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电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy , the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and technical edge that the MS would provide is I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with 's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器已经发送。
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
不会写论文还这么嚣张?不就是250分吗得到了又怎么地？能吃呀？
电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy , the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and technical edge that the MS would provide is I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with 's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
The main advantage of this concept is that the consecutive controller is able to control disturbances of humidifying arrangement directly, because the dew point measurement of the humidifier has got a very short response time compared with the quite longer response time of the furnace dew point. This is caused by bigger time delays of the measurement and the delay time of the process gas to come into the station for CO/CO2, H2 and O2ppm monitoring, extracting method will be multiplexed sampling An analysis station designed as a complete functional unit will be used for monitoring the composition of the atmosphere in the analysis station will be a single-cabinet unit complete with analyzers, pumps, solenoid valves and control unit. In normal operation, the sample gas switchover system will switch cyclically between the different sample gases. The system can also be switched to nitrogen for purging or to a calibration gas; this is not part of the normal sample waste gas will be fed from the sampling probe on the furnace (with filter) to the analyser or sample gas treatment system through a sample gas line routed downwards. Sample gas from each sample gas point will be extracted by the main sample gas pump to the analyser station. The sample gas 'in measurement' will be switched to the measurement line from where an additional pump pumps it to the analysers. The sample gas lines will be made from acid-resistant multiplexing analysis system has following probes:For CO/CO2 the system in an actual mode can be calibrated automatically every day using an in-built comparison probe. The calibration time is triggered using an internal period value, which can be changed manually. During calibration time no measurement values are available. A particular feature will be to switch from multiplexing measuring mode to single mode, where a certain probe gas inlet can be measured continuously and vice versa.这一进程所提供的气体，搅拌站在预热时将用换热器。天然气将在一个封闭的循环进行温度对照。预热H2/N2分配给不同的加湿器系统。在加湿器的过程中，天然气将利用富含水蒸汽的需要，在暖气炉中创造一个稳定的露点。在炉中，露点将成为衡量的加湿器。这两种测量将用于控制级联控制电路中所描述的下一章。 下面的示意图显示了控制概念的一个区的脱碳炉。 为了获得非常高的质量控制级联控制电路使用，凡有主控制器采用实际露点值精度高，手中的设置点的连续控制器作为输出。 这种控制器调整1露点的进程直接测量气体的出口加湿器。 它的主要优势是，这一概念 连续控制器能够控制骚乱直接加湿的安排，因为露点测量加湿器得到了很短的响应时间与反应时间而且很长的炉露点。这是造成更多的时间从而延迟测量和延迟气体进入炉的时间进程。 分析站CO/CO2 ， H2和O2ppm监测， 提取方法将采样： 分析站设计作为一个完整的功能单位将用于组成气氛炉中进行监测。 分析站将是一个单一完整的内阁单位与分析仪，水泵，电磁阀和控制单元。在正常操作时，样品气体切换系统将切换周期性不同样本之间的气体。该系统还可以切换到氮清洗或校准气体，这是不正常的周期。 抽样废气将美联储从取样探头的炉（带过滤器）的分析仪或样品气体处理系统通过抽样天然气管线路由向下。样品气体从每个样品天然气将是主要的提取汽油样品的分析仪站。样本气体测量中'将切换到测量线从那里额外泵泵给分析器。抽样天然气管道将来自耐酸塑料。 在复分析系统具有以下探针： 为CO/CO2该系统在实际模式可自动校准，每天使用的是内置的比较调查。校准时间是引发内部期间使用的价值，可手动改变。在校准时没有测量值。 一个特别的功能将被转换复测模式，以单一的模式，在一定的探测气体入口可以连续测量，反之亦然。 这一进程所提供的气体搅拌站将预热用换热器。温度对照的天然气将在一个封闭的循环。预热H2/N2分配给不同的加湿器系统。在加湿器的过程天然气将富含水蒸汽的需要，以创造一个稳定的露点在炉。露点将成为衡量的加湿器，并在炉。这两种测量将用于控制级联控制电路中所描述的下一章。下面的示意图显示了控制概念的一个区的脱碳炉。为了获得非常高的质量控制级联控制电路使用，凡有主控制器采用实际露点值精度高，手中的设置点的连续控制器作为输出。这种控制器调整1露点的进程直接测量气体的出口加湿器。的主要优势是，这一概念连续控制器能够控制骚乱的直接加湿的安排，因为露点测量加湿器得到了很短的响应时间与反应时间很长的炉露点。这是造成更大的时间延迟的测量和延迟时间的进程气体进入炉。分析站CO/CO2 ， H2和O2ppm监测，提取方法将复采样分析站设计作为一个完整的功能单位将用于监测的组成气氛炉。分析站将是一个单一完整的内阁单位与分析仪，水泵，电磁阀和控制单元。在正常操作时，样品气体切换系统将切换周期性不同样本之间的气体。该系统还可以切换到氮清洗或校准气体，这是不正常的周期。抽样废气将美联储从取样探头的炉（带过滤器）的分析仪或样品气体处理系统通过抽样天然气管线路由下降。样品气体从每个样品天然气将是主要的提取汽油样品的分析仪站。样本气体测量中'将切换到测量线从那里额外泵泵给分析器。抽样天然气管道将来自耐酸塑料。
People from almost all cultures throughout history have been making objects from wood. Some of the first wooden objects included weapons and tools. Early cultures also learned to make boats, buildings and tools. Early cultures also learned to make boats, buildings and furniture for home from this material. However, it is not always easy to say which wooden objects existed during a historical period tecause they often did not last as long as objects made from clay or metal. 有史以来的各个文化，人们用木头制作物品。最初的木头制品有武器和工具。早期文化（人们）还学会用这种材料造船，建筑物和家俱。然而，不好说木制品在历史长河中存在的时期，因为它们不像陶制品或金属制品一样能保存很长时间。Experts say most current woodworking tools were developed by the beginning of the Bronze Age, about five thousand years ago. These tools include the saw, ax, chisel and drill which are used to cut and shape wood in different ways. Also, there are many methods of wood-working and each culture has its own tradition. Artistic wood creations include architectural decoration on uildings, furniture for home or even carved animals. For example, in Thailand, richly-detailed carvings(雕刻) from teak and other hard wood are an important part of ancient palaces and religious buildings. 专家推断现存的木工刀具出现在约5000年前的铜器时代早期。这些锯，斧，凿，钻等工具用不同方式切削木头。而且，还有很多方式的木工刀具，每个文化都有自己的特色。木制艺术制品包括建设上的装饰，家俱或动物雕像。举个例子，在泰国，丰富精致的柚木或其它坚木的雕刻品是古代宫殿和宗教建筑的重要组成部分。Woodcarvers were a very important group of artists. A person needed many years of training with experts to be a woodcarver. Wood carvings often include plant forms such as the lotus flower as well as figures taken from Hindu and Buddhist religious stories. 木雕是艺术的重要组成部分。人们要经过专家的多年培训才能成为木雕师。木雕通常包括植物形态，如采用印度和佛教故事描述的莲花。The carvings are very detailed and must be carefully planned. Usually, a carver draws out the patterns and forms on paper. Then the artist cuts holes along the outline of the design. This paper is placed on the piece of wood then covered with chalk dust. The white chalk dust goes through the holes in the paper and marks the wood, so the carver has a visual guide to begin cutting. Finished woodcarvings are often painted, sometimes with gold to reflect the surrounding light. These expertly made golden carvings give an airy lightness to Thai buildings. 雕刻注重细节和慎重布局。通常雕刻师在纸上描画出样式和外形。然后艺术家从沿着设计的轮廓打孔。把这张纸覆盖在一块木头上，把白灰撒上去。白灰通过纸上的孔洞在木头下留下标记。这样雕刻师就可以看着指示开始切削。（制作）成品木雕经常是苦活，有时要加上金片来反射周围光线。通过这些专业加工，金晃晃的雕刻品给泰国建筑空灵的光彩。 Unit 2The stability of a continuous or discrete-time system is determined by its response to input or disturbance. Intuitively, a stable system is one that remains at rest (or in equilibrium) unless excited by an external source and returns to rest if all excitations are removed. The output will pass through a transient phase and settle down to a steady-state response that will be of the same form as, or bounded by, the input. If we apply the same input to an unstable system, the output will never settle down to a steady-state phase; it will increase in an unbounded manner, usually exponentially or with oscillation of increasing amplitude. 连续或离散系统的稳定性由其对输入或者干扰的响应决定。直观地说，如果一个系统是稳定的，则其停留在稳态（或者平衡点），除非是受到外部激励，且当外部激励去除后，输出又回到稳态点。输出经过瞬态阶段后将回到与输入有相同形式的稳态或者是在输入的附近。如果我们将同样的输入作用于不稳定的系统，其输出将不会回到稳态，而是以无界的方式增长，通常其幅值是指数增长或者振荡增长。Stability can be precisely defined in terms of the impulse response of a continuous system, Kronrcker delta response of a discrete-time system, as follows: A continuous (discrete-time) system is stable if its impulse response (Kronecker response ) approaches zero as time approaches infinity.系统的稳定性可以用连续系统的脉冲响应 或者离散系统的Kronrcker Δ 响应 来定义：一个连续（离散）系统是稳定的，如果其脉冲响应 （Kronrcker Δ 响应 ）当时间趋于无穷大时趋于零。An acceptable system must at minimum satisfy the three basic criteria of stability, accuracy, and a satisfactory transient response. These three criteria are implied in the statement that an acceptable system must have a satisfactory time response to specified inputs and disturbances. So although we work in the Laplace and frequency domains for convenience, we must be able to relate these two domains, at least qualitatively, to the time domain.一个可接受的系统必须至少满足：稳定性、精度和满意的瞬态响应这三个指标。在陈述：“一个可接受的系统对指定输入和扰动必须有满意的时域响应”已经包含了这三个指标的含义。因此尽管我们为了方便工作在拉氏域或者频率域，我们必须与时间域（至少是定性的）相联系。With the transfer function in the form of Eq.(2-2A-1), the order of the system in defined as the order of the characteristic function D(s), the highest power of s appearing in D(s) establishes the order of the system.在传递函数所在的方程(2-2A-1)中，系统的阶次定义为特征函数D(s)的阶次，因此D(s)的最高次幂决定了系统的阶次。The first term is the forced solution, due to the input, and the second the transient solution, due to the system pole. shows this transient as well as c(t). The transient is seen to be a decaying exponential, and the commonly used measured of the speed of decay is the time constant: The time constant is the time in seconds for the decaying exponential transient to be reduced to e-1= of its initial value. Since when t=T, it is seen that the time constant for a simple lag is T seconds. This is, in fact, the reason a simple lag transfer function is often written in this form. The coefficient of s then immediately indicates the speed of decay, and it takes 4T seconds for the transient to decay to of its initial value.第一项为强迫解，对应于输入；第二项为瞬态解，对应于系统的极点。 在图2-2A-2中，该瞬态解为c(t)。瞬态解看上去为指数衰减的，且通常用于衡量衰减速度的是时间常数：即指数衰减的瞬态解衰减至其初始值的所需的时间（秒数）。因为，当t=T, ，对于一阶惯性环节，时间常数是T秒。这也是为什么一阶惯性环节要写成这个形式。S的系数立即给出了衰减的速度。而且，当时间为4T时， 瞬态解衰减至初始值的。B：Steady StateA control system is designed to control the dynamic behavior( the time response) of a plant subject to commands or disturbances. The designer should be fully aware, however, of the role of the steady equations and errors in the overall process, as well as their influence on the dynamic behavior of the plant.控制系统设计就是使装置在有指令信号或者干扰时有满意的行为（时域响应）。设计者必须清楚地知道整个过程的稳态方程和误差，以及他们对装置的动态性能的影响。An accuracy of a system is a measure of how well it follows commands. It is an important performance criterion; a guidance system that cannot place spacecraft on a suitable trajectory is obviously useless no matter how well-behaved its transient response.衡量系统的精度之一，就是其如何跟踪给定命令。这是一项重要的性能指标。一个导航系统如果不能将飞行器置于合适的轨迹，那么无论有多好的动态性能，都是没有用。Actual system are also subjected to undesirable inputs, such as noise in command inputs and disturbances arising from changes in the plant parameters or changes in the environment in which the plant is operating. Noise inputs that enter the system with the command input require filtering techniques to remove or suppress them without affecting the command input itself. We shall limit our discussion to disturbance inputs which enter the system at the plant rather than at the controller.实际系统总是容易受到不希望的输入干扰，例如， 命令输入中的噪声以及由于参数改变在被控对象中产生的干扰或者被控对象工作环境变化产生的干扰。随着命令输入进入系统的噪声输入需要滤波器进行驱除或者抑制并不对输入信号产生影响。我们将限于讨论通过被控对象进行系统的噪声而不讨论通过控制器进入系统的噪声。It is often difficult to minimize both components of the error simultaneously. Obviously, it is necessary to have some knowledge as to the nature of probable disturbance inputs. Both error terms of Eq.(2-2B-7) can be set equal to zero by introducing an integrator into the controller. This additional integrator increases the type of the system ( from 1 to 2, for example) , thus eliminating the velocity error, and by being introduced ahead of the point of entry of the disturbance into the system, eliminates the steady-state error resulting from a step in the disturbance input. This additional integrator must be accompanied by at least one zero if the system is to remain stable.通常同时将误差的两个部分最小化是困难的。很明显，具有适当的干扰输入特性的一些知识是很有必要的。方程2-2B-7的两个误差项都能通过在控制器中加入积分器而消除。这些附加的积分器增加了系统的型（例如，从1型系统变为2型系统），因此可以消除速度误差，并通过在系统扰动进入点之前引入积分环节，可以消除由输入信号中包含的阶跃扰动引起的稳态误差。如果要保持系统稳定该附加的积分器必须相应增加至少一个零点。 The process gas provided by the mixing station will be preheated by using a heat exchanger. The temperature contol of the gas will be done in a closed loop. The preheated H2/N2 is distributed to the different humidifier systems. In the humidifier the process gas will be enriched with the required H2O steam in order to create a stable dew point in the furnace. The dew point will be measured in the humidifier and in the furnace. Both measurements will be used for control in a cascading control circuit as described in the following following schematic shows the control concept of one decarburizing zone in the furnace. In order to get a very high control quality a cascading control circuit is used, where a main controller uses an actual dew point value of high accuracy and hands over the set point of the consecutive controller as an output. This controller adjusts a dew point of the process gas measured directly at the outlet of the humidifier. The main advantage of this concept is that the consecutive controller is able to control disturbances of humidifying arrangement directly, because the dew point measurement of the humidifier has got a very short response time compared with the quite longer response time of the furnace dew point. This is caused by bigger time delays of the measurement and the delay time of the process gas to come into the station for CO/CO2, H2 and O2ppm monitoring, extracting method will be multiplexed sampling An analysis station designed as a complete functional unit will be used for monitoring the composition of the atmosphere in the analysis station will be a single-cabinet unit complete with analyzers, pumps, solenoid valves and control unit. In normal operation, the sample gas switchover system will switch cyclically between the different sample gases. The system can also be switched to nitrogen for purging or to a calibration gas; this is not part of the normal sample waste gas will be fed from the sampling probe on the furnace (with filter) to the analyser or sample gas treatment system through a sample gas line routed downwards. Sample gas from each sample gas point will be extracted by the main sample gas pump to the analyser station. The sample gas 'in measurement' will be switched to the measurement line from where an additional pump pumps it to the analysers. The sample gas lines will be made from acid-resistant multiplexing analysis system has following probes:For CO/CO2 the system in an actual mode can be calibrated automatically every day using an in-built comparison probe. The calibration time is triggered using an internal period value, which can be changed manually. During calibration time no measurement values are available. A particular feature will be to switch from multiplexing measuring mode to single mode, where a certain probe gas inlet can be measured continuously and vice versa.这一进程所提供的气体，搅拌站在预热时将用换热器。天然气将在一个封闭的循环进行温度对照。预热H2/N2分配给不同的加湿器系统。在加湿器的过程中，天然气将利用富含水蒸汽的需要，在暖气炉中创造一个稳定的露点。在炉中，露点将成为衡量的加湿器。这两种测量将用于控制级联控制电路中所描述的下一章。 下面的示意图显示了控制概念的一个区的脱碳炉。 为了获得非常高的质量控制级联控制电路使用，凡有主控制器采用实际露点值精度高，手中的设置点的连续控制器作为输出。 这种控制器调整1露点的进程直接测量气体的出口加湿器。 它的主要优势是，这一概念 连续控制器能够控制骚乱直接加湿的安排，因为露点测量加湿器得到了很短的响应时间与反应时间而且很长的炉露点。这是造成更多的时间从而延迟测量和延迟气体进入炉的时间进程。 分析站CO/CO2 ， H2和O2ppm监测， 提取方法将采样： 分析站设计作为一个完整的功能单位将用于组成气氛炉中进行监测。 分析站将是一个单一完整的内阁单位与分析仪，水泵，电磁阀和控制单元。在正常操作时，样品气体切换系统将切换周期性不同样本之间的气体。该系统还可以切换到氮清洗或校准气体，这是不正常的周期。 抽样废气将美联储从取样探头的炉（带过滤器）的分析仪或样品气体处理系统通过抽样天然气管线路由向下。样品气体从每个样品天然气将是主要的提取汽油样品的分析仪站。样本气体测量中'将切换到测量线从那里额外泵泵给分析器。抽样天然气管道将来自耐酸塑料。 在复分析系统具有以下探针： 为CO/CO2该系统在实际模式可自动校准，每天使用的是内置的比较调查。校准时间是引发内部期间使用的价值，可手动改变。在校准时没有测量值。 一个特别的功能将被转换复测模式，以单一的模式，在一定的探测气体入口可以连续测量，反之亦然。 这一进程所提供的气体搅拌站将预热用换热器。温度对照的天然气将在一个封闭的循环。预热H2/N2分配给不同的加湿器系统。在加湿器的过程天然气将富含水蒸汽的需要，以创造一个稳定的露点在炉。露点将成为衡量的加湿器，并在炉。这两种测量将用于控制级联控制电路中所描述的下一章。下面的示意图显示了控制概念的一个区的脱碳炉。为了获得非常高的质量控制级联控制电路使用，凡有主控制器采用实际露点值精度高，手中的设置点的连续控制器作为输出。这种控制器调整1露点的进程直接测量气体的出口加湿器。的主要优势是，这一概念连续控制器能够控制骚乱的直接加湿的安排，因为露点测量加湿器得到了很短的响应时间与反应时间很长的炉露点。这是造成更大的时间延迟的测量和延迟时间的进程气体进入炉。分析站CO/CO2 ， H2和O2ppm监测，提取方法将复采样分析站设计作为一个完整的功能单位将用于监测的组成气氛炉。分析站将是一个单一完整的内阁单位与分析仪，水泵，电磁阀和控制单元。在正常操作时，样品气体切换系统将切换周期性不同样本之间的气体。该系统还可以切换到氮清洗或校准气体，这是不正常的周期。抽样废气将美联储从取样探头的炉（带过滤器）的分析仪或样品气体处理系统通过抽样天然气管线路由下降。样品气体从每个样品天然气将是主要的提取汽油样品的分析仪站。样本气体测量中'将切换到测量线从那里额外泵泵给分析器。抽样天然气管道将来自耐酸塑料。在复分析系统具有以下探针：为CO/CO2该系统在实际模式可自动校准，每天使用的是内置的比较调查。校准时间是引发内部期间使用的价值，可手动改变。在校准时没有测量值。一个特别的功能将被转换成复测模式，以单一的模式，在一定的探测气体入口时可以连续测量，反之亦然。
自动化相关的论文题目
自动化是一门涉及学科较多、应用广泛的综合性科学技术。作为一个系统工程，它由5个单元组成。下面，我为大家分享自动化相关的论文题目，希望对大家有所帮助！
.自动化专业人才培养探索
.自动化流水线实训系统的设计
.电力自动化继电保护的安全管理
.浅析电气自动化控制系统的设计思想
.基于PLC的工业自动化控制技术探讨
.工业自动化控制技术向智能家居的演进
.矿井主扇风机自动化与信息化改造
.基于IEC的变电站自动化系统安全风险评估
.浅析集控站综合自动化系统运行中存在的问题
.数字化变电站自动化技术的应用
.如何提高综合自动化变电站的抗电磁干扰能力
.自动化专业人才培养方案和课程体系的改革与实践
.配电网自动化技术问题初探
.楼宇自动化系统的监控方式及节能分析
.地铁自动化控制相关系统的对比及应用
.基于调度策略的自动化仓库系统优化问题研究
.基于组态软件的综合自动化平台的设计与实现
.基于PLC和运动控制器的电气自动化实验平台的设计
.矿井自动化项目技术管理模式浅论
.铁路变电站自动化监控系统的研制
.馈线自动化自适应快速保护控制方案
.高速制管机上的自动化系统解决方案
.智能变电站是变电站综合自动化的发展目标
.煤矿自动化与信息化技术回顾与展望
.以先进自动化技术确保中线调水畅通
.绿色理念背景下电厂自动化控制系统研究
.大型自动化控制系统故障报警技术应用研究
.煤矿电气自动化控制系统优化设计
.配网自动化相关技术的研究
.中心城市大型配电自动化设计方案与应用
.自动化专业卓越工程师课程体系的改革与实践
.综合自动化变电站电压量传输新方式
.浅谈析电气自动化中的接地及保护
.办公自动化在飞行中的应用
.天津城市核心区配电自动化技术实施与进展
.配电自动化系统中配电终端配置数量规划
.倍福科技自动化技术助力高性能设备状态监测
.渠道自动化控制系统与运行设计探析
.自动化仓储系统优化方法的研究
.配网自动化建设与运行管理问题探微
.浅谈变电站综合自动化系统的`结构形式
.变电站综合自动化通信系统运行维护分析
.无功补偿技术在电气自动化中的应用
.基于PIE的高分遥感泥石流自动化变化检测方法研究
.电力自动化技术的新发展
.配电自动化试点工程技术特点及应用成效分析
.藁城新区水厂的自动化建设
.配电自动化若干问题的探讨
.工业自动化仪表故障分析及解决方法探析
.建筑电气自动化系统安装的施工技术探讨
.浅谈自动化仪表日常维护与故障解决
.浅谈电力自动化管理系统
.浅谈自动化控制系统及热工仪表的维护与管理
.电气自动化工程控制系统的现状及其发展趋势
.动力部一降压变电站综合自动化系统改造及应用
.新型智能配电自动化终端自描述功能的实现
.水电厂电气自动化控制设备的可靠性探讨
.国外配网自动化建设模式对我国配网建设的启示
.现场总线与工厂底层自动化及信息集成技术
.铝工业电气自动化的现状与发展趋势
Electric Automation 电气自动化 ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE The invention relates to an electric automation device comprising a control unit that is controlled by a computer. In order to create an automation device that can be set to predefined functions in a particularly flexible manner while requiring less testing, a computer hardware component (2) is provided with control software comprising a basic functional area which includes an operating system (3), a device driver (4), and communication modules (5) so as to form a basic automation device (1) while the basic automation device (1) is complemented with any application modules (7a, 7b, 7c, 8, 9) that can be connected to the basic functional area via a software interface (6) in order to obtain the automation device. The invention also relates to a method for producing or adjusting the functions of such an electric automation device. 电气自动化专业介绍 一、专业概况 随着高新技术的发展和生产自动化程度的提高，我国国民经济发展，正在和继续需要大批技术应用型实用人才。电气自动化技术是现代制造技术中不可缺少的重要技术门类，也是一个国家科技实力乃至综合竞争力的综合反映，在工业发展中具有前导地位。电气自动化技术，集机、电、计算机、信息处理等多学科于一体，是多学科相互交叉、渗透、结系淖酆涎Э疲?诠?窬?媒ㄉ柚姓加兄匾?牡匚弧R虼耍?梢运档缙?远??际跏嵌ヌ炝⒌氐氖乱担?枪?窬?梅⒄购腿嗣裆?钏?教岣叩奈镏侍跫?? ?br> （一）、培养目标本专业培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展，具有良好职业道德和综合业务素质，具备较强的创新意识和创业能力，掌握电气自动化技术、计算机控制技术的基础理论，能在生产、建设、管理、服务第一线从事常用电气自动化设备、常用电气设备、供配电系统和装置、计算机控制系统、PLC控制系统的安装、调试、运行和维护的实用型高技能专门人才。 （二）、培养要求及职业能力分析 1、培养要求：本专业主要学习电气自动化的专业技术知识，应具有较强的本专业技术应用能力。 2、职业能力分析 （1）具有良好的身体素质、职业道德和人文素质，较强的语言文字表达能力和一定的社会交往能力及继续学习能力。 （2）具有较强的用英语进行人际和人机交流能力，具有阅读和翻译本专业有关英文资料的能力。 （3）具有较强的在信息化社会中工作、学习、生活所必备的计算机应用能力；熟练使用电子电气CAD软件；掌握一门程序设计语言。 （4）具有分析和测试常见的电工电子线路，能设计一般电工电子应用线路，能熟练使用常规电工电子仪器、仪表，具有熟练的电工基本操作技能。 （5）熟悉常用低压电器的基本原理及使用；能熟练阅读电气控制线路的原理图与接线图；具有对常规电气设备、供配电设备等电气控制系统进行安装、调试、维护能力。 （6）具有正确选用、安装、调试、维护电力电子装置和典型交、直流调速系统的能力。 （7）具有熟练的可编程控制器应用能力。 （8）具有以嵌入式计算机数字控制技术为核心的新技术基本应用能力，对相应控制系统具有调试维护能力。 （9）具有对一般的机械零件图、产品装配图与机械、液压和气压传动系统回路的识读能力，了解常用机械设备的结构特点及工艺过程，了解常见的机械和电气的配合关系。 （10）了解企业管理的基本知识，具有一定的质量意识。 （三）、课程设置 课程设置共分五部分：公共必修课、专业必修课、专业限定选修课、专业选修课及公共选修课。 1、公共必修课包括：思想道德修养、法律基础、邓小平理论、马克思主义哲学、体育、英语、高等数学、计算机操作基础等。 2、专业必修课包括：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、机械制图及公差、机械工程基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、C语言程序设计、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统、C语言、工厂电气控制技术、电子电气CAD、变配电技术、变频调速原理与应用、工业控制网络、DSP原理与应用及专业英语等。其中主干课程为：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统等。 3、专业限选课包括：计算机控制技术、工业自动化仪表、控制电机、智能控制等。 4专业任选课包括：电工电子工艺、多媒体技术、楼宇自动化、计算机系统仿真、计算机维修、程序设计（VB）等。 5、公共选修课包括：包括两个能力模块：经济管理科学类和人文与社会科学类。 （四）、实践教学环节 1、专业主要实践教学包括：电工实验、模拟电子技术实验、数字电子技术实验、电机与电力拖动实验、可编程序控制器应用实验、嵌入式计算机原理实验、现代电力电子技术实验、电工基础课程设计、电子技术课程设计、嵌入式计算机原理课程设计、可编程序控制器应用课程设计、自控系统课程设计、综合系统实训、金工实习、电工电子实习、专业参观、综合生产实习、毕业设计等。 2、非专业实践教学包括：入学教育、军训、暑期社会实践、社团活动、体育活动、文艺活动等。 （五）、职业技能证书 本专业证书包含三个方面： 1、公共必修证书：PET、计算机一级证书。 2、专业必修证书：CAD初级、维修电工中级。 3、任选证书：CET四级证书、计算机三级证书(单片机方向）、CAD中级证书、维修电工高级证书、气液电控制技术。 （六）、本专业师资力量 学院拥有一支学术造诣高、教学经验丰富、实践能力强的师资队伍。电气自动化技术专业现有师资26人，其中副高职称以上有17人，“双师型”教师10人。能够满足公共基础课、专业基础课和专业课的理论及实践教学的需要。 二、职业前景 1、对口行业 电气自动化技术是传统而具有新内涵的专业，本专业培养拥护党的基本路线，德、智、体、美等全面发展，具备从事电气自动化技术所需要的理论知识和职业技术能力，主要在生产、建设、服务和管理等第一线工作的高级技术应用性专门人才。本专业的毕业生可就职于国防、航天、航空、航海、铁道、机械、轻工、化工、电子、电力、电信、钢铁、石油、矿山、煤炭、地质、勘测等广泛的工业、农业、科学研究领域，也可就职于现代物流及现代服务业。 2、就业前景 在上海市经济委员会的《上海制造业战略升级的行动纲要》中指出：加快推动制造业的战略升级是贯彻党的十六大精神，坚定地走新型工业化道路，实现向制造业强国转变的国家战略需要，也是上海建立新型产业体系，提高城市综合竞争力，坚持“四个中心”的客观要求。上海制造业战略升级的重点包括：高新技术产业重点发展电子信息和现代生物与现代医药制造业；交通运输设备制造业重点发展汽车、轨道交通、船舶、民用飞机；装备制造业重点发展大型成套设备、电站设备、新能源和新型环保设备制造业；原材料制造业重点发展石油化工和精细化工、精品钢材制造业；生产性服务业重点发展制造业物流、技术服务等产业；大力发展就业广、清洁型的都市型工业。根据电气自动化的内涵，上述产业无不包含电气自动化技术，同时也对电气自动化技术专业的人才提出了更高的要求。据上海市政府组织的《面向新世纪上海紧缺人才需求趋势与开发研究对策》的报告显示，复合型技术人才是紧缺的专业人才，而电气自动化技术专业是培养复合型技术人才的有效载体。可以预见在未来数年内，电气自动化专业毕业生就业前景良好。
不会写论文还这么嚣张?不就是250分吗得到了又怎么地？能吃呀？
自动化相关的论文题目
自动化是一门涉及学科较多、应用广泛的综合性科学技术。作为一个系统工程，它由5个单元组成。下面，我为大家分享自动化相关的论文题目，希望对大家有所帮助！
.自动化专业人才培养探索
.自动化流水线实训系统的设计
.电力自动化继电保护的安全管理
.浅析电气自动化控制系统的设计思想
.基于PLC的工业自动化控制技术探讨
.工业自动化控制技术向智能家居的演进
.矿井主扇风机自动化与信息化改造
.基于IEC的变电站自动化系统安全风险评估
.浅析集控站综合自动化系统运行中存在的问题
.数字化变电站自动化技术的应用
.如何提高综合自动化变电站的抗电磁干扰能力
.自动化专业人才培养方案和课程体系的改革与实践
.配电网自动化技术问题初探
.楼宇自动化系统的监控方式及节能分析
.地铁自动化控制相关系统的对比及应用
.基于调度策略的自动化仓库系统优化问题研究
.基于组态软件的综合自动化平台的设计与实现
.基于PLC和运动控制器的电气自动化实验平台的设计
.矿井自动化项目技术管理模式浅论
.铁路变电站自动化监控系统的研制
.馈线自动化自适应快速保护控制方案
.高速制管机上的自动化系统解决方案
.智能变电站是变电站综合自动化的发展目标
.煤矿自动化与信息化技术回顾与展望
.以先进自动化技术确保中线调水畅通
.绿色理念背景下电厂自动化控制系统研究
.大型自动化控制系统故障报警技术应用研究
.煤矿电气自动化控制系统优化设计
.配网自动化相关技术的研究
.中心城市大型配电自动化设计方案与应用
.自动化专业卓越工程师课程体系的改革与实践
.综合自动化变电站电压量传输新方式
.浅谈析电气自动化中的接地及保护
.办公自动化在飞行中的应用
.天津城市核心区配电自动化技术实施与进展
.配电自动化系统中配电终端配置数量规划
.倍福科技自动化技术助力高性能设备状态监测
.渠道自动化控制系统与运行设计探析
.自动化仓储系统优化方法的研究
.配网自动化建设与运行管理问题探微
.浅谈变电站综合自动化系统的`结构形式
.变电站综合自动化通信系统运行维护分析
.无功补偿技术在电气自动化中的应用
.基于PIE的高分遥感泥石流自动化变化检测方法研究
.电力自动化技术的新发展
.配电自动化试点工程技术特点及应用成效分析
.藁城新区水厂的自动化建设
.配电自动化若干问题的探讨
.工业自动化仪表故障分析及解决方法探析
.建筑电气自动化系统安装的施工技术探讨
.浅谈自动化仪表日常维护与故障解决
.浅谈电力自动化管理系统
.浅谈自动化控制系统及热工仪表的维护与管理
.电气自动化工程控制系统的现状及其发展趋势
.动力部一降压变电站综合自动化系统改造及应用
.新型智能配电自动化终端自描述功能的实现
.水电厂电气自动化控制设备的可靠性探讨
.国外配网自动化建设模式对我国配网建设的启示
.现场总线与工厂底层自动化及信息集成技术
.铝工业电气自动化的现状与发展趋势
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器已经发送。
Control of Parallel Inverters in Distributed AC Power Systems with Consideration of Line Impedance Effect在分布式交流电力系统中考虑连线阻抗影响时的并联逆变器控制 论文发到你的邮箱了
1. PLC控制花样喷泉.doc 2. S7-200PLC在数控车床控制系统中的应用3. PLC控制五层电梯设计 4. 超高压水射流机器人切割系统电气控制设计5. 基于PLC的恒压供水系统设计 6. 西门子PLC交通灯毕业设计7. 双恒压供水西门子PLC毕业设计 8. 世纪星组态 PLC控制自动配料系统毕业论文9. 三菱梯形图PLC控制四层电梯 10.三菱PLC五层电梯控制11.全自动洗衣机西门子PLC控制 12.欧姆龙PLC控制交通灯13.基于PLC电机故障诊断系统设计 14.双恒压无塔供水系统plc设计毕业论文15.工业用洗衣机的PLC控制 在配料生产线上的应用 毕业论文17.变频调速恒压供水系统 电梯控制毕业论文19.基于PLC电梯控制设计 20.基于PLC中断技术的集选电梯控制系统实现
论文题目应以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，关于自动化专业的论文题目有哪些?下面我给大家带来自动化专业的论文题目选题参考，希望能帮助到大家!
自动化 毕业 论文题目
1、配网自动化相关技术的研究
2、数字化变电站自动化技术的应用
3、现场总线与工厂底层自动化及信息集成技术
4、电力自动化技术的新发展
5、冶金自动化发展的策略与思考
6、简述电力系统及其自动化发展趋势研究
7、变电所综合自动化系统应用分析与探讨
8、浅谈数字变电站自动化系统
9、自动化专业人才培养方案和课程体系的改革与实践
10、配电网自动化技术问题初探
11、配电自动化系统中配电终端配置数量规划
12、基于组态软件的综合自动化平台的设计与实现
13、生产线自动化及远程监控
14、地铁自动化控制相关系统的对比及应用
15、配电自动化试点工程技术特点及应用成效分析
16、大型自动化控制系统故障报警技术应用研究
17、变电站综合自动化通信系统运行维护分析
18、浅谈变电站综合自动化系统的结构形式
19、如何提高综合自动化变电站的抗电磁干扰能力
20、动力部一降压变电站综合自动化系统改造及应用
21、智能变电站是变电站综合自动化的发展目标
22、中心城市大型配电自动化设计方案与应用
23、浅析电气自动化控制系统的设计思想
24、建筑电气自动化系统安装的施工技术探讨
25、水电厂电气自动化控制设备的可靠性探讨
26、铝工业电气自动化的现状与发展趋势
27、配网自动化建设对供电可靠性的影响研究
28、浅谈电力自动化管理系统
29、铁路变电站自动化监控系统的研制
30、浅析集控站综合自动化系统运行中存在的问题
31、基于IEC 61850的变电站自动化 系统安全 风险评估
32、新型智能配电自动化终端自描述功能的实现
33、天津城市核心区配电自动化技术实施与进展
34、配电自动化若干问题的探讨
35、矿井主扇风机自动化与信息化改造
36、馈线自动化自适应快速保护控制方案
37、自动化系统运行中出现的操作失误、服务失败及补救 措施
38、应用于拣选操作的自动化立体仓库作业优化调度
39、地质环境自动化远程监测项目社会评估--以山东省为例
40、矿井自动化项目技术管理模式浅论
41、自动化仓储系统优化 方法 的研究
42、电气自动化工程控制系统的现状及其发展趋势
43、自动化专业卓越工程师课程体系的改革与实践
44、国外配网自动化建设模式对我国配网建设的启示
45、煤矿自动化与信息化技术回顾与展望
46、基于调度策略的自动化仓库系统优化问题研究
47、配网自动化建设抵御呼伦贝尔寒冬
48、藁城新区水厂的自动化建设
49、综合自动化变电站电压量传输新方式
50、以先进自动化技术确保中线调水畅通
电气自动化专业毕业论文题目
1、 建筑电气工程自动化设计及实现分析
2、 电气自动化在电气工程中的应用
3、 建筑中的电气工程及自动化技术探讨
4、 成品金电气自动控制称量与熔铸的研发与应用
5、 电气自动化工程控制系统的现状及其发展趋势
6、 探究加强企业电气控制线路的合理设计
7、 电动挖掘机在高原环境下的电气特性及系统设计
8、 浅谈电气自动化控制系统的应用及发展
9、 电气自动化工程控制系统现状及其发展趋势探讨
10、 试论电气工程及其自动化的发展趋势
11、 高职电气自动化专业的现状分析及发展
12、 智能化技术在电气工程自动化控制中的应用
13、 智能化技术在电气工程自动化控制中的应用探究
14、 智能化技术在电气工程自动化控制中的应用
15、 智能化技术在电气工程自动化控制中的应用
16、 浅析煤矿生产中电气自动化技术的应用及发展
17、 电气自动化在煤矿生产中的应用
18、 单片机在煤矿电气自动化控制技术中的应用研究
19、 基于人工智能的电气自动化控制研究
20、 工业电气自动化中数字技术的应用与创新
21、 多功能舞台电气控制系统的研究与设计
22、 PLC技术在电气设备自动化控制中的应用
23、 电气自动化技术在铝电解过程中的应用研究
24、 电气自动化控制中的人工智能技术探讨
25、 PLC在选煤厂电气自动化系统中的应用与发展
26、 电气火灾监控系统原理及应用研究
27、 电气自动化控制中的PLC的有效应用
28、 PLC技术的原理、优点及其在电气设备自动化控制中的实践研究
29、 井下电气自动化控制系统优化分析
30、 矿井电气自动化系统优化分析研究
31、 智能化技术在电气工程自动化控制中的具体应用初探
32、 人工智能技术在电气自动化控制中的应用分析
33、 电气工程自动化中人工智能的运用
34、 面对人才需求的高校电气自动化专业创新能力培养模式研究
35、 电气工程及其自动化专业实践教学的探索与思考
电气工程及其自动化论文题目
1、智能化技术电气工程及其自动化的应用探析
2、探讨电气工程及其自动化发展问题分析及应对措施
3、电气工程及其自动化的智能化技术应用分析
4、电气工程及其自动化的质量控制与安全管理
5、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制
6、电气工程的应用及其自动化分析
7、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的运用
8、电气工程及其自动化的不足与改善对策分析
9、电气工程及其自动化的质量控制与安全管理
10、浅谈电气工程及其自动化在机械工程中的应用
11、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的应用
12、电气工程及其自动化在农村配电网的应用探析
13、电气工程及其自动化技术下的电力系统自动化发展探讨
14、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的运用
15、电气工程及其自动化低压电器中继电器的应用
16、电气工程及其自动化存在的问题及应对策略
17、电气工程及其自动化中智能化技术的应用分析
18、继电器在电气工程及其自动化低压电器中的应用研究
19、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的应用
20、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的应用分析
21、电气工程及其自动化中智能化技术的实际应用
22、电气工程及其自动化的智能化技术应用研究
23、电气工程及其自动化中 网络技术 的应用分析
24、刍议电气工程及其自动化的智能化技术应用
25、电气工程及其自动化的质量控制与安全管理
26、浅析继电器在电气工程及其自动化低压电器中的应用
27、关于电气工程及其自动化技术在发电厂的应用初探
28、电气工程及其自动化低压电器中继电器的应用
29、继电器在电气工程及其自动化低压电器中的应用研究
30、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制系统中的运用
31、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的应用
32、继电器在电气工程及其自动化低压电器中的应用分析
33、试论电气工程及其自动化的智能化技术应用
34、电气工程及其自动化专业实践教学的策略
35、电气工程及其自动化中智能化技术的应用
36、我国电气工程及其自动化的发展现状与前景
37、电气工程及其自动化技术在智能建筑中的应用
38、电气工程及其自动化的智能化技术应用
39、论如何提高电气工程及其自动化
40、电气工程及其自动化的质量控制与安全管理
41、智能建筑中电气工程及其自动化技术探讨
42、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制
43、智能建筑中电气工程及其自动化技术的应用分析
44、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的应用分析
45、电气工程及其自动化技术在供热建设中的难点分析
46、智能建筑中的电气工程及其自动化技术分析
47、电气工程及其自动化低压电器中继电器的应用探究
48、PLC技术在电气工程及其自动化控制中的运用分析
49、电气工程及其自动化控制中PLC技术的应用
50、智能建筑中电气工程及其自动化技术分析
自动化专业的论文题目选题相关 文章 ：
★ 自动化专业学术论文(2)
★ 机械类专业论文选题题目
★ 电气自动化专业毕业论文范文
★ 电气工程自动化大专毕业论文
★ 自动化专业概论论文范文怎么写
★ 机械制造与自动化专业参考论文(2)
★ 有关电气自动化毕业论文范文
★ 大专机械制造与自动化专业毕业论文(2)
★ 机械制造与自动化专业毕业论文
★ 大专机械制造与自动化专业毕业论文
楼主是什么歇学习阶段呢，你擅长什么呢？
自动化相关的论文题目
自动化是一门涉及学科较多、应用广泛的综合性科学技术。作为一个系统工程，它由5个单元组成。下面，我为大家分享自动化相关的论文题目，希望对大家有所帮助！
.自动化专业人才培养探索
.自动化流水线实训系统的设计
.电力自动化继电保护的安全管理
.浅析电气自动化控制系统的设计思想
.基于PLC的工业自动化控制技术探讨
.工业自动化控制技术向智能家居的演进
.矿井主扇风机自动化与信息化改造
.基于IEC的变电站自动化系统安全风险评估
.浅析集控站综合自动化系统运行中存在的问题
.数字化变电站自动化技术的应用
.如何提高综合自动化变电站的抗电磁干扰能力
.自动化专业人才培养方案和课程体系的改革与实践
.配电网自动化技术问题初探
.楼宇自动化系统的监控方式及节能分析
.地铁自动化控制相关系统的对比及应用
.基于调度策略的自动化仓库系统优化问题研究
.基于组态软件的综合自动化平台的设计与实现
.基于PLC和运动控制器的电气自动化实验平台的设计
.矿井自动化项目技术管理模式浅论
.铁路变电站自动化监控系统的研制
.馈线自动化自适应快速保护控制方案
.高速制管机上的自动化系统解决方案
.智能变电站是变电站综合自动化的发展目标
.煤矿自动化与信息化技术回顾与展望
.以先进自动化技术确保中线调水畅通
.绿色理念背景下电厂自动化控制系统研究
.大型自动化控制系统故障报警技术应用研究
.煤矿电气自动化控制系统优化设计
.配网自动化相关技术的研究
.中心城市大型配电自动化设计方案与应用
.自动化专业卓越工程师课程体系的改革与实践
.综合自动化变电站电压量传输新方式
.浅谈析电气自动化中的接地及保护
.办公自动化在飞行中的应用
.天津城市核心区配电自动化技术实施与进展
.配电自动化系统中配电终端配置数量规划
.倍福科技自动化技术助力高性能设备状态监测
.渠道自动化控制系统与运行设计探析
.自动化仓储系统优化方法的研究
.配网自动化建设与运行管理问题探微
.浅谈变电站综合自动化系统的`结构形式
.变电站综合自动化通信系统运行维护分析
.无功补偿技术在电气自动化中的应用
.基于PIE的高分遥感泥石流自动化变化检测方法研究
.电力自动化技术的新发展
.配电自动化试点工程技术特点及应用成效分析
.藁城新区水厂的自动化建设
.配电自动化若干问题的探讨
.工业自动化仪表故障分析及解决方法探析
.建筑电气自动化系统安装的施工技术探讨
.浅谈自动化仪表日常维护与故障解决
.浅谈电力自动化管理系统
.浅谈自动化控制系统及热工仪表的维护与管理
.电气自动化工程控制系统的现状及其发展趋势
.动力部一降压变电站综合自动化系统改造及应用
.新型智能配电自动化终端自描述功能的实现
.水电厂电气自动化控制设备的可靠性探讨
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