韩国电影产业的现状如何？ 韩国的电影历史可追溯到19世纪末，韩国最初的剧场建于1903年。1920年代和1930年代虽然制作了很多优秀的无声电影，但到光复之前的日本帝国主义强占时期，韩国电影的导演们受到了日本当局的严格检阅。光复之后，开放和检阅也仍就反复进行。 从1950年代到1970年代，当时的政治、社会比较开放，于是制作了相当多的好电影，这些电影中还包括历史上最优秀的几部电影。不过，在1973年实施维新宪法之后，加强了政治、社会统制，紧接着韩国的电影产业也陷入了最恶劣的停滞期。进入1980年代，检阅逐渐缓和，韩国电影的水平也得以提高。但可惜的是，这个时期正是好莱坞电影和香港电影的开放时期，结果韩国电影的市场占有率就急剧下降。在1990年代，韩国电影迎来了新的文艺复兴时代。虽然国产电影配额制在一定程度上起到了保护电影产业的作用，但培育出像朴赞郁、奉俊昊、金基德导演等优秀的电影界人才才是最主要的原因。韩国电影在国际电影节上也开始得到了认可，2004 年朴赞郁导演的老男人在戛纳电影节上获得评审团大奖就是其中一例。世界在关注韩国电影，连好莱坞电影界也为翻拍韩国电影而开始抢着购买版权。举世瞩目的韩国电影相当多，从1993年到现在上映的优秀电影如下：西便制（1993）： 西便制乃巨匠林权泽导演的作品，到现在为止，是最受国内外评论家好评的电影之一。该电影讲述了板索里说唱者家族的旅程，引发对韩国传统文化全新关心。江原道之力（1998）：江原道之力是洪尚秀导演的作品，该作品是受到好评的第二部作品，它讲述了抱着失败爱情后遗症的主人公一生的故事，最为显眼的是以纪实性描写的方式描写了他们之间的朴素关系。生死谍变（1999）：生死谍变讲述了镇压潜入韩国的朝鲜军特种部队成员的内容。生死谍变（姜帝圭导演的作品，在美国市场上的电影名称为“Swiri”）是韩国最首部动作大片，按上映当时判断，生死谍变的制作费用是非常庞大的。处女心经（2000）：洪尚秀导演如江原道之力一样，再次展现了坦率描写的技巧，在这部搞笑片中也使用相同的方式描绘了人际关系。 2004年戛纳电影节的“可受关注的视线(Un Certain Regard)”部门上映的处女心经描绘了制片人与画廊主人之间的不正当关系。这部电影是使女演员李恩宙一跃成名的初期作品。韩国电影产业现状分析 ––釜山国际电影节常任主席李庸观先生讲座小记5月22日下午，釜山国际电影节常任主席李庸观先生应电影电视系主任路海波老师之约，在我院东角楼角一教就“韩国电影产业的危机诊断及对策方案”方面的内容与电影电视系教师及2004级学生进行了友好的交流。李庸观先生是釜山国际电影节常任主席及发起人之一，同时也是韩国中央大学艺术学院电影系主任教授，韩国著名的电影评论家和韩国电影评论家协会理事，他曾经荣获首尔文化艺术评论家奖，对韩国电影的产业政策、现状及电影形态方面都有非常深入的研究，而此次讲座的主要内容就是与此相关的问题。李庸观先生以大家所看到的韩国电影数年来的快速发展为开场，运用详尽的事实和数据说明韩国电影产业的现状及蕴藏的危机，并在最后提出了主要对策方案。他首先给大家分析了近年来韩国电影产业的现状。从影片的上映数量、观众数及本土票房的占有量等数据的对比上，我们可以看到一个呈增长状态的趋势，但是李先生从投资回报率、出口数及制作经费等方面作了更进一步的讲解和分析，让同学们更深一步了解了韩国电影产业存在的危机。接着，李先生提到，改善电影产业的不同流通阶段的构造性问题从而形成再投资构造是非常必要的，由此，又谈到了韩国电影产业的构造性问题。李庸观先生对“关于制作资本和剧场资本分离”以及“关于文化电影（艺术·独立电影）配额制”两方面的研究进行了详细的讲解，使同学们对于构造性问题有了更深入的理解。之后，李庸观先生提出，既然发现了韩国电影产业所存在的危机，那就有机会在更恶化之前找出相应的对策以化解危机，即“危机就是一个机会”。他从三个方面提出了有效的对策：一是通过改善投资环境、提高投资回报率来打造韩国电影的安全制作环境；二是从投资––制作––发行––上映各阶段引导电影产业的构造合理化；三是进一步进行附加市场的开发以扩大电影市场规模并筹备持续成长基盘。李先生还对这三方面的建议进行了详细的解说，使同学们更容易理解三个对策将对韩国电影产业所产生的影响。讲座的最后，很多老师和同学就釜山国际电影对于年轻创作者的一些计划以及中国电影、电视剧在韩国的上映、播出状况提出了很多问题，李先生都给予了详细的介绍和回答。此次关于韩国电影产业的讲座，使同学们增长了很多关于韩国电影产业的知识，对于韩国电影产业也有了更深刻的认识和了解。整个讲座过程中，同学们都非常认真，表现也非常活跃，表现出了对韩国电影产业的关心。李庸观先生最后表示，此次与同学们的交流非常愉快，希望各位同学能加入到釜山国际电影节当中去，为亚洲电影尽一份力。韩国影视业这几年为何能迅猛发展当韩国导演姜帝圭1999年耗资350万美元自编自导《生死谍变》的时候，业内人士普遍为他捏了一把汗。这个时期，亚洲金融危机后遗症仍然留存，以往支撑韩国电影的韩国工业巨头们，出于企业集中产业优势发展的需要，纷纷剥离了下属的电影公司。而韩国电影的市场与票房，也被一系列好莱坞大片所霸占。然而，姜帝圭的这部影片，最后的票房、录像带和出口三项收入竟超过了3500万美元，突破了当时韩国有史以来最高的票房纪录，打破了由《泰坦尼克》保持的票房霸主地位，被韩国人称为真正意义上的本土大片。 《生死谍变》的成功，将韩国人民对本土大片的信心提到高点。2004年，姜帝圭执导的另一部影片《太极旗飘扬》又一次打破纪录，获得了5600万美元的票房收入。 从《生死谍变》到《太极旗飘扬》的这几年间，韩国电影取得了惊人的成长，“韩流”在世界各地迅速风行。北京电影学院教授倪震在接受记者采访时表示，韩国现在已经发展成为一个真正的电影产业大国。 倪震教授说，韩国政府给予电影产业发展在经济、政策等多方面的推动和支持。从早期鼓励国内非电影产业的大企业、大集团，如现代、三星等投产电影业，到后来对中小企业投资和独立制片人的鼓励，使韩国电影人在获取资金方面渠道众多。金大中总统在任时，废除了《电影审查法》，从政策上给韩国电影百花齐放以沃土。 韩国电影走的是一条典型的商业路线。通过投资方、观众、制片方、发行方及院线的反复运作沟通，出产了一批票房价值高的电影。 “韩国电影一般描写的是‘典型环境下的典型人物和典型物件’，没有多余的杂质，构思新颖、取材巧妙，同时给人留下很多的想象空间。”从事媒体工作的张婉怡是韩国电影的忠实拥护者。 倪震教授表示，目前韩国电影一个明显的特点就是导演群体人数众多，更换很快，给电影产业不断注入新的生机。随之出现的体制现象则是“独立制片人制度”，中小型电影制作公司如雨后春笋般遍地而起。而中小型公司繁荣的背后，一个重要的支撑因素就是融资渠道的多样化。 倪教授介绍说，亚洲金融危机之后，韩国电影投资找到了很多新的办法。特别是民间吸纳资金能力得到了极大增强，中小企业和风险资金投资踊跃。有统计表明，目前韩国每年出产的60部左右的电影，分别由当地30家左右的电影制作公司投产制作。这些制片人早期大多通过销售发行权和版权获取投资。之后则主动向一些风险资金和大企业拉投资，或向银行贷款、抵押版权融资。最近两三年，甚至出现了通过互联网募集社会资金的情况。比如大获成功的电影《我的老婆是大佬》就是通过互联网融资，筹得了280万美元的拍摄资金。这样大胆而活跃的融资方式大大活跃了制片机制，同时推动了国民的电影参与意识。 与此同时，韩国政府也适时开辟了多个投资基金管理机构，比如韩国电影委员会（KOFIC）等，为林林总总投资电影的大小风险投资基金提供系统专业的指导、管理和服务。这些基金为韩国电影业发展打造了雄厚的物质基础。据了解，目前各种渠道的电影投资基金总额超过了1．5亿美元，充沛的资金让韩国电影有能力引进好莱坞的先进制作技术，同时也大大促进了韩国国内的影院建设。 现在，韩国电影融资又出现了新的趋势，也就是时下最流行的IPO——到证券市场上上市融资。姜帝圭的电影制作公司不久前刚刚在汉城的高斯达克市场上市，为他的下一部影片融资。 与之相比，在融资方面，我国电影行业起步稍晚，1995年以前只有16家国有电影制片厂拥有影片出品权。尽管近年来政策逐步开放，但由于电影市场尚不规范，投资回报率较低，因此制片人在融资拍片方面相对困难较大。社会资金、民间资本的进入明显不足，融资方式相对单一。
美国梦、乐观主义——美国电影《阿甘正传》反映的思想观念和价值观【摘 要】电影反映人们的生活，思想观念和价值观。透过电影，观赏者可以了解到不同国家人们的生活方式和他们对待生活的态度。美国电影《阿甘正传》中的主人公阿甘一生的传奇经历，给我们留下了非常深刻的印象。通过这部电影，我们了解到了美国世代传承的思想观念和价值观。本文旨在分析《阿甘正传》这部电影所反映的这些美国思想观念和价值观，包括美国梦和美国人的乐观主义。【关键词】美国电影 《阿甘正传》 美国梦 乐观主义20世纪以来的100年，世界传播事业和信息产业飞速发展。科学技术不断进步，将人类带入了信息社会。在信息时代，媒介扮演着越来越重要的角色。报纸、杂志、电视、电影等是较为先进的信息传播活动形态。其中电影也许是最具影响力的传媒。电影就像一个微观世界，表现出不同的社会价值观和思想观念。在美国电影中，“美国梦”和“乐观主义”是常被涉及的主题。那什么是“美国梦”呢？最具代表的关于“美国梦”的电影就是《阿甘正传》。《阿甘正传》 (1994)是由罗伯特•泽梅基斯导演，汤姆•汉克斯主演的一部“愚人电影”(反智电影)。该电影获得了巨大成功——在1995年的第67届奥斯卡金像奖角逐中，《阿甘正传》一举获得13项提名，包揽最佳影片、最佳男主角、最佳导演、最佳改编剧本、最佳剪辑和最佳视觉效果六项大奖，还夺得了当年全美10大票房影片的首位，并在有史以来最卖座的影片排行榜上名列第四，4年后该片又进入美国史上最伟大的百部电影之列。因此《阿甘正传》可以说是美国电影史上一部愚人电 影的神话。一、《阿甘正传》简介福瑞斯特•甘（阿甘）出生在上世纪中叶、美国南部阿拉巴马州的绿茵堡镇，由于父亲早逝，他的母亲独自将他抚养长大。阿甘的智商只有75，但凭借跑步的天赋，他顺利地完成大学学业并参了军，随后开赴越南战场。在军营里，他结识了“捕虾迷”布巴和神经兮兮的丹•泰勒中尉。布巴在越战中丧生，丹中尉失去了双腿，阿甘则因为救人成了战斗英雄。回国后，阿甘为了履行对布巴的承诺，买下了一艘破船开始捕虾。一系列机缘巧合后，他不但化解了丹中尉的怨气，还莫名其妙地累积了大量资产。不过，钱并不是阿甘所看重的东西。阿甘和女孩珍妮青梅竹马，可珍妮有自己的梦想，不愿平淡地度过一生……二、《阿甘正传》的主题亲情、友情和爱情一直是人类历史上永恒的话题。围绕着愚人文化这一背景，影片讲述了发生在阿甘身上的亲情、友情和爱情故事。阿甘自幼腿部残疾而且智商低下，小镇上的人都用异样的目光看待阿甘，只有两位女性关心、爱护他:母亲给予了他伟大的母爱，珍妮则以纯真的少女情怀温暖着他的心。在母亲心目中，阿甘不是负担，而是上天对她的馈赠，她倾尽全力抚养阿甘，总有办法找到最通俗易懂的语言让他明白生活中的一些道理人生就如同一盒巧克力，你永远无法知道你会尝到什么样的味道”，“笨有笨的作为（傻人有傻福）”，并且为了能够为他争取于正常儿童同样的生活学习机会，她甚至答应陪校长睡觉。《阿甘正传》表达了许多不同的主题，其中被导演反复强调的就是对生活永不放弃。这部电影不仅给人以情感上的教育，而且也是一部关于美国 20世纪50年代到1982年的社会史，非常值得一看。阿甘智商虽低，但他心地单纯，信念坚定，做到了很多正常人想不到、做不到的事，在运动、战场、商场都取得了非凡的成就。阿甘的人生历程中穿插着美国战后的一些重大事件，如猫王、披头士乐队、种族问题、越战与反战、水门事件、乒乓外交等等。阿甘的故事象一面多棱镜一样折射出生活的各个方面，引发观众对自己生活的思考。 三、《阿甘正传》反映的美国思想观念和价值观——“美国梦”和“乐观主义”从《阿甘正传》中我们能够想到人们追逐已久的美国梦以及乐观主义。美国梦是上个世纪的神话，是许多欧洲人为了追寻更好的生活而来到美国的目标。美国地广人稀，到处都充满着爆富的机会。今天，美国梦依然存在，大量亚洲人和拉美人把美国看成是实现梦想的摇篮。那到底什么是美国梦呢？虽然已有些许变化，但却有一个永不变化的主题：或成为富人，或成为体育英雄，或成为著名演员，或有参观白宫和得到美国总统接见的机会 ，或通过勤奋刻苦成为一家跨国公司的董事。怎样来实现这些梦想呢？人们需要做什么呢？人们应该成为世界上跑得最快的人，或者要有最高的智商吗？谁能回答这些问题？看过《阿甘正传》后你就能知道，有这样一个人，他参与了几乎所有的美国大事，他很富有，参观过白宫，还是一个体育英雄。他的生活是一个很好的例子，他告诉人们，在美国任何人都可以成功，即使你的智商极低。他就是阿甘。美国是一个具有“未来取向”的国家，这也决定了美国人的乐观向上、积极进取等价值观。但在60年代，青年一代为了表达对美国社会的种种黑暗和越南战争的不满和反叛，以及对现实和未来的迷惘与困惑.选择的是一种逃避现实、追求享乐、否定理性、强调本能的幻灭之路。性的解放、毒品带来的幻游和远离现实社会的流浪和群居生活是他们所选择的生活方式。这也就是影片中珍妮和她的“嬉皮士”同伴的生活方式。但低智商的阿甘与他们完全不同。也许他的智商使他无法了解珍妮和那个时代的青年所做的事情，但他身上一直洋溢着一种美国人所特有的乐观向上、积极进取。虽然阿甘的智商极低，但另一方面，阿甘又是聪明的。他参观了一所退伍兵专用医院，用他高超的乒乓球技艺来愉悦他们。与此同时，电视里正在报道阿姆斯特朗登上月球的消息。然而没人观看这个人类的世纪创举，他们都被这个低能儿的球技深深吸引。此时科学是乏味的，体育更加伟大。阿甘相信，蠢人才做蠢事，傻人有傻福。这也正是电影导演对阿甘成功生活的诠释。他自己不认为自己是蠢人，他可以做任何他想做的事。这就是在美国成就一番事业，取得成功的砝码。无论你是白人还是黑人，聪明还是愚蠢，你只需做到最好，然后取得成功。阿甘教给人们成功的钥匙就是：你自己去决定你是做聪明人还是傻子吧。美国人总是思考着未来的目标，他们说：“我们要把人类送到月球上去。”他们做到了。他们的国家在一片狭小的土地上由十三个殖民地建立起来，如今美国却是世界上最大的国家之一。美国梦是真实的，古巴人来到美国成为棒球明星；每天数以千计的墨西哥人越过边境线寻找工作，寻求更好的生活。只要你做出决定，拥有自己的目标，一切都能实现。参考文献：[1]顾宁.美国文化与现代化.北京：辽海出版社，2006.[2]张奎武.英美概况.长春：吉林科学技术出版社，2003.[3]赵英男.英文影视赏析.北京：清华大学出版社，2005.[4]朱永涛.英语国家社会与文化入门.北京：高等教育出版社，1998.[5]董力燕，刘铭.《阿甘正传》中的成功哲学[J].文教资料，2007.[6]端木义万.美国社会文化透视[J].南京大学出版社，1999.[7]刘洋.寻找迷失的英雄——《阿甘正传》的新英雄观及其文学内涵[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2004。
四、 必要的修养 通过上面的讲解，相信大家会有这样一个认识：对一部影片的剧作分析必须建立在一定的修养之上。 首先，你必须有相当的看片量。一个人如果加起来总共没看过几部影片，就无法展开一部影片与其它影片的比较并对这部影片做出正确的分析了。保证一定的看片量才能了解最新的和全面的电影创作动态和现象，也才能将一部影片放置在大的创作背景和环境下来考察。例如一篇分析《沙鸥》的文章这样说： “尽管《沙鸥》这部影片在今天的观众眼中看来各个方面都显得幼稚了，但它在中国电影史上占有特殊位置是必须肯定的。从某种意义上说，我们可以把它看作是中国第四代电影导演的发端之作，是书写在银幕上的宣言。因此，当我们立足于今天对这部影片进行评论的时候，考证它对中国电影的发展所起到的作用就比单纯分析它的创作技巧重要得多了。 “‘四人帮’粉碎以后的１９７９年到１９８０年，中国电影迎来了前所未有的创作春潮。其中，《小花》、《小街》、《苦恼人的笑》、《生活的颤音》等等一批中年导演的作品尤为引人注目。然而在热热闹闹的创作中，中国的电影人却惊讶地发现，正是‘洞中方一日，世上已千年’，由于十年动乱的耽误，中国电影已经与世界电影拉开了距离。尽管这些中年导演从外国优秀影片中学习借鉴了很多对于当时的中国电影说来还很新鲜的表现手法，例如变焦镜头的运用、时空交错式的结构、画外音、高速镜头、通俗唱法的主题歌、旋转镜头、女跑男追……等等，但是渐渐地他们就感觉到盲目地从外国电影中拿来一些皮毛无法解决中国电影亟待解决的两大问题：一个是被观众普遍指责的‘不真实’，一个便是电影语言的落后。就在这个时候，中国影坛的两个年纪已不太年轻的新人——张暖忻、李陀夫妇在《电影艺术》杂志上发表了题为《谈电影语言的现代化》一文。作者以慷慨激昂的语调呼吁国内同行向外国电影学习，加快中国的电影语言现代化的步伐。尽管今天看来，这篇文章对外国电影具体手法的罗列过于琐碎和表面化，缺少系统扎实的理论体系作为基础，但作者的热情和直率还是在那个特定的背景下激起了中国影坛的轩然大波。这篇文章被后来的人们看作是第四代中国电影导演的宣言，而文章的作者就是《沙鸥》这部影片的编导者。” 我们可以清楚地看到，作者把握《沙鸥》剧作特点的时候并没有就《沙鸥》论《沙鸥》，而是把这部影片放在了一个大的创作背景中考察，这就使文章作者得以沉浸在剧作手法的具体细节里反而“不识庐山真面目”。由此可见一个全面客观的剧作分析应该建立在对电影创作发展和现状的全面了解和全盘把握上，这就要求作者随时关注电影创作的现实和动向。 同时，我们还必须看到，作好一部影片的剧作分析没有相应的剧作理论准备也是不行的。我们来看看上面引述过的分析《沙鸥》的文章中的一个段落： “亚里士多德在《诗学》中曾经制定过戏剧必须恪守的规律，他说：‘有人认为，情节之统一，出于只写一个人物，其实不然。因为一人的遭遇可能很多，甚或无数可计，其中有些无法统一；同样，一人的行为可能甚多，其中有些不能构成一件行为。’据此，他认定，只提写‘一个人’是不能保证情节完整性的，必须提‘一件事’。中国清代戏剧家李渔持有同样的观点：‘后人作传奇，但知为一人而作，不知为一事而作。尽此一人所行之事，逐节铺陈，又如散金碎玉，以作零出则可，谓之全本，则为断线之珠，无梁之屋。’可是《沙鸥》要打破的偏偏就是这条戒律。在影片中，沙鸥的行为虽然依旧是统一的——努力奋斗，夺取金牌，但是影片却没有拘囿于一个单一事件。也许，作者可以把时空和情节框定在最后一次出国比赛上，然后再依据亚里士多德的法则有层次地展开这个事件。但是这似乎不合《沙鸥》作
给你个提示吧，自己看看能不能用毕业论文是我院工商管理专业人才培养计划的重要组成部分，是学生进行专业综合训练，强化专业技能、能力的重要教学环节，也是学生获得毕业证书的必要条件，对提高学生综合职业素质，确保人才培养质量具有重要意义。 工商专业学生撰写毕业论文的主要目的是： 1、培养学生综合运用工商管理知识和相关专业知识分析问题和解决问题，达到学以致用的目的。 2、检查学生对所学专业理论知识和基本技能的掌握程度，并将论文成绩作为学生能否毕业的主要依据之一。 3、学生根据选定的题目，搜集相关资料，开展调查研究，培养学生理论联系实际，增强独立思考问题与解决问题的能力。 4、学生通过毕业论文的写作，训练专业研究文章的写作能力，学会并运用专业文献资料的检索技术与方法，专业分析、调查和研究的技术与方法。 二、毕业论文写作的程序与步骤 （一）动员准备 1、由学院教务处、管理系组织召开按规定可以进入毕业论文准备阶段的学生参加的毕业论文写作动员会，介绍学生与指导教师见面。学院邀请专家讲解毕业论文写作基本规范与要求。 2、学生自选与系安排结合，确定指导教师。指导教师指导学生在校进行相关资料、文献、参考书阅读与学习，确定写作及选题方向。 （二）选题开题 在指导教师的帮助下，学生根据本指导书提供的选题范围(见附件)，从中选择论文题目方向。 学生提交开题报告，提交500字论文写作提纲，指导教师审查提纲，提出修改意见，指导教师与学生确定论文写作进程。 选题时要注意： 1、本指导书给出的课题仅仅是论文选题的方向，供学生参考之用，并非指定题目； 2、如选择其它课题，可以和指导教师讨论确定； 3、非专业方面的内容不宜作为论文选题； 4、选题应该是自己比较熟悉、资料占有比较多、和自己的社会实践、实习联系密切的题目。 5、论文题目一经选定，不得随意变动。如特殊原因确需变动，应征得指导教师的同意。 （三）实习调研及论文写作 学生由学院统一安排到 “好又多”成都亚太店进行专业实习与调查研究。其间，学生应有重点地、有针对性地搜集资料、调查分析。实习调研期间必须保持与指导教师的联系并定期沟通，并在指导教师的指导下，在规定时间完成初稿。 （四）论文定稿 论文辅导的时间由指导教师和学生讨论确定。每个学生应主动和教师取得联系，并根据事先安排的辅导时间和地点，准时参加辅导。指导教师对每位学生的指导、辅导时间不少于12学时。指导教师应指导学生规范论文格式，督促学生按时提交论文定稿及读书、调研笔记和其他相关原始资料。 （五）论文成绩与论文答辩 指导教师依据学院制定的毕业论文成绩评定标准，评阅学生毕业论文、评估毕业论文写作期间综合情况，并提出初评成绩。系指导小组共同讨论确定论文的最后成绩。 凡指导教师初评建议毕业论文成绩为优秀的学生，应按规定的时间和要求参加答辩。 论文答辩程序如下： 1、按规定的顺序参加答辩 2、每位答辩人答辩自述时间约为20分钟，答辩教师组提问5—10分钟，答辩人回答问题5-10分钟。 3、答辩教师组共同讨论确定答辩论文的最后成绩。 三、毕业论文体例和成文要求 毕业论文包括：封面、目录、内容摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献、致谢、附件。
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
演讲稿以发表意见，表达观点为主，是为演讲而事先准备好的文稿。在现在的社会生活中，我们使用上演讲稿的情况与日俱增，大家知道演讲稿的格式吗？下面是我帮大家整理的毕业演讲稿6篇，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
尊敬的各位老师：
大家上午好!
我叫×××，本次论文指导老师是×××老师，我选的毕业论文题目是《提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策研究》，下面我先汇报一下自己选择这篇论文的动机以及论文选题背景、基本写作思路、理论与实践意义，先来陈述一下我的写作动机。我来自台州，在没写这篇论文之前我仅知道台州各地存在生产相同产品的特色乡镇，比较熟悉的有临海的太平洋彩灯城、台州的的服装机械、玉环的阀门等等，根据20xx年底的统计数据，其中阀门水泵占全国出口的60%以上，缝纫机和电动裁剪机在国际上占有70%的市场份额等等。而浙江，众所周知是一个贸易大省，我想出口与产业集群应该有醒目的联系，所以，我就选择了《提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策研究》，一方面是希望通过这篇论文能让自己更加清楚的了解浙江省出口优势产业集群的分布、现状及国际竞争力，二则因为自己属于国贸专业，也希望以后能从我省的优势产业集群中挖掘更多的商机，为自己的未来作些理论的铺垫。
其次，我要陈述的是本篇论文的主要论点及结构。虽然这篇论文的选题有点长，但我觉得中心还是应该扣在最后的几个字上，即“集群竞争力的对策分析”。 所谓“产业集群”，是指在某一产业的上下游企业在一定区域内大量集聚，形成了竞争优势的经济群落。北京大学教授王缉慈在论坛中指出，提高出口竞争力的关键是发展富有特色的产业集群，力避产业集群的同质性的重复建设。因此，我的论文从浙江省出口优势产业集群的发展现状和主要特点着手，力求寻找到我省出口优势产业集群具有优势的软硬件基础。我总结出来的几点是规模喜人、产业结构合理、产品分工细致、出口竞争优势显著等。
在论证浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力及其竞争优势的时候，我主要分析浙江省产业集群的几个关系，比如企业集聚与生产效率、国际竞争力的关系，集群竞争力与竞争压力、创新能力的关系，“区位品牌”与集群竞争力的联系等。而出口优势产业集群竞争力的决定因素也常规的从国家层面、集群层面、企业层面 “先大角度再小口径”地分析。
这篇大学生毕业论文对浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力指标分析也主要集中在第三部分，这也是我对策研究的理论根据。其中包括集群占浙江省近几年六成左右的主要经济指标----浙江省03~06年的进出口额，浙江省出口优势产业集群中主要企业在各地区的分布情况，例举温州民营中小企业对海外市场进入方式偏好，而竞争力指标也主要围绕贸易竞争力指标(TC指数)，出口分散度等进行论述。并进一步提出浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的制约因素。这些都是浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策提出的基础。
论文的重心也是通过以上的分析来给出提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策，我借鉴了大学经济类科目的主要归纳方法，分别从政府、企业、行业协会三个角度来提出相应的对策。也可以说是宏观与微观对策的双重分析来应答如何提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力。
在写完这篇论文的时候，自己感觉条理上还不是很严谨，出现了一些观点的重复，对一些具体数据的收集还有许多不足，使得这篇论文在对浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的的思考还停留在比较粗浅的层面，不论在理论方面，还是在实践方面都有许多问题需要继续进行深入、细致地探索。但也因为通过写这篇论文使我对浙江的出口优势产业集群的分布、产业集群状况及出口总体概况有了大致的了解，大学本专业所学的部分知识也重新被认识与肯定，因此也可以说一篇论文使我受益匪浅。
最后，恳请各位老师进行批评指正，谢谢大家!
亲爱的朋友们：
你们好!
请允许我这样称呼你们，因为我觉得我们应该就是朋友关系，而不仅仅是师生关系。在即将离别日子里，作为老师、作为朋友，我给你们写这一封信，以这种看似过时的形式跟你们聊聊天。
近一年时间，十个月，三百零三天的约会，说长不长，说短不短，可时间就在我们不经意间就偷偷地溜走。回忆一起走过的点点滴滴，所有的影像仿佛就在昨天：你们的笑声仍然在校园的林荫小道间里荡漾着，你们的思考仍然在校园大黄桷树的枝条上延伸着……
回首往昔，作为你们的大朋友，我既有许许多多值得反思解剖的地方：
我曾经在你们需要鼓励的时候，用恐怖的眼神一次一次射杀你的企盼;
我曾经让你们一次一次地面对着厚厚的作业本“恐怖重写”……;
我曾经让半强迫性地命令你们每天用文字记录自己的生活;
我曾经当着你们的面毫不留情地批评一个接一个同学;
我曾经把你们中的一些家长请过来告状，请家长把你们带回去反思;
我曾经口是心非地对优秀的你们进行言语上的打压;
我曾经对某些同学讽刺过、冷眼过、不屑过、挖苦过、咆哮过……
总而言之，我有太多太多需要我反思和解剖的教育教学行为，而我却以“爱”的名义，打着“严师出高徒”的旗号，摧毁着你们的自尊，撕扯着你们的自信，打压着你们的思考……现在想来，我所做的一切，是那么地不可思议，是那么地“反教育”。今天，在你们即将毕业的时刻，我向你们诚挚地说一声：对不起。
即便如此，面对如此面目可憎的我，善良而大度的你们却给我留下了许多美好的回忆：
记得在外学习时同学们的牵挂，记得回来给大家发礼品时你们的笑容;
记得在那个寒风凛冽的圣诞节前夕我们济济一堂，分享平安的幸福瞬间;
记得开家长会时一个同学告诉我：老师，请你心平气和地面对我们的家长!
记得初夏的一天一个同学兴奋地跑过来告诉我：老师，我们一起亲手种的花儿开出了第一朵!
记得毕业留影时同学们想方设法让严肃而死板的我露出罕见的微笑;
记得最后一天和同学们一起看的那部电影《放牛班的春天》，那个被我似作偶像的马修老师……
最后，请我们毕业班的全体同学用热烈的掌声献给我们美丽的母校!献给我们敬爱的老师!献给我们可爱的学弟、学妹们。同时，我们也用我们最热烈的掌声献给我们自己，因为我们都很棒，因为我们将做得更好!
谢谢大家!
尊敬的各位老师、家长，亲爱的小朋友们：
大家好！
我是XXX的妈妈，非常高兴有机会作为家长代表发言。首先，我代表全体家长，对幼儿园全体老师和工作人员表示最衷心的感谢，感谢你们为了孩子们健康成长倾注的智慧与汗水,同时，向所有小朋友们表示由衷的祝贺，祝贺你们顺利地度过幼儿园的学习生涯！
时间过得真快，三年前仿佛就在昨天。小朋友们，还记得第一次上幼儿园吗，你们在爸爸妈妈的陪护下来到幼儿园，有的哭，有的闹，转身离去的我们，当时是怎样的纠结难安？是老师用妈妈一样温暖的双臂抱起你们，为你们擦去眼泪，喂你们吃饭，给你们唱歌，哄你们睡觉，和你们一起讲故事、做游戏。还记得六一儿童节在老师精心策划下每个精彩的演出吗，还记得圣诞节里和蔼可亲的圣诞老人给你们带去的礼物吗，还记得一次次带给你们自豪和快乐的户外活动吗，还记得第一次学做操、学识字、做手工吗……丰富的活动令你们的幼儿园生活多彩多姿，带给你们的是惊喜，带给我们的是欣慰。
三年来，老师像妈妈一样爱护和照顾着你们。忘不了你们生病时，老师打来电话关切地询问病情；忘不了老师一次次把家长
带的药按时看护你们吃掉；忘不了你们做了错事时，老师和蔼的教诲；更忘不了，你们取得成绩时老师的欣慰与欢笑……
孩子们，你们在幼儿园里得到了全面的启蒙教育。是老师用自己的耐心和细心，教你们学会了唱歌跳舞、写字画画；是老师用自己的智慧和知识，教会你们观察思考、探索分析；是老师的慈爱和宽容，让你们学会了照顾自己，帮助他人，懂得了爱、懂得了宽容和感恩；也是老师从生活的点点滴滴中教会了你们如何做人！这些将让你们受益终身。
孩子们，如今你们长大了，真的长大了，以前害羞、胆怯、衣来伸手、饭来张口的小公主小皇帝，现在成了自信懂事、自强自立的小主人。我看到了老师们欣慰的眼神，家长们幸福的微笑，小朋友们欢快的笑颜。
尊敬的老师们，感谢你们三年来对孩子们的倾情付出，为你们每天从早到晚坚守岗位毫无怨言而点赞；感谢你们用饱满的热情与渊博的知识，引领孩子们人生启航；感谢你们用无私的关爱与细致的呵护，成就孩子们童年的快乐健康；更感谢XXX幼儿园给孩子们创造的自由发展的空间，让孩子们的童年充满幸福和阳光。
孩子们，作为家长，多想让你们永远停留在幼儿园的温床上!可是，小鸟一天天长大，要飞向更高的天空，你们也一天天成长，不得不离开心爱的幼儿园，开启人生新的篇章。相信你们一定不会忘记最亲爱的老师，不会忘记朝夕相处的小伙伴们，更不会辜
负老师和爸爸妈妈的殷切期盼。在此，我代表家长给你们提三点希望：
1．希望你们永远自信。你们每个人都是独一无二的，要经常对自己说“我一定行”。记住，你们的老师、你们的爸爸妈妈永远在你们身边，永远支持你们，为你们加油！
2．希望你们永远坚强。人生的旅途充满了艰辛和汗水，成长的过程伴随着困难和失败，希望你们能够勇敢面对。当有人跑在你们前面的时候，不要指望别人放慢脚步等着你，而是应该加快脚步追上去。要记住，所有的事情都要靠自己的努力。
3．希望你们时刻保持一颗爱心，一颗感恩的心。爱祖国、爱父母、爱老师、爱同学，感恩、善待每一个帮助过你们的人，拥有了这一点，你们才能拥有更多的快乐，做一个有责任担当、顶天立地的人。
亲爱的家长朋友，我们的孩子也许不是最优秀的，但一定是最棒的，也许不会事事都顺心如意，但一定是最健康最快乐的！老师肯定的目光，让孩子充满自信，勇敢地笑对人生；孩子坚毅的眼神，使我们家长相信，孩子们一定能行！
最后，再次代表全体家长向幼儿园的全体老师和工作人员说一声：谢谢你们！祝全体老师和家长健康幸福，永远年轻！祝小朋友们永远快乐，健康成长！祝我们XXX幼儿园越办越好，培养出更多快乐、健康的孩子！
谢谢大家！
亲爱的同学们：
您好！
在这个炎热的夏天，我们相聚在这里，为我们20xx届毕业生举行隆重的毕业典礼，作为带了你们三年的老师，说实话现在自己也非常的不舍，总觉得自己能够带给你们的，教给你们的少之又少，但是现在看着你们一个个都长大成人的样子，在学校顺利的毕业了，我身为你们的老师感到非常的欣慰，看着你们现在马上就要离开学校，去往职场上，开始自己的职场生活了，我也会有一些的担心，所以在这里也希望自己可以给你们提出几点的建议。
一、好学
在自己之后的工作当中，我们肯定会遇到很多的问题，因为我们从来没有经历过职场上的工作和生活，所以在自己离开学校之后，在自己进入职场之后，我们要多加的学习，在自己的工作当中也要做到不懂就问，不要觉得不好意思，你们刚到职场都是这个样子的，不管是在现在还是在未来，都要做到好学，“活到老，学到老”这样只会让我们更加的优秀，所以希望我们在座的所有的学生都可以做到足够的好学。
二、知足常乐
以后的工作当中，肯定会有很多的`不如意，慢慢的，我们也会懂得自己在生活当中是非常的艰难的，也会遇到很多的苦难和问题等着我们去处理和经历，但是我也希望我们XX学校的学生都可以在生活当中发现生活的美好，懂得生活中的乐趣，在工作和生活当中，都可以过的非常的轻松和愉快，懂得知足常乐。
三、坚持
“坚持就是胜利”这句话是你们从小就听到大的，但是现在我还是要告诉你们，只有当自己足够的坚持一件事情，我们才可以在最后取得胜利，不管是未来会遇到什么样的苦难，不管未来自己选择的路程有多么的艰难，但是还是希望你们可以在自己选择的正确的道路上面一步一个脚印的走下去，相信在你们坚持之后，终点会有美好的结局在等着你们。
现在，你们就要离开了，作为老师不仅仅是欣慰的，更多的还是担心的，不管之后你们选择什么样的工作，选择怎样的未来，我都希望你们可以成为一个出色的人，选择正确的道路，不忘初心，一直保持自己的初衷去努力，去奋斗，我也相信你们都可以取得成功的。
我知道你们肯定也不愿意听我啰嗦了，那就祝你们毕业快乐吧，也祝你们一切顺利，祝你们前途似锦，在未来有时间常回来看看。
各位老师，上午好!
我是**，是*级*班的学生，我的毕业论文题目是：**。毕业论文是在**老师的认真指导和大力支持下完成的，谢谢**老师。很感谢各位老师参加我的毕业毕业论文答辩，谢谢各位老师。下面我把毕业论文的主要内容向各位老师做一个简要介绍，希望得到老师们的指导。
二、内容
首先，是毕业论文的目的及意义。
目的：
(1)了解、掌握公共服务市场化的基本理论。
(2)客观展现公共服务市场化过程中政府履行责任存在的主要问题。
(3)明确政府在公共服务市场化过程中所应当履行的职能和承担的责任。
意义：
(1)有助于推动公共服务市场化理论的发展和完善。现有的研究虽有政府监管的相关内容，但只是笼统的说政府应当监管，而鲜有专门论述政府的职责问题。因此，对此问题的研究将会丰富公共服务市场化的基本理论。
(2)有助于解决我国公共服务供给的现实问题，提升公共服务供给的质量和效率。
(3)有助于更好的“卸载”政府职能，推动政府职能优化。
其次，我想谈谈这篇毕业论文的结构和主要内容。
本文分为四个部分。
第一部分是前言。这部分主要讲述选题目的和意义以及研究思路和方法。
第二部分是公共服务市场化过程中的政府责任问题概述。这部分主要论述
(1)相关概念
(2)公共服务市场化过程中政府承担的责任
(3)公共服务市场化过程中政府履行责任所存在的问题
(4)公共服务市场化过程中政府责任缺失的危害性
第三部分论述公共服务市场化过程中政府履行责任所存问题的原因，如
(1)政府在公共服务市场化进程中的职责不明确
(2政府在公共服务市场化进程中监管的失位和越位
(3)政府责任追究不到位等。
第四部分是完毕业毕业论文答辩演讲稿善公共服务市场化过程中政府责任的相关对策及建议，例如
(1)明确政府在公共服务市场化过程中的职责
(2)政府对市场主体的监督
(3)完善公共服务问责机制，依法追究政府责任等。
三、结束语
由于笔者在专业知识、理论视野方面的局限，对公共服务市场化过程中政府责任问题的研究不全面，在完善公共服务特许经营制度方面的论述不够详细具体，社会公众对政府的监督措施方面需要深化，希望通过以后的学习继续研究。请各位老师多多批评指正，谢谢老师!
5213zxjx果CEO乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲稿[中英]苹果计算机公司CEO史蒂夫•乔布斯在斯坦福大学对即将毕业的大学生们进行演讲时说，从大学里辍学是他这一生做出的最为明智的一个选择，因为它逼迫他学会了创新。 乔布斯对操场上挤的满满的毕业生、校友和家长们说：“你的时间有限，所以最好别把它浪费在模仿别人这种事上。” －－同样地，如果还在学校的话，似乎不应该去模仿退学的牛人们。You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says Jobs说，你必须要找到你所爱的东西。 This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. 这是苹果公司和Pixar动画工作室的CEO Steve Jobs于2005年6月12号在斯坦福大学的毕业典礼上面的演讲稿。 I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. 我今天很荣幸能和你们一起参加毕业典礼，斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一。我从来没有从大学中毕业。说实话,今天也许是在我的生命中离大学毕业最近的一天了。今天我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三个故事而已。 The first story is about connecting the dots. 第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点点滴滴串连起来。 I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? 我在Reed大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在十八个月以后——我真正的作出退学决定之前,我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢？ It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. 故事从我出生的时候讲起。我的亲生母亲是一个年轻的,没有结婚的大学毕业生。她决定让别人收养我, 她十分想让我被大学毕业生收养。所以在我出生的时候，她已经做好了一切的准备工作，能使得我被一个律师和他的妻子所收养。但是她没有料到,当我出生之后,律师夫妇突然决定他们想要一个女孩。 所以我的生养父母（他们还在我亲生父母的观察名单上）突然在半夜接到了一个电话:“我们现在这儿有一个不小心生出来的男婴,你们想要他吗？”他们回答道:“当然！”但是我亲生母亲随后发现，我的养母从来没有上过大学,我的父亲甚至从没有读过高中。她拒绝签这个收养合同。只是在几个月以后,我的父母答应她一定要让我上大学,那个时候她才同意。 And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. 在十七岁那年,我真的上了大学。但是我很愚蠢的选择了一个几乎和你们斯坦福大学一样贵的学校, 我父母还处于蓝领阶层，他们几乎把所有积蓄都花在了我的学费上面。在六个月后, 我已经看不到其中的价值所在。我不知道我想要在生命中做什么,我也不知道大学能帮助我找到怎样的答案。 但是在这里，我几乎花光了我父母这一辈子的所有积蓄。所以我决定要退学,我觉得这是个正确的决定。不能否认,我当时确实非常的害怕, 但是现在回头看看,那的确是我这一生中最棒的一个决定。在我做出退学决定的那一刻, 我终于可以不必去读那些令我提不起丝毫兴趣的课程了。然后我还可以去修那些看起来有点意思的课程。 It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example: 但是这并不是那么罗曼蒂克。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房间的地板上面睡觉,我去捡5美分的可乐瓶子，仅仅为了填饱肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna寺庙（注：位于纽约Brooklyn下城）,只是为了能吃上饭——这个星期唯一一顿好一点的饭。但是我喜欢这样。我跟着我的直觉和好奇心走, 遇到的很多东西,此后被证明是无价之宝。让我给你们举一个例子吧： Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating. Reed大学在那时提供也许是全美最好的美术字课程。在这个大学里面的每个海报, 每个抽屉的标签上面全都是漂亮的美术字。因为我退学了, 没有受到正规的训练, 所以我决定去参加这个课程，去学学怎样写出漂亮的美术字。我学到了san serif 和serif字体, 我学会了怎么样在不同的字母组合之中改变空格的长度, 还有怎么样才能作出最棒的印刷式样。那是一种科学永远不能捕捉到的、美丽的、真实的艺术精妙, 我发现那实在是太美妙了。 None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later. 当时看起来这些东西在我的生命中，好像都没有什么实际应用的可能。但是十年之后,当我们在设计第一台Macintosh电脑的时候,就不是那样了。我把当时我学的那些家伙全都设计进了Mac。那是第一台使用了漂亮的印刷字体的电脑。如果我当时没有退学, 就不会有机会去参加这个我感兴趣的美术字课程, Mac就不会有这么多丰富的字体，以及赏心悦目的字体间距。那么现在个人电脑就不会有现在这么美妙的字型了。当然我在大学的时候，还不可能把从前的点点滴滴串连起来,但是当我十年后回顾这一切的时候,真的豁然开朗了。 Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. 再次说明的是,你在向前展望的时候不可能将这些片断串连起来；你只能在回顾的时候将点点滴滴串连起来。所以你必须相信这些片断会在你未来的某一天串连起来。你必须要相信某些东西：你的勇气、目的、生命、因缘。这个过程从来没有令我失望（let me down）,只是让我的生命更加地与众不同而已。 My second story is about love and loss. 我的第二个故事是关于爱和损失的。 I was lucky – I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. 我非常幸运, 因为我在很早的时候就找到了我钟爱的东西。Woz和我在二十岁的时候就在父母的车库里面开创了苹果公司。我们工作得很努力, 十年之后, 这个公司从那两个车库中的穷光蛋发展到了超过四千名的雇员、价值超过二十亿的大公司。在公司成立的第九年,我们刚刚发布了最好的产品,那就是Macintosh。我也快要到三十岁了。在那一年, 我被炒了鱿鱼。你怎么可能被你自己创立的公司炒了鱿鱼呢? 嗯,在苹果快速成长的时候，我们雇用了一个很有天分的家伙和我一起管理这个公司, 在最初的几年,公司运转的很好。但是后来我们对未来的看法发生了分歧, 最终我们吵了起来。当争吵不可开交的时候, 董事会站在了他的那一边。所以在三十岁的时候, 我被炒了。在这么多人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生命的全部支柱离自己远去, 这真是毁灭性的打击。 I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me – I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. 在最初的几个月里，我真是不知道该做些什么。我把从前的创业激情给丢了, 我觉得自己让与我一同创业的人都很沮丧。我和David Pack和Bob Boyce见面，并试图向他们道歉。我把事情弄得糟糕透顶了。但是我渐渐发现了曙光, 我仍然喜爱我从事的这些东西。苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这些, 一点也没有。我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱它。所以我决定从头再来。 I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. 我当时没有觉察, 但是事后证明, 从苹果公司被炒是我这辈子发生的最棒的事情。因为，作为一个成功者的极乐感觉被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替: 对任何事情都不那么特别看重。这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。 During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. 在接下来的五年里, 我创立了一个名叫NeXT的公司, 还有一个叫Pixar的公司, 然后和一个后来成为我妻子的优雅女人相识。Pixar 制作了世界上第一个用电脑制作的动画电影——“”玩具总动员”,Pixar现在也是世界上最成功的电脑制作工作室。在后来的一系列运转中,Apple收购了NeXT, 然后我又回到了Apple公司。我们在NeXT发展的技术在Apple的复兴之中发挥了关键的作用。我还和Laurence 一起建立了一个幸福的家庭。 I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle. 我可以非常肯定,如果我不被Apple开除的话, 这其中一件事情也不会发生的。这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要这个药。有些时候, 生活会拿起一块砖头向你的脑袋上猛拍一下。不要失去信心。我很清楚唯一使我一直走下去的，就是我做的事情令我无比钟爱。你需要去找到你所爱的东西。对于工作是如此, 对于你的爱人也是如此。你的工作将会占据生活中很大的一部分。你只有相信自己所做的是伟大的工作, 你才能怡然自得。如果你现在还没有找到, 那么继续找、不要停下来、全心全意的去找, 当你找到的时候你就会知道的。就像任何真诚的关系, 随着岁月的流逝只会越来越紧密。所以继续找，直到你找到它，不要停下来！ My third story is about death. 我的第三个故事是关于死亡的。 When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. 当我十七岁的时候, 我读到了一句话:“如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去生活的话,那么有一天你会发现你是正确的。”这句话给我留下了深刻的印象。从那时开始,过了33年,我在每天早晨都会对着镜子问自己:“如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你会不会完成你今天想做的事情呢？”当答案连续很多次被给予“不是”的时候, 我知道自己需要改变某些事情了。 Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything – all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. “记住你即将死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它帮我指明了生命中重要的选择。因为几乎所有的事情, 包括所有的荣誉、所有的骄傲、所有对难堪和失败的恐惧,这些在死亡面前都会消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的东西。你有时候会思考你将会失去某些东西,“记住你即将死去”是我知道的避免这些想法的最好办法。你已经赤身裸体了, 你没有理由不去跟随自己的心一起跳动。 About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. 大概一年以前, 我被诊断出癌症。我在早晨七点半做了一个检查, 检查清楚的显示在我的胰腺有一个肿瘤。我当时都不知道胰腺是什么东西。医生告诉我那很可能是一种无法治愈的癌症, 我还有三到六个月的时间活在这个世界上。我的医生叫我回家, 然后整理好我的一切, 那就是医生准备死亡的程序。那意味着你将要把未来十年对你小孩说的话在几个月里面说完.；那意味着把每件事情都搞定, 让你的家人会尽可能轻松的生活；那意味着你要说“再见了”。 I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now. 我整天和那个诊断书一起生活。后来有一天早上我作了一个活切片检查，医生将一个内窥镜从我的喉咙伸进去,通过我的胃, 然后进入我的肠子, 用一根针在我的胰腺上的肿瘤上取了几个细胞。我当时很镇静,因为我被注射了镇定剂。但是我的妻子在那里, 后来告诉我，当医生在显微镜地下观察这些细胞的时候他们开始尖叫, 因为这些细胞最后竟然是一种非常罕见的可以用手术治愈的胰腺癌症。我做了这个手术, 现在我痊愈了。 This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: 那是我最接近死亡的时候, 我还希望这也是以后的几十年最接近的一次。从死亡线上又活了过来, 死亡对我来说，只是一个有用但是纯粹是知识上的概念的时候，我可以更肯定一点地对你们说： No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true. 没有人愿意死, 即使人们想上天堂, 人们也不会为了去那里而死。但是死亡是我们每个人共同的终点。从来没有人能够逃脱它。也应该如此。 因为死亡就是生命中最好的一个发明。它将旧的清除以便给新的让路。你们现在是新的, 但是从现在开始不久以后, 你们将会逐渐的变成旧的然后被清除。我很抱歉这很戏剧性, 但是这十分的真实。 Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notionStewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. Thank you all very much.
来晚了，一楼强先一步乔布斯真的很强大啊，Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. 说的真好百度乔布斯贴吧里也有的，不过是中文版 史蒂夫•乔布斯（Steve Jobs）今年 6 月在斯坦福大学的演讲中谈到了他生活中的三次体验，这三次体验不仅在斯坦福大学的毕业生、也在硅谷乃至其他地方的技术同行中引起了巨大反响。尤其The Whole Earth Catalog提到的话，作为杂志，这是一种精神，一种气质。 “好学若饥、谦卑若愚” 很荣幸和大家一道参加这所世界上最好的一座大学的毕业典礼。我大学没毕业，说实话，这是我第一次离大学毕业典礼这么近。今天我想给大家讲三个我自己的故事，不讲别的，也不讲大道理，就讲三个故事。 第一个故事讲的是点与点之间的关系。我在里德学院（Reed College）只读了六个月就退学了，此后便在学校里旁听，又过了大约一年半，我彻底离开。那么，我为什么退学呢？ 这得从我出生前讲起。我的生母是一名年轻的未婚在校研究生，她决定将我送给别人收养。她非常希望收养我的是有大学学历的人，所以把一切都安排好了，我一出生就交给一对律师夫妇收养。没想到我落地的霎那间，那对夫妇却决定收养一名女孩。就这样，我的养父母—当时他们还在登记册上排队等著呢—半夜三更接到一个电话: “我们这儿有一个没人要的男婴，你们要么？”“当然要”他们回答。但是，我的生母后来发现我的养母不是大学毕业生，我的养父甚至连中学都没有毕业，所以她拒绝在最后的收养文件上签字。不过，没过几个月她就心软了，因为我的养父母许诺日后一定送我上大学。 17 年后，我真的进了大学。当时我很天真，选了一所学费几乎和斯坦福大学一样昂贵的学校，当工人的养父母倾其所有的积蓄为我支付了大学学费。读了六个月后，我却看不出上学有什么意义。我既不知道自己这一生想干什么，也不知道大学是否能够帮我弄明白自己想干什么。这时，我就要花光父母一辈子节省下来的钱了。所以，我决定退学，并且坚信日后会证明我这样做是对的。当年做出这个决定时心里直打鼓，但现在回想起来，这还真是我有生以来做出的最好的决定之一。从退学那一刻起，我就可以不再选那些我毫无兴趣的必修课，开始旁听一些看上去有意思的课。 那些日子一点儿都不浪漫。我没有宿舍，只能睡在朋友房间的地板上。我去退还可乐瓶，用那五分钱的押金来买吃的。每个星期天晚上我都要走七英里，到城那头的黑尔－科里施纳礼拜堂去，吃每周才能享用一次的美餐。我喜欢这样。我凭著好奇心和直觉所干的这些事情，有许多后来都证明是无价之宝。我给大家举个例子: 当时，里德学院的书法课大概是全国最好的。校园里所有的公告栏和每个抽屉标签上的字都写得非常漂亮。当时我已经退学，不用正常上课，所以我决定选一门书法课，学学怎么写好字。我学习写带短截线和不带短截线的印刷字体，根据不同字母组合调整其间距，以及怎样把版式调整得好上加好。这门课太棒了，既有历史价值，又有艺术造诣，这一点科学就做不到，而我觉得它妙不可言。 当时我并不指望书法在以后的生活中能有什么实用价值。但是，十年之后，我们在设计第一台 Macintosh 计算机时，它一下子浮现在我眼前。于是，我们把这些东西全都设计进了计算机中。这是第一台有这么漂亮的文字版式的计算机。要不是我当初在大学里偶然选了这么一门课，Macintosh 计算机绝不会有那么多种印刷字体或间距安排合理的字号。要不是 Windows 照搬了 Macintosh，个人电脑可能不会有这些字体和字号。要不是退了学，我决不会碰巧选了这门书法课，个人电脑也可能不会有现在这些漂亮的版式了。当然，我在大学里不可能从这一点上看到它与将来的关系。十年之后再回头看，两者之间的关系就非常、非常清楚了。 你们同样不可能从现在这个点上看到将来；只有回头看时，才会发现它们之间的关系。所以，要相信这些点迟早会连接到一起。你们必须信赖某些东西—直觉、归宿、生命，还有业力，等等。这样做从来没有让我的希望落空过，而且还彻底改变了我的生活。 我的第二个故事是关于好恶与得失。幸运的是，我在很小的时候就发现自己喜欢做什么。我在 20 岁时和沃兹（Woz，苹果公司创始人之一 Wozon 的昵称—译注）在我父母的车库里办起了苹果公司。我们干得很卖力，十年后，苹果公司就从车库里我们两个人发展成为一个拥有 20 亿元资产、4,000 名员工的大企业。那时，我们刚刚推出了我们最好的产品— Macintosh 电脑—那是在第 9 年，我刚满 30 岁。可后来，我被解雇了。你怎么会被自己办的公司解雇呢？是这样，随著苹果公司越做越大，我们聘了一位我认为非常有才华的人与我一道管理公司。在开始的一年多里，一切都很顺利。可是，随后我俩对公司前景的看法开始出现分歧，最后我俩反目了。这时，董事会站在了他那一边，所以在 30 岁那年，我离开了公司，而且这件事闹得满城风雨。我成年后的整个生活重心都没有了，这使我心力交瘁。 一连几个月，我真的不知道应该怎么办。我感到自己给老一代的创业者丢了脸—因为我扔掉了交到自己手里的接力棒。我去见了戴维•帕卡德（David Packard，惠普公司创始人之一—译注）和鲍勃•诺伊斯（Bob Noyce，英特尔公司创建者之一—译注），想为把事情搞得这么糟糕说声道歉。这次失败弄得沸沸扬扬的，我甚至想过逃离硅谷。但是，渐渐地，我开始有了一个想法—我仍然热爱我过去做的一切。在苹果公司发生的这些风波丝毫没有改变这一点。我虽然被拒之门外，但我仍然深爱我的事业。于是，我决定从头开始。 虽然当时我并没有意识到，但事实证明，被苹果公司炒鱿鱼是我一生中碰到的最好的事情。尽管前景未卜，但从头开始的轻松感取代了保持成功的沉重感。这使我进入了一生中最富有创造力的时期之一。 在此后的五年里，我开了一家名叫 NeXT 的公司和一家叫皮克斯的公司，我还爱上一位了不起的女人，后来娶了她。皮克斯公司推出了世界上第一部用电脑制作的动画片《玩具总动员》（Toy Story），它现在是全球最成功的动画制作室。世道轮回，苹果公司买下 NeXT 后，我又回到了苹果公司，我们在 NeXT 公司开发的技术成了苹果公司这次重新崛起的核心。我和劳伦娜（Laurene）也建立了美满的家庭。 我确信，如果不是被苹果公司解雇，这一切决不可能发生。这是一剂苦药，可我认为苦药利于病。有时生活会当头给你一棒，但不要灰心。我坚信让我一往无前的唯一力量就是我热爱我所做的一切。所以，一定得知道自己喜欢什么，选择爱人时如此，选择工作时同样如此。工作将是生活中的一大部分，让自己真正满意的唯一办法，是做自己认为是有意义的工作；做有意义的工作的唯一办法，是热爱自己的工作。你们如果还没有发现自己喜欢什么，那就不断地去寻找，不要急于做出决定。就像一切要凭著感觉去做的事情一样，一旦找到了自己喜欢的事，感觉就会告诉你。就像任何一种美妙的东西，历久弥新。所以说，要不断地寻找，直到找到自己喜欢的东西。不要半途而废。 我的第三个故事与死亡有关。17 岁那年，我读到过这样一段话，大意是:“如果把每一天都当作生命的最后一天，总有一天你会如愿以偿。”我记住了这句话，从那时起，33 年过去了，我每天早晨都对著镜子自问: “假如今天是生命的最后一天，我还会去做今天要做的事吗？”如果一连许多天我的回答都是“不”，我知道自己应该有所改变了。 让我能够做出人生重大抉择的最主要办法是，记住生命随时都有可能结束。因为几乎所有的东西—所有对自身之外的希求、所有的尊严、所有对困窘和失败的恐惧—在死亡来临时都将不复存在，只剩下真正重要的东西。记住自己随时都会死去，这是我所知道的防止患得患失的最好方法。你已经一无所有了，还有什么理由不跟著自己的感觉走呢。 大约一年前，我被诊断患了癌症。那天早上七点半，我做了一次扫描检查，结果清楚地表明我的胰腺上长了一个瘤子，可那时我连胰腺是什么还不知道呢！医生告诉我说，几乎可以确诊这是一种无法治愈的恶性肿瘤，我最多还能活 3 到 6 个月。医生建议我回去把一切都安排好，其实这是在暗示“准备后事”。也就是说，把今后十年要跟孩子们说的事情在这几个月内嘱咐完；也就是说，把一切都安排妥当，尽可能不给家人留麻烦；也就是说，去跟大家诀别那一整天里，我的脑子一直没离开这个诊断。到了晚上，我做了一次组织切片检查，他们把一个内窥镜通过喉咙穿过我的胃进入肠子，用针头在胰腺的瘤子上取了一些细胞组织。当时我用了麻醉剂，陪在一旁的妻子后来告诉我，医生在显微镜里看了细胞之后叫了起来，原来这是一种少见的可以通过外科手术治愈的恶性肿瘤。我做了手术，现在好了。 这是我和死神离得最近的一次，我希望也是今后几十年里最近的一次。有了这次经历之后，现在我可以更加实在地和你们谈论死亡，而不是纯粹纸上谈兵，那就是: 谁都不愿意死。就是那些想进天堂的人也不愿意死后再进。然而，死亡是我们共同的归宿，没人能摆脱。我们注定会死，因为死亡很可能是生命最好的一项发明。它推进生命的变迁，旧的不去，新的不来。现在，你们就是新的，但在不久的将来，你们也会逐渐成为旧的，也会被淘汰。对不起，话说得太过分了，不过这是千真万确的。 你们的时间都有限，所以不要按照别人的意愿去活，这是浪费时间。不要囿于成见，那是在按照别人设想的结果而活。不要让别人观点的聒噪声淹没自己的心声。最主要的是，要有跟著自己感觉和直觉走的勇气。无论如何，感觉和直觉早就知道你到底想成为什么样的人，其他都是次要的。 我年轻时有一本非常好的刊物，叫《全球概览》（The Whole Earth Catalog），这是我那代人的宝书之一，创办人名叫斯图尔特•布兰德（Stewart Brand），就住在离这儿不远的门洛帕克市。他用诗一般的语言把刊物办得生动活泼。那是 20 世纪 60 年代末，还没有个人电脑和桌面印刷系统，全靠打字机、剪刀和宝丽莱照相机（Polaroid）。它就像一种纸质的 Google，却比 Google 早问世了 35 年。这份刊物太完美了，查阅手段齐备、构思不凡。 斯图尔特和他的同事们出了好几期《全球概览》，到最后办不下去时，他们出了最后一期。那是 20 世纪 70 年代中期，我也就是你们现在的年纪。最后一期的封底上是一张清晨乡间小路的照片，就是那种爱冒险的人等在那儿搭便车的那种小路。照片下面写道: 好学若饥、谦卑若愚。那是他们停刊前的告别辞。 求知若渴，大智若愚。这也是我一直想做到的。眼下正值诸位大学毕业、开始新生活之际，我同样愿大家: 好学若饥、谦卑若愚。 出于对偶像的尊重我在发一遍这个讲演个人非常喜欢，呵呵 喜欢和大家分享。 大家可以发发留言，，， ！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！ 有演讲的mp3下载 希望看视频的朋友 好学若饥、谦卑若愚 大家共同进步
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者(撰写毕业论文的作者)三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我为您整理的毕业答辩英文演讲稿，供您参考！
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class * * * *, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements^. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
毕业论文答辩是教育教学计划中重要必不可少的一个环节，是高校对毕业生从论文的定题到资料的搜集、整理、运用，从开展社会调研到论文的脱稿，从论文的认识程度到分析到解决实际间题、当众论证问题的一次考验、也是高校对毕业生从论文写作技巧到语言表达能力以及各方面的综合素质和能力的一次训练。
一、毕业论文答辩的意义
毕业论文答辩是高校检阅学生毕业实习质量的重要形式之一，是对毕业生的研究能力的综合检验,也是推动高校创新教育,培养创新人才的重要途径之一。毕业论文答辩不但有如此重要的“检查”作用，而且还有“促进”的作用。
第一，它是检查“教书育人”质量高低的一种手段。
第二，答辩既是对学生的素质和能力的综合检验
第三，进一步考查学生对专业知识掌握的深度和广度
第四，答辩是检查学生“学”与“用”的效果的尺寸。
第五，答辩，对成人高校文科的教学改革能起到促进的作用.
第六，答辩，为成人高校文科学生毕业后进一步从事科研、解决工作中的实际间题，为
第七，今后评定专业职称的论文写作打下良好基础。
第八，答辩为用人单位择优用人提供了很好的依据。
第九，提高毕业生质量和扩大社会影响,也有重要作用。
二、毕业论文答辩技巧
经过毕业论文的选题、开题、设计、撰写,毕业论文进入答辩环节,毕业论文答辩是毕业论文流程的最后一关。如果准备不够充分万一失手那将是前功尽弃。
毕业论文答辩之前一定要熟悉论文的内容
毕业论文答辩的根本目的在于:在大庭广众场合，高校对每一个学生的毕业论文的真实性，不熟悉论文的内容,不对论文涉及的基本概念、原理、大意、结构、提要作深入的了解和分析,抱着投机和侥幸的心理,势必造成被动的局面，因此学生对毕业论文答辩要充分的准备和重视，熟悉论文及相关资料,作好应答准备;预测论题,作好答辩准备
对论文的谋篇布局和论文的内容要相当熟悉，才能应答如流
三、毕业论文答辩之前一定要加强锻炼,提高自己自信心
答辩对于学生来说是经历不多的,甚至是从来没有经历过的,严肃的考场、威严的答辩委员更加重了自我表现的心理负担。有许多毕业生在答辩场上脸红心跳、口齿不清,许多记忆中原有的信息都遗忘了,大脑一片空白。因此在答辩之前自己要对照镜子多模拟，加强训练，提高自信心，答辩之前要调整好心态,作好心理准备，在答辩场上要析事明理、针对性强、谦虚谨慎、态度平和、冷静思考、不忙不乱,灵活机动、变被动为主动
四、毕业论文答辩应该注重外在形象
站长答辩台上穿着最好正式点比如穿西装打领带，发型整洁清爽。虽然毕业论文答辩以口语为主,但在一定程度上还是会受到心、脑、口内在性因素的影响，如果运用适当的形体语言辅助你的答辩,将使答辩成绩更高。尤其是是手势的运用将显得自更加信和做好了充分的准备。假使在答辩过程中总是低着头,那样答辩成绩将会受大很大的不良的影响。答辩时候要在服装以及行为方面“再造”自我。更有利于得到评委的喜爱和认可。
我精心推荐
.好.多学习讥构比如:ABC天卞英语中心 都会先让你做个英语测试，很喜欢这里的老师，客服都很热心，我觉得在线的方式性介比较高，你也可以找几个了解一下吧..
中国知网 里边有很多博士论文 你可以去看看
英语论文中文化和翻译一般 每个都是自己单独的题目，我可以给你推荐两个：针对每个方向
传播学视角下电影《冰雪奇缘》字幕翻译研究
归化与异化视角下的电影字幕翻译——《贫民窟的百万富翁》为例
功能对等的视角下《红高粱家族》中方言的英译研究
从翻译美学的角度研究奢侈品广告汉译
TED演讲字幕翻译中的遣词用字分析--以文化类主题为例
翻译伦理视角下政府工作报告的英译
文化方向，个人感觉文化不好写。。。仅是个人感觉
浅析不同文化背景下中美高等教育体制差异
从清明节和万圣节的对比看中西方人的性格差异
中美家庭教育的差异--以《士兵突击》和《阿甘正传》为例
墓志铭中的中美价值观差异——以中美作家墓志铭为例
英语写作网
关于英语专业的论文题目，学术堂整理了十五个好写的，供大家参考：1．《红字》中海丝特 白兰不理智的一面（The Irrational Side of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter）2. 《董贝父子》中的矛盾冲突（The Conflict in Donbey and Son）3. 论文化不同对联想意义及翻译的影响（On Influence of Cultural Differences on Associative Meanings and Translation）4. 美国教育的衰弱（The Drop of American Education）5. 19世纪欧洲移民对美国工业化的积极影响（The Positive Impacts of European Immigration on American Industrialization in the 19th Century。6. 朱丽叶之人物分析（Character Studies in Juliet）7. 主述理论在文学中的运用（The Application of the Thematic Theory in Literature）8. 语用学中的会话含义理论（Conversational Implicature Theory in Pragmatics）9. 英语语音简析及对提高初学者口语的指导（A Brief Analysis of English Phonetics as well as a Guide to Improve Learners’ Oral English）10. 比较两种对于哈姆雷特复仇的评论（Comparison on Two Kinds of Comments on Hamlet’s Revenge）11. 英语语言中的性别歧视 (Sexism in English Language)12. 英语的学与教 (English Learning and Teaching)13. 由美国2004年总统选举所想到的 (More than 2004 Presidential Election)14. 论腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——关于《雾都孤儿》的赏析 (The Purity in a Corrupt World—An Analysis of Oliver Twister)15. 论理智与情感之关系——对《理智与情感》的人物分析
的确10000字，写倒是可以写出来，并且10000词的真的不好写。提分吧。
什么？10000字？？？？你就给30分让别人给你写？ 你想得太好了吧！特别是学术性这样的文章，得花多少时间和精力呀？为什么自己不动动脑筋呢？ 还是英语专业的．．．我晕 不是我说你 百度是拿来大家相互帮助自己不太懂的地方 而不是拿来偷懒的
来晚了，一楼强先一步乔布斯真的很强大啊，Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. 说的真好百度乔布斯贴吧里也有的，不过是中文版 史蒂夫•乔布斯（Steve Jobs）今年 6 月在斯坦福大学的演讲中谈到了他生活中的三次体验，这三次体验不仅在斯坦福大学的毕业生、也在硅谷乃至其他地方的技术同行中引起了巨大反响。尤其The Whole Earth Catalog提到的话，作为杂志，这是一种精神，一种气质。 “好学若饥、谦卑若愚” 很荣幸和大家一道参加这所世界上最好的一座大学的毕业典礼。我大学没毕业，说实话，这是我第一次离大学毕业典礼这么近。今天我想给大家讲三个我自己的故事，不讲别的，也不讲大道理，就讲三个故事。 第一个故事讲的是点与点之间的关系。我在里德学院（Reed College）只读了六个月就退学了，此后便在学校里旁听，又过了大约一年半，我彻底离开。那么，我为什么退学呢？ 这得从我出生前讲起。我的生母是一名年轻的未婚在校研究生，她决定将我送给别人收养。她非常希望收养我的是有大学学历的人，所以把一切都安排好了，我一出生就交给一对律师夫妇收养。没想到我落地的霎那间，那对夫妇却决定收养一名女孩。就这样，我的养父母—当时他们还在登记册上排队等著呢—半夜三更接到一个电话: “我们这儿有一个没人要的男婴，你们要么？”“当然要”他们回答。但是，我的生母后来发现我的养母不是大学毕业生，我的养父甚至连中学都没有毕业，所以她拒绝在最后的收养文件上签字。不过，没过几个月她就心软了，因为我的养父母许诺日后一定送我上大学。 17 年后，我真的进了大学。当时我很天真，选了一所学费几乎和斯坦福大学一样昂贵的学校，当工人的养父母倾其所有的积蓄为我支付了大学学费。读了六个月后，我却看不出上学有什么意义。我既不知道自己这一生想干什么，也不知道大学是否能够帮我弄明白自己想干什么。这时，我就要花光父母一辈子节省下来的钱了。所以，我决定退学，并且坚信日后会证明我这样做是对的。当年做出这个决定时心里直打鼓，但现在回想起来，这还真是我有生以来做出的最好的决定之一。从退学那一刻起，我就可以不再选那些我毫无兴趣的必修课，开始旁听一些看上去有意思的课。 那些日子一点儿都不浪漫。我没有宿舍，只能睡在朋友房间的地板上。我去退还可乐瓶，用那五分钱的押金来买吃的。每个星期天晚上我都要走七英里，到城那头的黑尔－科里施纳礼拜堂去，吃每周才能享用一次的美餐。我喜欢这样。我凭著好奇心和直觉所干的这些事情，有许多后来都证明是无价之宝。我给大家举个例子: 当时，里德学院的书法课大概是全国最好的。校园里所有的公告栏和每个抽屉标签上的字都写得非常漂亮。当时我已经退学，不用正常上课，所以我决定选一门书法课，学学怎么写好字。我学习写带短截线和不带短截线的印刷字体，根据不同字母组合调整其间距，以及怎样把版式调整得好上加好。这门课太棒了，既有历史价值，又有艺术造诣，这一点科学就做不到，而我觉得它妙不可言。 当时我并不指望书法在以后的生活中能有什么实用价值。但是，十年之后，我们在设计第一台 Macintosh 计算机时，它一下子浮现在我眼前。于是，我们把这些东西全都设计进了计算机中。这是第一台有这么漂亮的文字版式的计算机。要不是我当初在大学里偶然选了这么一门课，Macintosh 计算机绝不会有那么多种印刷字体或间距安排合理的字号。要不是 Windows 照搬了 Macintosh，个人电脑可能不会有这些字体和字号。要不是退了学，我决不会碰巧选了这门书法课，个人电脑也可能不会有现在这些漂亮的版式了。当然，我在大学里不可能从这一点上看到它与将来的关系。十年之后再回头看，两者之间的关系就非常、非常清楚了。 你们同样不可能从现在这个点上看到将来；只有回头看时，才会发现它们之间的关系。所以，要相信这些点迟早会连接到一起。你们必须信赖某些东西—直觉、归宿、生命，还有业力，等等。这样做从来没有让我的希望落空过，而且还彻底改变了我的生活。 我的第二个故事是关于好恶与得失。幸运的是，我在很小的时候就发现自己喜欢做什么。我在 20 岁时和沃兹（Woz，苹果公司创始人之一 Wozon 的昵称—译注）在我父母的车库里办起了苹果公司。我们干得很卖力，十年后，苹果公司就从车库里我们两个人发展成为一个拥有 20 亿元资产、4,000 名员工的大企业。那时，我们刚刚推出了我们最好的产品— Macintosh 电脑—那是在第 9 年，我刚满 30 岁。可后来，我被解雇了。你怎么会被自己办的公司解雇呢？是这样，随著苹果公司越做越大，我们聘了一位我认为非常有才华的人与我一道管理公司。在开始的一年多里，一切都很顺利。可是，随后我俩对公司前景的看法开始出现分歧，最后我俩反目了。这时，董事会站在了他那一边，所以在 30 岁那年，我离开了公司，而且这件事闹得满城风雨。我成年后的整个生活重心都没有了，这使我心力交瘁。 一连几个月，我真的不知道应该怎么办。我感到自己给老一代的创业者丢了脸—因为我扔掉了交到自己手里的接力棒。我去见了戴维•帕卡德（David Packard，惠普公司创始人之一—译注）和鲍勃•诺伊斯（Bob Noyce，英特尔公司创建者之一—译注），想为把事情搞得这么糟糕说声道歉。这次失败弄得沸沸扬扬的，我甚至想过逃离硅谷。但是，渐渐地，我开始有了一个想法—我仍然热爱我过去做的一切。在苹果公司发生的这些风波丝毫没有改变这一点。我虽然被拒之门外，但我仍然深爱我的事业。于是，我决定从头开始。 虽然当时我并没有意识到，但事实证明，被苹果公司炒鱿鱼是我一生中碰到的最好的事情。尽管前景未卜，但从头开始的轻松感取代了保持成功的沉重感。这使我进入了一生中最富有创造力的时期之一。 在此后的五年里，我开了一家名叫 NeXT 的公司和一家叫皮克斯的公司，我还爱上一位了不起的女人，后来娶了她。皮克斯公司推出了世界上第一部用电脑制作的动画片《玩具总动员》（Toy Story），它现在是全球最成功的动画制作室。世道轮回，苹果公司买下 NeXT 后，我又回到了苹果公司，我们在 NeXT 公司开发的技术成了苹果公司这次重新崛起的核心。我和劳伦娜（Laurene）也建立了美满的家庭。 我确信，如果不是被苹果公司解雇，这一切决不可能发生。这是一剂苦药，可我认为苦药利于病。有时生活会当头给你一棒，但不要灰心。我坚信让我一往无前的唯一力量就是我热爱我所做的一切。所以，一定得知道自己喜欢什么，选择爱人时如此，选择工作时同样如此。工作将是生活中的一大部分，让自己真正满意的唯一办法，是做自己认为是有意义的工作；做有意义的工作的唯一办法，是热爱自己的工作。你们如果还没有发现自己喜欢什么，那就不断地去寻找，不要急于做出决定。就像一切要凭著感觉去做的事情一样，一旦找到了自己喜欢的事，感觉就会告诉你。就像任何一种美妙的东西，历久弥新。所以说，要不断地寻找，直到找到自己喜欢的东西。不要半途而废。 我的第三个故事与死亡有关。17 岁那年，我读到过这样一段话，大意是:“如果把每一天都当作生命的最后一天，总有一天你会如愿以偿。”我记住了这句话，从那时起，33 年过去了，我每天早晨都对著镜子自问: “假如今天是生命的最后一天，我还会去做今天要做的事吗？”如果一连许多天我的回答都是“不”，我知道自己应该有所改变了。 让我能够做出人生重大抉择的最主要办法是，记住生命随时都有可能结束。因为几乎所有的东西—所有对自身之外的希求、所有的尊严、所有对困窘和失败的恐惧—在死亡来临时都将不复存在，只剩下真正重要的东西。记住自己随时都会死去，这是我所知道的防止患得患失的最好方法。你已经一无所有了，还有什么理由不跟著自己的感觉走呢。 大约一年前，我被诊断患了癌症。那天早上七点半，我做了一次扫描检查，结果清楚地表明我的胰腺上长了一个瘤子，可那时我连胰腺是什么还不知道呢！医生告诉我说，几乎可以确诊这是一种无法治愈的恶性肿瘤，我最多还能活 3 到 6 个月。医生建议我回去把一切都安排好，其实这是在暗示“准备后事”。也就是说，把今后十年要跟孩子们说的事情在这几个月内嘱咐完；也就是说，把一切都安排妥当，尽可能不给家人留麻烦；也就是说，去跟大家诀别那一整天里，我的脑子一直没离开这个诊断。到了晚上，我做了一次组织切片检查，他们把一个内窥镜通过喉咙穿过我的胃进入肠子，用针头在胰腺的瘤子上取了一些细胞组织。当时我用了麻醉剂，陪在一旁的妻子后来告诉我，医生在显微镜里看了细胞之后叫了起来，原来这是一种少见的可以通过外科手术治愈的恶性肿瘤。我做了手术，现在好了。 这是我和死神离得最近的一次，我希望也是今后几十年里最近的一次。有了这次经历之后，现在我可以更加实在地和你们谈论死亡，而不是纯粹纸上谈兵，那就是: 谁都不愿意死。就是那些想进天堂的人也不愿意死后再进。然而，死亡是我们共同的归宿，没人能摆脱。我们注定会死，因为死亡很可能是生命最好的一项发明。它推进生命的变迁，旧的不去，新的不来。现在，你们就是新的，但在不久的将来，你们也会逐渐成为旧的，也会被淘汰。对不起，话说得太过分了，不过这是千真万确的。 你们的时间都有限，所以不要按照别人的意愿去活，这是浪费时间。不要囿于成见，那是在按照别人设想的结果而活。不要让别人观点的聒噪声淹没自己的心声。最主要的是，要有跟著自己感觉和直觉走的勇气。无论如何，感觉和直觉早就知道你到底想成为什么样的人，其他都是次要的。 我年轻时有一本非常好的刊物，叫《全球概览》（The Whole Earth Catalog），这是我那代人的宝书之一，创办人名叫斯图尔特•布兰德（Stewart Brand），就住在离这儿不远的门洛帕克市。他用诗一般的语言把刊物办得生动活泼。那是 20 世纪 60 年代末，还没有个人电脑和桌面印刷系统，全靠打字机、剪刀和宝丽莱照相机（Polaroid）。它就像一种纸质的 Google，却比 Google 早问世了 35 年。这份刊物太完美了，查阅手段齐备、构思不凡。 斯图尔特和他的同事们出了好几期《全球概览》，到最后办不下去时，他们出了最后一期。那是 20 世纪 70 年代中期，我也就是你们现在的年纪。最后一期的封底上是一张清晨乡间小路的照片，就是那种爱冒险的人等在那儿搭便车的那种小路。照片下面写道: 好学若饥、谦卑若愚。那是他们停刊前的告别辞。 求知若渴，大智若愚。这也是我一直想做到的。眼下正值诸位大学毕业、开始新生活之际，我同样愿大家: 好学若饥、谦卑若愚。 出于对偶像的尊重我在发一遍这个讲演个人非常喜欢，呵呵 喜欢和大家分享。 大家可以发发留言，，， ！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！ 有演讲的mp3下载 希望看视频的朋友 好学若饥、谦卑若愚 大家共同进步
5213zxjx果CEO乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲稿[中英]苹果计算机公司CEO史蒂夫•乔布斯在斯坦福大学对即将毕业的大学生们进行演讲时说，从大学里辍学是他这一生做出的最为明智的一个选择，因为它逼迫他学会了创新。 乔布斯对操场上挤的满满的毕业生、校友和家长们说：“你的时间有限，所以最好别把它浪费在模仿别人这种事上。” －－同样地，如果还在学校的话，似乎不应该去模仿退学的牛人们。You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says Jobs说，你必须要找到你所爱的东西。 This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. 这是苹果公司和Pixar动画工作室的CEO Steve Jobs于2005年6月12号在斯坦福大学的毕业典礼上面的演讲稿。 I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. 我今天很荣幸能和你们一起参加毕业典礼，斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一。我从来没有从大学中毕业。说实话,今天也许是在我的生命中离大学毕业最近的一天了。今天我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三个故事而已。 The first story is about connecting the dots. 第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点点滴滴串连起来。 I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? 我在Reed大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在十八个月以后——我真正的作出退学决定之前,我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢？ It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. 故事从我出生的时候讲起。我的亲生母亲是一个年轻的,没有结婚的大学毕业生。她决定让别人收养我, 她十分想让我被大学毕业生收养。所以在我出生的时候，她已经做好了一切的准备工作，能使得我被一个律师和他的妻子所收养。但是她没有料到,当我出生之后,律师夫妇突然决定他们想要一个女孩。 所以我的生养父母（他们还在我亲生父母的观察名单上）突然在半夜接到了一个电话:“我们现在这儿有一个不小心生出来的男婴,你们想要他吗？”他们回答道:“当然！”但是我亲生母亲随后发现，我的养母从来没有上过大学,我的父亲甚至从没有读过高中。她拒绝签这个收养合同。只是在几个月以后,我的父母答应她一定要让我上大学,那个时候她才同意。 And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. 在十七岁那年,我真的上了大学。但是我很愚蠢的选择了一个几乎和你们斯坦福大学一样贵的学校, 我父母还处于蓝领阶层，他们几乎把所有积蓄都花在了我的学费上面。在六个月后, 我已经看不到其中的价值所在。我不知道我想要在生命中做什么,我也不知道大学能帮助我找到怎样的答案。 但是在这里，我几乎花光了我父母这一辈子的所有积蓄。所以我决定要退学,我觉得这是个正确的决定。不能否认,我当时确实非常的害怕, 但是现在回头看看,那的确是我这一生中最棒的一个决定。在我做出退学决定的那一刻, 我终于可以不必去读那些令我提不起丝毫兴趣的课程了。然后我还可以去修那些看起来有点意思的课程。 It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example: 但是这并不是那么罗曼蒂克。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房间的地板上面睡觉,我去捡5美分的可乐瓶子，仅仅为了填饱肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna寺庙（注：位于纽约Brooklyn下城）,只是为了能吃上饭——这个星期唯一一顿好一点的饭。但是我喜欢这样。我跟着我的直觉和好奇心走, 遇到的很多东西,此后被证明是无价之宝。让我给你们举一个例子吧： Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating. Reed大学在那时提供也许是全美最好的美术字课程。在这个大学里面的每个海报, 每个抽屉的标签上面全都是漂亮的美术字。因为我退学了, 没有受到正规的训练, 所以我决定去参加这个课程，去学学怎样写出漂亮的美术字。我学到了san serif 和serif字体, 我学会了怎么样在不同的字母组合之中改变空格的长度, 还有怎么样才能作出最棒的印刷式样。那是一种科学永远不能捕捉到的、美丽的、真实的艺术精妙, 我发现那实在是太美妙了。 None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later. 当时看起来这些东西在我的生命中，好像都没有什么实际应用的可能。但是十年之后,当我们在设计第一台Macintosh电脑的时候,就不是那样了。我把当时我学的那些家伙全都设计进了Mac。那是第一台使用了漂亮的印刷字体的电脑。如果我当时没有退学, 就不会有机会去参加这个我感兴趣的美术字课程, Mac就不会有这么多丰富的字体，以及赏心悦目的字体间距。那么现在个人电脑就不会有现在这么美妙的字型了。当然我在大学的时候，还不可能把从前的点点滴滴串连起来,但是当我十年后回顾这一切的时候,真的豁然开朗了。 Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. 再次说明的是,你在向前展望的时候不可能将这些片断串连起来；你只能在回顾的时候将点点滴滴串连起来。所以你必须相信这些片断会在你未来的某一天串连起来。你必须要相信某些东西：你的勇气、目的、生命、因缘。这个过程从来没有令我失望（let me down）,只是让我的生命更加地与众不同而已。 My second story is about love and loss. 我的第二个故事是关于爱和损失的。 I was lucky – I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. 我非常幸运, 因为我在很早的时候就找到了我钟爱的东西。Woz和我在二十岁的时候就在父母的车库里面开创了苹果公司。我们工作得很努力, 十年之后, 这个公司从那两个车库中的穷光蛋发展到了超过四千名的雇员、价值超过二十亿的大公司。在公司成立的第九年,我们刚刚发布了最好的产品,那就是Macintosh。我也快要到三十岁了。在那一年, 我被炒了鱿鱼。你怎么可能被你自己创立的公司炒了鱿鱼呢? 嗯,在苹果快速成长的时候，我们雇用了一个很有天分的家伙和我一起管理这个公司, 在最初的几年,公司运转的很好。但是后来我们对未来的看法发生了分歧, 最终我们吵了起来。当争吵不可开交的时候, 董事会站在了他的那一边。所以在三十岁的时候, 我被炒了。在这么多人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生命的全部支柱离自己远去, 这真是毁灭性的打击。 I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me – I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. 在最初的几个月里，我真是不知道该做些什么。我把从前的创业激情给丢了, 我觉得自己让与我一同创业的人都很沮丧。我和David Pack和Bob Boyce见面，并试图向他们道歉。我把事情弄得糟糕透顶了。但是我渐渐发现了曙光, 我仍然喜爱我从事的这些东西。苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这些, 一点也没有。我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱它。所以我决定从头再来。 I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. 我当时没有觉察, 但是事后证明, 从苹果公司被炒是我这辈子发生的最棒的事情。因为，作为一个成功者的极乐感觉被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替: 对任何事情都不那么特别看重。这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。 During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. 在接下来的五年里, 我创立了一个名叫NeXT的公司, 还有一个叫Pixar的公司, 然后和一个后来成为我妻子的优雅女人相识。Pixar 制作了世界上第一个用电脑制作的动画电影——“”玩具总动员”,Pixar现在也是世界上最成功的电脑制作工作室。在后来的一系列运转中,Apple收购了NeXT, 然后我又回到了Apple公司。我们在NeXT发展的技术在Apple的复兴之中发挥了关键的作用。我还和Laurence 一起建立了一个幸福的家庭。 I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle. 我可以非常肯定,如果我不被Apple开除的话, 这其中一件事情也不会发生的。这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要这个药。有些时候, 生活会拿起一块砖头向你的脑袋上猛拍一下。不要失去信心。我很清楚唯一使我一直走下去的，就是我做的事情令我无比钟爱。你需要去找到你所爱的东西。对于工作是如此, 对于你的爱人也是如此。你的工作将会占据生活中很大的一部分。你只有相信自己所做的是伟大的工作, 你才能怡然自得。如果你现在还没有找到, 那么继续找、不要停下来、全心全意的去找, 当你找到的时候你就会知道的。就像任何真诚的关系, 随着岁月的流逝只会越来越紧密。所以继续找，直到你找到它，不要停下来！ My third story is about death. 我的第三个故事是关于死亡的。 When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. 当我十七岁的时候, 我读到了一句话:“如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去生活的话,那么有一天你会发现你是正确的。”这句话给我留下了深刻的印象。从那时开始,过了33年,我在每天早晨都会对着镜子问自己:“如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你会不会完成你今天想做的事情呢？”当答案连续很多次被给予“不是”的时候, 我知道自己需要改变某些事情了。 Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything – all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. “记住你即将死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它帮我指明了生命中重要的选择。因为几乎所有的事情, 包括所有的荣誉、所有的骄傲、所有对难堪和失败的恐惧,这些在死亡面前都会消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的东西。你有时候会思考你将会失去某些东西,“记住你即将死去”是我知道的避免这些想法的最好办法。你已经赤身裸体了, 你没有理由不去跟随自己的心一起跳动。 About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. 大概一年以前, 我被诊断出癌症。我在早晨七点半做了一个检查, 检查清楚的显示在我的胰腺有一个肿瘤。我当时都不知道胰腺是什么东西。医生告诉我那很可能是一种无法治愈的癌症, 我还有三到六个月的时间活在这个世界上。我的医生叫我回家, 然后整理好我的一切, 那就是医生准备死亡的程序。那意味着你将要把未来十年对你小孩说的话在几个月里面说完.；那意味着把每件事情都搞定, 让你的家人会尽可能轻松的生活；那意味着你要说“再见了”。 I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now. 我整天和那个诊断书一起生活。后来有一天早上我作了一个活切片检查，医生将一个内窥镜从我的喉咙伸进去,通过我的胃, 然后进入我的肠子, 用一根针在我的胰腺上的肿瘤上取了几个细胞。我当时很镇静,因为我被注射了镇定剂。但是我的妻子在那里, 后来告诉我，当医生在显微镜地下观察这些细胞的时候他们开始尖叫, 因为这些细胞最后竟然是一种非常罕见的可以用手术治愈的胰腺癌症。我做了这个手术, 现在我痊愈了。 This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: 那是我最接近死亡的时候, 我还希望这也是以后的几十年最接近的一次。从死亡线上又活了过来, 死亡对我来说，只是一个有用但是纯粹是知识上的概念的时候，我可以更肯定一点地对你们说： No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true. 没有人愿意死, 即使人们想上天堂, 人们也不会为了去那里而死。但是死亡是我们每个人共同的终点。从来没有人能够逃脱它。也应该如此。 因为死亡就是生命中最好的一个发明。它将旧的清除以便给新的让路。你们现在是新的, 但是从现在开始不久以后, 你们将会逐渐的变成旧的然后被清除。我很抱歉这很戏剧性, 但是这十分的真实。 Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notionStewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. Thank you all very much.