中国农产品物流业促进农产品国际竞争力提高研究摘 要:农产品国际竞争力提高与农产品物流业发展具有高度的相关关系,在理论系统分析的同时,利用自回归分布滞后模型定量分析得出：农产品物流发展水平已成为影响农产品国际竞争力的重要因素,农产品物流业的发展相对滞后制约了我国农产品国际贸易量的进一步提高,在分析发达国家农产品物流模式的基础上,提出通过制定相应的农产品物流业发展战略促进农产品在国外市场上竞争优势提高的建议。七四五六九零四六零 (共5页)
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一、引言二、国内外农产品物流园区建设基本现状三、厦门台湾农产品物流园区建设需求分析四、厦门台湾农产品物流园区建设功能、定位与发展战略五、研究结论与政策建议
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辽宁沿海港口城市物流发展问题研究 简介：(字数：14779，页数：23) 第三方物流的重要性 简介：(字数：29792，页数：35) 生鲜农产品物流运作模式的研究 简介：(字数：11920，页数：20) 第三方物流在电子商务环境下的发展探讨 简介：(字数：16061，页数：25) 环渤海地区港口竞争力比较问题研究 简介：(字数：12440，页数：21) 物流企业服务质量评价模型研究 简介：(字数：10847，页数：22) 浅论食品企业物流业务外包问题研究 简介：(字数：14494，页数：23) 中国物流业现状与发展趋势 简介：(字数：12092，页数：15) 供应链库存管理策略研究与分析 简介：(字数：11786，页数：22)
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我国农产品物流现状及对策研究Relate to Our Country Agricultural Product Logistics Current Situation and the Countermeasure Research摘要：文章通过对农产品物流内涵、意义、特点及现状的分析，指出了目前农产品物流存在的物流设施和物流技术落后、管理水平低下、重复建设现象严重、缺乏具有专业技术知识的人才、农产品物流的信息化水平明显不适应等问题。并借鉴发达国家农产品物流的发展经验，提出改善基础条件、优化整合资源、培育和发展农产品物流组织、加大政府的支持力度、加强教育与培训等对策，为加快我国农产品物流发展提供一定的理论指导和决策参考。1农产品物流的概念和意义1农产品物流概念。2农产品物流的意义2我国农产品物流的特点和现状1我国农产品物流的特点2我国农产品发展的现状3农产品物流面临的问题1物流设施和物流技术落后导致物流过程损耗严重。2管理水平低下以及重复建设现象严重。3缺乏具有专业技术知识的人才4农产品物流的信息化水平明显不适应4发达国家农产品物流经验的借鉴5发展我国农产品物流的对策6结论由于农产品物流的特点和农产品物流研究的复杂性，农产品物流的理论和实践研究都比较贫乏。本文鉴于我国农产品物流的发展存在的问题，提出加强农产品物流载体建设、优化整合资源、培育和发展农产品物流组织、加大政府的支持力度、加强教育与培训等对策，为加快我国农产品物流发展提供一定的理论指导和决策参考。参考文献：[1]李大胜，罗必良关于农产品流通的若干理论问题[J]南方农村，2002(1):30-[2]陈阿兴，岳中刚试论农产品流通与农民组织化问题[J]农业经济问题，2003(2):11-[3]谢培秀试论发展中国的农产品物流业[J]中国流通经济，2003(11):26-[4]丁华供应链管理理论及其在农产品物流企业中的应用[J]中国流通经济，2004(1):17-[5]陈珊珊农业物流现状SWOT分析及发展战略[J]．农村经济与科技，2006(7):29-参考文献：[1]张倩浅议农产品物流[J]农村经济2003，2（19）:48-[2]宋留栓，朱福良SCM在农产品物流开展中的应用[J]工业工程，2005，（9）:29-[3]吴清一物流管理[M]北京:中国物资出版社，[4]韩美贵，张兆同改善和发展我国农产品物流的思考[J]农村经济，2005，（2）:21-[5]贾会棉，路剑我国农产品物流发展中的问题及建议[J]中国经贸导刊，2006（，2）:[6]梁小民西方经济学教程（修订版）[M]北京:中国统计出版社，国际农产品物流发展特征及经验借鉴随着经济全球化发展，现代物流在推动经济发展中的作用愈加明显，很多国家开始关注物流业带来的巨大经济效益以及在成本上的节约。我国正在加快农业现代化建设步伐，为保障农产品货畅其流和物尽其值，应充分借鉴国外先进的农产品物流发展经验，推进国内农产品物流业的发展和创新。一、国际农产品物流发展类型及其特征（一）北美类型以美国、加拿大为代表，其农产品物流集中体现其农产品生产和贸易的数量之巨大。美国农业生产的长期稳定性、品种多样性以及农产品贸易活跃度，使其拥有庞大、协调、通畅、复合、高效的农产品物流体系。1、农产品物流基础设施发达、信息化程度高。美国交通运输设施十分完备，农产品装卸输送设备主要有各式输送机、可移式胶带输送机及低运载量斗式提升机。美国有发达的信息流基础，成立于1848年的芝加哥期货交易所就是农产品各市场主体了解市场行情、获取价格变化信息的直接窗口。众多农业网站、信息咨询公司也为农民了解信息提供了方便途径。2、农产品物流专业化、社会化。美国农产品物流业拥有一批专业的从业人员。就物流通道而言，有完善的社会化服务体系，农产品大多由农场主经产地市场或中央市场的批发商销售给工厂，零售商销售量次之，直接销售的很少。连接农产品供需的物流主体有农场主参加的销售合作社、政府的农产品信贷公司、农商联合体、批发商、零售商、代理商、加工商、储运商和期货投机商等。全美合作社有6000个左右，实行民3、农产品物流组织化程度、供应链管理水平、物流标准化层次均比较高。美国农产品物流组织建设主要包括产销一体化组织和农业协会。产销一体化组织是把农产品生产同其生产资料的制造与供应(产前部门)，以及农产品的储运、加工和销售(产后部门)等有关环节有机地结合在一起的经济联合体。美国有许多专业性的农业协会，这些协会是自发性组织，相互独立，资金自筹。这两类组织构成了美国农产品物流的主体，对农产品物流高效运行起到关键作用。美国绝大部分包装食品和大宗物品(袋装橘子、苹果)使用条形码(barcode)，这些条形码的设计使企业及时了解食品供应链的物流状况，借此来对供应链上游物流的流入进行有效管理。4、政府宏观调控，依托市场运行。美国政府干预农产品物流，主要以法律和财政经济政策方式从宏观上创造供求均衡和价格稳定条件。美国政府重视对农业、公共农业研究开发和农村教育项目的投资，1998年推行了旨在提高农民素质的“新农民计划”。美国建立了完善的农场主批发市场和终点批发市场，批发业务实现了规模化。农村中的销售合作社以及大量从事农产品贸易的人员，活跃了农产品物流活动。农产品期货市场和现货市场同步运行，以实现物尽其值。（二）西欧类型欧洲农产品物流业发展以荷兰、法国和德国为主要代表。1、农产品物流基础设施发达。由于农产品保鲜期短，便利快捷的运输、合理的流通网点分布对于降低农产品损耗、提高农产品流通交易效率至关重要。荷兰的蔬菜、水果的损耗率仅为5%，而中国却高达20%以上。在促进农产品流通过程中，欧洲各国十分注重发挥公共设施服务功能的作用，不断完善基础设施的改造，优化网点布局。欧盟每年也从财政中拨款，对改善农产品运输、储存、加工和销售的项目进行补贴，包括修建码头、仓库(包括冷库)和市场等基础设施，此项补贴占欧盟农业基金的25%，在某些基础设施较差的区域甚至可达30%~50%。目前，除发达便利的海运、铁路、公路运输外，欧盟各国大规模的农产品批发市场布局也非常合理。如荷兰拥有包括欧洲第三大航空港斯希波尔机场在内的6个航空港和鹿特丹港，其中鹿特丹港靠近重要的蔬菜和水果的种植地区，港区四周高速公路和水路运输网络非常发达，而且靠近欧盟国家水果进出口中心所在地巴伦德雷赫，可迅速便捷地将荷兰58%以上的蔬菜与切花等鲜活植物运往巴黎、伦敦、香港等世界各大城市。通过充分利用其交通设施便利的优势，荷兰的花卉产业目前已占领了全球60%的花卉市场。2、农产品物流链缩短，实现物流增值。通过收集分类、鲜储、拍卖、包装等程序，将来自世界各地的商品花卉集散到世界各国，花卉品种达几千种，几乎全部是标准化生产。成交的花卉迅速由集装箱运往机场或港口，分销世界各地，有的当天就可运到销地市场。3、发展电子物流，冷冻行业发达。荷兰花卉和园艺中心拥有最先进的拍卖系统、新式电子交换式信息和订货系统，通过电子化农业产品物流园区和配送中心向全球许多国家的广大客户和消费者提供服务。配送保鲜、冷冻和易腐货物的公司在储存和运输的过程均具备先进的冷冻技术设备。（三）东亚类型亚洲农产品物流业的先进代表是韩国、日本和中国台湾省，这些国家和地区几乎都是“以小搏大”的农产品物流发展模式。1、政府主导，推动物流基础设施建设。韩国和日本是这种模式的主要代表，均以批发市场为主渠道，以拍卖为手段。日本近年来在大中城市、港口、主要公路枢纽都对物流设施用地进行了合理规划，在全国范围内开展了包括高速公路网、新干线铁路运输网、沿海港湾设施、航空枢纽港、流通聚集地在内的各种基础设施建设。2、注重农产品物流硬件设施和信息系统建设。批发市场早已改变仅有广场、仓库和停车场的局面，配备有完善的保管设施、冷风冷藏设施、配送设施、加工设施等。日本的食品配送中心大都建有低温和常温仓库、包装加工设施等，开展加工、小包装分解、分等分级、电子商务配送等业务。频繁而小批量的配送是日本物流业的主要特色。目前日本的大规模零售店都已安装了自动定货系统，与交易对方联机，并有VAN(附加值通讯网)将食品业和批发业联结起来，提高了流通效率。同时日本的批发市场也已装备完善的信息设施，实现全国乃至世界主要批发市场的联网。韩国市场管理部门依托市场这一载体，建立起全方位的信息网络，在保障农产品的供应品种、数量和价格形成上，起到了十分重要的作用。信息内容包括农产品交易品种、拍卖定价、交易时间和提货地点以及该类产品主产地相关信息、市场流通费用、市场内出入车辆和入市人员情况等。3、农产品物流组织化、专业化程度高。为提高农产品交易水平和交易效率，从事农产品物流都有专门的组织协助，其组织化、专业化、规模化程度较高。日本农协作为组织农产品进入流通的关键性组织，把分散的农户组织起来，增强了农民作为卖方的讨价还价能力，保护了农民利益。基层农协在产地一般都建有农产品集贸所，负责本农协成员产品的集中、挑选、包装或冷藏和组织上市。农协不仅为其成员解决产品销售、运输等问题，还将批发市场的购销信息及时传递给农户，引导生产。农业合作组织以综合性为主，批发市场最主要的产地供货团体是农协，各大中小城市都有由农协直接参加或组织的农产品批发市场。农产品生产总量的80%~90%经由批发市场后与消费者见面。4、完备的法律法规及市场条例指导。日本1921年就颁布了《中央批发市场法》，将中央批发市场的开设、管理、交易等纳入法治轨道。随着经济的发展和批发市场地位的日益提高，于1971年将《中央批发市场法》改为《批发市场法》，将地方批发市场也纳入法制轨道，以后每隔5年修订一次。各地方政府和有关部门也依据该法制定了系列的地方法规。二、国际农产品物流发展经验对我国的启示（一）培育物流主体，沟通产销对接应通过体制创新，改造、培育与壮大农产品物流主体，降低流通成本，探索将农产品从农户或产品生产企业直接投放到零售商货架，甚至是消费者手中的途径。重点培育规模化经营的批发商，使其在农产品物流发展中发挥重要作用。美国的批发市场，每个市场的批发商虽不多，但他们的经营活动都是大规模的，几乎垄断了美国的果蔬流通，这使其能承担市场竞争中的风险。因此，我国应有意识地培育农产品物流主体，重点壮大一批具有承受市场变化压力的大型批发商，有效地组织产销衔接，促进农产品流通顺畅。（二）完善基础设施，增加资金投入为实现农产品供应链的高效有序，我国需要良好的包括农产品批发市场、仓储、交通运输条件上等基础设施支持，其中重点应完善批发市场的功能，提高批发市场的档次，在全国大中城市和主要产区建设一批布局合理、交易方式先进、功能齐全、安全卫生的骨干批发市场；积极发展连锁超市、直销配送等新型流通组织，建立多层次、多业态、多种经营方式的农产品市场体系；加快农产品的储藏、加工、运输、配送等物流设施建设，建立现代化的农产品物流服务体系；在资金来源上，应学习日本经验，采取多种形式，鼓励个人、集体、政府等多渠道资金投资农产品流通设施建设。（三）注重信息建设，实施标准物流在原有农村信息系统的基础上，建立农产品物流信息管理系统。加强市场信息硬件基础设施建设，对物流各环节进行实时跟踪与全程管理，实现生产者、销售者信息共享。要加强农产品物流标准化建设，在包装、运输和装卸等环节，推行与国际接轨的物流设施、物流工具标准，如托盘、货架、装卸机具、条形码等，实现物流活动规范化。制定全国统一的相关农产品质量标准，包括：理化指标、感官指标、安全食用指标、鲜度指标等，并对农产品原产地进行大气环境测试、土壤成分测试、水资源测试等。（四）优化组织结构，加快立法进程欧美、日本等国家经过多年的发展已形成从农产品生产到流通一整套的理论和体制，基本实现经营规模化，功能综合化，资本股份化，市场开设和经营管理分离化。发达市场经济的国家都将农产品的生产管理、产后加工、安全卫生、上市运销、零售消费等生产和流通诸环节的行政管理职能，归口于农业行政管理部门。如日本由农林水产省流通局和地方农林部门流通室负责农产品的流通行政管理。美国和法国农产品流通行政管理职能也由农业行政部门负责。这种管理体制符合市场经济条件下的农产品生产与流通一元化的运行原理，也符合农产品商品化生产经营的规律，可减少政出多门，提高行政管理效率，值得我国借鉴。同时，要加快立法进程，完善相关法规。应制订《农副产品批发市场法》和《农副产品批发市场标准》等相关法规，对我国农副产品批发市场的市场规则、市场准入制度等问题做出清晰界定。（作者单位为华中科技大学管理学院）
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle- Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human- Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible It is considered an ideal form of sustainable Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary- Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph) Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be [1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of Alternative methods include monorail and A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more [3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or [5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and [6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced [7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the The steam was produced using wood or Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal [9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power It is most commonly used at steep Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar S [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built However, they require fixed infrastructure at Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple [11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of The financing of infrastructure can either be public or Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national Since the 1980s, many of these have been International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public [13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in [14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for [15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is [16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of [17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during [18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the [19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight [20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial R The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as
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我国农产品物流现状及对策研究Relate to Our Country Agricultural Product Logistics Current Situation and the Countermeasure Research摘要：文章通过对农产品物流内涵、意义、特点及现状的分析，指出了目前农产品物流存在的物流设施和物流技术落后、管理水平低下、重复建设现象严重、缺乏具有专业技术知识的人才、农产品物流的信息化水平明显不适应等问题。并借鉴发达国家农产品物流的发展经验，提出改善基础条件、优化整合资源、培育和发展农产品物流组织、加大政府的支持力度、加强教育与培训等对策，为加快我国农产品物流发展提供一定的理论指导和决策参考。1农产品物流的概念和意义1农产品物流概念。2农产品物流的意义2我国农产品物流的特点和现状1我国农产品物流的特点2我国农产品发展的现状3农产品物流面临的问题1物流设施和物流技术落后导致物流过程损耗严重。2管理水平低下以及重复建设现象严重。3缺乏具有专业技术知识的人才4农产品物流的信息化水平明显不适应4发达国家农产品物流经验的借鉴5发展我国农产品物流的对策6结论由于农产品物流的特点和农产品物流研究的复杂性，农产品物流的理论和实践研究都比较贫乏。本文鉴于我国农产品物流的发展存在的问题，提出加强农产品物流载体建设、优化整合资源、培育和发展农产品物流组织、加大政府的支持力度、加强教育与培训等对策，为加快我国农产品物流发展提供一定的理论指导和决策参考。参考文献：[1]李大胜，罗必良关于农产品流通的若干理论问题[J]南方农村，2002(1):30-[2]陈阿兴，岳中刚试论农产品流通与农民组织化问题[J]农业经济问题，2003(2):11-[3]谢培秀试论发展中国的农产品物流业[J]中国流通经济，2003(11):26-[4]丁华供应链管理理论及其在农产品物流企业中的应用[J]中国流通经济，2004(1):17-[5]陈珊珊农业物流现状SWOT分析及发展战略[J]．农村经济与科技，2006(7):29-参考文献：[1]张倩浅议农产品物流[J]农村经济2003，2（19）:48-[2]宋留栓，朱福良SCM在农产品物流开展中的应用[J]工业工程，2005，（9）:29-[3]吴清一物流管理[M]北京:中国物资出版社，[4]韩美贵，张兆同改善和发展我国农产品物流的思考[J]农村经济，2005，（2）:21-[5]贾会棉，路剑我国农产品物流发展中的问题及建议[J]中国经贸导刊，2006（，2）:[6]梁小民西方经济学教程（修订版）[M]北京:中国统计出版社，国际农产品物流发展特征及经验借鉴随着经济全球化发展，现代物流在推动经济发展中的作用愈加明显，很多国家开始关注物流业带来的巨大经济效益以及在成本上的节约。我国正在加快农业现代化建设步伐，为保障农产品货畅其流和物尽其值，应充分借鉴国外先进的农产品物流发展经验，推进国内农产品物流业的发展和创新。一、国际农产品物流发展类型及其特征（一）北美类型以美国、加拿大为代表，其农产品物流集中体现其农产品生产和贸易的数量之巨大。美国农业生产的长期稳定性、品种多样性以及农产品贸易活跃度，使其拥有庞大、协调、通畅、复合、高效的农产品物流体系。1、农产品物流基础设施发达、信息化程度高。美国交通运输设施十分完备，农产品装卸输送设备主要有各式输送机、可移式胶带输送机及低运载量斗式提升机。美国有发达的信息流基础，成立于1848年的芝加哥期货交易所就是农产品各市场主体了解市场行情、获取价格变化信息的直接窗口。众多农业网站、信息咨询公司也为农民了解信息提供了方便途径。2、农产品物流专业化、社会化。美国农产品物流业拥有一批专业的从业人员。就物流通道而言，有完善的社会化服务体系，农产品大多由农场主经产地市场或中央市场的批发商销售给工厂，零售商销售量次之，直接销售的很少。连接农产品供需的物流主体有农场主参加的销售合作社、政府的农产品信贷公司、农商联合体、批发商、零售商、代理商、加工商、储运商和期货投机商等。全美合作社有6000个左右，实行民3、农产品物流组织化程度、供应链管理水平、物流标准化层次均比较高。美国农产品物流组织建设主要包括产销一体化组织和农业协会。产销一体化组织是把农产品生产同其生产资料的制造与供应(产前部门)，以及农产品的储运、加工和销售(产后部门)等有关环节有机地结合在一起的经济联合体。美国有许多专业性的农业协会，这些协会是自发性组织，相互独立，资金自筹。这两类组织构成了美国农产品物流的主体，对农产品物流高效运行起到关键作用。美国绝大部分包装食品和大宗物品(袋装橘子、苹果)使用条形码(barcode)，这些条形码的设计使企业及时了解食品供应链的物流状况，借此来对供应链上游物流的流入进行有效管理。4、政府宏观调控，依托市场运行。美国政府干预农产品物流，主要以法律和财政经济政策方式从宏观上创造供求均衡和价格稳定条件。美国政府重视对农业、公共农业研究开发和农村教育项目的投资，1998年推行了旨在提高农民素质的“新农民计划”。美国建立了完善的农场主批发市场和终点批发市场，批发业务实现了规模化。农村中的销售合作社以及大量从事农产品贸易的人员，活跃了农产品物流活动。农产品期货市场和现货市场同步运行，以实现物尽其值。（二）西欧类型欧洲农产品物流业发展以荷兰、法国和德国为主要代表。1、农产品物流基础设施发达。由于农产品保鲜期短，便利快捷的运输、合理的流通网点分布对于降低农产品损耗、提高农产品流通交易效率至关重要。荷兰的蔬菜、水果的损耗率仅为5%，而中国却高达20%以上。在促进农产品流通过程中，欧洲各国十分注重发挥公共设施服务功能的作用，不断完善基础设施的改造，优化网点布局。欧盟每年也从财政中拨款，对改善农产品运输、储存、加工和销售的项目进行补贴，包括修建码头、仓库(包括冷库)和市场等基础设施，此项补贴占欧盟农业基金的25%，在某些基础设施较差的区域甚至可达30%~50%。目前，除发达便利的海运、铁路、公路运输外，欧盟各国大规模的农产品批发市场布局也非常合理。如荷兰拥有包括欧洲第三大航空港斯希波尔机场在内的6个航空港和鹿特丹港，其中鹿特丹港靠近重要的蔬菜和水果的种植地区，港区四周高速公路和水路运输网络非常发达，而且靠近欧盟国家水果进出口中心所在地巴伦德雷赫，可迅速便捷地将荷兰58%以上的蔬菜与切花等鲜活植物运往巴黎、伦敦、香港等世界各大城市。通过充分利用其交通设施便利的优势，荷兰的花卉产业目前已占领了全球60%的花卉市场。2、农产品物流链缩短，实现物流增值。通过收集分类、鲜储、拍卖、包装等程序，将来自世界各地的商品花卉集散到世界各国，花卉品种达几千种，几乎全部是标准化生产。成交的花卉迅速由集装箱运往机场或港口，分销世界各地，有的当天就可运到销地市场。3、发展电子物流，冷冻行业发达。荷兰花卉和园艺中心拥有最先进的拍卖系统、新式电子交换式信息和订货系统，通过电子化农业产品物流园区和配送中心向全球许多国家的广大客户和消费者提供服务。配送保鲜、冷冻和易腐货物的公司在储存和运输的过程均具备先进的冷冻技术设备。（三）东亚类型亚洲农产品物流业的先进代表是韩国、日本和中国台湾省，这些国家和地区几乎都是“以小搏大”的农产品物流发展模式。1、政府主导，推动物流基础设施建设。韩国和日本是这种模式的主要代表，均以批发市场为主渠道，以拍卖为手段。日本近年来在大中城市、港口、主要公路枢纽都对物流设施用地进行了合理规划，在全国范围内开展了包括高速公路网、新干线铁路运输网、沿海港湾设施、航空枢纽港、流通聚集地在内的各种基础设施建设。2、注重农产品物流硬件设施和信息系统建设。批发市场早已改变仅有广场、仓库和停车场的局面，配备有完善的保管设施、冷风冷藏设施、配送设施、加工设施等。日本的食品配送中心大都建有低温和常温仓库、包装加工设施等，开展加工、小包装分解、分等分级、电子商务配送等业务。频繁而小批量的配送是日本物流业的主要特色。目前日本的大规模零售店都已安装了自动定货系统，与交易对方联机，并有VAN(附加值通讯网)将食品业和批发业联结起来，提高了流通效率。同时日本的批发市场也已装备完善的信息设施，实现全国乃至世界主要批发市场的联网。韩国市场管理部门依托市场这一载体，建立起全方位的信息网络，在保障农产品的供应品种、数量和价格形成上，起到了十分重要的作用。信息内容包括农产品交易品种、拍卖定价、交易时间和提货地点以及该类产品主产地相关信息、市场流通费用、市场内出入车辆和入市人员情况等。3、农产品物流组织化、专业化程度高。为提高农产品交易水平和交易效率，从事农产品物流都有专门的组织协助，其组织化、专业化、规模化程度较高。日本农协作为组织农产品进入流通的关键性组织，把分散的农户组织起来，增强了农民作为卖方的讨价还价能力，保护了农民利益。基层农协在产地一般都建有农产品集贸所，负责本农协成员产品的集中、挑选、包装或冷藏和组织上市。农协不仅为其成员解决产品销售、运输等问题，还将批发市场的购销信息及时传递给农户，引导生产。农业合作组织以综合性为主，批发市场最主要的产地供货团体是农协，各大中小城市都有由农协直接参加或组织的农产品批发市场。农产品生产总量的80%~90%经由批发市场后与消费者见面。4、完备的法律法规及市场条例指导。日本1921年就颁布了《中央批发市场法》，将中央批发市场的开设、管理、交易等纳入法治轨道。随着经济的发展和批发市场地位的日益提高，于1971年将《中央批发市场法》改为《批发市场法》，将地方批发市场也纳入法制轨道，以后每隔5年修订一次。各地方政府和有关部门也依据该法制定了系列的地方法规。二、国际农产品物流发展经验对我国的启示（一）培育物流主体，沟通产销对接应通过体制创新，改造、培育与壮大农产品物流主体，降低流通成本，探索将农产品从农户或产品生产企业直接投放到零售商货架，甚至是消费者手中的途径。重点培育规模化经营的批发商，使其在农产品物流发展中发挥重要作用。美国的批发市场，每个市场的批发商虽不多，但他们的经营活动都是大规模的，几乎垄断了美国的果蔬流通，这使其能承担市场竞争中的风险。因此，我国应有意识地培育农产品物流主体，重点壮大一批具有承受市场变化压力的大型批发商，有效地组织产销衔接，促进农产品流通顺畅。（二）完善基础设施，增加资金投入为实现农产品供应链的高效有序，我国需要良好的包括农产品批发市场、仓储、交通运输条件上等基础设施支持，其中重点应完善批发市场的功能，提高批发市场的档次，在全国大中城市和主要产区建设一批布局合理、交易方式先进、功能齐全、安全卫生的骨干批发市场；积极发展连锁超市、直销配送等新型流通组织，建立多层次、多业态、多种经营方式的农产品市场体系；加快农产品的储藏、加工、运输、配送等物流设施建设，建立现代化的农产品物流服务体系；在资金来源上，应学习日本经验，采取多种形式，鼓励个人、集体、政府等多渠道资金投资农产品流通设施建设。（三）注重信息建设，实施标准物流在原有农村信息系统的基础上，建立农产品物流信息管理系统。加强市场信息硬件基础设施建设，对物流各环节进行实时跟踪与全程管理，实现生产者、销售者信息共享。要加强农产品物流标准化建设，在包装、运输和装卸等环节，推行与国际接轨的物流设施、物流工具标准，如托盘、货架、装卸机具、条形码等，实现物流活动规范化。制定全国统一的相关农产品质量标准，包括：理化指标、感官指标、安全食用指标、鲜度指标等，并对农产品原产地进行大气环境测试、土壤成分测试、水资源测试等。（四）优化组织结构，加快立法进程欧美、日本等国家经过多年的发展已形成从农产品生产到流通一整套的理论和体制，基本实现经营规模化，功能综合化，资本股份化，市场开设和经营管理分离化。发达市场经济的国家都将农产品的生产管理、产后加工、安全卫生、上市运销、零售消费等生产和流通诸环节的行政管理职能，归口于农业行政管理部门。如日本由农林水产省流通局和地方农林部门流通室负责农产品的流通行政管理。美国和法国农产品流通行政管理职能也由农业行政部门负责。这种管理体制符合市场经济条件下的农产品生产与流通一元化的运行原理，也符合农产品商品化生产经营的规律，可减少政出多门，提高行政管理效率，值得我国借鉴。同时，要加快立法进程，完善相关法规。应制订《农副产品批发市场法》和《农副产品批发市场标准》等相关法规，对我国农副产品批发市场的市场规则、市场准入制度等问题做出清晰界定。（作者单位为华中科技大学管理学院）