工程机械论文题目参考：车灯零件镀铝边界的研究星空顶衬的设计和出光效果研究破碎站入破检测系统的研究组合式地铁轨道电动小车轻量化设计与研究“双体式”万向联轴器的设计与应用电动振动台气隙磁通和台面漏磁优化研究基于模态分析的矿山防尘装置传动轴稳定性研究铝合金车体工件加工变形控制方法及应用研究太阳轮轴承支撑刚度对行星齿轮传动系统均载特性的影响规律一种带有安全阀的防火切断阀的设计基于PID控制的含能材料高精度压装技术研究弱刚性构件数字化预装配及自动钻铆技术应用研究基于MBD的设计工艺一体化技术实践应用航空发动机流体动压密封优化设计与验证基于支持向量数据描述的某型发动机性能监控研究一种预制盒装填烟包侧盖自闭式推出装置的设计分体式混动总成引起的轰鸣噪声源辨识与优化以上题目我是在机械工程与技术期刊上看到的，列举了一些给你，你参考吧。
机械类的毕业论文题目有很多，学术堂整理了十五个题目供大家进行参考：1、某型汽车发动机曲轴的加工工艺及测试研究2、舞台升降装置的设计研究3、按摩机器人控制器的设计与研究4、垂直升降式立体停车设备的结构设计5、CA6140普通车床纵向数控改装6、汽车电磁涡流减震器力学性能研究7、自动下料机的机械结构设计与研究8、智能清洁机器人的设计9、低破碎玉米脱粒机的设计与分析10、马铃薯连续式机械化去皮关键技术研究11、排气隔热罩的设计与研究12、汽车电动玻璃升降器结构设计13、胡萝卜自动削皮机虚拟样机设计14、山药全自动削皮机装置与控制系统研究15、自动化甘蔗削皮装置的研制
2000套solidworks～cad～ug机械自动化图纸，有削皮机～机械手～机床～有二维模型～有三维模型，可编辑哦
一：1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。论文摘要和关键词。2、论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。(参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。)8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about (so after the first stage, the pressure would be above atmospheric, after the second it would be , , etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data . to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the ., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
一：1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。论文摘要和关键词。2、论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。(参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。)8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势 【摘要】 详细介绍了全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势和前景。引用大量的数据证明各种压缩机的发展空间和必然性。从而为各行业使用制冷压缩机提供了可靠的数据和指导说明。 【关键词】 电磁振动式压缩机；电动式压缩机；发展趋势 0引言 发表职称论文，就找ABC论文坊： 制冷压缩机质量的好坏将直接影响着电冰箱、空调器等小型制冷设备的制冷效果、使用寿命、噪音和震动等多种性能。就制冷压缩机的工作原理与结构而言，形式多样，性能各异。现在生产的小型制冷设备采用的全封闭式压缩机，按其结构特性可分为电磁式和电动式两大类。而电动式又可分为往复活塞式、旋转活塞式和涡旋式3种类型。以上几种全封闭制冷压缩机的性能特点。 l 电磁振动式压缩机 电磁振动式压缩机有以下3种：11动圈式电磁振动型；2)动铁芯式电磁振动型；3)悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型。其中，动圈式在全封闭式制冷压缩机中被实际应用，它是利用通以交流电流的线圈产生的交变磁场与永久磁场之间相互作用，直接驱动活塞作往复运动的压缩 机。其特点是结构简单、零部件少、加工精度要求不高、容易制造。因此从20世纪50年代开始就用于容积较小的电冰箱。ABC论文坊但从另一方面，由于电源频率变化引起的制冷量变化大，且50 Hz和60 Hz不能通用，存在着因排气、吸气压力引起行程变化等问题，使活塞行程的长短随负荷的变化而改变，同时机内弹簧作高频谐振，易产生弹性疲劳，因此一般只适用于生产100 W 以下的压缩机。而动铁芯式和悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型由于只在研究阶段还没有实际应用。故此不作介绍。 2 电动式压缩机 2．1 往复活塞式压缩机 按其结构分为滑管式和连杆式压缩机两类。 2．1．1 滑管式压缩机 滑管式压缩机产生于20世纪60年代，它是往复活塞式压缩机的一种类型。其特点是结构简单，工艺性好，成本较低，对零部件的加工精度要求不高，制造和装配都比较容易，所以发展较快。目前这类压缩机在国内外的电冰箱生产中应用比较普遍。缺点是活塞与缸壁间的侧力较大、磨擦功耗大、能效比偏低，因此目前滑管式压缩机正在进入衰退期，将逐渐被连杆式压缩机或旋转式压缩机所取代。 2．1．2 连杆式压缩机 连杆式压缩机也属往复活塞式，是电冰箱采用时间较早的一种。在20世纪5O年代以前生产的电冰箱几乎都是采用连杆式压缩机。其特点是运转比较平稳、噪声低、磨损小、使用寿命长、能效比较高、工作可靠、综合性能优良。但由于零部件形状复杂，加工精度要求较 高，工艺难度较大，因此其发展一度受到限制，在电冰箱及其它小型制冷设备中被滑管式和旋转式压缩机所取代。近几年来随着机械工业的不断发展，对其结构进行了多方面的技术改进。目前连杆式压缩机又成为电 冰箱压缩机的主导产品。总需求是有较大的提升【1_。近年来世界各电冰箱生产大国，尤其是日本、意大利、美国等国对往复式压缩机的制造技术进行了多方面的改造，从而使连杆式压缩机的各项性能都有了很大的提高。因此，有重新成为电冰箱压缩机主导产品的趋势。 2_2 旋转式压缩机 旋转式压缩机的电机无需将转子的旋转运动转换为活塞的往复运动，而是直接带动旋转活塞作旋转运动来完成对制冷剂蒸气的压缩。这种压缩机更适合于小型空调器，特别是在家用空调器上的应用更为广泛。如美国通用电器公司和沃普公司生产的旋转式压缩机都设计了较好的防过热和润滑装置。它采用把冷凝器处的部分制冷液用配管引至压缩室，使之在气缸内喷射的冷却方式，提高了冷却效果。为了防止把大量的制冷液直接吸人气缸内，产生液击，在吸气回路的压缩机前部设有气液分离器，润滑油和制冷液一旦进入器内 则制冷液在气液分离器内蒸发，压缩机吸人的是气体；润滑油从气液分离器下方的小孔中缓缓地连续 少量进入压缩机，用这种方法防止液击[21。油泵给油的方法是在转轴下端装设两个齿轮状的叶轮，它与转轴一同转动。对油施加离心力，从转轴中心孑L把油导向上方。另外，在轴的外表面上开有螺旋状的油槽，实现对轴承部位的给油。作为安全措施。在压缩机顶部装有过 负荷继电器，这种继电器是用感温板感受压缩机内部高压气体的温度，当达到一定的温度后，继电器动作，压缩机停止运转，用这种方法防止电动机烧毁，因此说旋转式压缩机是一种很有发展前景的压缩机。其主要优点是：由于活塞作旋转运动，压缩工作圆滑平稳，平衡性能好，另外旋转式压缩机没有余隙容积，无再膨胀气体的干扰，因此具有压缩效率高、零部件少、体积小、重量轻、平衡性能好、噪音低、防护措施完备和耗电量小等优点。缺点是压缩机对材质、加工精度、热处理、装配工艺及润滑系统要求较高，由于要靠运动间隙中的润滑油进行密封，为从排气中分离出油，机壳内须做成高压，因此，电动机、压缩机容易过热，如果不采取特殊的措施。在大型压缩机和低温用压缩机中是不能使用的。由于它比其它类型的压缩机有较明显的优势，所以它得到广泛了推广应用。如国产上菱BCD一180 W、阿里斯顿BCD-220 W 等电冰箱都采用了旋转式压缩机。尤其在家用空调器上的应用就更为普遍，从发展的趋势看旋转式压缩机今后有可能成为市场的主导产品。 2．3 涡旋式压缩机 涡旋式压缩机是20世纪8O年代发展起来的新型产品。它效率高，噪声低，体积小，重量轻，不需要排气阀组，工作的可靠性及容积效率都较高，允许气体制冷剂中带少量液体，输气效率高，气体泄漏少，可较好地运用于小型热泵系统、小型空调等。综上所述，几种压缩机的性能特点，我们不难看出经多年的技术改造，连杆式压缩机在一定的时期内仍有明显的优势，而旋转式压缩机则是一种新型的产品，特别是在空调器上的应用更为广泛，必将成为制冷产业的主导产品。通过对往复式和旋转式压缩机的性能试验比较可知，往复式和旋转式压缩机，启动后排气、吸气压力的时间变化特性不同，电动机上的负荷转矩由吸、排气压力的大小确定，在往复式的情况下，投入运转几分钟内至十几分钟后，排气压力出现峰值，对于电动机，为了承受这个尖峰负荷，需要比稳定运转时所需转矩大得多f2～4倍)[31。而旋转 式压缩机，由于不存在刚刚启动后的峰值，所以，只要有一般稳定运转时所需的转矩即可，因此可以实现电动机的小型化，这也是它今后发展优势所在。 参考文献 [1]胡鹏程，赵清．电冰箱、空调器的原理和维修【M】．北京：电子工业出版社．1995：1 14—148． [2]吴业正．制冷原理及设备【M】(第2版)．西安：西安交通大学出版社．2006． [3]赵春怡，王志强．活塞式单机双级制冷压缩JJL[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．
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The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about (so after the first stage, the pressure would be above atmospheric, after the second it would be , , etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data . to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the ., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
EQ3090自卸车的总体设计注塑模具闹钟后盖设计轿车的制动系统设计拉式膜片弹簧离合器设计液压伺服系统设计双梁起重机毕业设计论文轿车机械式变速器设计垫片级进模设计外罩塑料模设计推动架的钻床夹具设计透明塑料盒热流道注射模设计数控机械设计论文汽车起重机主臂的毕业论文汽车覆盖件及塑料模具设计拉式膜片弹簧离合器矿石铲运机液压系统设计机械手夹持器毕业设计论文及装配图机械加工工艺规程毕业论文立体车库设计滑座装配设计自动导引小车（AGV）系统的设计重庆长安CM8后地板工位焊装夹具设计变速拨叉零件的机械加工工艺及工艺装备设计拨叉（CA6140车床）夹具设计油壶盖塑料成型模具设计400型水溶膜流研成型机设计推动架夹具设计基于逆向工程和快速成型的手机外型快速设计某高层行政中心建筑电气设计螺旋输送机设计卷扬机传动装置设计带式输送机毕业设计冲压模具设计catia逆向车模处理与Proe实体重建超精密数控车床关键部件的设计注塑模-圆珠笔笔盖的模具设计电机炭刷架冷冲压模具设计 数控多工位钻床设计柴油机喷油泵的专用夹具设计齿辊破碎机详细设计齿辊破碎机详细设计带式二级圆锥圆柱齿轮减速器设计带式输送机的PLC控制典型零件的加工艺分析及工装夹具设计电子钟后盖注射模具设计风力发电机设计论文攻丝组合机床设计鼓式制动器毕业设计花生去壳机毕业设计活塞结构设计与工艺设计静扭试验台的设计矿井水仓清理工作的机械化冷冲模设计普通卧式车床数控改造传动剪板机设计汽车差速器及半轴设计切管机毕业设计清车机毕业设计清新剂盒盖注射模设计双螺杆压缩机的设计提升机制动系统填料箱盖夹具设计洗衣机机盖的注塑模具设计铣床的数控x-y工作台设计液压控制阀的理论研究与设计钥匙模具设计轴向柱塞泵设计组合件数控车工艺与编程五金-冲大小垫圈复合模圆锥－圆柱齿轮减速器的设计斗式提升机设计提升机制动系统设计双螺杆压缩机的设计液压起重机液压系统设计FX2N在立式车床控制系统中的应用万能铣床PLC控制设计
我可能可以帮忙
建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网 这个网站的论文都是以words的形式原封不动的打包上传的，网上搜索不到的，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 论文写作建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。写作资料也很多，下面给你一些范文资料网： 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 百万范文网： 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文网： 引文数据库： 社科类论文： 经济类论文： 论文之家： 范文网： 如果你是校园网，那就恭喜你了，期刊网里面很多资料 中国知网： 龙源数据库： 万方数据库： 优秀论文杂志 论文资料网 法律图书馆 法学论文资料库 中国总经理网论文集 职业经理人论坛 财经学位论文下载中心 公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所 中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心 论文商务中心 ' 法律帝国： 学术论文 论文统计
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。1.毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。2.毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。3.毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。4.论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。5.论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。6.格式正文打印页码，下面居中。7.论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。8.在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。9.在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
大专毕业论文写作方法如下：
一、了解论文格式：
在撰写毕业论文之前要先了解学校对论文格式有什么要求，看看学校官网上是否有论文格式规范化文件。
一般情况下专科论文的字数在4000至6000字左右，大专毕业论文的查重率的要求不高于30%，大专毕业论文内容格式包括标题、摘要、关键词、目录、正文、结论、参考文献等。
二、确定选题，查阅相关资料：
由于大部分的专科院校对学生的学术水平要求并不高，因此毕业大专论文的选题可以是很小的范围，不宜多大过深，学生根据自己的实力进行选择即可。确定选题后，需要通过查阅大量的文献，收集需要研究的数据资料，一定要保证数据或资料收集的全面性。
三、拟定大纲，撰写初稿：
根据选题拟定论文提纲，提纲可以是简单提纲也可以是详细提纲，不管是什么样式的提纲都要将论文的要点列出来，这样写作时才能更加顺利。拟定好提纲后，根据所查阅的资料和数据完成论文初稿的撰写工作，专科论文的正文一般包括三大部分：开头、本论和结论。
四、论文修改，最终定稿：
毕业大专论文初稿完成之后，还需要经过几次修改才能最终定稿，学生在这期间一定要与导师多多沟通交流，并使用Paperray等论文查重系统对论文进行有效降重，直至最终定稿。
毕业论文格式 为保证毕业论文质量，根据本科生毕业论文撰写规范，具体规范如下： 一、毕业论文撰写结构要求 1、题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字。 2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字； 3、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。 4、目录：写出目录，标明页码。 5、正文： 专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上。 毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。 前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。 本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。 结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。 6、谢辞：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。 7、参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。 8、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。 9、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。 二、毕业论文撰写格式要求 1、毕业论文一律打印，采取A4纸张，页边距一律采取：上、下，左3cm,右，行间距取多倍行距（设置值为）；字符间距为默认值（缩放100%，间距：标准），封面采用教务处统一规定的封面。 2、字体要求 论文所用字体要求为宋体。 3、字号 第一层次题序和标题用小三号黑体字；第二层次题序和标题用四号黑体字；第三层次及以下题序和标题与第二层次同；正文用小四号宋体。 4、页眉及页码 毕业论文各页均加页眉，采用宋体五号宋体居中，打印“河北大学XXXX届本科生毕业论文（设计）”。页码从正文开始在页脚按阿拉伯数字（宋体小五号）连续编排，居中书写。 5、摘要及关键词 中文摘要及关键词：“摘要”二字采用三号字黑体、居中书写，“摘”与“要”之间空两格，内容采用小四号宋体。“关键词”三字采用小四号字黑体，顶格书写，一般为3—5个。 英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应，字体为小四号Times New Roman。 6、目录 “目录”二字采用三号字黑体、居中书写，“目”与“录”之间空两格，第一级层次采用小三号宋体字，其他级层次题目采用四号宋体字。 7、正文 正文的全部标题层次应整齐清晰，相同的层次应采用统一的字体表示。第一级为“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二级为“”、“”、“”等，第三级为“”、“”等，具体格式要求详见模板（模板从河北大学教务处主页下载专区下载）。 8、 参考文献 参考文献要另起一页，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用标注，如××× [1]，具体格式要求详见模板 9、外文资料及译文 外文资料可用A4纸复印，如果打印，采用小四号Times New Roman字体，译文采用小四号宋体打印，格式参照毕业论文文本格式要求。 10、图、表、公式 图：a. 要精选、简明，切忌与表及文字表述重复。 b.图中术语、符号、单位等应同文字表述一致。 c. 图序及图名居中置于图的下方，用五号字宋体。 表：a.表中参数应标明量和单位的符号。 b.表序及表名置于表的上方。 c. 表序、表名和表内内容采用五号宋体字。 公式：a.编号用括号括起写在右边行末，其间不加虚线。 b.公式中的英文字母和数字可以采用默认的字体和字号。 图、表与正文之间要有一行的间距，公式与正文之间不需空行；文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如：图2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）（“公式”两个字不要写上）等。若图或表中有附注，采用英文小写字母顺序编号。 11、标点符号 注意中英文标点符号的区别，不能混用。 三、毕业论文装订存档要求 毕业论文按以下顺序侧面用铁质装订夹装订归档： 封面→中摘要→关键词→目录→正文→谢辞→参考文献→注释→附录→外文资料及译文→毕业论文成绩评定表。
有关毕业论文格式要求及字体大小的设置
毕业论文格式要求是什么?对于字体大小有什么要求呢?下面是我分享的有关毕业论文格式要求及字体大小的设置，欢迎大家阅读。
一、毕业论文字体大小的设置：
各类标题(包括“参考文献”标题)用粗宋体；作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体；正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体；英文用Times New Roman字体。
二、毕业论文格式要求与字体大小：
(1)论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。
(2)论文副标题小2号字，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。
(3)填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。
(4)内容提要3号黑体，居中上下各空一行，内容为小4号楷体。
(5)关键词4号黑体，内容为小4号黑体。
(6)目录另起页，3号黑体，内容为小4号仿宋，并列出页码。
(7)正文文字另起页，论文标题用3号黑体，正文文字一般用小4号宋体，每段首起空两个格，单倍行距。
(8)正文文中标题
一级标题：标题序号为“一、”，4号黑体，独占行，末尾不加标点符号。
二级标题：标题序号为“(一)”与正文字号相同，独占行，末尾不加标点符号。
三级标题：标题序号为“1.”与正文字号、字体相同。四级标题：标题序号为“(1)”与正文字号、字体相同。五级标题：标题序号为“①”与正文字号、字体相同。
(9)注释：4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。
(10)附录：4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。
(11)参考文献：另起页，4号黑体，内容为5号宋体。
三、页眉页脚的设置
1.页眉
(1)设置：。字体：统一使用汉语：小五号宋体。割线：3磅双线；内容：××学院本科期末论文，居中。
2.页脚
内容：页码，居中。
纸型及页边距：A4纸(297mm×210mm)。
页边距：天头(上)20mm，地角(下)15mm，订口(左)25mm，翻口(右)20mm。
四、毕业论文正文格式要求与字体大小
正文部分的要求如下：
①正文部分与“关键词”行间空两行；
②日语正文文字采用小四号宋体；英语正文文字采用Times New Roman 12号，标题日语采用四号黑体，英语采用Times New Roman14号，每段首起空两格，倍行距；
③段落间层次要分明，题号使用要规范。理工类专业毕业设计，可以结合实际情况确定具体的序号与层次要求；
④文字要求：文字通顺，语言流畅，无错别字，无违反政治上的原则问题与言论，要采用计算机打印文稿；
⑤图表要求：所有图表、线路图、流程图、程序框图、示意图等不准用徒手图，必须按国家规定的工作要求采用计算机或手工绘图，图表中的文字日语用小五号宋体；英语采用Times New Roman 号；图表编号要连续，如图1、图2等，表1、表2等；图的编号放在图的下方，表的编号放在表的上方，表的左右两边不能有边；
⑥字数要求：一般不少于1500(按老师要求)；
⑦学年论文引用的'观点、数据等要注明出处，一律采用尾注。
五、注释
注释部分的要求如下：
①与正文部分空出两行；
②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释；
③“注释”采用五号黑体，注释内容日语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。 英语注释具体要求如下：
①在文中要有引用标注，如×××[1]；
②如果重复出现同一作者的同一作品时，只注明作者的姓和引文所在页码(姓和页码之间加逗号)；格式要求如下：[1](空两格)作者名(名在前，姓在后，后加英文句号)，书名(用斜体，后加英文句号)，出版地(后加冒号)，出版社或出版商(后加逗号)，出版日期(后加逗号)，页码(后加英文句号)。
[2](空两格)作者名(名在前，姓在后，后加英文句号)，文章题目(文章题目用“”引起来)(空一格)紧接杂志名(用斜体，后加逗号)，卷号(期号)，出版年，起止页码，英文句号。
六、参考文献
参考文献部分的要求如下：
①与注释部分间空两行；
②应列明期末论文参考的主要文献资料，“参考文献”采用五号黑体，参考文献内容日语、汉语采用小五号宋体，英语Times New 号。参考文献的著录，按著录、题目、出版事项顺序排列，其格式为：
期刊类：著者.题名[J].杂志名,年份,(期号)。书籍类：著者.书名[M].城市名:出版社,年份,页数。网络类：著者.题名[EB/OL].www.***.com.年-月-日。
③英文作者超过3人写“etal”(斜体)。英文参考文献格式要求如下：
[1](空两格)作者名(姓在前，名在后，姓与名之间用逗号分开，后加英文句号)，书名(用斜体，后加英文句号)，出版地(后加冒号)，出版社或出版商(后加逗号)，出版日期(后加英文句号)。
[2](空两格)作者名(姓在前，名在后，姓与名之间用逗号分开，后加英文句号)，文章题目(文章题目用“”引起来)(空一格)紧接杂志名(用斜体，后加逗号)，卷号(期号)，出版年，英文句号。
七、装订要求：先将目录、内容摘要、正文、参考文献、写作过程情况表、指导教师评议表等装订好，然后套装在学校统一印制的论文封面之内(用胶水粘贴，订书钉不能露在封面外)。
知识扩展：会议论文格式摘要模板范文
1.专题编号：五号字体；靠左。
2.论文题目：四号字体，加粗；居中。
3.作者姓名：五号字体；居中。
4.作者信息：五号字体；居中；包括所在单位、所在省市名称及邮政编码，E-mail地址，电话号码。要标明二级单位(大学：院系；研究院所：处、室)。
5.摘要：小五号字体；字数500-900字。
6.关键词：小五号字体；关键词3~5个，用空格间隔。
7.作者简介：五号字体。
8.格式设置规范
页面设置：A4；页边距，左右厘米，上下3厘米。
行距：倍行距；论文题目后、作者姓名后、作者信息、关键字后空一行。
注：论文初稿完成，最好提前进行论文查重修改，这样就可以避免在学校论文查重检测修改时间不够，导致不能顺利通过检测，无法进行答辩的困境了。
文科类毕业论文要求及字体大小
一、封面
题目：小二号黑体加粗居中。
各项内容：四号宋体居中。
二、目录
目录：二号黑体加粗居中。
章节条目：五号宋体。
行距：单倍行距。
三、论文题目：小一号黑体加粗居中。
四、中文摘要
1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。
2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。
3、字数：300字左右。
4、行距：20磅
5、关键词： 四号宋体，加粗。 词3-5个，每个词间空一格。
五、英文摘要
1、ABSTRACT：小二号 Times New Roman.
2、内容字体：小四号 Times New Roman.
3、单倍行距。
4、Keywords： 四号 加粗。 词3-5个，小四号 Times New Roman. 词间空一格。
六、绪论小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅
七、正文
(一)正文用小四号宋体
(二)安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式
章：标题 小二号黑体，加粗，居中。
节：标题 小三号黑体，加粗，居中。
一级标题序号 如：一、二、三、 标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。
二级标题序号 如：(一)(二)(三) 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。
三级标题序号 如：. 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
四级标题序号 如：(1)(2)(3) 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
五级标题序号 如：①②③ 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
(三)表格
每个表格应有自己的表序和表题，表序和表题应写在表格上方正中。表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接续写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”。
(四)插图
每幅图应有图序和图题，图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成，也可以用计算机绘图。
(五)论文中的图、表、公式、算式等，一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号。序号分章依序编码，其标注形式应便于互相区别，可分别为：图、表、公式()等。
文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示。
八、结束语小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅。
九、致谢小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：20磅
十、参考文献
(一)小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇， 五号宋体， 行距：20磅。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]……形式统一排序、依次列出。
(二)参考文献的格式：
著作：[序号]作者.译者.书名.版本.出版地.出版社.出版时间.引用部分起止页
期刊：[序号]作者.译者.文章题目.期刊名.年份.卷号(期数). 引用部分起止页
会议论文集：[序号]作者.译者.文章名.文集名 .会址.开会年.出版地.出版者.出版时间.引用部分起止页
十一、附录(可略去)
小二号黑体加粗居中。 英文内容小四号 Times New Roman. 单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于500字 内容五号宋体，行距：20磅。
我知道，上次我在优酷里找到了一个word 长篇文档排版技巧，你可以看一下，就是讲论文排版格式的，很详细哦，一定能帮到你的。
你是想问硕士毕业论文占内存太大怎么办吧？把论文文件压缩一下就可以解决这个问题了。可以在电脑上下载一个压缩与解压缩软件，比如：bandizip、360压缩等等。下载好之后将论文文件压缩一下，就可以大大减少内存的占用。