毕业论文都是需要借鉴的，不然论点论据论证都不对教授也无从指导，一般会有几个命题让你选择，有一个取巧的方法，找一下这几个命题的中文论文，选择一篇合适的自己翻译过来，这样教授让你修改一遍基本就能过了，自己翻译好的论文一定要背下来，这样答辩时就很自然的变成自己的东西了，毕竟翻译也算是一定程度的再创作，也会加入一些自己的理解的。
Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine: 1. If a new product likely to find a market. 2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example: and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market. and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country. 3. Social Conditions If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail. Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing. 2. Telephone Survey In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes.'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best results. Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market＿Research on Smoking A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate) B How. many do you smoke a day? C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other. Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate．Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion. The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions. Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program. 7 The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;．the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective. The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is requires long periods of careful planning and administration. Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively. The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are based. Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be．engaged as an adviser. Purpose of Advertising Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the : To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read. The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different一types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries. 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each 9 group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by another. 3. Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore. A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be immediate. 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration. Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly, he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad. Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide, without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references, files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.
一般都有翻译方向，文学方向，文化方向和教育教学方向的论文。翻译方向可以选择英译汉，汉译英的翻译技巧；文学翻译不同版本的对比研究；旅游景点，广告，商务英语翻译技巧等等。文学方向可以选择作品的主题，表现手法，作者与作品的联系，或是同时代作品或作者的相同不同点等等。文化方向可以选择的主题主要是跨文化交际里面的内容，中外节日，禁忌，庆祝等等。教育教学主要是从教和学两方面入手，分为听说读写译和应用等板块。当然啦，论文写作首先是要有新意，还需要你自己认真想一想。希望能帮到你。
翻译方向的毕业论文，你好，需要写多少字。
还是人工比较好
论文翻译软件哪个好 10分 我读外文文献 写学术论文都用芝麻秘语 百度下载 安装注册 在界面里设置好语种 文档直接拖进去 15秒钟译文就出来了 而且格式排版都不变 百度芝麻秘语就能下载 毕业论文外文翻译用哪个翻译软件好 准确 很遗憾目前是没有完全没有错误的翻译器的（据我所知） 如果lz一点英语基础都木有建议找专人翻译，但是如果仅个别的不会，那么google翻译比别的都稍微好一点点只能说。 论文翻译软件哪个好？ 20分 翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。这个过程从逻辑上可以分为两个阶段：首先，必须从源语言中译码含义，然后把信息重新编码成目标语言。所有的这两步都要求对语言语义学的知识以及对语言使用者文化的了解。除了要保留原有的意思外，一个好的翻译，对于目标语言的使用者来说，应该要能像是以母语使用者说或写得那般流畅，并要符合译入语的习惯。翻译分为口译和笔译。\ 所有与语言相关的事物（例如文学和演讲）基本上都可以进行翻译[1]，包括小说、电影、诗歌、演讲等等。但是不同的领域，翻译的困难度也不同。例如，诗歌几乎是不可能准确翻译的，因为诗歌的形式、音韵等，都是组成其含义的一份子。 很多非文学类文本的翻译工作，包括软件手册和其他商业及专业文本，注重的是意义的传达，以能通顺传意为主要要求。在全球化的潮流下，不但有越来越多的国际组织，同时企业的经营也越来越以全球观点出发，这也带动了国际化与本地化产业的兴起。 如果说非文学作品的翻译是一项可以学习的技能的话，那么翻译文学作品甚至诗歌，往往可以说是一门艺术，需要一些天赋。文学翻译出于美学的考量，在翻译时不能仅注重字对字、词对词的翻译，更不能忽略了文化间的不同点，否则经常会导致译文在语意、美感、风格上的流失。总之，一个优秀的翻译人员必须在准确性和可读性之间找到很好的平衡。 除了出版业以及本地化相关产业外，很多国家 *** 或国际组织，也需要大量的翻译人才。例如官方语言有两种的加拿大 *** ，所有的 *** 文件都必须翻译为英语和法语；另外像拥有很多官方语言的欧盟，更是必须雇用大量的翻译人员。 对于翻译的理论与实践进行研究的学科，一般称为翻译研究。 毕业论文需要翻译，哪个翻译软件比较好 文章里面的主，谓，要分清楚，强调下，可以翻译为：Today in twenty-first Century the *** art wearable devices are showing signs of development, bee a new product today. At present, there is no intelligent wearable device classification standards, the direction of development and product design direction is not clear. In this paper, through the collection of *** art wearable devices development status and research data, and wearable devices now appear to the application of the classification, prediction from the development of wearable devices on the three aspects of intelligence product size, product technology, product form, provide the basis for the prediction of the development of wearable devices. And put forward the thinking of product design, to provide suggestions for developers to design products. 专业论文翻译哪个网站或软件好？免费的。 我也在弄论文翻译，但是好多软件试下来效果都不好。同一句话，谷歌，百度，金山翻译出来的东西都不一样，句子也不通顺。所以，还是自己翻吧，不懂的词查一下，剩下的自己组织语言吧，专业论文还是不要指望网上的翻译了，太不靠谱了 什么全文翻译软件比较好用？ 1.有道翻译,提供即时免费的中、英、日、韩、法、俄、西班牙文全文翻译、网页翻译服务。 2.全文翻译软件,中英文翻译，支持全文翻译，支持自动识别中英文。 3.在线全文翻译还有google和yahoo做的比较好 灵格斯词霸，一款简明易用的词典和文本翻译软件，支持全球超过80多个国家语言的词典，具有查询、全文翻译、屏幕取词、划词翻译、例句搜索、网络释义和真人语音朗读功能。同时还提供海量词库免费下载，专业词典、百科全书、例句搜索和网络释义一应俱全，是新一代的词典与文本翻译专家。 5.朗瑞CAT专业翻译软件 个人版，北京中科朗瑞软件技术有限公司精心研制的企业级专业计算机辅助翻译软件（puter Aided Translation, CAT)和专业翻译办公平台 哪种翻译软件好一点 下载一个爱词霸的电脑版，这个语法错误稍微少一点，多少改点就行了。英语专业论文刚刚写完就是用的这个， 论文翻译软件好用吗？可以媲美人工翻译不？ 当然不能跟人工翻译比，翻译软件只能做参考，用来翻译论文那简直不堪入目了。 论文的翻译一般用什么工具翻译比较好 工作、学习、生活中总会遇到需要将外语翻译成中文的情况，但翻译工具琳琅满目，到底用什么比较好呢？百度经验： 外文医学论文翻译软件最好用哪个？ 现在都在使用金山词霸了，里面的单词超过20W，很实用的，感觉比有道词典好用多了。
作为一名某高翻毕业，表示想要高质量的翻译，还是要找高质量的译员。北京译顶科技不错。
论文翻译软件比较多，比如百度、谷歌、有道等等，软件其实大同小异吧。
还是人工比较好
是毕业论文吧？选英美文学方向的题目或是中西方文化差异方向，比较简单，而且资料好找。千万不要写翻译，简直是自己为难自己，我毕业论文就是翻译方向的，写之前觉得容易，等你开始写了就不是那么回事了。而且翻译涉及的翻译理论比较深奥，Nida的功能对等真的很麻烦，给答辩造成一定难度
用GOOGLE翻译，，然后自己在修改
阅读翻译外文文献是毕业论文撰写过程中一个非常重要的环节。毕业论文外文文献翻译应采取的策略包括研读原文、提纲表达、修改润色等。毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧主要包括词类转换技巧、结构调整技巧、被动句的翻译技巧等。一毕业论文外文文献翻译外文文献包括英文、俄文、德文、法文、日文等多语种文献，本文以最通用的英文作为叙述语种。从近几年毕业论文外文文献翻译情况来看，一些学生翻译出来的文献内容不自然、不流畅、难懂、费解，甚至不知所云。究其原因，主要是由于学生普遍使用了Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸和CNKI“翻译助手”等翻译软件所致，并没有掌握翻译的基本方法与技巧，严重影响了外文文献翻译的质量。随着科学技术的迅猛发展和信息时代的到来，电子翻译（EleetroniCTarnslation）系统被人们广泛应用，但目前的电子翻译软件尚不完善，在翻译的过程中仍存在一些问题。现存翻译软件只是停留在单词与单词的直接转换阶段，一旦遇到一词多义的情况，系统便无法自行做出正确选择，译文也就会出错。而人工翻译则是通过对上下文的理解及长期的文化知识积累，准确地选择词义的。翻译人员通常只是参考词汇译文的意义，对于句子的表达方式则根据具体情况进行灵活地处理。机译的工作原理决定了翻译软件充其量只能达到人脑翻译的科学性要求，根本无法达到高度的艺术性的要求。基于此，学生不应盲目使用翻译软件，而应掌握一些翻译的策略和技巧，加强翻译训练，不断提高自身的翻译水平。二毕业论文外文文献翻译的基本策略01研读原文毕业论文外文文献翻译首先应真正读懂原文。具体来说，就是要理解句子和文献的真正含义，明确原文的主旨，准确理解原文内容本身的含义及与之相关的外延和内涵，还应抓住原文的中心思想和寓意，根据上下文理顺逻辑关系，确保文理清晰、译文准确。02提纲表达其次，应在透彻理解原文的基础上，写出译文提纲。首先，要研究文献的语法内容，如语态、时态等；要研究句子的结构，如恰当的词汇和句型等；要研究遣词用句，如充实单词或句子等。其次，要依照逻辑思维和语篇层次理顺全文。03修改润色译文初稿形成后，应从语法上检查，从语篇上分析，从逻辑上推敲，与原文对照，查看是否有错译漏译现象，看看有没有不合适和不通顺的尚需要进行润色加工的地方。三毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧翻译并非简单的文字词汇互换，它涉及语言结构、思维模式、风俗习惯、社会文化、传播媒介等方方面面的知识，需要运用恰当的翻译方法和技巧，准确通顺地将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字。毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧主要包括词类转换技巧、结构调整技巧和被动句的翻译技巧等。外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。本回答被网友采纳主要就是中英文摘要吧，正文应该不用哦。文献综述如果引用的是国外的，自己在正文中是引用翻译成中文的内容。
专业翻译多语言翻译上传文档专业审校排版最低 元/字专业论文简历简介证件资料合同标书留学移民公司介绍文献出版这是百度人工翻译的价格
我觉着真实的货币会比较少，但是附加的价值会很大。嗯现在培养研究生或者是一些人准备晋级职称的时候，都要求大家发表学术论文。所以说学生发表学术论文而是用来毕业谋得学位的，一些讲师教授副教授都是用来评职称，学术更加进一个台阶的。
我觉着真实的货币会比较少，但是附加的价值会很大。嗯现在培养研究生或者是一些人准备晋级职称的时候，都要求大家发表学术论文。所以说学生发表学术论文而是用来毕业谋得学位的，一些讲师教授副教授都是用来评职称，学术更加进一个台阶的。我在读研究生的时候，我的老师要求是发表学术论文从而给我们奖励的水平也不相同。如果发表一篇科技核心的学术论文，就可以得到600块钱一个月的劳务费，以及500块钱的论文奖励金。如果我们发表一篇中文核心的学术论文，还是拥有一个月600块钱的劳务费，但奖学金却提高到了800块钱。如果我们发表了外文文献，可以在外国的期刊上发表刊载，而且影响因子在分以上，老师直接给我们2500块钱的奖励金，而且我们学校的学业奖学金也是最高的一项。所以说在上研究生时期写论文是每天必须的工作，搞科研也是每天让我废寝忘食所追逐的东西。如果我的回答对您有所帮助，记得点亮采纳哦，谢谢啦！
而且翻译...
民营公司，根本不权威。公司翻译人员99。99999999%没有上岗证（catti)，外行指导内行。我有catti2级证书，结果在翻译公司我的上级连什么证书都没有，指导我。最后我不干了。什么原因知道了吧。。。
我就是英语专业出身的，后去英国读了商科硕士，一路在跨国企业工作，年薪也比绝大部分同龄人高。 论就业前景，你可以选择做同传翻译，做得好的收入很高--你得很有经验，翻译能力也很强；你也可以选择进外企，各类文职都可以去尝试。出国留学当然是好的，很大帮助说不上，但作为敲门砖够用了，最重要是开阔了眼界。你如果不学英语，读新闻或中文也可以，甚至读师范也可以。
英语四六级 对一般的公司来说就可以了 但是难度大一点的就需要有 专业八级的证书了 有口语证就更好了 兼职不需要太多证吧 全职可能需要这些 外加一些 口译 笔译证书 计算机等
口译啊。。。分基础口译、中级口译、高级口译，基口是用作专升本用的，中口是四级的替代品，基口的深化，高口的基础，当然高口的含金量高，通过率低，20%不到，很难的，最起码要有几年的口译基础。还有一个口译方面的证书是国家二级，这个最难了，含金量比高口高，难度当然更高，基本上是同声传译的水平，这个找工作基本上是一点都不愁了。。商务英语吗，有BEC一级、二级、三级，或者说基础、中级、高级，BEC全称是Business English Certicifate，如果要出国留学，比如说去英国的一些学校，可能要BEC的证书，含金量不是太高，不过也能派点用场。总之现在口译的证书比较适合找工作，因为四六级太泛滥了，工作单位更看重中口或者高口的书，因为考试不仅要求笔试（难度和相应的四六级差不多。。有过之而无不及。。），并且要求口试，这个难度要大很多，因此造成通过率很低，因此高口的证书还是很不错的，如果想在口译方面有发展的话应该要国家二级的那个证书，那个证书到手，几乎可以进翻译局了。。