由于学习语言专业，接触到不少外籍教师，有来自北美洲，澳洲和西欧的。和其中一些教师有比较多的书信来往，相处也不错。他们常常会说“我们是好朋友”。然而，对于朋友之间的友谊，中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策，越来越多的西方文化涌入中国，更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问，哪些不该说，以尊重朋友的隐私，但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透，双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如，在我们这里，一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请，即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来，你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事，但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事，去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’，只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方，居住地的搬迁，工作的更换，学业的结束，婚姻的变化等等，都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止，那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时，又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去，直到一生。然而，西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友，但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变，朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性，而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国，我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助，而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性，也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国，朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如，找一份不错工作，请一位好的医生，职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里，往往相反。比如，朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重，互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念，思维，习俗，人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。 虽然亚洲人和西方人对友谊有不同的看法。但是人们不需要因为这些差异而裹足不前，不与西方人为友。 回想一下，在公共汽车上或是餐厅里，坐在外国人旁边的情形。当时你或许期望自己知道要怎么和他搭讪；也许你因为太紧张而不敢尝试；或者你不知道要如何开始与不同文化的人士作朋友。中国人和西方人对待友谊的方式的确有很大不同。其实，跟一些外国人交往，会发现大有收获。 在开始和西方人聊天时，不要稳态隐私的问题。例如，年龄和薪水。还有，最好也不要评论对方的外表。由于他们的外表和身边所有的中国人都不一样，他们也许会感到不自在。“你真的很美”之类的赞美之词也可能令他们不舒服。与刚刚结识的外国人，谈谈家庭、兴趣、工作或教育，一定不会错的。有关他们的故乡以及旅游，也是很好的话题。 亚洲人与西方人对友谊的期待也不相同。在西方文化里，通常和特定的活动有所关联：西方人和这个朋友打篮球，和另外一朋友散步，和另一群朋友看电影 …… 许多西方人士很注重他们的个人隐私。如果你不被希望参与他们的某项活动，不要感到惊讶，这对于担心朋友会孤单的中国人来说，可能觉得有点奇怪。中国人常常期望好朋友能给些忠告，并且在各方面都被关照。但从西方朋友身上很难得到如此关怀。因为大部分的西方人很重视独立自主，如果别人觉得他不能照顾自己，对他们来说是一种侮辱，他们会假设你也有同样感受。 当然，不能一概而论，也许不能适用在所有西方人身上。接触的每个人对友谊都有自己的一套看法。当你感到迷惑时，不用怀疑或担心，直截了当的询问。西方人对中国人的文化同样也有很多问题，或许他么也在犹豫该不该问呢。 敞开心胸真诚对待朋友，尊重彼此的差异。你们所建立的友谊可能会成为终生受用不尽的宝藏！ 美国的年轻人从1935年起，就把每年8月的第一个周日定为国际友情日。这一天属于聚会和友情，他们一起分享工作、生活中的点点滴滴，诉说平时不曾说过的心情故事，分享彼此珍藏在心底最深的感触。而如今，友谊日也随着中西方文化的交流，开始被不少中国人接受，尤其是在上海的一些外企，在西方文化的带动下，不少公司都开始在友情节前的周五给员工一个小时的假期，让自己的员工联络各自的朋友。这一个小时里，送出的也许只是一句简单的问候，或者一杯共享的百利，但却可以让朋友们知道彼此的牵挂。
中西友谊观对比人处在社会中,不能独自生活，必须和社会接触，必须结交朋友，须得到他人的赞同，须得到别人的关怀。因此，朋友在每个人的日常生活中甚至每个人的生命中都扮演了一个举足轻重的角色。对友谊的需求是全人类普遍存在的现象,无论对于中国人还是美国人，朋友都是非常重要的人际关系，正如我们中国人的一句友谊格言所说：“没有真挚朋友的人，是真正孤独的人！”美国人对待友谊的看法也有类似的格言：“Without a friend, the world is a wilderness.（没有朋友，世界成了荒野）。”由此可见，朋友对于任何人而言有多么地重要。但由于东西方文化的差异，在对待交朋结友这件事上，中国人的友谊观与美国人的友谊观存在着明显的差异。今天，我最主要从以下六个方面来谈谈中美友谊观中存在的差异：一、从定义看新华字典中对于朋友的解释为“同学，志同道合的人或特指恋人”，由此可知，中国人内心里对“朋友”的界定非常明确，内心有一把非常清楚的尺。而美国人的“朋友”概念却相对宽松。在牛津高阶英汉双解词典第七版中对“朋友”一词的定义为“喜欢的人、支持者，不是敌人，讨厌的人”等，由此我们可以看出，对于友谊美国人相比较中国人而言更加开放更加随性。有个留学生曾经概括说：“当一个美国人称某人为‘朋友’，大多数情形下他只是在表示礼貌友好，而不是真的要跟他建立一种友谊。”二、“友谊”持续时间在中国，友谊往往是坚固、稳定甚至是终身的。就算是分别两地，朋友之间往往都会相互联系，或许是通过打电话或是聚会等，两者的友谊并不会随着时间的流逝而消逝。外国人对友谊并不一定追求“永恒”，美式友谊就有些“速溶咖啡”的味道了，朋友交得快，忘得也快。美国是全世界流动性最大的一个国家，这种流动性使得美国人的人际关系相对淡薄。美国人对朋友的热情很快能从一个人转移到另一个人。因此，在美国，朋友之间如果一段时间内不联系、不见面，他们的友谊就会迅速地枯萎甚至死亡。三、“友谊”延伸的范围及领域在中国人看来，朋友间的亲密程度是较高的，朋友之间往往会形成一种互相依靠的合作关系。美国人之间的友谊，大多数局限在某个领域，而不会自然而然地延伸到彼此生活、工作的其他领域之中。大多数美国人认为友谊需要保持一定的距离。因此，和老外做朋友，有一种“君子之交淡如水”的感觉。四、交友目的的差异在中国，交朋结友本身就是一种乐趣，很少有人从一开始就想从对方那里获取利益。中国人交朋友往往建立在有共同语言、志趣相投的基础之上，交朋友的目的相对单纯并且感性。在美国，实用主义是美国人的独特信念，这种实用主义自然而然地反映在美国人的友谊观上，美国人找工作时的一句名言“重要的不是你会什么，而是你认识谁”这反映了美国人“交朋结友”，其意在扩大自己的交际圈，为自己未来的发展预留机遇和空间，以及增加自己的收入方面所发挥的举足轻重的作用。五、建立及维系友谊方式的差异（一）建立友谊的差异中国人对建立友谊非常谨慎，也就是第一道心理防线是非常高的，所以当他们和陌生人见面时往往比较谨慎，彼此之间要接触相当长的一段时间，交流到了一定的深度，摸清彼此的习性和脾气，发现彼此是志趣相投或是共同经历“磨难”之后才会在心里承认彼此是朋友，才会看重这段友谊。如“路遥知马力，日久见人心”。在中国的传统文化中，友谊意味着朋友间一生的信约，是要慢慢培养的，因为友谊一旦形成就终身相随。中国人所交的朋友必须是志同道合，兴趣相投，性格相近，否则就不能为真正的朋友，只能算是点头之交，泛泛之辈。
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
对于朋友之间的友谊，中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策，越来越多的西方文化涌入中国，更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问，哪些不该说，以尊重朋友的隐私，但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透，双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如，在我们这里，一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请，即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来，你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事，但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事，去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’，只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方，居住地的搬迁，工作的更换，学业的结束，婚姻的变化等等，都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止，那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时，又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去，直到一生。然而，西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友，但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变，朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性，而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国，我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助，而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性，也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国，朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如，找一份不错工作，请一位好的医生，职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里，往往相反。比如，朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重，互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念，思维，习俗，人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
由于学习语言专业，接触到不少外籍教师，有来自北美洲，澳洲和西欧的。和其中一些教师有比较多的书信来往，相处也不错。他们常常会说“我们是好朋友”。然而，对于朋友之间的友谊，中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策，越来越多的西方文化涌入中国，更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问，哪些不该说，以尊重朋友的隐私，但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透，双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如，在我们这里，一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请，即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来，你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事，但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事，去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’，只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方，居住地的搬迁，工作的更换，学业的结束，婚姻的变化等等，都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止，那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时，又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去，直到一生。然而，西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友，但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变，朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性，而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国，我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助，而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性，也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国，朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如，找一份不错工作，请一位好的医生，职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里，往往相反。比如，朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重，互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念，思维，习俗，人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。
西方相对于东方文化起步比较晚,但在他们内部之间,比如:南欧和北欧,西欧和东欧,就是英国,德国内部也有着异处,然而体现着本质差异的无疑还是东西方文化间的差异。龙和凤在中国,龙是图腾的形象,在图腾发展的进一步神圣化之后,形成了龙,凤等具有多种动物特征的综合性图腾形象, 在我国古代传说中，龙是一种能兴云降雨神异的动物。因而,在我国龙凤指才能优异的人，龙虎比喻豪杰志士。“龙”在成语中也被广泛的利用，如、“龙飞凤舞、藏龙卧虎”等。汉民族素以“龙的传人”自称，以“龙的子孙”自豪。我国的传说中，凤凰是一种神异的动物，与龙、龟、麒麟合称四灵。凤在中国还指优良女子,还有太平昌盛之意,旧时，凤也为圣德。"凤毛麟角"指珍贵而不可多得用来比喻有圣德的人。中华民族是一个渴望安定祥和的民族，因此，就想象龙、凤是一种福音。从文化的角度上看，西方长期受宗教的影响，我国却在相当长的时间内受封建思想的统治。西方人信仰上帝，与上帝作对就是过错，就是罪恶；而我国人民信仰上天，佛祖，祈求上天能给我们带来好运，神把龙作为自身的代表降到人间，是至高无上的象征。东西思维方式的冲突在欧洲工作生活了26年，现在是中国驻德国大使的卢秋田老师说一个德国人和一个法国人在临死以前，你问法国人，你死前最大的愿望是什么？法国人的回答是我想喝一杯最好的香槟酒。又问德国人，你死前有什么愿望？他说如果我还有力气的话，我想再作一次报告。这就是德国人，喜欢作报告。我想这也许就是思维的不同,这还只是在西方内部,要说到东西方的差异,我想就更大了.对于思维方式的特点,主要有四点:第一,思维的广泛性.我曾看到过这样一篇文章, 一个美国人给中国人写信，中国人看美国人的信，一看就发火,因为美国人在信的开头，将自己的要求放在最前面，开门见山，后面才讲些客套话。中国人为了保持心理平衡, 把美国人的来信先看后面。而美国人看中国人的信，开始越看越糊涂，不知道对方要说明什么问题，到信的末尾有几句才是他要说的问题,前面说的都是客套话等等。 美国人读中国人的信也是倒过来看。这种不同的写法反映出不同的思维方式。第二，民族思维方式形成以后，有相对的稳定性。我们中国人原来最好的问候就是：“您吃了吗？”知道为什么吗？是因为咱们过去温饱没有解决。以后咱们再见面就说：“撑着了吗？打嗝了吗？”，我觉得咱中国人应该向英国人学学，英国人见面打招呼都是“Hello！”Hello完了之后就问天气怎么样？“你觉得今天天气怎么样？”“我觉得今天天气不错啊！这真是难得一个晴天。”2008年要开奥运会了，肯定很多外国人要来。来了之后咱得知道人家外国人是怎么想的，跟咱们是不是一样。你对他好，他不一定领情。比方说尊老爱幼，尊老，要按咱们来讲，你要看见马路上一个老奶奶，颤颤悠悠地拿八十多个包袱在那儿正过马路呢，你不过去帮帮忙的话,你还是人吗？所以你一定要过去帮忙，过去后说：“老大娘，您要过马路吗？来，把包给我，我替您扛过去。”给老大娘搀过去以后，老大娘一定非常高兴：“谢谢你小伙子，谢谢你。你叫什么名字？”“不要问我的名字了，如果您想知道我的名字，我叫雷锋。”一般都这样。可要是外国人就不是这样了，你看到一个外国老太太过马路，你过去了说：“Hello，天气不错，我替你搬。”那不行，老太太一定不高兴，倒不是因为她担心你抢她东西，关键是她不服老，如果你这样做就等于说她给人感觉她是一个老人。我记得我在加拿大住的时候有一邻居91岁了，走路直晃悠。那天刮四级大风，他拿了两包，我心说我一定得帮帮忙去，咱也让加拿大人知道，除了白求恩红遍我们中国之外，我们雷锋也能红遍加拿大。我就去了，说：“Heloo”他说：“NO，不用帮，不用帮。”我说这老大爷怎么这样啊？不让帮忙。其实,他们外国人就是这个习惯。再如救死扶伤。如果我们看见有人掉到河里了，“噗通”一下，你得赶紧下去救人，可是在外国这样就不行。西方人就是这样，你甭救我，你千万别来救我，你救我还是给我添麻烦？你说这人怎么想的呀？他的思维是什么逻辑？他这种思维逻辑就是：你是想来救我，可你受过专业训练吗？你会游泳吗？你不会游泳你来救我，最后你也搭进去了赖谁呀？必须得要专业人士，你要想救我打110啊，打119啊。我这么一想,可能也对，过去我看有个报纸说，有个人根本不会游泳就毅然决然地跳了下去，最后两个人同时牺牲了。其实这样也真是有点冤得慌，你倒是找个会游泳的下去啊。咱们中国人和西方人喝水也不一样 。我喝什么水呀？冰水，一饮而尽！可是以前咱们中国人对客人最热情的举动就是给滚烫的热水，过去斯诺到中国来采访，他在日记中说：当我踏上延安土地的时候，我才知道我们和东方人是多么的不同。为什么呀？他见着毛主席的时候，记录员说：“您喝口水吧”，他正想喝口水呢，结果给端上来一杯滚烫的热水。斯诺说，这水要在我们家能烫死一头猪啊。但是他还得捧着，就是喝不了啊，最后只好问有井水没有。咱们和西方人使用的生活工具也不一样。咱们中国人喜欢用筷子，老外就觉得中国人奇怪，拿两根树枝就能吃饭了，而且是能切、能剁、能叉、能碾、能搅、什么都能做。他不理解，他觉得中国人真聪明，手特别灵活。所以老外到中国吃饭一般最怕的就是用筷子，每次吃完饭手都抽筋，因为手实在是太累了。不过咱们要吃日本饭就惨了，日本人吃饭得跪着，满桌饭菜多香啊，可是每次我都吃不饱。为什么？我得跪着吃，没吃两道菜呢，我觉得我下身已经麻木了，要再吃下去非死那儿不可。你有没有发现日本人的筷子头是尖的。知道为什么吗？这是日本武士发明的，过去吃饭的时候不能带武器，他们就把筷子给削尖了，然后在谈判时候用，先吃着谈，谈不投机了拿筷子扎你。这就是当初的武器！那么西方就更直接了，直接把刀叉带进餐厅了。先拿着，你别看正在那儿吃饭，不行的话直接就扔过去，拿刀“咔嚓”就砍了你。我们早已经把食物进化了，而西方人还处在刀耕火种的年代，他们还在吃生肉，还在吃生菜。像咱们做的菜，比方说葱爆羊肉、糖拌西红柿、鱼香肉丝、素炒芥兰啊……多好吃 。可西方人不行，把菜也就洗吧洗吧，放一块儿，然后再搁点汁，告诉你这叫蔬菜沙拉。咱们主食是馒头，人家主食是土豆，西方人把土豆煮熟了之后剥了皮，蘸着盐，就算是大餐了。如果哪天我那威请您吃西餐大餐，主菜是土豆蘸咸盐，您一定把我骂死。咱们中国人就不是这样了，咱们把土豆改良了，比如说做个青椒土豆丝、酸辣土豆丝、土豆炖蘑菇、土豆炖牛肉……总之能够把一种食品的作法发挥到极致。为什么咱们和西方差距这么大？首先我们长的就不一样，我们是黄皮肤，他们是白皮肤，咱们眼睛是黑色的，他们是什么色都有——黑的、蓝的、白的、花的。我想这是最明显的一个区别，但是究其根本，我认为还是因为磁场造成的。据科学家研究，水池子蓄满水时把塞子拔掉，你就会发现水在我们这半球它是顺时针方向消失，要到了南半球它就逆时针方向消失。没发现吧？自己蓄一池子水试试吧！这方向就是磁场在起作用，同样也造成大脑磁场的不同，所以咱们看待问题也是不一样的。比方说咱们做饭搁盐说搁盐少许，大家都知道搁多少，手大抓半斤，手小抓一两。老外就不懂，少许是多少？他得量，所以很多外国人的厨房，就是一个实验室，锅、碗、瓢、盆不是很多，各种天平、计量工具倒是一大堆，所以他们学理工科的人比较多一点。他们认为做饭是一件很痛苦的事情，因此到今天他们还在吃油炸食品，他们永远吃不到松鼠鱼。如果他们要做松鼠鱼的话，4天未必能做出来，他得且研究呢。其实这就是一种观念上的问题。再说约会。咱们中国人一般表示友谊、表示对你的尊重都要提前来，有的时候说:“我在这已经等了你3天了，我终于今天见到你了，哎哟等了我三天呐”。可是在国外都是这样，咱俩9点约会，往往那大钟刚敲到9点，老外噌就出来了：“Hello，我准时到了 。”一看表，一秒都不差。你要跟一个德国人约会，你说提前3天就到了，他一定觉得你神经病！再说咱们熟悉的喝酒 。比如说老外要喝酒，都是拿瓶XO给自己倒，然后祝你健康！祝你幸福！祝你怎么怎么样！然后自己把自己没一会儿就给撂到了，一般喝酒时老外都属于自虐，没事儿就把自己给办到地上去。中国人不是这样，他是为了办别人。每次喝酒都说：“来，再干一杯！”一下喝三杯，深水炸弹什么的，一般都是头三尾四，或者说这鱼头可冲着你呢，你得喝，不喝可不够哥们！至于合同这事儿咱们再单说，来干！咣咣咣咣！最后把这个人给办倒了，如果他自己也晕了，也是在办别人的过程当中不小心被另外一个人给办了。而老外一般很少有互相劝酒的，都是劝自己喝酒，这是一个本质的区别。咱们再说这玩儿。你看一群老外抢一个球，那一定是欧洲人——踢足球。看俩人在那儿较劲，你一拳、我一拳一定要把对方给干到地下，那是美国人——拳击。两个人不吱声皱着眉头在那儿玩儿桥牌，动智商的，这个一般也不符合我们亚洲人的习惯。那我们喜欢玩儿什么呀？玩儿麻将啊！麻将才符合我们的精神，才符合我们的智慧。咱们玩儿麻将时一般都是这样，四个人在一起玩儿麻将，一般都是盯着上家、看着下家、防着对家，我胡不了，你们谁也甭想胡，我就是死活不点炮。所以这个就是玩儿的不同。有一个电影叫做《刮痧》看过吧？其实刮痧是我们中国非常好的一个治病的办法，刮刮皮肤，什么病都好了，只不过会在皮肤上留下一些斑斑点点的血印子。美国人就想不明白，觉得是虐待孩子，这看着让人生气。王姬演那个《北京人在纽约》看了吧？中草药，他老公愣说是树根子，喝着苦，废话！中药能不苦吗？良药苦口利于病！你UNDERSTAND吗？可是老外就是不明白呀，所以要取消你的抚养权，因为你给孩子喝巫术的东西。什么叫巫术？其实是对我们中医不了解。还有香水，咱们中国人也想掸香水，其实错了。千万别跟外国人学，因为外国人身上有严重的体臭，所以他必须掩饰体臭才掸香水。我们中国人起码是正常的，所以我们根本不需要掸香水，这点您一定要记住了。如果您要是看见两个俄罗斯人打架，多半是因为他们喝多了；如果你看见两个印度人打架，多半是因为他们姓氏不同；如果你看见两个以色列人打架，多半是因为他们政治信仰的不同；如果你看见两个东方人在打架，80％是争着结帐：今天的费用我来结帐,我看谁敢和我抢……。
对于朋友之间的友谊，中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策，越来越多的西方文化涌入中国，更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问，哪些不该说，以尊重朋友的隐私，但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透，双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如，在我们这里，一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请，即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来，你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事，但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事，去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’，只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方，居住地的搬迁，工作的更换，学业的结束，婚姻的变化等等，都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止，那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时，又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去，直到一生。然而，西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友，但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变，朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性，而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国，我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助，而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性，也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国，朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如，找一份不错工作，请一位好的医生，职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里，往往相反。比如，朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重，互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念，思维，习俗，人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。
例如：朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。一人得道，鸡犬升天。衙门八字开，有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯：正如英语中一句谚语所说的：“So many countries, so many customs.”在对狗的态度上，中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起，如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等，[5]（P83）虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调，这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来，如：狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手，更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友，是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分，甚至将其视为家中的成员，与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后，为其安葬立碑的事。因此，狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的，人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中，常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如：You are a lucky dog.你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its day.各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new tricks.老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯，但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛，胆小如鼠”；英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威，所以有谚语：March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb.三月来如猛狮；去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at home.狗是百步王，只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a mouse.老鼠也能帮狮子；弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地，而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子，无论南方北方都产老虎。[6]（P73）从前，老虎数量繁多，常出没山林，侵扰人民，甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王，对虎十分敬畏，有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法，把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征，因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如：山中无老虎，猴子称大王。 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异，以及人们对自身环境的不同应战，发展出各自不同的社会文明，从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊，由于土地的贫瘠，海上通道的开辟，再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙，使得他们很早就发展起商业经济，创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会，人们从事着频繁的商业活动，正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-keepers.”（英国全民皆商，外表富强）。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己，在于自己的才干。[7]（P22-23）商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得，这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes first.自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us all.个人为自己，上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin.自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of nature.保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups worse.指望别人，难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大，也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try again. Forbidden fruit is sweetest.Catch as catch can.Discontent is the first step in progress.Life is a battle from cradle to grave.人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in progression. 人生必须永远前进，才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the bold. 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人，喜欢表现自己的个性，乐于标新立异，爱出风头，尊重个性、自我，并鼓励个性发展，对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受，这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the oil.吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes differ.个人品位不同。Every man after his fashion.个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt it.这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感，就应该让人瞧瞧。[8]（P334）而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同，农业的收获往往不在耕种者，而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7]（P23）另外农业见效慢，而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动，这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5]（P23）
Chinese and Western Culture ComparisonWhat are the major differences between chinese and western culture? I'll list down a few differences:West:1. Western culture is based on individualism rather than on mass (collectivism). For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. This is clearly different in China where a country, society or family are placed above your own self.2. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based. Westerners like to discover new things, invention and expand outwards. For instance, bungee jumping is considered adventurous and common in western culture, but you will probably find no-one doing such a thing in China.3. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship.4. West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. For 2000 years, China is a land that's based on human relationship rather than law. 5. West uses 'god' and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship. In case of problems with your own self, you just pray to god.6. A culture that expands and develop outwards.Chinese Culture:1. A culture based on masses (collectivism). People placed country and family above your own self.2. A culture that is based on humanism and people3. To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. (天人和一)4. To resolve people and people's relationship, chinese uses ethics and tolerance (中恕之道)5. To resolve human and spiritualism, chinese emphasizes internal cultivation (修身养性)6. A focus on balance and mean. By 'mean', it means 'middle way'. You don't go into extremism. Peace is always honoured.7. Pay homage to heaven and earth, as well as bearing a remembrance to the homeland. (敬仰天地,思乡怀土) This was accorded to the fact that chinese had been a farming civilization and therefore will be more prone to remember their land.8. A culture that expands internally rather than outwards.Some of the disadvantage of old chinese culture:1. Debase women and chauvanistic2. An over-emphasis on past history instead of present (lacks pragmatism)Can you list some more differences? Any comments and contributions are appreciated.-----------And I must say I am surprised you didn't note the fact that Westerners can be incredibly, crassly ignorant about the world around them, and be arrogant and overbearing about that to boot. I don't believe it is a generalisation when I say that alot of the corporate West's interest in the East is selfish, exploitative, and self-serving.
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
道可道非常道名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。学者梁燕城访谈：太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据，也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现，万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆（DavidBohm）,著名的量子力学大师提出说：万有有一个看不见的秩序，叫“ImplicateOrder”，里面都是非常复杂的信息系统，造成我们看见的秩序，叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到，宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到：“夫道，有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到，庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年，就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像，祈年殿里一个偶像都没有，里面只有一个牌子，叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝，老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容，上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿，作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的，而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载，这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们，写下他们的全部常识，藏在金字塔里，给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。《圣经》创世记前11章，关于人类早期共同史的记述，在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证：《周易》也神秘地说：七日来复，天行也；《圣经》说：上帝造物的工已经完毕，就在第七日歇了他一切的工，安息了。《淮南子》上说：天下有四水，凡此四水者，帝之神泉，以和百药，以润万物；《圣经》说：伊甸园里有四条河，流出珍珠玛瑙。《山海经》上说：当初有不死树和圣树，圣树又叫睿木，“食之令人圣智也”；《圣经》说：伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。《尚书》和《国语》上说：人犯了罪，上帝命令重黎堵绝天路，上下不相来往；《圣经》说：人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子，被上帝赶出伊甸园，并有基路伯和火焰之剑，阻断了人神通路。《老子》说：天地之母，万物之根，众妙之源，从无中生有，乃天地之始；《庄子》说：有情有信，无为无形，可传而不可受，可得而不可见；《圣经》说：太初有道，道就是上帝，生命在他里头，这生命是人的光。一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时，发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道，是自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者，这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神，其实老子的道不乏人格特征，有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是，惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人：自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒，来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像，普天下的人都前往归向他，领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝，能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后，老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难，却作主作王，直到永远，是谁?查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号，唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。老子说：道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重，然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保，财宝无数、荣华加身，还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面，寻求就能得着，有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊！老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗? 《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着：中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来，举凡太平盛世，竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝，囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道，当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式，那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢？就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家，他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来，这又是为什么?清皇康熙说：中国人的“上帝”就是真神，天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂，题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额，又作诗称颂耶稣：“功求十架血成溪，百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中，康熙明确表示：“天门久为初人闭，福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子，儿子明分得永生。”古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识，已如此入神境界，实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人，代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去，却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹：《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道：10月13日晚，两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过，肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是，最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人，捡垃圾的阿婆。期间，阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨，亦被拒绝。 历史以来，司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人，伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿，司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃，问曰何故?答：我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫！老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说：“读书人讲句话都特别有道理，不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲，开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国，耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的，千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫，杀人的、放火的也是自家园子，通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造，谎话连篇累牍，而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实，但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里，成了葱蒜。古人早已给后人作过警告，就汉字信息也明白罢着：一人二女则是“爽”字，不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头，按麻衣相法用语：即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下，也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架；就国内而论，刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说：“万恶淫为首”，冲军路上小心“爽”死。60岁的粗人都知道，古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的，往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话，可怜的今天打开电视就能听到，“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”！你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款，因为是国家批准当产品商标的。公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄，而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦！” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们：开发商的卖房广告：“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分，那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提，还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题，现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事，没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻，比现今更精粹了。若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神，倒是情有可原，否则，哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了，它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章：八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书；2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章：11岁女孩遇害，谜底令人震惊，凶手今年12岁。文章说：11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。更可悲的是，党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天，“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻，而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体；世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景；劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界，用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是： 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字，若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?
一．中西方神话异同的影响我们知道现代意义的西方文明有三大源头，一是古希腊神话和科学精神，二是古罗马政治法律文明，三是希伯来犹太人的宗教文明。其中古希腊神话影响犹为渊远，堪称渊源中的渊源，要分析中西方文化差异就得从她的源头讲起。（一）神的来源差异造成政治文化的差异在公元前十世纪前，中国古代先民与古希腊先民一样有着极为相似的神话传说与神位的分野，包含有共同的宇宙观概念。然而，它们内部不同的思维差异直接导致在公元前十世纪人类从神话时代转向哲学时代的重大差异，中西文化从此分道扬镳。这个神话的思维差异就是古希腊神话是人神同构，而中国神话是人神同一。我们可以从古希腊戏剧中看到，古希腊神话中的神和人一样，有着喜怒哀乐，有悲欢离合，有人的七情六欲。比如宙斯，他是克洛诺斯之子,万神之王,主管天空.希腊神话中的至高神，掌握雷电，所以又被称为雷神。在母亲蕾亚的支持下，杀了父亲克洛诺斯，成为了第三代神王。性格极为好色，常背着妻子赫拉与其他女神和凡人私通，私生子无数。但他们不是现实的人死后“得道”而成的，他们是虚构的；在中国神话，神便是“得道”的人，死后的伟大的君王就成了神，比如三皇五帝，他们死后都成了天神，但是他们不是一般的人，与一般人的七情六欲不同，他们具有高尚的情操和强大的意志力，故他们是人神同一的神。这一差异造成的文化差异是形成古希腊人或说西方人的传统精神是不依赖统治者的个人道德，因为最高神都和一般人一样，所以他们依靠制度，而中国人则依赖统治者个人高尚的情操和道德，认为仁者无敌，也只有伟人才能统治天下。这就形成了中西方政治文化的分野。即西方更倾向制度的制约，中国就形成专制的认同。这就是近代西方民主文明的来源，而中国君主专制在历经2000多年，走过辉煌和没落后，直至近代西方先进政治的炮轰才如梦初醒。（二）神话权力传承机制差异造成文化机制差异中国神话权力的传承为让贤机制，尧让舜，舜让大禹。古希腊内在自我否定机制。宙斯不满父亲克洛诺斯的残暴，于是弑父夺位，其与安菲特律翁国(Amphitryon)的王后阿尔克墨涅(Alcmene)所生的儿子赫拉克勒斯不满他的残暴，他的权力同样被推翻。还有英雄普罗米修斯为人类幸福不惜反抗最高天神。中国诸神是会死亡的，他们通过禅位与让贤的和平方式实现统治权的转换。他们不仅把统治权交给接班人，还把他们制定和代表的伦理规范、道德体系、价值观念传递下去，强调君贤臣良，形成一种传递性的、伸展性的、复制性的自我肯定机制，从而导致中国传统文化的凝固性。而希腊神界统治权的易手通过禁忌—放逐—反叛—取代的途径完成，其中暴力的反叛和否定是神系延续、进化和发展的契机，传达一种进化的思想。这也是近代西方科学精神的渊源之一。（三）神系差异造成宗教的差异中国上古神话较零碎和混乱，缺乏一个完整的系统，没有主神和以他为核心的神际关系网，也没有一个全宇宙性的主神。虽然出现了“少典氏帝系”，以及 “中华民族的始祖”黄帝。尽管还只是一种神话式的“历史”，但确已脱离了神话的樊篱，进入了历史的领域。而希腊神话较清晰，不仅有丰富、完整的系统，而且有确定的主神和以他为核心的神际关系网络。希腊的主神宙斯，他是希腊神话中的万神之王，是宇宙的最高主宰和无所不在、无所不能的造物者。同时他也是“奥林匹斯神系”的中枢和纽带。神系中的各式各样神话形象都与主神宙斯搭上关系。因而当古希腊神话与希伯来犹太人的宗教相遇，融合为一神论的严格意义上的西方宗教。许多学者还以此判定中国乃至东方没有宗教，对此我表示不同意，中国有他的宗教，但他不同于西方的一神论宗教，不能以西方宗教的某个特征来判定东方宗教。正是中国上古神话的思维影响，令在公元一世纪传入中国的多多神论的佛教一拍即合，并与中国本土宗教道教相互补充，融合成中国特色的佛教。这就是神话对日后对中西方政治文化乃至生活都影响深远的宗教的影响。
轴心时代的变革 轴心时代是二十年代带哲学家雅斯贝尔斯在他的《历史的起源与目标》里提出的概念。他说，从公元前600年左右一直到公元之交的600年时间以内，在旧大陆的三个文明地区，不约而同地出现了一批伟大的人物。三大文明就是指西方、印度和中国。而这些伟大的人物对自己的文明所产生的影响，是其后没有任何人可以望其项背的，他们基本奠定了这三种文化的精神脊梁。比如说西方的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里斯多德一直到后来的耶酥都出现在这段时间，印度的佛教创始人释迦摹尼，中国的孔子孟子老子庄子等诸子百家全部都是出现在这个时代。所以这个时代被称为“轴心时代”。 我认为，就这个概念的提出来说，是雅斯贝尔斯的一个伟大的创举，但是比较遗憾的是有两个问题他没有阐述清楚。第一是为什么会出现这种近乎奇迹的情况？第二是在这个时代中西方文化究竟发生了怎样的变化？ 关于这两个问题，我在一本书里谈到：首先看中国，它的变革是经历了一个三步曲的过程。轴心时代来临之前的商代，中国和其他原始文明一样，都是一种亲代文化，都带有很浓郁的迷信色彩。我们最早的甲骨文就是一种专门用于占卜的宗教文字，为祭祀所用。西方学术界有一种观点，就是文明最早产生于寺庙之中，庙就是最早的城市中心。“尊神祀鬼”是殷商人的特点。帝是他们崇拜的最高神，帝在甲骨文里是代表一种花蕊，象征着生生不息的本根，也就是对生殖的崇拜。 周朝取代商代，不仅仅是政权的更替，更为主要是宗教的变化。周人不再相信自然神，天成为至高神，天和周人没有任何的血缘关系，他是一个普遍意义上的神。那么他根据什么来保佑人们呢？是根据德，“皇天无亲，唯德是辅”所以，周代呢就把德看作是取得天命的一个核心。而周代的“德”还不是指内心的道德，而是指外在的礼仪。“遵礼守法”是为德，“非礼枉法则无德”，所以周朝是一个非常讲究礼仪的朝代。“遵礼敬德”是周人的一个显著特点，所以从这一点上可以看到他们的精神内核的变化。 接下去是先秦的孔子孟子们所进行的儒家思想的变革。变革的最重要的就是把外在的礼仪规范转化成为一种内心的道德自觉——仁。这个变化是中国轴心时代发生的最重要的变化。所以孔子一生当中都在谈一个字“仁”，这是儒家思想的一个核心概念。“仁”是“礼”的基础，人首先要有内在之仁，才会有外在之礼。所以“礼蹦乐坏”的实质是人心不古，人心不仁。所以，表面上看孔子好像是一个守旧派，面对“礼蹦乐坏”感到很悲哀，而事实上他是一个革新派，他不是要恢复周礼，而是要把周礼的外在之礼建立在内心之仁的基础上。尽管对“仁”有很多种理解，我们认为最为经典的就是“仁者爱人”，就是爱人之心。后来，我们又把它进一步理解为“忠恕之道”也就是“己所不欲，勿施于人”，“己欲欲欲人，己欲达达人”啊！说到底也就是仁爱之心。 到了孟子，对此又有了系统化的解释，他认为“仁”就是“亲亲”嘛。就是每个人都爱自己的亲人。所谓“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”，由此推出一个社会的泛爱关系，然后，他提出“恻隐之心，仁也；羞恶之心，义也；恭敬之心，礼也；是非之心，智也；”“仁义礼智“之心是与生俱来的。因此，一个人只要去向自己本性发掘，就一定能把自己本性中的美好善良的东西发掘出来，成为一个善人和圣人。因此，只要每个人都“修身、齐家”就能“治国、平天下”，最后达到一个大同的理想世界。 这就是轴心时代，中国文化完成的一个重大变革，这个变革决定了中国文化的基本精神，是注重现世的人自我的道德修养，而不太关注外在的上帝鬼神之类的东西。也就是说，中国儒家把大同社会的理想最后落实到每个人的修身养性的工夫之上。 同样，西方文化在这个时候也发生了很大的变化，通过希腊文化、到罗马文化以及基督教文化，它是一个超越的过程，而不是内敛的过程。到最后，中国文化强调一切从内心做起，西方文化强调一切由外在的上帝决定即上帝决定论。中世纪有一句名言：没有任何一只麻雀从树上掉下来，不是出于上帝的特殊意志。（笑）中国文化强调内心的修炼，“内盛外王，成己成物 ”，由内向外。所以，这就是中西方文化在“轴心时代”发生的根本变化。 三、中西文化的基本精神 中国完成了由外向内的收敛的过程以后，所有的知识分子就开始在内心的道德上下工夫了。因此，从这个时候开始，中国人特别是儒家的知识分子对外在的宗教逐渐淡漠起来，他们更多是注重自己内心的道德自觉，而不是外在的上帝决定论。所以从这个角度讲，中国文化比西方文化更具有人文主义的色彩，而不是神本主义。 但是，中国人对六合之外的东西是不太谈的，采取“存而不论”的态度。儒家知识分子对鬼神一贯采取“敬而远之”的态度。推崇父母在世的时候尽孝，君主在世的时候尽忠，讲究的是现世的人与人之间的关系的道德标准，而不讲究彼岸的那些东西。其实这个思想在周公旦的时候就说的非常清楚了：“圣人以神道设教，而天下归”，也就是说，说的是鬼神，其实是用鬼神来推行道德教化，是劝告你此生此世好好的做善事。孔子也始终对鬼神之事不感兴趣，“子不语怪力乱神”之事，“六合之外，存而不论”。孔子的很多话语都表明了他是一个彻底的无神论者。一次他的一个弟子问他“人死后，有知也？无知也？”，孔子的回答可谓充分表现了他的大智慧：“吾欲言有知，又恐孝子贤孙妨生送死；吾欲言无知，又恐不孝子孙弃而不葬；至于死后有知无知，死后自知之”。（大笑）也就是说，论鬼神的目的是为了起到教化人从善的，无论多么高深玄奥的东西，都必须以现实的行为准则为落脚点，从善、积德，方能“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”，这就是中国文化的基本内涵，是一种协调的现实精神。在西方，学术界称它是一种伦理文化。 西方文化主要是以基督教文化为主，它是一种超越的浪漫精神。它不断地超越现实，对六合之外的事情更为关注。这个问题前面已经讲了很多，在此只是做一个总结
中西方神话差异如下：中国神话没有具体的系统性脉络，只是单一故事的口耳相传。由于地理历史原因，中国神话保存下来的数量少且缺乏系统性。这正好与希腊神话记录方式相反，爱琴海作为古希腊文明的摇篮，其优越的地理位置有利于航海事业、海外贸易和海外殖民的发展，更易于从其他民族汲取文化要素。