研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献英文图书和期刊类文献：[1]Allen NBerger,Gregory FUdell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit inSmall FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,V68,(1995),351-381．[2]Aghion,P,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review ofEconomics Studies,1992,V59,p473-494．[3]Albertode，M&JulioPDeterminants of capital structure:new evidencefrom Spanish Panel data[J]Journal of Corporate Finance，2001，(7):77-99．[4]ANBerger，NHMiller，MAPetersen，RGRajan，JCStein，2001，“DoesFunction Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices ofLarge and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve SystemWorking Paper．[5]Azam,JP,BBiais,MDia and CMInformal and Formal Credit Marketsand Credit Rationing in Cote D’Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2001,17(4),520-[6]Bernanke,BS,MGInside the Black Box:The Credit Channel ofMonetary Policy Transmission[J]Journal of EconomicPerspectives,1995,(9);27-48．[7]Barbosa,E&Moraes,C,Determinants of the Firm’s Capital Structure:theCase of the Very 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Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise " China in the early 1980s after the introduction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is [Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial [Edit] the type of lease financing Simple financing lease Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant Leveraged lease financing Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease Commissioned by the Financial Leasing Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase Project finance leasing Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their products in this way, and expand market Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to [Edit] the risk of lease financing Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows: (1) product market In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment products market risks, which need to know to sell the products, market share rate and occupancy, product trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market (2) financial For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the (3) Trade For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still (4) technical One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introduction of advanced technology and In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical Serious, due to technical problems so that equipment in a state of Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so [Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing [Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing 1, the start of the lease accounting treatment At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%) Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount due, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the residual value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount 2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp duty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other 3, no finance charge assessed In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to reduce long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only reduce the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types: (1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment (2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment (3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist residual value guarantees and preferential purchase right to In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount In the lessee or related to the leased asset residual value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to (4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed residual value, but there is preferential option to In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to (5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed residual Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing Related to the lessee or third parties on the residual value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to the guaranteed residual value, or to be paid by the Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" 4, the leased asset depreciation Provision Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues: (1), depreciation policy Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting residual value after deducting the value of the If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset residual value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets (2), the depreciation period Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation 5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the 6, or the accounting treatment of rent Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other 7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances: (1), the return of the leased Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" (2), renewable lease concession If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other (3), stay purchase the leased In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into 字数太多，翻译另答~~~~~~
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金融危机已导致全球经济大衰退，乐观估计，至少要在2至3年后才可能恢复。我刚从美国回来，美国许多企业由于业务萎缩而冻结招聘，波音公司要进一步裁员。作为我国第一大贸易伙伴的美国实体经济疲软，直接造成我国的出口企业面临严峻形势，首当其冲受到影响的是金融、证券投资、国际贸易、房地产、汽车等行业。此时正值大学毕业生求职的重要时期，金融危机会给大学生就业造成多大的影响，还难以预测，但目前可以初步判断，随着金融危机影响的日益扩散，首先是跨国公司和外包公司业务萎缩，会减少用人数量及其冻结招聘；其次国内为国外产业提供零部件、原材料、半成品的制造业、出口型企业也会受到影响；当然会影响到下游的原材料和能源工业影响较大。政府救市政策出台，会刺激建筑业的需求，从而带动原材料和能源工业的恢复，但是见效果有一个滞后时间，所以正在找工作的大学生还不一定能感受到政策的效果。2009届大学毕业生需要就业的高达600多万，就业形势不容乐观。 受影响较大的是财经类专业，因为企业业务萎缩，首先减少的是财经类管理人员的需求，其次是技术人员的需求。其次是建筑、能源、机械、 IT类专业会受影响。这种影响表现在两个方面，企业招聘人数下降带来的就业率下降，由于大学生就业市场的卖压增加造成薪资下降。即便是不在上述的专业范围内的大学毕业生，也会由于市场的大环境而不得不接受较低薪资。 对于已经就业困难的专业、地区和大学，这次经济萧 条是雪上加霜。所以，应届大学毕业生应该调整求职心态和期待，渡过最严重的一次经济萧条与就业冬天。如果就业不行或没有理想就业，不妨以读研和留学来躲几年，待就业形势好转再行求职。要提醒大家是，经济不好时美国人读研的特别多，留学非常难录取和获得资助，同样国内考研竞争也会很激烈。希望教育部拿出政府四万亿救市的气魄来，马上把研究生招收名额大幅度增加。
《二○○八年第二季度中国货币政策执行报告》中国政府网上的文件 -08/16/content_htm 《中国货币政策执行报告(2003年第四季度)》 编者: 中国人民银行货币政策分析小组 出版时间：2007年 出版社：中国金融出版社 2006年第四季度 中国货币政策执行报告 编者: 中国人民银行货币政策分… 2007年第二季度中国货币政策执行报告 编者: 中国人民银行货币政策分… 中国货币政策执行报告(2005年第3季度)作者: 中国人民银行货币政策分… 中国货币政策执行报告(2006年第三季度)中国人民银行货币政策分析小组… 中国货币政策执行报告：2004年第三季度中国人民银行货币政策分析小组… 中国货币政策执行报告(2005年第二季度)作者: 中国人民银行货币政策分… 2006年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告作者: 张晓慧 蔡浩仪 货币政策与资本市场(2002年中国金融与投资发…编者: 周骏 全球经济调整中的中国经济增长和财政货币政策…黄达，张杰 主笔 2005年中国区域金融运行报告中国人民银行货币政策分析小组… 资本市场与实体经济(2003年中国金融与投资发…编者: 周骏 货币理论与货币政策（第二版）胡海欧，贾德奎 编著 中国货币政策争论谢平,焦瑾璞主编 全球化背景下的货币政策调控刘仁伍 著 中国货币政策体系的选择郭田勇 著欧洲 中央银行货币政策张敖，胡秋慧 译 日本货币政策问题研究作者: 陈作章 给你个网站：上面很多 _book/shtml参考资料： _book/shtml
调查方法：问卷调查法。调查步骤：1、确定调查对象。根据学校所处不同地理环境，按我区农村地区经济发展水平的不同层次，我们分别选择了分属不同层次的陈家桥镇、回龙坝镇、土主镇、中梁镇等四镇，其中陈家桥镇属于经济较发达的农村地区，回龙坝镇、土主镇属于经济发展中等水平的农村地区，而中梁镇是经济发展比较落后的山地农村地区。在这些镇，我们随机选择了陈家桥小学、土主小学、保农小学、玉屏小学、新发小学、中梁小学等六所小学的部分学生和他们的家长作为我们的调查对象。2、设计调查问卷。在设计问卷调查表时，我们参考了一些相关的调查设计，问卷内容分学生和家长两部分，共设计了30个学生问题（全是选择式），涉及学生课外阅读心理品质、阅读方向、阅读活动、外部影响和开展条件；共设计了5个家长问题（全是问答式），主要是了解家长对孩子课外阅读的认识关注程度。3、调查问卷的发放和回收：2007年10月，我们向上述学校的有关学生发放了调查问卷表，并说明了填写要求。历时一周，我们共发出问卷396份，回收有效问卷365份。4、调查问卷的统计与分析。调查结果与思考：一、学生问卷统计结果：（一）课外阅读的心理品质：1、主动性品质： （1）关于兴趣： “双休日，你最喜欢干什么？”选择“看电视”的学生占40％，选择“出去游玩”的学生占95％，选择“上网打游戏”的学生占23％，选择“看书”的学生占52％。（2）关于动机：在如何看待课外阅读的意义上，00 %的学生认为课外阅读有利于提高学习成绩，25%的学生认为课外阅读有利于提高个人文化素养，47%认为可以积累优美词句，提高作文水平，20%的学生认为可以扩大知识面，弥补课堂阅读的不足。（3）关于态度：对课外阅读活动的参与程度，选择“很喜欢”与“喜欢”的占78%，选择“喜欢，但很少读”的占90%，选择“一点都不喜欢”的占32%。平均每天坚持读书一个小时及以上的05占%，坚持半小时左右的占82%，偶尔读一读的占62%，一点不读的占51%。越到高年级，平均每天坚持读书时间半小时以上的学生比例越大。 （5）关于阅读心理需求：从学生关于课外阅读的愿望来看，34%的学生希望得到关于阅读内容的推荐帮助，98%的学生希望得到阅读方法的指导，58%的学生希望得到来自长辈或老师的监督，03%的学生希望有一个读书交流场所或环境。100%的学生希望开展形式多样的课外阅读活动。2、专注性（注意）品质：区别不同年段阅读能力，每个年级段每天阅读量按200或300字级差为准，低段达到200字及以上的为73％，中段达到200字以上为80％，高段达到500字及以上的为95％。总的来说，随着学生年龄的增长，学生课外阅读的专注性品质水平在不断提高。但是，高段每天阅读量不到200字的达75％，而六年级尤甚，高达53％。3、持久性品质：（1）以能否读完一本书为例，随便翻翻的占52%，只挑选有趣的地方读的占95%，能认真读的仅占53%。（2）从学生现有的课外阅读总量来看，按照新课程标准的课外阅读要求，调查反映，各年段（以双年级为准）已达到阅读量要求的百分比分别是：低段4%，中段5%，高段27%。而六年级阅读总量在30万以下的，高达47％，距离小学毕业应该达到的145万字的课外阅读总量相去甚远。我们还发现，在自发开展课外阅读活动较好的班级，学生的课外阅读总量远远领先于其他班级的学生。4、探索性品质：（1）关于读书方法：86%的学生会用摘抄好词佳句、写读后感、圈点批注、讲述、边读边思考想象等读书方法，但选择方法比较单一，尤其是写内化程度要求较高的读后感的学生仅30%。阅读中遇到问题，29%的学生能查阅工具书或是问身边的人。（2）关于阅读理解：86%的学生认为自己不但能读懂，还有自己的想法，82%的学生认为自己基本能读懂，而只有32%的学生表示不认识的字太多，读不懂，且主要集中在本身识字不多的低年级段。这反映出学生识字、理解等阅读的基本能力整体较好。（二）课外阅读外部影响：1、给予学生课外阅读影响的人：影响最大的依次是，教师，为94％，父母，为12％，同学，为99％，伟人、名人，为42％。2、学生反映家长对课外阅读的态度：否定的为51％，不介入的为23％，赞同的，占26％，其中表示会主动为孩子筛选或购买的的仅29％。父母最支持看的课外书依次为作文选，为45％，名著，为26％，百科全书，为79％，其他诸如上网阅读、报刊杂志，为％，卡通漫画，75％。（三）课外阅读活动开展情况：1、关于日常课外阅读：63%的学生反映老师经常要求学生读课外书，22％的学生反映老师偶尔要求读课外书，15%的学生反映老师没有要求课外阅读。2、关于课外阅读活动的开展：08％的学生反映班里有开展读书交流活动，93％的学生反映班里偶尔开展过读书交流活动，99％的学生反映根本没有开展读书交流活动。（四）课外阅读方向：1、关于图书图文形式：适应学生心理发展特点，低段喜欢读纯图画的图书或图画为主，文字为辅的图书占19％，中段、高段逐步转向喜欢读图画为主，文字为辅的图书或纯文字图书，分别占60％和53％。2、关于图书内容类型：读教辅作文类的占71%，读文学故事类的占51%，读科普类的占64%，读卡通漫画类的占87%，读报刊杂志的占40%，读其它类型的占14%，其中读教辅作文类的高居榜首。（五）课外阅读条件：1、关于课外书的来源：自己买的有79％，向学校图书馆或班里图书角借来的有92％，来自其它方式的有21％。2、关于家庭读书氛围：家里订阅报刊杂志（包括《少年先锋报》）一份以上的有33％，而订阅两份以上的仅04％；家里父母能平均每天读书或报刊杂志半小时以上的有45％，能读一小时以上的仅60％；有书房、书橱或其中之一的为73％；拥有课外书不足10本的高达18％，实际上，一本课外书也没有的大有人在，而拥有课外书30本以上的仅占34％。二、家长问卷统计结果：（一）关于孩子课外阅读习惯：作为孩子课外阅读的观察者，5%家长认为孩子有良好的课外阅读习惯，12％的家长反映孩子有课外阅读行为，38％的家长反映孩子没有读课外书。（二）关于课外阅读活动意义：99％的家长认为读课外书是有益的，只有01％的家长认为课外阅读对孩子没有什么明显帮助。但认为课外阅读就是为了提高孩子的作文水平、提高学习成绩的家长高达08％。（三）关于亲子阅读：经常和孩子一起读书的只有42％，偶尔和孩子一起读书的有34％，没有亲子阅读经历的有24％。大多数家长反映自己没有时间和孩子一起读书。（四）关于课外阅读困难：32％的家长认为孩子课外阅读最大的困难是理解能力不强（而低段多反映学生识字量不足，影响孩子阅读），40％的家长反映孩子课外阅读缺乏指导。（五）关于开展课外阅读活动： 97％的家长对学校开展课外阅读活动明确表示支持，只有10％的家长明确表示不赞同学校开展课外阅读活动。三、结果分析：（一）学生课外阅读的主观态度积极。调查结果反映出真正不爱读课外书的学生并不多，不到百分之十。100％的学生希望学校开展各种各样的课外阅读活动。这对我们即将开展的课题研究是十分有利的，同时也告诉我们，课外阅读的关键是能否长期坚持。不过，我们调查发现，二年级选择“一点都不喜欢”的学生比例高达20%，这是令人忧虑的。它提醒我们，课外阅读是一个长期的工程，必须从小抓起。 （二）学生课外阅读的兴趣不浓厚，主动性不强。兴趣是最好的老师。然而调查表明，我区农村小学生课外阅读的兴趣缺乏，表现在年龄差异上，越到高年级，喜欢课外阅读的学生越少。另外，遇到困难，有相当部分学生采取的是放弃与逃避，不能正视。导致这种情况的出现，原因主要有三，一是因为越到高年级，学生的学习压力越大；二是家长与教师对课外阅读的片面认识与要求导致学生丧失阅读兴趣（家长要求学生课外时间看作文书的高达45％），三是充满神奇、幻想的影视特别是动画片的巨大影响。我们还发现，尽管地处农村，网吧对学生的影响虽然还不是很明显，但所占百分比已经超过了选择读书的，这尤其表现在中高年级，是我们需要引起重视的。（三）学生课外阅读意志品质不强，阅读量小。调查发现，我区农村相当部分学生缺乏课外阅读专注性品质即注意力，不爱读课外书，且有愈来愈烈之势。直接导致课外阅读总量小，无论哪个年级，能达到新课程标准要求的学生很少很少。而且，相当多学生现有的课外阅读量距离新课程标准的要求相去甚远。这说明，开展课外阅读活动，必须加强小学生课外阅读过程中意志品质的锻炼，提高其自控能力。（四）学生课外阅读畏难情绪较大，能力较低，方法不多。调查发现，尽管不少学生能够用一些常用的读书方法，但是思考程度不高，能够综合运用的很少，即使是高年级，相当多的学生也不愿采用写读书笔记、读后感等语言内化与思考程度要求较高的读书方法。家长们反映，很大部分学生课外阅读理解能力差，不认真，怕吃苦，持续时间短，懒于动脑思考，缺乏良好的阅读习惯，需要课外阅读方法的指导。（五）学生课外阅读内容单一，种类少。在内容选择上，学生课外阅读的主要是学习辅导（其中主要是作文）类、童话故事类和漫画卡通类课外书籍。对于其它书籍，比如《百科知识大全》、《十万个为什么》、经典名著以及其它史地、人文等方面的书籍，即使适合他们阅读，他们也不会主动选择来读。原因主要有二，一是受家长只关注孩子成绩，忽视孩子全面发展的急功近利思想影响，二是受自身对一些直观性强的、能调动各方面感觉器官的事物比较感兴趣的心理发展特点的影响。（六）家长、学生对课外阅读的意义认识片面。相当大部分家长急功近利，希望课外阅读能立竿见影，迅速提高孩子学习成绩或是作文水平。而不少学生受家长影响，对课外阅读同样带有很大的功利性，他们就是冲着能提高学习成绩、作文水平而读的。这是一个不容忽视的问题。不过，值得欣慰的是，绝大多数家长并不支持孩子阅读卡通漫画类纯视觉读物。（七）学生课外阅读文化氛围差，无书可读。离孩子最近的人，往往给予他们的影响最大。由于自身素质的局限，家长普遍缺乏阅读习惯，亲子阅读经历极少，不能给学生树立身边的读书榜样。同时，由于农村生活习惯与经济限制，大多数家长也没有为孩子创造一个比较良好的课外阅读环境。因此，学生普遍缺乏来自家庭的文化熏陶。另外，家长们对现代信息技术带来的网络阅读比较陌生，也不利于孩子阅读视野的拓展。而更严重的是，学生无书可读。几乎所有被调查的班上都没有真正意义上的图书角（挂上三五本或是几张报纸，那不叫图书角），学生个人藏书严重不足（不少学生把家里所有课堂以外的书都算上了，数量也很低）。（八）学校对课外阅读重视不够，学校图书室利用率低，课外阅读活动贫乏。原因主要有三，一是学校不够重视，图书室没有专人负责，没有做到向学生全面开放；二是学校现有图书内容陈旧，数量有限，适合学生阅读的图书严重不足；三是任课教师迫于教学压力，很少要求学生课外阅读各种书籍。所以，几乎所有被调查学校都很少或是根本没有开展课外阅读活动，尽管学校都配备了大量的图书，但实际借阅率并不高。这是导致学生课外阅读兴趣丧失、阅读积累少的一个十分重要的原因。（九）广大家长支持学校开展课外阅读活动。从家长的反馈来看，这次调查起到了一个认识引导作用，激发起了家长们对孩子课外阅读的关注与思考，家长明确表态支持课外阅读的百分比高达97％，明显高于学生问卷反映出来的（过去时支持态度）26％，为即将开展的课题研究作了比较到位的前期宣传、动员准备，有利于学生和家长观念的转变，有利于课题研究的施行。对开展农村小学生课外阅读活动的建议：一、 少些功利色彩，注重兴趣培养。1、转变观念，少些功利色彩。开展课外阅读活动，首先要努力转变教师，特别是家长对课外阅读意义的片面认识。应该认识到，课外阅读是学生课堂阅读与学习的延伸，课外阅读的直接目标应该是拓展学生的视野，丰富他们的知识，提高他们的学习能力，使他们具有较为广阔的知识背景和认知能力，当新的学习内容呈现在他们面前时，他们便能较好较快的同化新的学习内容，学得更快，学得更好。课外阅读的最终目标应该是培养学生的人文素养，促进学生全面素质的提高和良好个性与健全人格的形成。我们必须明白，语文素质的提升归根到底还取决于学生自己的勤奋阅读和领悟，知识的积累，能力的提升，同样取决于学生自身的勤奋阅读与领悟。因此，课外阅读，绝不仅仅是多读几本书，简单地达到一定的阅读量。作为老师，或是家长，绝不能把它当成提高学生作文水平或是学习成绩的制胜法宝。
<<次贷危机与房地产泡沫>> 由中国经济出版社发行的。
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