本文采用心理测量学方法,对西安地区高校15个专业1156名大学生的自信心进行研究结果表明,1%以上的大学生具有较强的自信心,8%的缺乏一定程度的自信,2%的有较为严重的自卑感自信程度由强到弱排序为双向择业、生理长相、挫折承受、专业学习,最缺乏自信的是对未来前景的展望和人际交往自信发展在不同年级、性别、学科专业之间有一定差异
我想说老师说的是选一篇写= =
这东西，自己在网上百度下，综合白家之言，很easy的
我来自中国 我的父亲是演员 母亲曾经是歌手 我现在是美国加利福尼亚洲Riverside的La Sierra Academy上High school的S17岁我的梦想是成为一名电影导演,然后建立一家娱乐公司为最终目标你可以写小时候我的爸爸带我去过很多片场,我也曾经在张艺谋,吴宇森,赵本山的片场当过场记,所以我对电影的拍摄十分着迷十分想成为一名有名的导演父亲的影响对我十分大而且也看和妈妈去过全国巡演,这个也很引导我对于音乐的热爱所以我想申请这个大学的电影与电视专业I am from China, an actress mother, my father was once a singerI am now the United States, California Riverside's La Sierra Academy of S17-year-old on the High My dream is to become a film director, and then establish an entertainment company as the ultimate You can write a child my father took me've been to a lot of film shooting, and I have said before Zhang Yimou, John Woo, Zhao Benshan chip market had been a log keeper, so I am very fascinated by the film's Is to become a famous his father's influence to me is but also to see and her mother went to the national tour, this is also led me to love the So, I would like to apply for this university film and television 我的personal quality是开朗热情,乐于助人,十分善良,喜欢动物,喜欢参加活动和组织活动的alent是唱歌(非常强项,参加了很多比赛屡屡获奖),写剧本,和写诗歌,钢琴Accomplishment我自己会写的经历就是曾经在张艺谋,吴宇森,赵本山的片场当过场记,亲眼见证了很多电视剧和电影的剪辑过程以上就是我能提供的资料要求每篇五百字左右再加上您的语言丰富一下,每篇五百字是可以达到的~!拜托,很着急,这周日就要!1000分绝对会给的!写得好再加分也可以发到我的邮箱 My personal quality is the warm and cheerful, helpful and very kind, likes animals, likes to participate in activities and activities of the O Talent is singing (very strengths, to participate in a number of award-winning games), writing scripts, and writing poetry, Accomplishment I am going to experience isHad Zhang Yimou, John Woo, Zhao Benshan chip market had been a log keeper, witnessed a lot of TV and film editing That is all I can offer Request Each Wu Baizi Coupled with a rich look at your language, Each Wubai Zi is possible to achieve ~! Come on, is very anxious that this Sunday must! 1000 am absolutely will give a! write a good plus Can also be sent to my mailbox
有兴趣，不过上班时间不能写，又怕写半天已经有人写过了，那就郁闷大了
A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high schoolAbstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn E But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and How to teach reading I Why teach readingThere are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating The last but not the least, students must read widely because only a fraction of knowledge about the world can come from other experiences in their short II What kind of reading should students do? When the teachers give reading class to students, they should notice a balance----a balance to be struck between real English on the one hand and the students’ capabilities and interests on the There is some authentic written material which beginner students can understand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs and basic instructions, for example, and, where appropriate, teachers can use But for longer prose, teachers can offer their students texts, which, while being like English, are nevertheless written or adapted especially for their Anyway, the materials to be read should be interesting and Teachers should become better acquainted with books written specially for teenagers and dealing with their III What are the principles behind the teaching of reading? i) Permit Students To Read No one has learned to swim by practicing the skills of backstrokes, flutter kicks or treading water while staying on the edge of the swimming Yet, in the teaching of reading teachers often do just Rather than let the students into “the water”, teachers keep them in skills books learning rules about letters, syllables or definitions of words rather than letting them into the book itself, permitting them to be immersed in the language which comes from the authors as the readers try to reconstruct the written ii) Encourage students to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the languageOf course, it is important to study reading texts for the way they use language, how many paragraphs they contain and how many times they use relative But the meaning, the message of the text, is much more Teachers should help students understand that the main reason to read is for They have to have their own purpose to read and reading must make sense, they have to find ways of doing something about They should be encouraged either to reread or to continue reading to gain But they must realize that the meaning is not in the teacher, but in the interaction between the reader and Students should be encouraged to ask themselves repeatedly, “Does this make sense to me?” Students should be encouraged to reject and to be intolerant of reading materials that do not make iii) Encourage students to guess or predict Readers’ guesses or predictions are based on the cumulative information and syntactic structure they have been learning as they have been Therefore, their guesses are more often than not appropriate to the Students have to realize that risk taking in reading is appropriate; that using context to decide what words mean is a proficient reading strategy and that they have the language sense to make appropriate guesses which can fit both the grammatical and semantic sense of what they are iv) Match the task to the topic Once a decision has been taken about what kind of reading text the students are going to read, teachers need to choose good reading tasks—the right kind of questions and useful puzzles, Asking boring and inappropriate questions can undermine the most interesting text; the most commonplace passage can be made really exciting with imaginative and challenging Working in groups, the English teacher and students take turns asking each other questions following the The teacher may ask, “ What is the significance of the character’s age?” These questions require inferences based on details from the reading
大学语文结业论文 鱼游春水 鱼游春水 无名氏 秦楼东风里，燕子还来寻旧垒。馀寒犹峭，红日薄侵罗绮。嫩草方抽碧玉茵，媚柳轻窣黄金蕊。莺啭上林，鱼游春水。几曲阑干遍倚，又是一番新桃李。佳人应怪归迟，梅妆泪洗。凤箫声绝沉孤雁，望断清波无双鲤。云山万重，寸心千里。 据《能改斋漫录》记载：“政和中，一中贵人使越州回，得词于古碑阴，无名无谱，不知何人作也。录以进御，命大晟府撰腔，因词中语，赐名《鱼游春水》。”这段话说明了这首《鱼游春水》词的来历和谱曲、命名经过。政和是宋徽宗的年号，越州就是今天的浙江绍兴；看来，这首词是宋徽宗以前南方的作品。至于确切的创作年代，那就难说了。不过这无关紧要，因为它的内容，并没有波及必须弄清的历史背景，我们大可以从作品的本身，去探寻它的审美价值。 这是一首闺怨词，写的是一位少妇春日怀念远人的情态、心理，景物描写和人物刻画都显出相当的功力；而且互相映衬，构成了完整的意境。上片全是写景。“秦楼东风里”四句，写春归燕回、馀寒犹峭之状。一开头就点出“秦楼”，使描写的环境带有确定性，这对读者理解词意大有好处。秦楼，汉乐府《陌上桑》：“日出东南隅，照我秦氏楼。”李白《忆秦娥》有“秦娥梦断秦楼月”句，皆指闺楼。由此可知，词中所写，景是“秦楼”中景，人是“秦楼”中人；秦楼里的佳人，是温情美貌的。带点爱屋及乌的味道，秦楼自然也有这层色彩了。“东风”是指温暖和煦的春风；这与秦楼相互辉映。可以想象，伴着温暖和顺的春风，嗅着秦楼里散发的阵阵幽香，是何等美妙！可是紧接的“燕子还来归旧垒”，让人感受大好景色同时平天一丝忧伤。燕子都知归旧垒，可心上人在何处？大有“鸟”且如此人何以堪之情！惆怅之情，下面的“馀寒犹峭”可更厉害了。该句既是实写春日之寒，更是“佳人”心中之寒。这种“寒”使原本暖意融融的春意荡然无存。这是忖托的写法。正因为此，才有佳人“红日侵罗绮”，尚自未起的慵懒困倦之态。这可能是整夜思人而至无眠。佳人怅惘之情可见一斑了。 “嫩草方抽碧玉茵”四句，从户内写到户外，描画出一派明媚的春光。作者摄取了四种景物：地面的嫩草，地上的垂柳，空中的黄莺，水中的游鱼，从下、中、上三防着笔，交织成立体的画面，虽只写四物，却是春景的高度概括，引人联想无限，传达出绚丽的色彩。这里使用了两个借喻：以“碧玉茵”（像碧玉一样青绿的毯子）喻嫩草，以“黄金蕊”喻新出的柳条，都借联想而增加了景观的魅力。四句的动词也用得很好：嫩草是“抽”出的，“媚柳”（柔媚的柳条）是“窣”（从穴中突然冒出来）出的，黄莺在鸣“啭”，鱼儿在“游”动，可谓各尽其妙，各得其所。鸟鸣上林，鱼游春水。上林、春水这时定然生机勃勃。它们是“活”的，让人想象到的远不止黄莺鸣转，鱼游春水了。由此可看这四句实有“抛砖引玉”之功。 下片转入写人。“几曲阑干”四句，写佳人倚遍“秦楼”阑干，看到桃李又换了一番新花新叶，──这意味着一年又过去了，而意中人还没有回来，这触起了她的愁思，不觉潸然泪下。“梅妆”用的是寿阳公主的典故。《太平御览·时序部》引《杂五行书》说：“宋武帝女寿阳公主人日卧于含章殿檐下，梅花落公主额上，成五出花，拂之不去，皇后留之，看得几时，经三日，洗之乃落。宫女奇其异，竞效之，今梅花妆是也。”这里泛指妇女面部化妆。“梅妆泪洗”即涂了脂粉的脸上流下了眼泪之意。这几句着重描写佳人的外部动作，而以“应怪归迟”点明动作的原因，其悲怨愁苦之态如见。 “凤箫声绝”四句，写心上人离去后音信全无，使佳人思念不已。古代传说：萧史善吹箫，秦穆公将女儿弄玉嫁给他，数年后二人升天而去（见《列仙传》）。这里借用这一故事，以“凤箫声绝”指男子的离去。“孤雁”、“双鲤”都用了典。前者出《汉书·苏武传》，汉使诈称汉昭帝在上林苑射雁，雁足上有苏武捎来的帛书。后者出古乐府《饮马长城窟行》：“客从远方来，遗我双鲤鱼；呼童烹鲤鱼”，中有尺素书。”因此，这两个词都是寄书的代称。而“沉孤雁”、“无双鲤”，就是指对方没有来信。“云山”是指云雾缭绕的高山，“万重云山”并非实指，指相距极远。但是，即使心上人相隔云山万重，佳人的心还是神驰千里之外，萦绕在他的身边的。这几句着重描写佳人的内心活动，浓情厚意，溢于言表。大有“云万叠，寸心远”之意。 从艺术上来说，这首词采取以春景的明媚来反衬离人的愁思的手法。“嫩草方抽”，“媚柳轻窣”，“莺啭上林，鱼游春水”这正是当日佳人与心上人行乐时所见的美景！如今这一美景又已重现，但是心上人却已不在身边；去年的燕子还懂得回来寻找旧垒，而心上人却一去不归；这怎能不令她阑干倚遍，泪洗梅妆呢！
两方面的问题，有利比有弊
当代大学生创业的利与弊（一）对于当前的中国大学生而言，绝大部份并不适合创业。单从创业者应该具备的能力和素质上来看，对大学生就是一个根本性的挑战。 一般创业能力主要是指创业者的专长和经验，如市场调查、技术专长、企业管理、识人用人、财务管理、公共关系、市场营销、开发开拓、冒险避险等等。而创业者所应当具备的能力和素质，见仁见智，众说不一。有人概括为“十大素质”，包括：欲望、忍耐、眼界、明势、敏感、人脉、谋略、胆量、豁达、自省。 客观的说，这些能力和素质并非短期培训所能练就的，有些素质甚至就算是培训也很难达到，比如谋略、胆量，比如识人用人等，这些大部分都是需要长时间不断的训练和积累才能具备。 （二）对于部分有准备的大学生来说，今天的社会环境对于创业，毫无疑问又是有非常有利的。首先，当今时代发展趋势良好。市场经济的高速发展，每年都会催生诸多新职业。在新兴的市场中，大学生反而因为没有传统经验主义的束缚，往往能够出奇制胜。像IT电子商务、管理咨询、医药科技等这些新兴产业，早已被创业者们列入名单之中。其次，大学生创业者可以充分借专业之专。对于学计算机相关专业的学生来说，电子商务、网络游戏增值产业等都蕴藏着丰富的机会。IT领域的创业项目前期投入少，适合那些拥有自主知识产权的大学生。学习通信或医药专业的学生，技术上有着近水楼台先得月的优势，这些是我国政府重点发展又是全球关注的领域；对于学习设计相关专业的学生，可用自由职业者的身份进行创业；当然对于大众型专业的大学生来说，充分利用自身在学校期间所积累的能力优势、人脉资源等，在一些资金需求不大，项目周期不长，人手配备要求不多的项目上开展自己的事业。
回答 我们知道,校园是老师和同学们工作、学习的场所,优良的校园环境,可以给我们以心旷神怡、美好的感觉我们的校园虽然面积不大,但绿化还算不错,绿树成荫、花香鸟语；教室外面、过道走廊张贴了古今中外的名人名言我们都在努力营造一个健康、和谐、催人奋进的环境,使同学们在优良环境中受到感染与熏陶,在潜移默化之中树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观,让大家在优美、整洁、温馨的环境中一天天健康地成长,做一名文明的社会公民! 可是,文明、和谐的校园里也存在着一些不和谐的音符：课余时间有的同学在教学楼、宿舍楼前的花池上摆起擂台,在万年青、千年矮上面练起梅花桩,好生生的桂花树、香樟、广玉兰也招来他们的摇、拽、踢、拉食堂开水房前的水龙头竟有大半被扭成冲天炮,为了啥?只为了方便自己能洗头,只为了刷牙不带杯子头发也许漂柔了一些,口腔也许清新了一阵,但你们的良知进了潲水桶,人格进了下水道有的同学在教室的课桌上、校园的墙壁上或在上学、放学路上乱写乱画；有的同学随手往教学楼下扔垃圾；有的同学把食品包装等垃圾随手乱扔乱弃；有的同学打扫卫生时为了少走几步路,图个自己方便,把垃圾倒在操场的垃圾桶里有的同学扫地时不提水、浇水,现场制造沙尘暴,伤己伤人伤机器（学校的电脑、投影机等电教设备寿命大打折扣）我们还看到在很多地方窗台和墙面长期不抹,很多位置扬尘和蛛网数月不除,莫不成待到地老天荒自己掉光? 老师们、同学们!大家应该都看到了二（3）班同学在过道的黑板上写的倡议书提醒我们应该如何善待校园环境“学校是我家,环境优佳靠大家”这些话不仅仅是写在黑板上的标语,也不仅仅是挂在嘴上的一句口号,它应该是我们每个人付诸的行动,应该是我们每个人发自内心的一种爱护学校的责任 我们每一个人都想在一个环境优美的地方学习和生活因为优美的环境让我们学会做人,更加文明在优美的校园环境中,我们沐浴着阳光,吸取着营养可优美的环境它不是从来就有的,它是我们每一个人去创建和维护的“鲜花还要绿叶扶,校园更需同学护”,作为学校一员的我们应该为学校的环境保护贡献一份力量,“关注自己一举一动,共创你我文明校园”,共同营造一个美丽温馨、干净整洁、积极向上的校园环境 我希望,即将毕业的初三年级同学,要带头维护校园的干净和美丽,为低年级的弟弟妹妹做出榜样,让他们看到你们的实际行动,学到你们身上的责任心和做事的认真态度“大家添一份自觉。 更多3条
我来自中国 我的父亲是演员 母亲曾经是歌手 我现在是美国加利福尼亚洲Riverside的La Sierra Academy上High school的S17岁我的梦想是成为一名电影导演,然后建立一家娱乐公司为最终目标你可以写小时候我的爸爸带我去过很多片场,我也曾经在张艺谋,吴宇森,赵本山的片场当过场记,所以我对电影的拍摄十分着迷十分想成为一名有名的导演父亲的影响对我十分大而且也看和妈妈去过全国巡演,这个也很引导我对于音乐的热爱所以我想申请这个大学的电影与电视专业I am from China, an actress mother, my father was once a singerI am now the United States, California Riverside's La Sierra Academy of S17-year-old on the High My dream is to become a film director, and then establish an entertainment company as the ultimate You can write a child my father took me've been to a lot of film shooting, and I have said before Zhang Yimou, John Woo, Zhao Benshan chip market had been a log keeper, so I am very fascinated by the film's Is to become a famous his father's influence to me is but also to see and her mother went to the national tour, this is also led me to love the So, I would like to apply for this university film and television 我的personal quality是开朗热情,乐于助人,十分善良,喜欢动物,喜欢参加活动和组织活动的alent是唱歌(非常强项,参加了很多比赛屡屡获奖),写剧本,和写诗歌,钢琴Accomplishment我自己会写的经历就是曾经在张艺谋,吴宇森,赵本山的片场当过场记,亲眼见证了很多电视剧和电影的剪辑过程以上就是我能提供的资料要求每篇五百字左右再加上您的语言丰富一下,每篇五百字是可以达到的~!拜托,很着急,这周日就要!1000分绝对会给的!写得好再加分也可以发到我的邮箱 My personal quality is the warm and cheerful, helpful and very kind, likes animals, likes to participate in activities and activities of the O Talent is singing (very strengths, to participate in a number of award-winning games), writing scripts, and writing poetry, Accomplishment I am going to experience isHad Zhang Yimou, John Woo, Zhao Benshan chip market had been a log keeper, witnessed a lot of TV and film editing That is all I can offer Request Each Wu Baizi Coupled with a rich look at your language, Each Wubai Zi is possible to achieve ~! Come on, is very anxious that this Sunday must! 1000 am absolutely will give a! write a good plus Can also be sent to my mailbox
我来自中国 我的父亲是演员 母亲曾经是歌手 我现在是美国加利福尼亚洲Riverside的La Sierra Academy上High school的S17岁我的梦想是成为一名电影导演,然后建立一家娱乐公司为最终目标你可以写小时候我的爸爸带我去过很多片场,我也曾经在张艺谋,吴宇森,赵本山的片场当过场记,所以我对电影的拍摄十分着迷十分想成为一名有名的导演父亲的影响对我十分大而且也看和妈妈去过全国巡演,这个也很引导我对于音乐的热爱所以我想申请这个大学的电影与电视专业I am from China, an actress mother, my father was once a singerI am now the United States, California Riverside's La Sierra Academy of S17-year-old on the High My dream is to become a film director, and then establish an entertainment company as the ultimate You can write a child my father took me've been to a lot of film shooting, and I have said before Zhang Yimou, John Woo, Zhao Benshan chip market had been a log keeper, so I am very fascinated by the film's Is to become a famous his father's influence to me is but also to see and her mother went to the national tour, this is also led me to love the So, I would like to apply for this university film and television 我的personal quality是开朗热情,乐于助人,十分善良,喜欢动物,喜欢参加活动和组织活动的alent是唱歌(非常强项,参加了很多比赛屡屡获奖),写剧本,和写诗歌,钢琴Accomplishment我自己会写的经历就是曾经在张艺谋,吴宇森,赵本山的片场当过场记,亲眼见证了很多电视剧和电影的剪辑过程以上就是我能提供的资料要求每篇五百字左右再加上您的语言丰富一下,每篇五百字是可以达到的~!拜托,很着急,这周日就要!1000分绝对会给的!写得好再加分也可以发到我的邮箱 My personal quality is the warm and cheerful, helpful and very kind, likes animals, likes to participate in activities and activities of the O Talent is singing (very strengths, to participate in a number of award-winning games), writing scripts, and writing poetry, Accomplishment I am going to experience isHad Zhang Yimou, John Woo, Zhao Benshan chip market had been a log keeper, witnessed a lot of TV and film editing That is all I can offer Request Each Wu Baizi Coupled with a rich look at your language, Each Wubai Zi is possible to achieve ~! Come on, is very anxious that this Sunday must! 1000 am absolutely will give a! write a good plus Can also be sent to my mailbox
（1）联系工作实际选题要结合我国行政管理实践（特别是自身工作实际），提倡选择应用性较强的课题，特别鼓励结合当前社会实践亟待解决的实际问题进行研究。建议立足于本地甚至是本单位的工作进行选题。选题时可以考虑选些与自己工作有关的论题，将理论与实践紧密结合起来，使自己的实践工作经验上升为理论，或者以自己通过大学学习所掌握到的理论去分析和解决一些引起实际工作问题。（2）选题适当所谓选题要适当，就是指如何掌握好论题的广度与深度。（3）选题要新意所谓要有新意，就是要从自己已经掌握的理论知识出发，在研究前人研究成果的基础上，善于发现新问题，敢于提出前人没有提出过的，或者虽已提出来，但尚未得到定论或者未完全解决的问题。只要自己的论文观点正确鲜明，材料真实充分，论证深刻有力，也可能填补我国理论界对某些方面研究的空白，或者对以前有关学说的不足进行补充、深化和修正。这样，也就使论文具有新意，具有独创性。选题技巧：技巧—：依据学术方向进行选题。论文写作的价值，关键在于能够解决特定行业的特定问题，特别是在学术方面的论文更是如此。因此，论文选择和提炼标题的技巧之一，就是依据学术价值进行选择提炼。技巧二：依据兴趣爱好进行选题。论文选择和提炼标题的技巧之二，就是从作者的爱好和兴趣出发，只有选题符合作者兴趣和爱好，作者平日所积累的资料才能得以发挥效用，语言应用等方面也才能熟能生巧。技巧三：依据掌握的文献资料进行选题。文献资料是支撑、充实论文的基础，同时更能体现论文所研究的方向和观点，因而，作者从现有文献资料出发，进行选题和提炼标题，即成为第三大技巧。技巧四：从小从专进行选题。所谓从小从专，即是指软文撰稿者在进行选则和提炼标题时，要从专业出发，从小处入手进行突破，切记全而不专，大而空洞。[3]4相关综述编辑任何一个课题的研究或开发都是有学科基础或技术基础的。综述部分主要阐述选题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解选题的意义。综述部分能反映出毕业设计学生多方面的能力。首先，反映中外文献的阅读能力。通过查阅文献资料，了解同行的研究水平，在工作中和论文中有效地运用文献，这不仅能避免简单的重复研究，而且也能使研究开发工作有一个高起点。其次，还能反映出综合分析的能力。从大量的文献中找到可以借鉴和参考的，这不仅要有一定的专业知识水平，还要有一定的综合能力。对同行研究成果是否能抓住要点，优缺点的评述是否符合实际，恰到好处，这和一个人的分析理解能力是有关的。值得注意的是，要做好一篇毕业论文，必须阅读一定量（2~3篇）的外文资料，这不仅反映自己的外文阅读能力，而且有助于论文的先进性。 1、论文摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。2、不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。3、结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。4、用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。5、要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。6、除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。7、不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。8、缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。9、论文摘要之撰写通常在整篇论文将近完稿期间开始，以期能包括所有之内容。但亦可提早写作，然后视研究之进度作适当修改。有关论文摘要写作时应注意下列事项：10、整理你的材料使其能在最小的空间下提供最大的信息面。11、用简单而直接的句子。避免使用成语、俗语或不必要的技术性用语。12、请多位同僚阅读并就其简洁度与完整性提供意见。13、删除无意义的或不必要的字眼。但亦不要矫枉过正，将应有之字眼过份删除，如在英文中不应删除必要之冠词如a''an''the等。14、尽量少用缩写字。在英文的情况较多，量度单位则应使用标准化者。特殊缩写字使用时应另外加以定义。15、不要将在文章中未提过的数据放在摘要中。16、不要为扩充版面将不重要的叙述放入摘要中，即使摘要仅能以一两句话概括，就让维持这样吧，切勿画蛇添足。17、不要将文中之所有数据大量地列于摘要中，平均值与标准差或其它统计指标仅列其最重要的一项即可。18、不要置放图或表于摘要之中，尽量采用文字叙述。