英语复习:打好“基础”战
自第二轮复习以来,考生普遍沉溺于“题海战术”,在专题训练和综合试题的“轮番轰炸”下,考生很少能静下心来梳理基础知识。因此,在临近高考时,很多考生会出现这种怪现象:很多题目乍一看很熟悉,但一动笔就卡壳。如语法填空题中出现下列句子:Much money was made use of____(buy)story books.很多考生一看到空格前面是of,就想到后面要用doing,毫不犹豫就填buying。事实上,这是一个固定搭配:sth. be made use of to do,意思是“……被使用来做……”。考生之所以犯错,根本原因是基础知识不牢固。
综观近几年全国及各省市高考英语教学试题,容易题和中档题大概占试卷的80%左右,难题只占20%左右。如果不注重基础,一味攻克难题、怪题,只能是“捡了芝麻丢了西瓜”。作为抓基础的关键,下面笔者以高考热点词汇和语法为例,为考生梳理出有效的复习脉络。
1/不同动词与活跃的介词、副词的搭配
will his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.
A. take up B. put up C. add up D. break up
language can a lot about your mood, so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.
A. take away B. throw away
C. put away D. give away
【解析】1.A 2.D 这两道题考查不同动词与同一副词的搭配。第1题句意:彼得将于下个月月底担任旅行社的领导职位。take up开始从事,符合句意。put up张贴、建造, add up加起来,break up分裂、结束。第2题句意:肢体语言在很大程度上可以暴露你的情绪,双手交叉站着说明你处于防御状态。take away拿走、解除(痛苦),throw away扔掉、丢弃,put away把……放好,give away泄露、赠送。
【知识梳理】与动词搭配活跃的副词和介词有at、about、in、on、up、down、of、off、to、from、for、out、over、up、with等,考生要有意识地将这些词与不同动词的搭配结合起来记忆。其中动词与up的搭配是高考的高频考点:①up表示“完全、彻底”,如clean up清除, clear up澄清、放晴;②up表示“起来、向上”,如get up起床、站起,put up张贴、建造;③up表示“碎裂、分开”,如break up分裂、结束,cut up切碎;④up表示“起加强语气的作用”,如cheer up鼓舞、使高兴,build up建立、增强;⑤up表示“持续、维持”,如keep up保持,stay up熬夜;⑥up表示“结束、一点也不剩”,如burn up完全烧尽,eat up吃光。
2/同一动词的不同搭配
had to______ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
A. turn in B. turn down C. turn over D. turn to
【解析】3.B 句意:因为上周末太忙,汤姆不得不拒绝宴会的邀请。 turn in上交、提交,turn down拒绝、关小, turn over翻转、 移交,turn to求助、转向。
【知识梳理】搭配活跃的常用动词有如下几个:break、bring、call、come、cut、die、do、get、give、go、have、keep、look、make、put、set、take、turn等,考生要将这些动词与不同介词和副词的搭配罗列在一起进行记忆。
同一动词与不同介词和副词的搭配往往有多个,考生易于遗忘,笔者认为最好的办法就是编几个句子把它们串起来记忆。如die的常用搭配:die down 渐渐减弱,die out 消灭、灭绝,die off相继死去,die of死于内因,die from死于外因。我们可以把die的这些常用搭配编成这样一个易于记忆和理解的句子:昨天他在我们谈话渐弱时开始给我们讲故事,他说很久以前,恐龙们相继死去,一些死于疾病,一些死于自然灾害,最后,恐龙灭绝了。英文翻译为:He began to tell us a story after our talking died down. He said dinosaurs died off long ago. Some died of diseases and some died from natural disasters. In the end, dinosaurs died out.
3/状语从句的省略结构:连接词+n./adj./adv./doing/done /to do...+主句
_______for the job, you’ll be informed soon.
A .to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted
games can be a poor influence if ________ in the wrong hands.
A. to leave B. leaving C. leave D. left
【解析】4.D 5.D 第4和第5题都是考查状语从句中省略的用法,根据状语从句的省略规则,在两道题的空格处分别加上you are和video games,把省略的成分补上去,就可以快速确定答案。
【知识梳理】状语从句中的省略有两种情况:①如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句的谓语含有be 动词的某种形式(am / is / are / was /were),则可同时省略从句的主语和be 动词。②如果从句中有it is / was,并且无意义,则可把它们省略。如:If it is possible, I will visit you this weekend.=If possible, I will visit you this weekend.
4/that/what引导名词性从句的区别
6.I truly believe ______beauty comes from within.
A. that B. where C. what D. why
7.A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not ______ ships are built for.
A. what B. whom C. why D. when
【解析】6.A 7.A 第6题句意:我真的相信美是发自内心的。分析句子结构可知,_____beauty comes from within,空格处的部分在句中做believe的宾语从句,从句不缺少成分,故选A。第7题句意:港口里的船是安全的,但那不是制造船的目的。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是表语从句,且从句中的介词for缺少宾语,故选what。
【知识梳理】that与what引导名词性从句的区别:that只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,无实际意义,在宾语从句中可省略;what除引导从句外,还在从句中充当成分,意为“所……的(东西)”。 另外,that 可以引导同位语从句,what不能。
5/“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
ng an atmosphere______employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which
our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses.
A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them
【解析】8.C 9.C。这两题都是考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。第8题,句子的先行词是atmosphere,空格处部分在定语从句中充当地点状语,“在……氛围中”用介词in。第9题句意:我们班有46个学生,其中有一半人戴眼镜。在46个学生当中,表所属关系,故用介词of。
【知识梳理】在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,介词的选择是关键。介词的选择可依据以下原则:
①根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。例如:
I have a good friend named Mary from whom I learn a lot.
②根据定语从句中的动词搭配来确定。例如:
He is a person to whom you can turn anytime.
③根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。例如:
There are some new students in my class with whom I am not very familiar.
④表示“所属关系”或“整体中的部分”时用介词of。例如:
I have seen a number of movies,of which Kung Fu Panda is my favorite.
6/部分倒装:助动词(be, do, have)+主语+谓语+其他
when Lily walked into the office ______ that she had left the contract at home.
A. she realized B. has she realized
C. she has realized D. did she realize
until he went through real hardship _____the love we have for our families is important.
A. had he realized B. did he realize
C. he realized D. he had realized
【解析】10.D 11.B 这两道题都考查部分倒装。第10题,only+时间状语从句位于句首,主句用部分倒装,由于空格后宾语从句是过去完成时,故主句应用一般过去时。第11题,not until+从句位于句首,主句用部分倒装,根据句意可知,realize发生在went through之后,故用一般过去时。
【知识梳理】高考常考的部分倒装有以下四点:①表否定意义的单词或短语放于句首:hardly,seldom,never,little,not,not only ,in no way,by no means,in no case; ②only+副词、短语或从句,用于句首表示强调;③以so开头的句子,表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者:so+谓语+主语,表示“……也如此”;④以neither,nor开头的句子,表示前面否定的情况也适用于后者:neither/nor+谓语+主语,表示“……也不”。
全部倒装:将谓语动词完全移到主语前面,称为全部倒装;here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副词或表示地点的介词短语放于句首,主语是名词时,句子要用全部倒装。主语是代词时,主谓不用倒装。
7/doing/done/to do做定语和状语
park was full of people _________ themselves in the sunshine
A. having enjoyed B. enjoyed
C. enjoying D. to enjoy
13._____the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
A. Catching B. Caught C. To catch D. Catch
14.____ in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise
【解析】12.C 13.C 14.C 第12题考查非谓语动词做定语的用法。分析句子结构可知,空格处部分充当people的定语,people和enjoy为逻辑上的主谓关系,故用doing。第13题和第14题考查非谓语动词充当状语。分析第13题的句子结构和题干语境可知,_____the early flight,空格处部分在句中充当目的状语,故用to do不定式。第14题中的raise与句子的主语he是逻辑上的动宾关系,因此排除B、D项,A是现在分词的被动式,表示动作正在发生,故排除A项。
【知识梳理】①做定语时,doing表示主动进行,being done表示被动进行,done表示被动完成,to do表示有待发生,to be done表示有待被发生。②做状语时,主动进行用doing,主动完成用having done,被动用done,被动完成用done或having been done。to do做状语,表示目的、原因或意料之外的结果。
作者:黄连英 来源:求学·文科版 2016年5期
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