学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢？答案只有一个：“不得法。” 英语与汉语一样都是一种语言，为什么你说汉语会如此流利？那是因为你置身于一个汉语环境中，如果你在伦敦呆上半年，保准说起英语来会非常流利。但很多中学生没有很好的英语环境，那么你可以自己设置一个英语环境，坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”，那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。 一、多“说”。 自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。 或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。 如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系，你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象，对它谈你一天的所见所闻，谈你的快乐，你的悲伤等等，长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。 二、多“听” 寻找一切可以听英语的机会。别人用英语交谈时，你应该大胆地去参与，多听听各种各样人的发音，男女老少，节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到，如果这样的机会少的话，你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听，这将会对你帮助很大，而你去听学过的课文的磁带，那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。 三、多“读”。 “读”可以分为两种。一种是“默读”。每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处，读的内容可以是你的课本，但最好是一些有趣的小读物，因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系，所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后，你必定会在高考中胜券在握。 另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。 四、多“写” 有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下： The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the good friend Tom wishes to be a 'm different .I wish I were a teacher in the my mother wishes me to be a doctor. 只几句话：但wish的几种用法已跃然纸上，这样写下来印象会深刻得多，这样比死记硬背wish的用法也有趣轻松的多。 学习英语不用花大块的时间，10分钟的散步可以练"说",吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说，睡前听几分钟英语，可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语，你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。 背英语单词技巧 文秘杂烩网
写作能力反映的是学习者综合运用语言的能力，而综合运用语言的能力不是一朝一夕就可以形成的，它是一个漫长而艰苦的过程，需要大量的积累和锻炼。词汇，句法和语篇就是英语作文中的点、线和面，共同支撑着同一个主题，离开其中的任何一个，这个英语作文也是失败的。我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”以前，学生在英语学习中总是过分的重视词汇和句法的学习，却忽视了语篇练习的重要性，造成了在英语作文中出现词不达意、句子间缺乏衔接、段落间互不关联的现象。所以，在日常英语作文的学习和锻炼中，应该不仅要加强词汇量的积累、句法结构的掌握，更要重视语篇的训练。其次，在 练好基本功的基础上，掌握英语作文写作的技巧。英语作文写作的技巧主要有:审题、构思、选材、开头、展开和结尾等。不同体裁的作文要求使用不同的写法。但是，无论是何种体裁的作文，审题、构思、选材、开头、展开和结尾等墓本写作技巧都很有效。英语作文的写作通常分为三个步骤。审肠、构思审题和构思是写文章的第一步，也是关键的一步。它的作用在于确定文章的主题思想并为该主题的表达搭起一个基本的框架，为文章的内容确定一个总的思路。拿到作文题目后应首先对其含义进行分析研究，明确题目所规定的内容范围，以便确定所写文章的文体和主题思想。然后，构思出一个写作提纲，确定出作文的主要内容和表达层次。不少学生在英语作文写作中忽视审题和构思的重要性，尤其在考试中，为了节省时间，提起笔来，不假思索的就开始写了，这样做往往欲速而不达，还很容易偏离题目的要求。其实，许多写作的失败不是在写作之中，而是在动笔之前.因此，审题和构思是非常重要的。此外，还应该注意的是:构思不仅要选择切题的内容，还要使内容尽量与自己的英语表达能力相适宜。相比较而言，后者比前者更重要些。因为论述一个主题可以用很多种方法，无论哪一种都可以切题，而学生白身的语言知识和表达能力却不尽相同。所以，构思时要尽量扬长避短，最大限度地发挥自己的水平。表达、书写正确的审题、构思后，要靠一个一个的句子来表述观点了。表达不好，仍有可能会前功尽弃。用来表达主题的材料一定要真实、具体、新颖，而且要层次分明。组织材料时可以根据体裁的同按逻辑顺序来进行，或者按事情发展的顺序或景物的空间位置来进行。要把审题构思出来的框架用生动具体的语言表达出来，写成一篇层次分明、条理清楚、句子通顺的文章，绝不是一件轻而易举的事情。书写和表达的过程中应注意以下几点。1. 2. 1 句子的书写单句在书写过程中，应力求用词堆确，结构完整。尽量使用自己所熟知的词汇和语法结构，这样可以写出比较地道的英语句子，从而避免出现不必要的错误。1. 突出主题句主题句是全文的核心句，它不仅反映该段落的中心思想，还限制该段落所叙论述内容的范围。主题句的位置一般应放在段首，这样有利于紧扣中心思想来展开。1. 2. 3 运用过渡词文章内容 的表达需要有连贯性，即从一件事情自然地过渡到另一件事情。文章的连贯性可以通过内容之间的逻辑关系来达到，但更多地是通过使用过渡词。过渡词通常是一些连词、副词或短语，在句与句之间，段落与段落之间起着衔接的作用。过渡词的使用不仅可以增强文章的连贯性，而且可以使内容的表达层次分明，自然流畅。1. 2. 4 注意书写书写要求清楚、工整、规范，避免拼写错误。注意使用标点符号，一逗到底，最后点一个句点的做法是不可取的。此外还要注意:句首单词和专有名词词首字母要大写，书写的行距应适当，这样方便以后的修正和改错.检查、修改在平时的练习中，学生有比较充裕的时间来打草稿，在考试中由于时间的限制，考生往往只能在脑子里构思。这样写出的文章从内容到结构都不可能十分完善，所以检查与修改的步骤就很必要了。检查与修改应着重注意下列几个方面:(1)文章的内容是否切题,(2)叙述和表达是否条理通顺;(3)句子间的衔接是否自然紧凑,(4)句子有无语法错误和重复现象.
作为学生，在每次上课前，都要对要学的课文提前预习。首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词，也可以借助配套磁带反复听，对比一下，把握不准的要标出来，注意上课老师的发音，还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或辅导材料，预习一遍课文，找出不明白的地方，做到心中有数，在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。总之，预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容，找出不明白的地方，带着问题听课，做到有的放矢。 认真听课，积极配合 课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的，但也需要学习者的积极配合。上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的，要向老师提出，把问题搞清楚，老师讲授的问题，先注意听，下课后整理一下笔记，反复思考一下这些问题，抓住老师所讲的重点，难点和考点。总之，上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想，调动起多个感官来。 完成作业，找出问题 学完每一课，要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案，做完后再对答案，对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题，应该记下来，等下次上课时提出来。做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节，它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程，一定要认真完成规定的作业，笔头作业要动一动笔，口头作业要动一动嘴，提高听力要练一练耳，课文在听和读的基础上，最好背诵某些精彩段落。总之，要做大量的练习，英语是练出来的， 一定不要偷懒。 及时复习，巩固知识 学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘，但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决心。问题在于怎样来减轻遗忘的程度。善于类比，总结知识，把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行横向和纵向比较和联系。建立错误档案记录，加深印象，以避免再反同样错误。我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的，及时复习对于记忆非常必要，学英语就是要坚持天天不断的练，不断地重复基本句型，常用词汇和基本语法等。学习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。 总而言之，只要你能做到下定决心学，注意学习方法，把课前预习，认真听课，完成作业，及时复习这些环节作好了，你一定能够学好英语.
论文写作技巧：
一、写作前
1、要知道在引言中陈述论点。
2、用论文的剩余部分陈述理由和证据，使论点得到充分支持。
3、考虑一下呈现这些内容的顺序：怎样安排段落之间的结构才是最清晰、最有说服力。
二、论文结构安排技巧
1、相似的想法通常应该集中在一起，而不是四处分散。
2、每个段落应该在字体上有区别，比如缩进或在段落之间留出额外的行间距。
3、每一段只应该陈述一个要点。
4、每个段落都可以看作是一篇小短文。
5、每一段都应该使用过渡词或短语连接到下一段。
6、段落的顺序应该符合逻辑，前后一致。
7、一旦同学写好了初稿，试着用一句话总结每个段落的要点。
How to study English(Kaiser3344手写) There are four key points to study English: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Firstly, we should be brave to talk with others in English. By doing this, we can improve ore talking and listening skill. Secondly, we should try to listen to all kinds of English programmes as much as possible. In this way, we can gradually improve our pronunciation. Thirdly, we should often read English books. When we come across a new word. We should guess its meaning through the contest first. then look it up in the dictionary to have a check. I thin,, it is a good way of reading. Fourthly, we should practice our writing skills. Whenever we have any idea, we should get the pen and write it down at once. It is very important to avoid writing in Chinese way and using the Chinese grammar. As long as we listen, speak, read and write more, we are sure to make remarkable progress! 【楼主】纯手写，若觉得满意，望多多支持哈！！！
With the development of the society, China has stepped on the road of internationalizaion. And as all sides of reasons, English has bee the international language. Thus, there are more and more Chinese learn English as to catch up with the world. Chinese government also realize this, so they require Chinese, especialy students, learn English. Then there is still a question that how to learn English well.
随着社会的发展，中国已经踏上了国际化的道路。由于方方面面的原因，英语也成为了国际语言。因此，越来越多的中国人为了与世界接轨而学习英语。而中国 *** 也意识到这一点，所以他们要求中国人学习英语，尤其是学生。问题是如何学好英语呢？
First of all, learning English well needs perseverance. Because learning English well is a long-term process. If we insist on leraning Eglish everyday, we will master it one day. If we just study it for a short time and then give up, we will gain nothing in the end. Therefore, we should stick to learn English erveryday in order to learn it well.
首先，学好英语需要毅力。因为把英语学好是一个长期的过程。如果我们坚持每天学习英语，总有一天我们能够掌握它。如果我们只是学了一小段时间就放弃了，到最后我们会是什么都没有学到。因此，为了学好英语，我们应该每天学习它。
Secondly, learning English well needs us open our mouth. The aim to learn a language is to speak it. No one will admit you learn a langeuage well without speaking it out. Many Chinese students have learned is“dumb English”. That is a big problem. So, in order to learn English well, we should often talk with our friends, clas *** ates and teachers in English.
第二，把英语学好我们应该开口说。学习一门语言的目的就是讲那门语言。如果你不会说，没有人会承认你把那门语言学好了。很多中国的学生所学的就是“哑巴英语”。这是一个很大的问题。因此，为了学好英语，我们应该经常和我们的朋友，同学和老师用英语交流。
Thirdly, the best way to master a language is tobe personally on the scene. So I advice those people who have condition go abroad for a while. When they e back home, their oral English must have improved.
第三，掌握一门语言的最好的方法就是身临其境。所以我建议有条件的人可以去国外待一段时间。当他们回国的时候，他们的口语肯定有所提高。
To sum up, learning English well is not easy. But we can take masures to make it done through perseverance, talking and going abroad.
总之，学好英语并非易事。但是我们可以采取措施通过坚持，讲，去国外来学好它。
1. 背作文，先模仿才能提高，通过模仿一些满分作文来归纳适合你自己的写作句式。
2. 读英文原版的作品，所有语言都是一样有输入才有输出，你脑子里什么东西都没有怎么可能写出来东西呢？3. 练，每天像写日记一样写英语日记，流水账也没有关系，只要你肯输出，一段时间之后就能培养出英语的思维方式。
4. 最后推荐一个比较轻松的方法，看美剧，咱们每天上课接触的都是中文，没有英语的环境，自然而然的就缺少语感，看美剧看的多了就会忍不住反复主角们的台词，就会忍不住说英语，有这样的一种习惯之后写作文的时候就更有动力，而且还可以用一些自己学会的地道表达。
Learning English takes time so if we want to learn it well, we should spend much time practicing using English every day. Besides, we should listen to the teacher and take notes carefully in class. Go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully. If we have time,we'd better isten to English radio programmes, read English stories and newspapers, watch English films and TV programmes ,keep a diary in English . If we make mistakes, correct them at once and try not to make the same mistakes涪迹帝克郜久佃勋顶魔. What's more, we should look up new words in the dictionary before class and prepare each lesson carefully before class. I believe if we work hard and have good ways of learning English, we will learn English well. 学英语是要花费时间的，因此我们要花大量的时间每天练习使用英语。
而且我们应该上课认真听讲、记笔记、经常复习我们所学的、认真完成作业。
如果我们有时间，最好听英语广播、读英语故事和报纸、看英语电影和电视节目、用英语记日记。
如果我们出错了，就要马上更改并尽力别再犯同样的错误。
并且我们在课前要查字典认真预习。
我相信如果我们努力学习并且有好的学英语方法，我们一定会学好英语的。
不知道可以吗？希望能帮到你
【解决方法】1、词汇基础：词汇是句子的基础，文章是由句子组成，要有一定的词汇量才能够有写作的基础，所以一定要注意词汇的积累，不光要认识还要知道含义更需要很好的拼写，这样在写作的时候才能够运用自如。
2、语法结构：英语和汉语的语法结构不一样，词汇的搭配方式，表达方式也与汉语又很大的出入，所以基本的语法结构要掌握，这样才能做到句子通顺，无语法错误。
3、积累运用：平时的积累很重要，比较著名的俗语成语的表达方式。
4、范文作用：要想写好英文作文，范文的作用不可忽略，可以通过背诵大量的优秀范文，这样在自己的写作中才有大量的素材。
由于个性不同，经历和背景各异，不同的人可能有不同的方法来学习英语。
在我看来，兴趣和练习是学习英语的最好方法。
第一，兴趣是最好的老师。
无论谁想学好或做好什么事情，兴趣是最好的催化剂。
如果有兴趣，人们会觉得更容易完成事情。
学习英语也是一样。
如果有人认为学习英语困难，他应该考虑的第一件事是培养他们对英语的兴趣。
第二，熟能生巧。
学习英语的最常见的方法是多练习。
多练习，什么都不是困难。
例如，如果有人发现很难记住的词汇，他可以在他每天睡觉前看看这个词。
我相信他会很快记住单词的。
最后，除了努力，没有学习英语没有速成法。
但如果一个人在英语方面有兴趣或知道实践的重要性，他们迟早都会掌握它的。
刚参加过高考~~绝对有用（总结了很久）①给观点分组讨论类 开头模版 Recently,we had a heated discussion on ****（根据题目要求套用了）论述观点 when it es to this hot topic ,students'views vary from people to people ,some people think that **** ,nevertheless ,just as the saying goes＂every coin has o sides ＂ ,so others have the opposite opinion ,they consider that ***结尾as far as i concerned,Ithink that ****②一些精彩亮点连接词 in addition ,what＂s more ,furthermoremoreover（另外）last but not least important ,most important （最重要的是）worst of all （最糟糕的是），to make matters wores（更糟的是）as far as i concerned, personally（我个人看来）however ,nevertheless（然而）
Work harder and practice more. Your hardworking will be rewarded by God one day. God is equal to everyone!Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly. Keep a *** all English dictionary with you at all time. When you see a new word. Practice tenses as much as possible. When you learn a new to think in English whenever possible. That's wrong. Learning foreign languages should be fun. So you will learn English more and use it more. A great man once said it is necessary to drill as much as you do these things, you will not only have fun and learn English. If you see that a new English word lets you understand your favorite TV show (or municate with people, or beat a puter game), you will want to learn more words. Rome wasn't built in a day. Relax! Be patient and enjoy yourself, look it up. When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language, the more natural it will any language takes a lot of effort. But don't give up. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for munication, learn its various forms. Also, you should learn more about the culture behind the language, think of the English word of it; then think about the word in a sentence. If you also use effective learning methods. Think about the word — use it, in your mind, in a way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible, and the more you apply it in real situationsKnacks for Learning Language What is language for? Some people seem to think it's for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words — the longer the words the better, your English will grow faster than you can imagine. When you see something
Learning English just like learning any other language, is hard work so we should spend time practicing using English. Besides, we should listen to the teacher carefully,review what is learned regularly, prepare each lesson carefully before class, do our homework carefully, copy good sentences and recite them and attend English debbates and speech contests. What's more, be patient and confident. Don't be shy and don't be afraid of making mistakes. We must understand that mistakes are unavoidable. So be patient with your mistakes and try to awoid them other time. I believe＂ practice makes perfect＂. If we study hard, we will learn English well.学习英语就象学其他语言一样需要努力。
因此我们应该花时间练习使用英语。
而且我们应该上课认真听讲、经常复习学过的内容、课前认真预习、认真做作业、抄写好的句子并背诵、参加英语讨论和演讲比赛。
除此之外，要耐心有信心。
不要腼腆、害怕犯错误。
我们应该知道：错误是避免不了的。
因此要耐心对待错误，避免下次再犯。
我相信“实践出真知”。
如果我们努力学习，我们会学好英语的。
自己的创作，希望对你有借鉴
Learning English takes time so if we want to learn it well, we should spend much time practicing using English every day. Besides, we should listen to the teacher and take notes carefully in class. Go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully. If we have time,we'd better isten to English radio programmes, read English stories and newspapers, watch English films and TV programmes ,keep a diary in English . If we make mistakes, correct them at once and try not to make the same mistakes. What's more, we should look up new words in the dictionary before class and prepare each lesson carefully before class. I believe if we work hard and have good ways of learning English, we will learn English well. 怕你不清楚意思，我翻译了以下。
学英语是要花费时间的，因此我们要花大量的时间每天练习使用英语。
而且我们应该上课认真听讲、记笔记、经常复习我们所学的、认真完成作业。
如果我们有时间，最好听英语广播、读英语故事和报纸、看英语电影和电视节目、用英语记日记。
如果我们出错了，就要马上更改并尽力别再犯同样的错误。
并且我们在课前要查字典认真预习。
我相信如果我们努力学习并且有好的学英语方法，我们一定会学好英语的。
...
With the development of the society, China has stepped on the road of internationalizaion. And as all sides of reasons, English has bee the international language. Thus, there are more and more Chinese learn English as to catch up with the world. Chinese government also realize this, so they require Chinese, especialy students, learn English. Then there is still a question that how to learn English well. 随着社会的发展，中国已经踏上了国际化的道路。
由于方方面面的原因，英语也成为了国际语言。
因此，越来越多的中国人为了与世界接轨而学习英语。
而中国 *** 也意识到这一点，所以他们要求中国人学习英语，尤其是学生。
问题是如何学好英语呢？ First of all, learning English well needs perseverance. Because learning English well is a long-term process. If we insist on leraning Eglish everyday, we will master it one day. If we just study it for a short time and then give up, we will gain nothing in the end. Therefore, we should stick to learn English erveryday in order to learn it well. 首先，学好英语需要毅力。
因为把英语学好是一个长期的过程。
如果我们坚持每天学习英语，总有一天我们能够掌握它。
如果我们只是学了一小段时间就放弃了，到最后我们会是什么都没有学到。
因此，为了学好英语，我们应该每天学习它。
Secondly, learning English well needs us open our mouth. The aim to learn a language is to speak it. No one will admit you learn a langeuage well without speaking it out. Many Chinese students have learned is“dumb English”. That is a big problem. So, in order to learn English well, we should often talk with our friends, clas *** ates and teachers in English. 第二，把英语学好我们应该开口说。
学习一门语言的目的就是讲那门语言。
如果你不会说，没有人会承认你把那门语言学好了。
很多中国的学生所学的就是“哑巴英语”。
这是一个很大的问题。
因此，为了学好英语，我们应该经常和我们的朋友，同学和老师用英语交流。
Thirdly, the best way to master a language is tobe personally on the scene. So I advice those people who have condition go abroad for a while. When they e back home, their oral English must have improved. 第三，掌握一门语言的最好的方法就是身临其境。
所以我建议有条件的人可以去国外待一段时间。
当他们回国的时候，他们的口语肯定有所提高。
To sum up, learning English well is not easy. But we can take masures to make it done through perseverance, talking and going abroad. 总之，学好英语并非易事。
但是我们可以采取措施通过坚持，讲，去国外来学好它。
In fact, learning English, just hold the method, to find the law school is very : to listen more, read more, write more, remember , a lot of good to read some articles, this is difficult enough to improve your words and , usually more to practice speaking English, even if is not good enough or is wrong, but it is for you to improve your English has a significant role, as said, it belongs to the practice, this will make your image more last point to remember English words; the method is read, according to the pronunciation to back. Don't know if I can help you, but I have been efforts
转载请注明出处 » 怎样学好英语 英语作文 带翻译
英语作文，是指用英语针对某一内容写出一篇文章，是英语考试最常见的一种题目类型，英语作文要求阅读、写作能力比较高，也是考生最容易失分的题型。下面为大家带来了如何学好英语的英语作文，欢迎大家参考阅读！
“‘how to do well in school without studying’ is over there in the fiction section”
it is a common phenomenon that a large number of students are pursuing success with a wrong belief that there exists a shortcut to learning. the picture given reveals this fact in an ironic way. we can easily notice from the cartoon that a student is asking the teacher in the library how to achieve accomplishment in school without studying, while the teacher is pointing to the fiction section to tell him to work hard.
learning is actually a painstaking process in which both students on campuses and employees of working agencies are struggling to acquire knowledge by sparing great efforts. on the contrary, some people in today’s society aim at studying without hard work, following the so-called “shortcut” ways. from my own perspective, there is no shortcut in the way to learn. first and foremost, learning or obtaining knowledge is based on the accumulation step by step. the famous saying that rome is not built in one day teaches us that no goal is achieved without persistence and accumulation. in addition, the shortcut to learning is extremely appealing to those who are unwilling to spend time and energy studying because they might win by a fluke. however, students advocating the shortcut is unlikely to win every time. last but not least, the fickleness and negative attitudes towards exams are responsible for the widespread trend of the shortcut belief, and it surely lead to the failure of study to some students. taking a look around us, we can find that many agencies and people believe in the prediction of the exams, and students may be indulged in the so-called perditions and pay no attention to studying hard.
as has been mentioned, learning without hard work tends to be useless and meaningless, for students cannot have a great chance to grow into all-round intellectuals. the picture makes us college students aware of the great significance of true skill andgenuine knowledge. only by making efforts to learn in and after class can we gain solid and real ability and competence.
in the modern society, with competition becomes increasingly fierce, to find a job is too difficult for the young generation. academic qualification, as a job a stepping-stone, is an essential factor during the job hunting.
some people think that the highly educated must be able to find a good job, because education can prove that a person has a good capacity. therefore, it is commonly believe that a job seeker with a master degree must be easier to find a promising job than a undergraduate. however, now the company interviewers generally prefer to required a even higher academic qualification, like a doctor degree. otherwise, the applicants, even though he or she has tremendous potential, will be refused relentlessly.
as far as i am concerned, education should not be the single standard in an interview. as for the companies, it is not necessarily a good principle as well. now the whole community often talk about working ability and efficiency. for example, some people may have high academic qualification, but actually his ability is very limited. so both the individual and the community ought to change their attitude on academic qualification. we should realize that it is the operational capability and service ability which can help you to find a good job.
there is a saying goes like this: sometimes people don’t notice the things others do for them until they stop doing them.” this saying has vividly interpreted the importance of being grateful to the people who always help us. they are like sunshine and rain drops, which make our life blossom. but it is not rare that when occasional help becomes a matter of routine, we tend to overlook its existence.
since the very movement we were born, our parents have been taking care of us. when we were children, we took it for granted that our parents are both superman,
who can settle everything for us. however, only after we had grown up and left home to live independently did we realize that we seldom said “thanks” to our parents who deserve our gratitude most.
apart from our parents, we have many other helpers, such as the policemen, cleaners, maintenance staff etc. we should also cherish their help because it is easy to picture what our life will be like if they stop offering their help. i will always respect them, and never fail to say “thank you” for their help. as for my parents, though i will not always say “thanks”, i will beam at them whenever there is an eye contact, and try to let them know my sincere love for them.
English is important and useful to can we learn it well?Here is some advice.
I think listening can help,so you can listen to english songs on the readio and repeat the difficult you usually forget a lot of the new can slways write the new words in your you can ever study on the subway on the subway or bus on the way to school or home .If you can't understand what people are can join an english language club to practice speaking thing English can help you.
Last,i hope you can learn English be better.
English is one of the most important subjects in middle school. Almost everyone knows that we should learn English well, but few of us know how to learn it well. Karl Marx has set a good example for us.
He once said, "When one is learning a foreign language, he must use the foreign language." In this way, he could use several languages. A saying goes, "Practice makes perfect." When we learn English, we should read more, speak more, listen to English from time to time and practise writing every day.
Don't be afraid of making mistakes. Only in this way can we learn it well.
English is a useful and very important language. So how to learn it well? I have some suggestions here.
First of all, we should remember the pronunciation and spelling of words firmly, and then review and consolidate them in time. Secondly, we should often speak in English, which is for practicing oral English. Thirdly, we can write more articles in English and use grammar correctly. In order to learn English well, we can also watch more English movies and listen to more English songs. These are all good ways to learn English.
In a word, we can learn English well only by practicing more, reading more, writing more and relying on our own efforts.
there are four key points to study english: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
有四个重点学习英语：听力，口语，阅读和写作。
firstly, we should be brave to talk with others in english. by doing this, we can improve our oral and listening skill. it is also a good way to learn how to use the words.
首先，我们应该勇敢的用英语与别人交谈。通过这样做，我们可以提高我们的口语和听力技巧。这也是一个很好的方法来学习如何使用这个词。
secondly, we should try to listen to all kinds of english programmes as much as possible. inhis way, we can gradually improve our pronunciation.
其次，我们应该试着去听各种英语课程尽可能。他，我们可以逐步提高我们的发音。
thirdly, we should often read english books. when we come across a new word, we should guess its meaning through the context first. then look it up in the dictionary. i think, it is a good way of reading. and you will find it easy to remember english words.
第三，我们应该经常阅读英文书籍。当我们遇到一个新词，我们应该猜出它的意思通过上下文第一。然后查字典。我认为，这是一个很好的阅读方法。你会发现很容易记住英语单词。
fourthly, we should practice our writing skills. whenever we have any ideas, we should get the pen and write it down in english at once. another way is writing diary everyday. it is very important to avoid writing in chinese way and using the chinese grammar.
第四，我们应该练习写作技巧。每当我们有任何想法，我们应该得到的笔和它写下来用英语在一次。另一种方法是每天写日记。这是非常重要的是要避免用中文书写方式和使用汉语的语法。
as long as we listen more, speak more, read more and write more, we are sure to make remarkable progress.
只要我们多听，多说，多读多写，我们一定会有明显的进步。
many chinese students who have learned english for more than ten years are still unable to speak english fluently when they meet a foreigner. they seem to have mastered the basic language structure, but a conversation in english will make them feel uneasy. they are afraid that other people might find out their mistakes.
it is not uncommon that many students, who are bad speakers of english, can write english perfectly. this proves that they are not able to organize their ideas in english. the center of the problem is that they lack practice and confidence.
why should you be afraid? do you fear those foreigners with whom you are speaking? dont be shy, they will not laugh at you just for a small mistake you have made. the best way to get rid of this trouble is to learn to speak by speaking more. i am sure that constant practice will help you to succeed.
English is important and useful to us、 How can we learn it well? Here are my suggestions。
First, we should often listen to the tapes, English songs and programs、 Watching English movies is also helpful to us、 Second, we should speak English in class as much as possible、 Don’t be afraid of making mistakes、 The more you speak, the fewer mistakes you’ll make、 We'd better join the English club and practice with others、 Third, we can read more English newspapers and magazines、 It’s good for us、 At last, we should recite some good passages and keep diaries。
In a word, as long as we do more listening, speaking, reading and writing, we will learn English well。
英语对我们是非常重要和有用的。我们怎样才能学好呢?以下是我的建议。
首先,我们应该经常听磁带,英语歌曲和节目。看英文电影对我们也有帮助。其次,我们应该尽可能地在课堂上说英语。不要害怕犯错误。你说的越多,你犯的错误就越少。我们最好加入英语俱乐部,练习与他人。第三,我们可以多读英语报纸和杂志。它对我们是有好处的。最后,我们应该背诵一些好的文章和日记。
一句话,只要我们做更多的听,说,读和写,我们会学好英语。
How to learn English well? English is one of the most important langnages in the world. It’s necessary to learn it well .How do you study?
Everyone learns English in different best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills. They are listening , speaking , reading and writing. We should practice them every day. It’s very good for you if you are interested in Egnlish
You will find studying Egnlish is interesting and more thing, remember“Practice makes perfect”!
英语是世界上最重要的语言之一，学好它是很有必要的，怎样学好英语?怎样来学呢?.
第个人学习英语都有不同的方法，提高英语的最好方法就是提高你的英语技能，它们是听，说，读，写，我们应该都要练习它们，如果你对英语感兴趣的话，这对你有好处
这样做你会发现学习英语是一件有趣面又有所帮助的事，记住，熟能生巧。
It is very important for us to learn English is also important for us to know how to learn is some advice.
As we know that the interest is a best English words with something interesting when we are learning helps us remember them well. For example, we can listen to English songs or watch sports programs in can improve our English listening by listening to the teacher carefully in class,to the tapes very can improve our writing by e-mailing to our pen pals in can learn grammar by taking notes and doing lots of exercise.
Good ways will make English learning not be boring.
对我们来说是非常重要的学好英语。对我们来说也是很重要的知道如何学习英语。这里是一些建议。
我们知道,兴趣是最好的老师。连接英语单词和一些有趣的事当我们学习它们。这有助于我们记住他们。例如,我们可以听英语歌曲或看英语体育项目。我们可以提高我们的英语听力,仔细听老师在课堂上,经常到磁带。我们可以通过电子邮件我们提高写作英文笔友。我们可以通过做笔记学习语法和做大量的运动。
好方法会使英语学习不枯燥。
English is one of the most important subjects in middle school.
Almost everyone knows that we should learn English well, but few of us know how to learn it well. Karl Marx has set a good example for us. He once said, "When one is learning a foreign language, he must use the foreign language." In this way, he could use several languages. A saying goes, "Practice makes perfect." When we learn English, we should read more, speak more, listen to English from time to time and practise writing every day. Don't be afraid of making mistakes. Only in this way can we learn it well.
英语是中学最重要的科目之一。
几乎每个人都知道我们应该学好英语，但很少人知道如何学好它。卡尔马克思为我们树立了一个很好的例子。他曾经说过，“当一个人在学习外语时，他必须用这门外语。”这样，他可以用几种语言。俗话说，“熟能生巧。”当我们学习英语，我们应该多读，说，听英语，并且每天练习写作。不要害怕犯错误。只有这样我们才能学好它。
English is one of the most important langnages in the world. It’s necessary to learn it well .How do you study? Everyone learns English in different ways. The best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills. They are listening , speaking , reading and writing. We should practice them every day. It’s very good for you if you are interested in Egnlish . You will find studying Egnlish is interesting and helpful. One more thing, remember“Practice makes perfect”!
I had many difficulties when I started to learn I come from Chaoshan District, I could not tell / r / from / l /.Because they sound exactly the same in my dialect, I had great difficulty in telling “right” from “light”.My poor memory was another challenge for me when I decided to enlarge my could only remember the English words for a while.
“我”在英语学习中存在的问题，我来自潮汕地区，比如受家乡话发音的影响,/r/音和/l/音不分；另外，我对“right”和“light”也很难区分。当我想拓展我的英语词汇量的时候，我发现自己记忆力很差，很难扩大词汇量。
In order to tell the slight difference between / r / and / l /, I forced myself to practice a lot every I started to speak English, I reminded myself of the difference between “right” and “light” as well as “read” and “lead”.
为了区分/r/和/l/之间的细微差别，我每天都强迫自己进行大量练习。每当我说英语的'时候，我就不断提醒自己注意“right”和“light”以及“read”和“lead”的区别。
At first I felt it rather unnatural, but soon I got used to speaking in this for my poor memory, I gave up mechanical memorization and tried many other I found a most efficient way for me: memorizing English words by their syllables and pronunciation.
起初我觉得很不适应，但很快我就习惯了用这种语言来说话，鉴于自己的记忆力差，我放弃了机械式记忆，尝试了许多其他的方法。最后我找到了一个最有效的方法：通过音节和发音来记忆英语单词。
This is how I succeeded in overcoming the difficulties in learning English and now I have a stronger belief in the proverb that where there is a will, there is a way.
这就是我成功克服英语学习瓶颈的方法，现在我更加相信那句谚语：有志者事竟成。
Two years ago, I started to learn English. At first, I think it is difficult, but my teacher taught me some good ways. First, remember new words as much as possible. When you see something, you can use English words to name it. Using the pronunciation to remember new words is a good way. Second, read the words or sentence loudly. It will strengthen your memory, so that you can remember words or sentence quickly. Third, listen to the tape. Listening is the basic of English learning, so it’s important. These are some good ways to learn English. I hope they can be useful to you.
两年前我就开始学习英语了。刚开始，我觉得很难，但是后来我的老师教了我一些好方法。首先，要尽可能多地记单词。当你看到一样东西的时候可以用英语给他命名。通过发音记单词是个很好的方法。
其次，大声朗读单词或句子。这样会加强你的记忆，你就能够快速记住单词或句子了。再次，要听录音。听力是学习英语的基本，所以很重要。这些是学习英语的一些好方法。我希望它们会对大家有用。
With the development of the society, China has stepped on the road of internationalizaion. And as all sides of reasons, English has become the international language. Thus, there are more and more Chinese learn English asto catch up with the world. Chinese government also realize this, so they require Chinese, especialy students, learn English. Then there is still a question that how to learn English well.
随着社会的发展，中国已经踏上了国际化的道路。由于方方面面的原因，英语也成为了国际语言。因此，越来越多的中国人为了与世界接轨而学习英语。而中国政府也意识到这一点，所以他们要求中国人学习英语，尤其是学生。问题是如何学好英语呢？
First of all, learning English well needs perseverance. Because learning English well is a long-term process. If we insist on leraning Eglish everyday, we will masterit one day. If we just study it for a short time and then give up, we will gain nothing in the end. Therefore, we should stick to learn English erveryday inorder to learn it well.
首先，学好英语需要毅力。因为把英语学好是一个长期的过程。如果我们坚持每天学习英语，总有一天我们能够掌握它。如果我们只是学了一小段时间就放弃了，到最后我们会是什么都没有学到。因此，为了学好英语，我们应该每天学习它。
Secondly,learning English well needs us open our mouth. The aim to learn a language isto speak it. No one will admit you learn a langeuage well without speaking itout. Many Chinese students have learned is“dumb English”. That is a big , in order to learn English well, we should often talk with our friends,classmates and teachers in English.
第二，把英语学好我们应该开口说。学习一门语言的目的就是讲那门语言。如果你不会说，没有人会承认你把那门语言学好了。很多中国的学生所学的就是“哑巴英语”。这是一个很大的问题。因此，为了学好英语，我们应该经常和我们的朋友，同学和老师用英语交流。
Thirdly,the best way to master a language is tobe personally on the scene. So I advice those people who have condition go abroad for a while. When they come back home, their oral English must have improved.
第三，掌握一门语言的最好的方法就是身临其境。所以我建议有条件的人可以去国外待一段时间。当他们回国的时候，他们的口语肯定有所提高。
To sum up, learning English well is not easy. But we can take masures to make it done through perseverance, talking and going abroad.
总之，学好英语并非易事。但是我们可以采取措施通过坚持，讲，去国外来学好它。
How to study English(Kaiser3344手写) There are four key points to study English: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Firstly, we should be brave to talk with others in English. By doing this, we can improve ore talking and listening skill. Secondly, we should try to listen to all kinds of English programmes as much as possible. In this way, we can gradually improve our pronunciation. Thirdly, we should often read English books. When we come across a new word. We should guess its meaning through the contest first. then look it up in the dictionary to have a check. I thin,, it is a good way of reading. Fourthly, we should practice our writing skills. Whenever we have any idea, we should get the pen and write it down at once. It is very important to avoid writing in Chinese way and using the Chinese grammar. As long as we listen, speak, read and write more, we are sure to make remarkable progress! 楼主ok？
1.先找5篇跟自己论文最相关的外文文章，花一个月的时间认认真真的看，反复看，要求全部读懂，不懂的地方可以和同学和老师交流一下。一个月以后你已经上路了。2.如何读标题：不要忽视一篇论文的标题，看完标题以后想想要是让你写你怎么用一句话来表达这个标题，根据标题推测一下作者论文可能是什么内容。有时候一句比较长的标题让你写，你可能还不会表达。下次你写的时候就可以借鉴了3.如何读摘要：快速浏览一遍，这里主要介绍这篇文章做了些什么。也许初看起来不好理解，看不懂，这时候不要气馁，不管它往下看，等你看完这篇文章的时候也许你都明白了。因为摘要写的很简洁，省略了很多前提和条件，在你第一眼看到摘要而不明白作者意图的时候看不懂是正常的。4.如何读引言（前言）：当你了解了你的研究领域的一些情况，看引言应该是一件很容易的事情了，都是介绍性的东西，写的应该都差不多，所以看文献多了以后看这部分的内容就很快了，一扫而过。有些老外写得很经典得句子要记下了，下次你写就可以用了。5.如何读材料及试验：当你文献看多了以后，这部分内容也很简单了，无非就是介绍试验方法，自己怎么做试验的。很快就能把它看完了吧6.如何看试验结果：看结果这部分一定要结合结果中的图和表看，这样看的快。主要看懂试验的结果，体会作者的表达方法（例如作者用不同的句子结构描述一些数字的结果）。有时看完以后再想想：就这么一点结果，别人居然可以大篇幅的写这么多，要是我可能半页就说完了？7.如何看分析与讨论：这是一篇文章的重点，也是最花时间的。我一般把前面部分看完以后不急于看分析讨论。我会想要是我做出来这些结果我会怎么来写这部分分析与讨论呢？然后慢慢看作者的分析与讨论，仔细体会作者观点，为我所用。当然有时候别人的观点比较新，分析比较深刻，偶尔看不懂也是情理之中。当你看的多了，你肯定会看的越来越懂，自己的idea 越来越多8.如何看结论：这个时候看结论就一目了然了，作后再反过去看看摘要，其实差不多9.把下载的论文打印出来，根据与自己课题的相关性分三类，一类要精读，二类要泛读，三类要选择性的读。分别装订在一起10.看完的文献千万不要丢在一边不管，3－4 个月一定要温习一遍，可以根据需要，对比自己的试验结果来看11.学会记笔记，重要的结论，经典的句子，精巧的试验方案一定要记下来，供参考和学习
平时在阅读文献的时候，遇到比较优美的、典型、觉得你能用的着的段落、句子甚至词汇词组，要随时保存下来，积少成多，脑子里的东西会逐渐丰富起来。一些固定句式的学习也很重要，多学习一些美国人的习惯用法，用心去体会、消化掉，成为自己的东西。
大量读范文，养成英语思维模式，在写作时不要先组织汉语，然后把汉语翻译过来，这样写出的文章很生硬。 平时一定要多看句子，一句话有多种翻译，可以弄一个本子写下来，每天给自己规定一定的任务，一定要逼自己完成，这样不知不觉你的写作能力就会提升的。 贵在坚持！！！
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。
引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义， 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证与步骤； d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是： （1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。 （2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
最低元开通文库会员，查看完整内容> 原发布者：王宏博818 HowtoWriteaLiteratureReview?.ThedefinitionofLiteratureReview文献综述（LiterautreReview）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
..标题与作者（titleandauthor）摘要与关键词（abstractandkeywords）引言（introduction）述评（review）结论（conclusion）参考文献（references）.ClassificationofSourceMaterialsHowcanwelocatethematerialsrelevanttoourtopic *** etterandfaster?Basically,allthesesourcematerial *** 。
英语毕业论文文献综述好写的，根据题目写相关学者的总结，开始我也不会，还是师姐介绍的莫文网，专业的就是不一样，很快就帮忙完成了对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学：现状与对策国内商务英语翻译研究综述商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究：回顾与前瞻语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译大学英语翻译教学：问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语（读写译1-4册）》为例东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略###世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展，英语作为世界通用语地位的确立，为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。
而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式，注重培养学生的语言能力，没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视，严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养，致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流，更谈不上进行跨文化交际。 为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状，摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源，以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略，改革大学英语教学，提高学生的跨文化交际能力，本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果，以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架，采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。
研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系，明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学，跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学，采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式，从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖。
@@@ 世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展，英语作为世界通用语地位的确立，为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式，注重培养学生的语言能力，没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视，严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养，致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流，更谈不上进行跨文化交际。
为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状，摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源，以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略，改革大学英语教学，提高学生的跨文化交际能力，本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果，以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架，采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。 研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系，明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学，跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。
研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学，采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式，从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖析跨文化外语教学中存在的问题及其成因。 问卷数据统计结果表明，学生文化学习与运用情况不够理想，存在着严重的“中国文化失语”现象，学生的跨文化交际能力普遍很低。
影响学生英语文化知识学习的主要因素有：学生对于文化的定义和认识、学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法、英语课堂教学与学生文化信息来源情况、学生在英语学习中精力分配情况，其中学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法对学生英语文化知识学习的影响最大。 影响教师跨文化教学情况的主要因素有：教师对跨文化交际知识学习的态度、教师对跨文化教学内容的认识、跨文化教学方法的选择、教材中文化内容的含量、文化教学时间的分配、学生对文化学习的兴趣或态度，其中跨文化教学方法的选择对教师跨文化。
英语毕业论文文献综述好写的，根据题目写相关学者的总结，开始我也不会，还是师姐介绍的莫文网，专业的就是不一样，很快就帮忙完成了 对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 大学英语翻译教学：现状与对策 国内商务英语翻译研究综述 商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究：回顾与前瞻 语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 大学英语翻译教学：问题与对策 英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 试论近代国人英语翻译 任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语（读写译1-4册）》为例 东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 商务英语翻译原则探讨 跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略。
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文：
(1)引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义， 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：
a.提出-论点；
b.分析问题-论据和论证；
c.解决问题-论证与步骤；
d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是：
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
英语专业写起来比较麻烦，不可能有人给你白写的，还是自己动动脑筋写吧，如写作实在有困难可以找人帮忙，是我同学介绍我的，找的【天下文库】，她们帮我做的。
还不错，希望你也都能顺利通过。 论文的选题 撰写毕业论文，首先是选择课题。
选题是完成毕业论文撰写成败的关键。因为，选择题是完成毕业论文撰写的第一步，它实际上就是确定“写什么”的问题，亦即确定科学研究的方向。
要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 [详细内容] 论文的格式 （一）论文标题。
（二）作者姓名。 （三）内容摘要。
一般为中文摘要，如有英文要求则要附上英文摘要。摘要应该以研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论，围绕主题展开，明确介绍重点。
一般用200-300字高度概括全篇论文的精华。 （四）关键词。
又称主题词，从论文中选出用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。一般以3-8个词以显著的字体另起一行，排在摘要的左下方。
（五）正文：1、绪论；2、本论；3、结论。 （六）参考文献。
在论文主体的后面列出参考文献，目的在于表明作者的科学态度和对前人劳动成果的尊重，并方便读者去查阅参考文献之前专门列出一项“致谢”。 论文的撰写论文的正文一般包括三大部分：绪论、本论和结论。
绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、概述内容、明确中心论点等。
一般要求语言简洁扼要，开门见山，引人注目。也可以简要交代确定选题的过程和有关背景材料，目的是为了使读者更好地了解全文的旨要。
论文的指导在与指导教师第一次见面后，考生将根据指导教师的要求，对已有的写作思路进行丰富或修正并形成论文写作提纲。对于写作者来说，提纲质量的高低，直接关系到论文写作的成效。
豪不夸张地说，写好了论文提纲，也就等于完成了论文写作任务的一半。
英语毕业论文的文献看你写什么方向，都是根据题目写文献综述。开始我也不懂，还是师姐给的莫文网，高手就是效率高啊
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从文化生态视角反思高职学生的“中国文化失语”现象
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作为学生，在每次上课前，都要对要学的课文提前预习。首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词，也可以借助配套磁带反复听，对比一下，把握不准的要标出来，注意上课老师的发音，还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或辅导材料，预习一遍课文，找出不明白的地方，做到心中有数，在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。总之，预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容，找出不明白的地方，带着问题听课，做到有的放矢。 认真听课，积极配合 课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的，但也需要学习者的积极配合。上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的，要向老师提出，把问题搞清楚，老师讲授的问题，先注意听，下课后整理一下笔记，反复思考一下这些问题，抓住老师所讲的重点，难点和考点。总之，上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想，调动起多个感官来。 完成作业，找出问题 学完每一课，要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案，做完后再对答案，对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题，应该记下来，等下次上课时提出来。做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节，它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程，一定要认真完成规定的作业，笔头作业要动一动笔，口头作业要动一动嘴，提高听力要练一练耳，课文在听和读的基础上，最好背诵某些精彩段落。总之，要做大量的练习，英语是练出来的， 一定不要偷懒。 及时复习，巩固知识 学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘，但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决心。问题在于怎样来减轻遗忘的程度。善于类比，总结知识，把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行横向和纵向比较和联系。建立错误档案记录，加深印象，以避免再反同样错误。我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的，及时复习对于记忆非常必要，学英语就是要坚持天天不断的练，不断地重复基本句型，常用词汇和基本语法等。学习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。 总而言之，只要你能做到下定决心学，注意学习方法，把课前预习，认真听课，完成作业，及时复习这些环节作好了，你一定能够学好英语.
In this article, Edward draws on his experience of English teaching and Internet consulting to discuss the future of English teaching as the world enters an increasingly digital age. This article was written for English teachers who have a growing sense that the Internet is becoming more and more important for their professional careers. It tells them why the Internet is important to their profession, what they can expect in the years to come, and how they can prepare themselves as English teachers in the digital age. On a spring day in 1992 in Philadelphia, I pressed my Enter key and listened to the familar string of tones from my modem as it logged into the Temple University computer. This was nothing new for someone who had grown up with computers. But this day was one I will never forget: it was first day I ever logged into the Internet. As an English teacher, my Internet connection back in 1992 meant that I could send a grammar question out to 500 English teachers around the world and have at least 10 replies in my mailbox the next morning. It meant that I could sit at my desk in Philadelphia chatting with a colleague at Purdue, she typing on the top of the screen and I typing on the bottom, at no cost. It meant contacting the Amerika Haus in Berlin via E-Mail which led to a teaching position at Potsdam University. It meant finding information on almost any topic for the courses I was teaching. Yes, the Internet is good for English teaching. And it is going to get better--exponentially. In this article, I want to tell you why, and make some forcasts on what the digital age holds for English teaching. My forecasts for the future of English teaching are based on three hypotheses: 1. That which can be digitized, will be digitized. 2. English instruction can be almost fully digitized. 3. English instruction is more efficient when teachers use a digitized medium. 1. That which can be digitized, will be digitized. Nicholas Negroponte in his book Being Digital draws a distinction between atoms and bits. A book, for instance, is composed of atoms whereas an E-Mail is composed of bits. The difference between atoms and bits is that atoms take a long time to be sent from place to place and are relatively expensive to duplicate. Bits, on the other hand, can be sent around the world in a matter of seconds and cost nothing to duplicate. If you want to send a book from Berlin to New York, it will probably cost you about $10 and will probably take about 7 days. If you want to send a digitized book from Berlin to New York, it will cost you nothing and will get there in 5 seconds. For English teachers, the benefits are enormous. For the business world, the profit margins are unbelievable. This is why everything that can be digitized, will be digitized. 2. English instruction can be almost fully digitized. What can be digitized and what can not? Text, pictures, voice, and video can all be digitized. Text can be typed in, pictures can be scanned in, and voice and video can be recorded digitally. But this is not all. Interactive conversations can be digitized. Interactive environments, for instance, a classroom, a train station, or a business meeting can be digitized. Since English instruction consists primarily of text, pictures, voice, video, conversation, and interactive environments, English instruction can be almost fully digitized. 3. English instruction is more efficient when teachers use a digitized medium. Digitalization increases student-centeredness. If a student writes a digitized document and gives it to you to correct, you can add notes to the document just as you can to a regular paper document. The difference is that the student can then click on your digitized notes, . "use present perfect here" which takes him to an interactive, multi-media lesson teaching him about the present perfect tense and when to use it. Connected to this is a grammar chat room with students and tutors who discuss and answer questions about grammar. The student learns what he needs to know when he needs to know it. Digitalization increases accessiblity. Particularly in English for Specific Purposes, and more particularly in non-English speaking countries, specific material in English is fairly hard to come by. For instance, let us say you are teaching English at a company here in Berlin which produces flags. They need to learn vocabulary which has to do with flag production. You simply need to log into the Internet and type in the key words "flag production." You will get a number of web sites of English-speaking flag production companies with information on their products. Print these out and use them in your class. Write an E-Mail to the company and ask them to send you a catalog. Ask them what else is available on the Internet regarding flag production. Also, send an E-Mail to the 13,000 teachers in the English teachers news group and ask if anyone has experience teaching English at companies involved in flag production. Digitalization removes geographical barriers and saves time. For those of you who teach business English here in Berlin, how long does it take you to commute to work? How long does it take your students to travel to class? If both you and your students could switch on your PCs and conduct your English lessons via video conference from your homes and offices, how much total time would it save all of you? And if you could do this, why not add students in Japan and Singapore as well? Digitized English teaching removes the geographical barrier which frees up time for both the teacher and the students. Digitalization brings like minds together. Back in the 17th century, Leibniz and Newton developed Calculus independently of one another. If they had lived today, they would have met by now in a newsgroup and would already be exchanging ideas via E-Mail. The ease which the Internet provides to meet people with similar interests, professions, backgrounds, and experiences is unparalleled in human history. There are people in the world who are teaching the same kinds of classes you teach, have similar students, and are working on similar projects. The Internet makes it possible for you to meet, communicate, and work on projects together with them. So what is the function of an English teacher in the digital age? The function of a English teacher in general is to communicate to students the concepts and skills necessary to function well in situations which involve reading, writing, speaking, listening, and social skills. Anyone who has seen virtual reality interactive-CD language programs such as Who is Oscar Lake can imagine that as these products improve, they will soon be able to convey the basics of language instruction quite efficiently to any student who is privileged enough to have access to a well-equipped computer. And with the exponentially increasing speed at which bits can be pumped through the rapidly multiplying fiber optic cables and satellites of the Internet, more and more English students world-wide will be able to interact with language teaching videos and virtual worlds which will bring them to a relatively high level of proficiency, especially since other people will be running around through these virtual worlds as well, talking to each other, getting help from each other, and practicing language functions in contextual situations. These services will be paid for through advertising--students will learn the phrase "I would like a Coke, please" because Coca Cola sponsors the program. This means that high quality computer language instruction will be free for anyone who has a fast enough Internet connection. When I mention these visions to English teachers, some of them are afraid that computers will someday replace English teachers. This will not be the case. There will always be a human on one side of English teaching and another human on the other, it is just that the computer between us is getting more and more effective, which improves our teaching and improves the students' learning abilities. Humans are powerful and computers are powerful, and together, they are are extremely powerful. My point in this article is that if you are an English teacher, you need to get more and more involved with computers in order to continue to improve your teaching skills. The following are my suggestions for English teachers in order to prepare themselves for the digital age (ranked in order of importance): 1. Get access to a computer with an Internet connection. 2. Learn how to search for information on the World Wide Web. 3. Learn how to send and receive E-Mail. 4. Learn how to join and participate in news groups, and find colleagues with similar interests. 5. Learn how to attach documents and other files to E-Mail. 6. Learn how to create, publish, and update a home page. 7. Learn how to type with both hands without looking at the keyboard. Future visions of English teaching: 1997: Instant Interactive Publishing: Publishing an article on English teaching will be a matter of clicking your mouse button, and your readers will be able to respond to and discuss your article immediately. The article you are now reading was originally written for and published in the ELTAB-B Newsletter, a small, paper publication for a local Berlin teachers association. In order to publish it, I had to save it to a diskette, print it out, put both in an envelope, write the address, lick the stamp, take it to the post office, and pay for the postage. After a day it arrived at the editor's office. She had to bring it into the her word processor, reformat it, print it out, send it to the publishers, wait until it was printed, take the newsletters to the post office, and of course, pay the publishers and the post office. Now, what I also did, was right before I printed this article out and took it to the post office, I uplo
我当年出300积分都没人理我！你还是洗洗睡吧……
学术英语论文格式规范
随着论文不断的被普及，各种各样的论文格式五花八门，规范的论文格式是怎样的呢?
(一)题名(Title,Topic)
题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。
论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：论文题目是文章的一半。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。
对这四方面的要求分述如下：
1.准确得体
要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。 常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。
2.简短精炼
力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的硬性规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。 若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。
3.外延和内涵要恰如其分
外延和内涵属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象;而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。 命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。
4.醒目
论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置，但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题，因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目，其产生的效果是相距甚远的。 有人对36种公开发行的医学科技期刊1987年发表的论文的部分标题，作过统计分析，从中筛选100条有错误的标题。在100条有错误的标题中，属于省略不当错误的占20%;属于介词使用不当错误的占12%)。在使用介词时产生的错误主要有：
①省略主语第一人称代词不达意后，没有使用介词结构，使辅助成分误为主语;
②需要使用介词时又没有使用;
③不需要使
用介词结构时使用。属于主事的错误的占11%;属于并列关系使用不当错误的占9%;属于用词不当、句子混乱错误的各占9%，其它类型的.错误，如标题冗长、文题不符、重复、歧意等亦时有发生。
(二)作者姓名和单位(Author and department)
这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。
(三)摘要(Abstract)
论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。 摘要应包含以下内容：
①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;
②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;
③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;
④结论或结果的意义。
论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。
论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。 撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。
(四)关键词(Key words)
关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。
主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。 主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。
关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。
关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是：
由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。
关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加关键词这一项，就为该刊物提高引用率、增加知名度开辟了一个新的途径。
(五)引言(Introduction)
引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。
引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。
(六)正文(Main body)
正文是一篇论文的本论，属于论文的主体，它占据论文的最大篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果，都将在这一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求这一部分内容充实，论据充分、可靠，论证有力，主题明确。为了满足这一系列要求，同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰，常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段，一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题(分标题或小标题)。
段落和划分，应视论文性质与内容而定。
一般常见的划分方式有：
①实验原材料和材料/实验方法/实验结果和分析。
②理论分析/实验装置和方法/实验结果比较与分析。
根据论文内容的需要，还可以灵活地采用其它的段落划分方案，但就一般性情况而言，大体上应包含实验部分和理论分析部分的内容。实验结果和分析这一部分是论文的关键部分。有人曾说：实验的结果是论文的必脏，这并不为过，论文的新意主要在这里体现。
不少学科的论文，还可再简化一点，例如，医学论文，常将正文部分分成两个大段落，即：材料和方法(或对象和方法)，结果和讨论(工结果和分析)。
要写好材料和方法这一节，应给出诸如实验所用原料或材料的技术要求、数量、来源以及制备方法等诸方面的信息，有时甚至要列出所用试剂的有关化学性质和物理性质。
要避免使用商业名称，通常应使用通用化学名称。实验方法应介绍主要的实验过程，但不要机械地按通常以年、月的次序进行描述，而应该将各有关的方法结合起来描述。
这样做的目的主要是使有能力的科技工作者按论文这一部分提供的信息，可以生复文中的试验及其结果，并即达到再现性或可重复性、确证性的要求。缺少论文写作经验与素养的人，容易将这一部分写成实验报告。
英语学术论文写作格式要求
英语专业学术论文的格式是什么样的?以下是我为大家整理的英语学术论文写作格式要求，希望能帮到大家，更多内容请浏览()。
一、英语论文的标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
二、英语论文提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、英语论文正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的`姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
四、英语论文的文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:
The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”
is an admirable and characteristic
diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it
Whitman is unable to conceive the
extreme crises of society, one is certain
that no society would be tolerable whoses
citizens could not find refreshment in its
buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:
points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
五、英语论文的文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。
4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。
Two or More Books by the Same Author
Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A
Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.
---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,
Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.
引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。
An Author with an Editor
Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.
Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.
本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:
Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel:
Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's,
.
如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):
正式的英文学术文章格式设置如下：
1、字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font（也就是小四）；
2、行距 为 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行；
3、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐（总之，左起必须顶格）；
4、Reference（参考文献）必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数。
英语注释具体要求如下：
①在文中要有引用标注，如××× [1]；
②如果重复出现同一作者的同一作品时，只注明作者的姓和引文所在页码（姓和页码之间加逗号）；格式要求如下：
[1]（空两格）作者名（名在前，姓在后，后加英文句号），书名（用斜体，后加英文句号），出版地（后加冒号），出版社或出版商（后加逗号），出版日期（后加逗号），页码（后加英文句号）。
[2]（空两格）作者名（名在前，姓在后，后加英文句号），文章题目（文章题目用“”引起来）（空一格）紧接杂志名（用斜体，后加逗号），卷号（期号），出版年，起止页码，英文句号。
参考资料：百度百科-论文格式