汉语言文学作为一门传统的人文学科,主要功能是对我国文化精神及全民语言的传承。下面是我带来的关于汉语言文学毕业论文选题的内容，欢迎阅读!
汉语言文学毕业论文选题一：现代汉语
1、论民族共同语的形成及普及
2、论中国语文现代化运动
3、论五四运动中的国语运动和白话文运动
4、论书面语发展中的保守性和书面语的现代化
5、论废除文言文与学习文言文的关系
6、关于普通话和方言相互影响的考察
7、论广告语言技巧的变化趋势
8、论当前语言生活中的问题及对策
9、关于校园普通话应用情况的调查
10、关于双语生活的调查
11、论一部文艺作品的比喻(比拟)语言艺术
12、关于身体部位的方言词的比较调查
13、家乡方言和周围方言基本词的对比研究
14、家乡方言和普通话的对比研究
15、方言保存的古代汉语特殊成分
16、报刊图书中的汉语拼音应用考察
17、“正词法”和汉语的书写改革
18、论网络时代的语言生活
19、现代汉语规范化问题研究
20、普通话语音研究
21、XX作家(或作品)语言研究
22、网络汉语研究
23、句式(或句型)研究(选择某些有特点的句式)
24、现代汉语虚词研究(选择某些虚词)
25、现代生活中的新型句式研究
26、新词新语研究
27、外来词规范研究
28、字母词研究
29、成语研究
30、同义词反义词运用研究
31、现代汉语词义研究(选择某类词)
32、语文政策和语言规划研究
33、汉字和汉文化
34、现代汉字学的研究
35、限制和减少汉字字数研究
36、部件研究
37、坚持汉字简化的方向
38、如何整理异体字
39、如何整理异形词
40、规范汉字的研究
汉语言文学毕业论文选题二：写作类(写作学方向)
1、从穿越小说的虚构时空看当代创作的历史认知及写作惯性
2、《红楼梦》对穿越小说的影响(以《春光里》或某作品为为例)
3、试析穿越小说中的新奴婢形象(以《春光里》或某作品为例)
4、节俗场境对穿越小说叙事的意义
5、茶馆酒楼在武侠小说中的作用
6、试析当代小说中的茶馆场境
7、试析当代言情小说中的野蛮女友形象
8、论广告文案写作中传统文化元素的运用
9、论朱自清俞平伯同题散文《桨声灯影里的秦淮河》的审美追求
10、论模糊语言在写作中的作用
11、包法利夫人中的结构特色
12、巴金作品中的朴实语言风格特征
13、文学叙述与应用性叙述的关系和差异
14、论中国传统文论之“义法”与西方文学理论中“结构”的异同
15、浅谈语言表达的诸多形式
16、论沈从文《边城》里的人物美
17、论当代诗歌的语言流变
18、浅论中国传统小说中的“白话”语言特色
19、试论张爱玲小说的语言繁复美
20、试论现代主义的艺术表达方式
21、《庄子·逍遥游》对现实生活的启示
22、《大明宫词》剧本创作语言特色探析
23、余华《兄弟》的结构艺术
24、读王海鸰《新结婚时代》有感
25、欧·亨利小说的结尾艺术
26、散文的“形散神不散”论
27、手机短信文学的价值
28、流行歌词对古典诗歌意境的现代解读
29、钱钟书写作艺术初探
30、陶渊明笔下的和谐世界
31、电脑写作时代网络语言之我见
32、写作过程与写作能力
33、《史记》写作特色管窥
34、《白鹿原》创作心理略论
35、池莉创作个性透析
36、《儒林外史》的创作动机与创作主旨
37、《倾城之恋》创作意识论
38、白居易诗歌创作风格论
39、试论微型小说的艺术特征
40、论鲁迅小说《药》的剪裁艺术
41、“戏拟”表现手法在杂文写作中的运用
42、新闻写作中的主体意识强烈渗入的模式分析
43、第一人称与全知视角的交融----余华《在细雨中呼喊》的叙事方式分析
44、写作中典故使用与情境出现的关系
45、戏剧中“冲突”出现的写作技巧
汉语言文学论文的题目有哪些呢?下文是我为大家整理的关于汉语言文学论文题目的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
1.著名作家作品语言运作特色的研究
2.讽刺语言中的文化底蕴
3.语法中的语义因素
4.“是”字用法研究
5.语用与语法的关系
6.新兴词缀研究
7.祈非主谓句的修辞作用
8.论动词重叠式的使用条件
9.论句群纳入中学语文教学的实用意义
10.新兴辞格研究
11.语言环境对句式选择的制约作用
12.××方言(包括语音、词汇、语法等部分)
13.××方言现象专题报告
14.代词的语用研究
15.语言副词的语用研究
16.助动词的语用研究
17.时下新词描写
18.句型的语用研究
19.语气词的语用研究
20.言语行为在句子里的表现
1.论小说的叙述视角
2.论小说的误乐性
3.心态小说的 艺术魅力
4.论现代小说性情节结构类型
5.论小说的新典型观
6.论小说语言的创新
7.论小说的写作技巧
8.论广告辞的审美特性
9.从报告文学的轰动效应探视读者的审美要求
10.试论新时期女性散文的艺术特色
11.试论毕淑敏小说的创作特色
12.试论诗歌中意象的类型与特征
13.论鲁迅小说对人物灵魂的深刻穿透力
14.试论当今散文的 发展走向
15.论小说中的意识流手法
16.试论新时期散文创作的艺术特色
17.论新闻文体的审美特质
18.试论新闻写作的真实性
19.论想象在文学创作中的功用
20.试谈散文笔法的多元化趋势
21.论新时期散文的艺术嬗变
22.任选当今一个散文作家的作品进行评论
23.任选当今一个小说作家的作品进行论述
24.论散文的“自叙体”色彩
25. 论文学语言的审美特性
26.试论王蒙小说的艺术特色
27.试论王安忆小说的艺术特色
28.论文学人物性格的立体结构
29.意识流写法的魅力
30.任选当今一个诗人的作品进行论述
1. 论 艺术真实
2. 论文艺欣赏中的心理距离
3.文艺欣赏中的共鸣与沟通
4.论艺术直觉
5. 论艺术虚构
6.论典型
7.文学流派在艺术创作中的意义
8.简论文学作品形式的独立审美特征
9.新时期文学 发展与典型内涵的新变化
10.新时期诗歌审美特点的新变化
11. 论当代 中国的大众文化
12.论艺术创作的通感与错位
13.论审美变形
14.论艺术想象在文学创作中的价值
15.论文艺作品可能产生的负面影响
艺术语言和普通语言功能比较研究普通语言与艺术语言的功能比较研究语言权利和少数民族语言权利保障研究普遍语言与文学语言略论诗歌语言与普通语言的差异性普通语言的认识功能和艺术语言的美学功能比较文学自觉背景下的文学语言与普通语言语言的结构之思 程序设计语言模型的设计与实现语言沉思之路窥探商务书面文体中模糊语言的语用分析论中英文化差异对汉英语言形式及语词含义的影响语用学视角下的广告语言研究从中国古代文字狱看社会文化对语言的影响
声乐系论文题目： 1.陕北民歌艺术研究 2.陕北民歌的艺术特色 3.陕南民歌的艺术特色 4.青海花儿之我见 5.秦声初探 6.秦腔音乐特色 7.老腔艺术初探 8.长安乐鼓探究 9.声乐小组课利弊谈 10.如何构建合理的音乐课堂模式 11．声乐演唱发展多元化 12.《XXX》作品分析及美学特点 13.XXX作曲家作品风格及特点 14．（不同时期）某一时期声乐作品风格特性 15.戏歌初探 16.高师声乐教材民族化与本土化的回归 17.欧洲歌剧与中国戏剧的异同 18.论歌唱中的legat 19.论声音造型
《浅谈古典与近代油画的区别》《浅谈古典绘画在现代流派中的视觉弱势地位》《印象派的开始到终结》《论马蒂斯的表现主义观》《当代油画是倒退还是进步》《浅谈中西方创作理念》有问题可以留言，GL.
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美术论文选题一：1、解析美术史中“禅画”概念的由来2、探究民国时期美术字的视觉之美3、佛教美术对我的影响4、工业化题材在中西方美术中的体现5、金焕基绘画的韩式情愫对韩国现代美术影响6、基于IPad上的少儿美术APP界面设计研究7、普通高校公共美术鉴赏课程中油画鉴赏教学研究8、传统民间美术在现代工笔人物画创作中的运用研究9、重大历史题材美术创作述评10、林风眠与徐悲鸿美术教育思想比较研究11、西藏传统绘画形式在当代美术创作中应用与实践12、论表现拿破仑的美术作品的典范意义及其现实影响13、高职特教听障生工艺美术专业课程改革研究14、论30年代漫画在中国现代美术史中的地位与价值15、中职电脑美术设计专业校企合作现状与对策研究16、湘潭市A少儿美术教育机构的现状调查与案例研究17、民间美术的造型观念对当代中国油画的影响18、东北师范大学美术学院油画系现状分析及发展对策19、“驯鹿文化”下的鄂温克族工艺美术研究20、凤翔民间美术在新时期背景下的发展途径研究21、梅尔尼科夫与中国油画教育及创作22、油画的笔触和肌理研究23、承传东西造境油画24、20世纪90年代以来中国古典风肖像油画语言研究25、都市语境下的中国当代油画26、比较视域下中国油画审美形态研究27、中国意象风景油画研究28、“马克西莫夫油画训练班”的教学29、油画笔触研究30、二十世纪八十年代中国写实油画语言研究31、依附·探索苏联美术对中国油画教育的影响（1949-1976）32、主流文化对20世纪以来中国油画影响研究33、新疆油画研究34、从审美角度看油画材质表现之韵35、当代中国油画艺术“卡通化”表现形式的探析36、论中国当代风景油画创作的表现意识37、当代中国女性油画家作品个性情感的解读38、中国油画对中国画元素借鉴的演变39、写实油画在中国的发展现状及分析40、论中国写实油画的表现性41、陈抱一绘画与美术教育研究42、文革前多元、开放式的美术个案探索43、“苏州美术画赛会”的源流44、试析陈师曾的美术教育思想45、中国传统美术元素在克里姆特绘画中的表现46、关中民间工艺美术文化生态研究47、临夏民间工艺美术现状与保护研究48、浅析美术学科内跨专业硕士研究生的培养49、抗战宣传画对民间美术的借鉴50、佛山民间美术与现代设计运用研究51、中国传统绘画在中学美术教育中的现实意义52、民间美术对水墨人物画的影响53、中国传统美术元素在儿童绘本中的艺术性和作用探究54、昆仑堂藏《十六罗汉》八条屏的断代与美术史价值研究
专科还是本科？
1.首先，介绍中国画这种画种 2.接着，你可以从谢赫的“六法”方面入手，六法：一、气韵生动 二、骨法用笔 三、应物象形 四、随类赋彩 五、经营位置 六、传移模写然后在进行扩展，因为，我觉得这方面可写的东西也比较丰富！题材也还是很多的。。。 3.最后，你可以总体的来概括一下写意的发展趋势！
声乐系论文题目： 1.陕北民歌艺术研究 2.陕北民歌的艺术特色 3.陕南民歌的艺术特色 4.青海花儿之我见 5.秦声初探 6.秦腔音乐特色 7.老腔艺术初探 8.长安乐鼓探究 9.声乐小组课利弊谈 10.如何构建合理的音乐课堂模式 11．声乐演唱发展多元化 12.《XXX》作品分析及美学特点 13.XXX作曲家作品风格及特点 14．（不同时期）某一时期声乐作品风格特性 15.戏歌初探 16.高师声乐教材民族化与本土化的回归 17.欧洲歌剧与中国戏剧的异同 18.论歌唱中的legat 19.论声音造型
浅谈对中国画的认识首先我想说对于我们建筑学来说，对国画的认识是更有裨益的。各类的中国画首先给人一种意境美和音乐美，在使人在了解画的同时，也得到审美能力的锻炼在着我就谈一下自己对中国画的认识，我觉得了解中国画首先应该了解中国画的产生，发展及其内在精神山水画萌芽于晋朝，顾凯之在《魏晋胜流画赞》中第一句就是“凡画，人最难，次山水，次狗马”山水画已成为一个主要表现题材，我觉得人对人自己认识太深才觉得每幅画人的言态表现得不尽人意，山水可夸大其气势表达出其意境即可，狗马只须表达出其形而已从顾凯之仅有的山水画《洛神赋图》中可以窥见当时山水画初期形态的端倪，基本上如唐代张彦远在《历代名画记》中的所记载的样子，传本〈洛神赋图〉中的山水部分，确实如其所言“群峰之势，若细饰犀拮”，或“水不容泛，人大于山”无论是山水还是树石，都表现为高度的概括化，比如树的表现，银杏树仅象征性地以三五片银杏叶概括，树枝的“列植之状”也是“若神臂布指，离现实生活中真实的印行树有很大距离，正如前边所论“凡画，人最难，次山水，次狗马”。山石仅以“高古游丝”线条勾勒，而没有皴法，但我认为，水法和云法的表现是极为纯熟的，水云的流态动势相当完美，由此可见，山水画的表现在当时已达到的艺术水准只是没有后来的布局合理罢了初期的山水画往往是人物活动的背景，配景，即使独立为一个专门画种也是需要一个发展过程的，山水画初期的这种形态是不足为奇的，虽然我们现在已不能得睹六朝时期的山水画作品而且见于史料的早期山水画家也不是很多，顾凯之，宗炳，王微等人关于山水画论的发展为当世山水画的发展和成熟作了理论上的准备历隋唐，五代诸朝，山水画渐盛。他们可谓山水画的先驱，六朝时期是中国山水画的真正起点，虽说是中国历史上政治最黑暗的时期，却导致了美学上的最灿烂，我认为这应该归功于当时不忍心目睹石灰的琴棋书画的隐士，且当时类似于陶哦渊明，谢灵运的隐逸思想普遍流行，此时人们对自然美有了更深的认识更促进中国山水画的发展，谢灵运《山居赋》中所记载的始宁山就是典型的例证，他的山水诗开拓了山水诗写实的审美之路，王维的“诗中有画，画中有诗”也正说明了中国山水画的发展也益于诗的发展和衍生。山水画在六朝时期兴起的另外一个重要原因是艺术家自身的发展。汗以前的艺术家往往以工匠身份出现他们都依靠绘画的手艺谋生，绘画是功利的，必须围绕服务对象的要求进行创作，但也不同程度促进山水画的发展说山水画的内在精神，中国山水画十分强调作者的主观因素，在山水画创作中，作者对自然界的认识理解，以及作者的情感流露是起着主导作用的，画家应当“以情入画”力求“情景交融”，正如在一幅山水画上题一首诗或多一个红戳更能增加山水画的内在精神和蕴涵，在对客体世界有一个多侧面深层次认识的基础上凭借心灵感受概括勾画出山水形象，者便是“迁想妙得”许多优秀的山水作品所显露出来的气质和高雅的格调，并不仅仅是因为作者具有深厚的笔墨功力，更重要的是作者具有饱满的创作激情和高深的文学修养。因此山水画家的学识越高，创作后劲也就越大。唐代山水家的学识越高，创作后劲也就越大，如“外师造化，中得心源”，“搜尽奇峰打草稿”均提倡到生活中去，到实践中去。欣赏中国山水画我觉得应该首先了解中国山水画的内在精神，中国山水画是中华民族艺术知会的宝贵结晶，是灿烂的中华文化的一个重要组成部分，在它自身发展的过程中，逐步地形成了一个完整的独立的艺术体系，所以民族性是中国山水画最显著的特征之一，中国山水画体现了中国人特有的审美情趣，即简练，恬静，含蓄和韵律等其实山水画从一开始就与其它的道家，佛家，儒家有关，佛家的禅宗对中国山水画的创作影响也是值得讨论的，它没有连续性和次序性，认定在精神上能够出现自发性的领悟，这种领悟实际上是对人世解忧的解脱和心理障碍的排除，而这些又恰恰是中国山水画家们孜孜以求的佛家是对中国文化影响最大的思想体系，孔子最早提出“仁者乐山，智者乐水”，是以道德价值来评价山水，但是这种对大自然的审美追求，客观上已超出了道德的范畴，其中的中和之美构成了中国传统山水画感情含蓄，气息平和的总体风格儒佛道的自然观影响于山水画共同点有三个：一是取法自然，用于自然的统一，二是静态与动态的统一，三是客观世界与主观世界的统一。中国山水画深刻的思想内涵是与中国古典哲学有着直接的因果关系。绘画不能没有哲学思考，没有哲学思考的绘画是没有灵魂的绘画。作山水画须先胸有丘壑。“意在笔先”是中国画构图的特点，落笔后应意到笔随。我们不能忽视道家这里的深远影响，传统中国画家长期艺术实践中都自觉和不自觉地受到潜移默化的熏陶。作画在落笔时就应考虑各种阴阳关系，加以对比此和谐的处理，如方圆，横直，点线，刚柔，浓淡，冷暖，轻重，虚实等等。山本静，水流则动；石本顽，树活则灵”正所谓山水之静动，顽与灵，均是大自然中存在的各种阴阳节奏关系，作为山水画家如果不自觉到自觉地运用这些关系，笔下可如神助其实，从个人观点，我感觉速写，素描，水粉与山水画之间无不有很大的联系，其明暗，线条的刚柔等等，最重要的一点是它们都遵守透视规律是不同于装饰画的中国画的历史是为了承前启后，我们应齐心协力，使中国画这个传统的画钟更加繁盛
语言学类核心期刊：修辞学习，语言科学，当代语言学。 翻译类核心期刊：上海翻译，中国翻译，中国科技翻译。 文学类核心期刊：外国文学研究，世界文学，。外国文学评论
你说的是《语言文字应用》吧？发稿难度大。 此刊是北大、南大双核心期刊。季刊，创刊于1992年，是中华人民共和国教育部主管、语言文字应用研究所主办的全国性语言文字应用学术刊物，是国家语言学/汉语类核心期刊。本刊贯彻执行国家语言文字工作的方针政策，致力于语言文字的规范化、 标准化，集中发表语言文字应用领域的学术研究成果，努力促进语言文字应用学科的发展。主要栏目：语言文字规划、语言文字规范、推广普通话、社会语言学、语言教学、对外汉语教学、计算机多媒体辅助教学、计算语言学、面向中文信息处理的现代汉语基础研究，并追踪报道国内外有关语言文字应用的热点问题。文章形式包括学术论文、学术报告、笔谈、资料等。 《语言文字应用》面向语言文字研究与教学工作者。主要读者对象包括：语言文字研究部门、信息处理部门、编辑出版部门和文秘系统的专业人员，高校中文系、计算机系、外语系和对外汉语教学专业的教师、博士生、硕士生和大学生，中等师范和中学的语文教师、各级语委的业务干部以及其他语文爱好者。资料来源：学术资讯网
《现代语言学》可以投你说的。而且周期很短。 是一本关注语言学领域最新进展的国际中文期刊，主要刊登国内外语言学领域最新动态，研究进展及前沿报道、学者讨论和专业评论等多方面的论文。
这本期刊近年发展较快，是一本用全英文写作的中国面向世界的国际期刊，意义非凡。
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, J.C. Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.
语言学可以写的内容很多。基本上不外乎以下一些：一，语音类如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等二，词汇类如词汇形态学，语义学，构词，词化，语义场等等三，语法类如语法结构，层次，修辞等四，句子类如分析句子的各种成分，语序，基本句型等五，语篇类如连贯性，思维逻辑性，结构修辞，主体与客体意识等这方面的教材很多，就看你的要求了。现在英语与汉语的对比语言学和对比文学比较热，从这方面下手也不错。
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
语言学教案 - Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics (2)What is linguistics?1.6 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the branch of learning which studies the languages of any and all human societies. It can be defined as the scientific study of language. In a word, linguistics studies the general principles upon which all languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in the societies in which they are used.The guiding principles for linguistic studies:Exhaustiveness---the aim is to specify totally the linguistic contrasts in a set of data, and ultimately in the language as a whole.Consistency---total statements should be logically self-consistent.Economy---a criterion requires that, other things being equal, an analysis should aim to be as short and use as few terms as possible. It is a measure which permits one to quantify the number of formal constructs used in arriving at a solution to problem, and has been used, explicitly or implicitly, in most areas of linguistic investigation.Objectivity---linguistic analyses should be as objective as possible. Truth should come from facts1.7 Some basic distinctions in linguistics1.7.1 speech and writingthe primacy of speech:1) Speech is prior to writing historically2) genetically, children always learn to speak before they learn to write.The importance of writing:1) space displacement2) time displacement3) a visual recording of a speech