只有让学生有较多的时间与文本打交道,从中获取信息,才能提高学生对语言文字的感受、理解、积累运用能力。语文课上,教师应留给学生一定的读书时间,让学生多读,充分地读。然而,很多教师的语文课变成了一问一答的问答课。有的语文课上,教师一会儿让学生听录音,一会儿又让学生看影视,一会儿让学生去表演,学生朗读的时间少得可怜。还有的教师生怕学生对文本不理解,文章讲不透,不厌其烦地讲解,把学生朗读的时间变成了教师的演讲。古人云:书读百遍,其义自见。谓读得熟,则不待解说,则自晓其义也。有效的朗读胜过教师透彻的讲解,所以语文教师要在课堂上留出时间让学生去读,在读中发现问题,分析问题,解决问题。让课堂上繁琐冗长的“讲讲、问问、答答”让位给朗读,让花俏形式的,没有实效的小组讨论让位给朗读。当前,小学语文教材中。有很多课文文质兼美,可读性强,人文性强?。在教学中,教师应根据文章体裁、内容的不同,设计朗读的目标和要求不同?。说明文、科普小品文一般适用于介绍性的语气读,不宜进行朗读训练。而叙事写人的作品,言辞优美,故事情节曲折,感情变化跌宕;描景抒情的文章语言华丽,感情色彩浓厚;古诗文和现代诗歌节奏感强,含义深远。这些题材的文章都适合进行朗读训练。一般说来,体现文章中心的段落和语句,最能表现文章的主要内容和思想感情,教师把这些内容作为朗读训练的重点,更能准确地把握文章所表达的思想感情。文章的每段内容进行朗读训练的目标也要有所不同,例如我在指导学生朗读《月光曲》最后三个自然段时,是为了启发想象,体会意境;指导朗读《燕子》一文的第二段时,是为了领会写作技巧及表达方法。四、 积极创设朗读情境,激发学生朗读兴趣要使学生越读越好,越读越美,教师就必须以情激情,以境生情。创设朗读情境的方式有很多:教师有效地范读,多媒体的使用,背景音乐的播放,以及教师根据文章内容创设生动有趣的提示语等。我在引导学生读《荷花》一课第四自然段时,我先声情并茂地范读,让学生闭上眼睛,边听边想象,学生立刻被我的激情感染,想象自己也变成了一朵朵荷花,入情入境后,我再引导学生带着自己的想象配乐表情朗读课文,学生立刻就陶醉在荷花的美丽,对大自然的热爱之中。引导学生读《两小儿辩日》一课时,我采用煽情的“挑拨”提示语:“一儿不服曰”、“一儿扯着嗓门曰”、“一儿脚跺地曰”,让两组小儿的辩斗愈读愈激烈,达到了良好的教学效果。虽然学生也是在反复地读,但读的效果与我们平时机械的读截然不同。五、朗读的形式要多样化。朗读的形式有很多:有齐读、领读、轮读、轻声读、分角色读、男女生赛读等。一般说来,低年级常运用轻声读、齐读,分角色读,以增强学生的读书兴趣,集中学生的注意力。高年级宜采用个别读,默读,有利于静思默想,潜心思考。一节课中,教师可采用几种朗读方式交叉使用,但要以某一种方式为主。如故事性较强的课文,适合个人朗读,如《卖火柴的小女孩》;人物对话较多的课文或片段,则适合分角色朗读,如《陶罐和铁罐》;节奏感强,感情饱满的课文,尤其是诗歌,则可进行集体朗读;而词句艰深,含义深刻的课文,则需要教师适时范读或创设情境导读,如朱自清的《匆匆》。六、加强朗读技巧的指导。学生的朗读能力不是天生就有的,更不是一蹴而就,它的形成和提高离不开教师的指导。课堂教学是培养学生朗读能力的主阵地,教师作为课堂教学的组织者和引导者,要加强对朗读技巧的指导。训练时引导学生要根据文章的内容和故事情节来设计重音、停顿、语气和语速的变化。一般情况下,对于描写突然

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