蒙古国林业政策对农户生计影响探讨

本研究结论认为政府增加森林面积、积极促进乡村林农响应林业政策等有利于提高乡村人民生活收入，因此应针对性加强有关的政府政策实施。此外，政府还应推进森林草野地区发展旅游业，也是增加乡村人民生活收入的重要途径。

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.4 Innovative side of the study

1.4.1 Practical significance

Entities specialized in the forestry production is generally located and operates in rural areas but the local/provincial administration offices or administrators have no interest in supporting this sector such as gathering their budget source by supporting and developing this sector but becoming the automatic mechanism that only executes the budget approved by the top in timely basis. Consequently, decreasing the reputation of the provincial administrative office among the public organizations that is managed by folks themselves, decreasing the trust of the population in government, ethic for respecting and abiding the law is worsening. In order to solve these problems, following recommendations are being proposed:   

1. Training sufficient number of skilled workforce 2. Formulating and executing sustainable forestry usage policy  3. Formulating policy that would not result in deterioration and depletion of the forestry 4. Properly conducting operational monitoring and analysis 5. Increasing the production rate of the woods prepared from forest, processed wood, wooden material, wooden products 6. Developing wood production which corresponds to the market capacity 7. Having enhanced plan with extensively analysis, step by step strategy 8. Fighting against the illegal wood preparation 9. Preventing from the fire danger, identifying the fire occurrence earlier, put off the fire in timely manner, fighting off against the insects  ting the right for gathering budget source in provincial administrative offices, in other words any entity and individuals will pay taxes on that exact province.  ing legal environment for changing the right to decide lands and mineral resources usage to local administrative management team. 

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SITUATION OF FOREST POLICY ON HOUSEHOLD’S LIVELIHOOD IN MONGOLIA

5.1 Recently, Forest policies and programs in Mongolia

The following forest policy policies and programs are being implemented in Mongolia in stages.

One. Forest Law of Mongolia

Approved for the first time in 1995, amendments were made in 2012.05.17

2012.08.17, 2013.07.09, 2015.07.08 and lastly in 2015.12.04. 

OBJECTIVE: Main objective of this law is to legalize the act of protecting, restoring and rehabilitating, propagating, authorizing the ownership, utilization, forest fire prevention for the overall forests in the Mongolian territory. 

Two. Green Development Policy

Approved in 2014.06.13  

OBJECTIVE: Becoming a developed country that is capable of keeping the consistency of environment, pass down to the younger generation while keeping the availability to utilize the yield which will be done by maintaining the economic growth based on the green development ideology and participation of the citizens.  

1st phase: 2014-2020 2nd phase: 2021-2030 

CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FOREST POLICY ON HOUSEHOLD’S LIVELIHOOD IN MONGOLIA

7.1 Introduction

There are more than 57.14 million herder households who are mainly engaged in forestry live in the forest and grassland areas of northern Mongolia.6 This chapter analyzes how the government forestry policy affect the livelihoods of these households. The policy includes a number of provisions to improve the living standards of rural households and increase their willingness to participate. Households living in forest areas use forest land in different ways as part of their livelihoods. The forests of northern Mongolia are considered to be a favorable geographical area for logging and other forest resources. Each country has different management regulations in regards with forest use and possession, in its policies and programs, depending on its specifics and climate differences. In Mongolia, forest lands are state property.

This chapter aims to provide an insight of how the government’s forest policy affects the livelihoods of households in forest area. The impact on household livelihoods was measured by the impact on forestry income and income from other activities. For impact studies to be relevant to policy, they have to provide a contextual understanding of how the environment affects the livelihoods of local people, so that policymakers develop policies and programs to improve the well-being of the population (Ferraroa and Hanauer, 2014). However, empirical evidence for the link between forests, forest resources, and local livelihoods is insufficient to guide such a policy. This study is timely and can provide information for decision-making on resource use policies and programs aimed at improving socio-economic and environmental performance. 

We use households as the unit of analysis to investigate the impacts of ecosystem protection program on livelihoods measured by total household income and income from sales of livestock. Household is people who live together, that is with a unified budget, it  means provides together food and the basic necessities of life (Mongolia, 2017).  

CHAPTER 8 SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF FORESTRY POLICY

8.3 Result

598 forestry households and 2422 members were involved. Foresters use forests for business, pasture, hunting, food plants, and medicinal herbs. Forest management resources, assets, and forest protection regulations are the main factors influencing forestry revenues. 

When the number of foresters' families increases by one member, the nature of the household changes. The sex ratio of all households is relatively stable at an average of 51 percent. Households with 5 members account for the highest 22 percent of all households, The average life expectancy of all households is 28. 5 percent of the surveyed members have a master's degree, 33 percent have a higher education, 39 percent have a complete secondary education, and 16 percent have an incomplete secondary education.

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The current thesis is based on comprehensive data set collected from 598 households from the steppe zone of Mongolia, covering all 12 soums of 4 provinces. The households in the steppe zone derive forest-based livelihoods using a number of products from the forests such as logging, fruits, animals, fodder, food plants, medicine and tourism, etc.  

Tendency and Satisfaction level is the most important variables to calculate the final impact on the participants of the Forestry Policy. This study has shown the satisfaction level of the farmers towards the Forestry Policy. We have identified the major variables using the micro SEM, macro SAM analysis method and the correlation between the information/knowledge about the forestry policy, motivation to participate in actions for the forest protection and the dependency upon the forest itself using those variables.

 The result of the estimated analysis shows that few important variables: how the program and policy affects the livelihood, Policy information sources, Awareness of participation significance have a significant role in determining households’ satisfaction with Forestry Policy. 

Policy recommendations are an opportunity to achieve forest law, meet people's expectations of sustainable forest income balance, maintain and improve the quality and value of these same forests, and meet the necessary conditions of reality.  

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